Chapter 9 “ RESPIRATION” What is the difference between respiration and breathing ?
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Transcript of Chapter 9 “ RESPIRATION” What is the difference between respiration and breathing ?
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Chapter 9Chapter 9““RESPIRATION”RESPIRATION”
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What is the difference between What is the difference between
respiration and breathingrespiration and breathing??
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Respiration• The transfer of stored energy
in food molecules to a form usable by the organism
• Involves the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment
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Process
• Through the process of respiration, the organism produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will be used for energy
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1. Cellular Respiration
• Involves a series of enzyme-controlled reactions in which energy in food is broken down into energy that the organism can use (ATP)
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a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphate H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy
• This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of life
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Types of Respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration
-involves the use of oxygen
2. Anaerobic Respiration
-oxygen is not used
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Respiration• Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to
create energy. (ATP)
Respiration Aerobic RespirationAnaerobic
Respiration
Alcoholic
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
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Glucose
(C6H12O6)
2 pyruvic acid
-2 ATP
2 PGAL
(C3H5O3)
Glycolysis (splitting glucose)
+4 ATP
Net Gain:???
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Anaerobic Respiration• Also known as Fermentation
• Does not require oxygen
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell• Glucose is either broken down into
lactic acid or alcohol and CO2
• As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s
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Equations for Anaerobic Respiration
glucose 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s
glucose 2 alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP’s
• In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced
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Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose
2 pyruvic acid
2 ATP
Lactic Acid
4 ATP
“Lactic Acid Fermentation”
“Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Anaerobic Respiration“Lactic Acid Fermentation”
****Net gain: 2 ATP
**Not very efficient***
**Carried out by Bacteria and HUMAN MUSCLE CELLS (muscle fatigue)
**Ever heard, ”NO PAIN NO GAIN?”
**Major economic importance to the dairy industry, production of yogurt, sour cream, buttermilk.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
2 ATP
Alcohol + CO2
4 ATP
“Alcoholic Fermentation”
“Alcoholic Fermentation”
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Anaerobic Respiration“Alcoholic Fermentation”
****Net gain: 2 ATP
**Not very efficient***
Produces Alcohol + CO2
Economic importance to the baking and brewery industries
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Aerobic Respiration• Requires oxygen
• Takes place in the mitochondria
• When we say that glucose is oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen molecules
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Equation for Aerobic Respiration
glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s
•Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 ATP’s are produced
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Aerobic Respiration
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
2 ATP
+4 ATP
+O2 Water + CO2
+34 ATP
***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***
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Aerobic Respiration
***Net Gain = 36 ATPs***
**most efficient
** 2 phases, anaerobic and an aerobic phase
Carried out by humans, plants, protists, and a whole lot more.
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Aerobic Respiration
• 3 steps
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Summary
• Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s
• Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s
• Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration
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Adaptations for
Respiration
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TO RESPIRE: inhaling and exhaling…
• Inhalation = O2
(oxygen) enters the body system
• Exhalation =CO2
(carbon dioxide) is passed out of the body
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Human Respiration is controlled by?
• Functions by contractions on the?– Brain and Diaphragm
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Your Respiratory System
Nose (nasal cavity) Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiolesalveoli
pleuradiaphragm
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Disorders
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Pneumonia
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Monera, Protista, and Fungi
• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through a thin, moist cell membrane
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Plants• Leaves- have stomates for gas exchange
• Stems- have lenticels for gas exchange
• Roots- gas exchange occurs across a moist membrane of root hairs
(diffusion)
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Hydra• Each cell of the
hydra is in contact with the watery environment and gas exchange occurs by diffusion
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Earthworm
• Double Diffusion– Skin– Circulatory System
• Requires moist skin
•The earthworm absorbs oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide through a thin skin. •This skin is protected by a thin cuticle secreted by the epidermis and kept moist by a slimy mucus also produced by epidermal cells.
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Grasshopper• Uses Tracheal Tubes
• Air Sacs
• Spiracles
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You’re doingA fine job
dear….
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Your Metabolism has two major phases.
• Catabolism- the breaking down of complex substances.
• The destructive phase of your metabolism
AKA:
Anabolism- the building of new substances.
AKA-
(Digestion or Hydrolysis)
Synthesis
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• A process by which simple substances are combined “chemically” to form more complex substances.– These materials are used for growth and
repair of the organism.
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The BorgIngestion
Growth
Synthesis
Transport
Digestion
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Cells synthesize (or makes)
• their own proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
• use enzymes and energy to synthesize proteins, as do you….
• Cells must constantly make new materials for growth and repair.
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Secretion
• Some cells synthesize materials that are not used within that cell, but are needed somewhere else. Such products are called secretions.
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Types of Secretions
1.Enzymes – maltase, lactase, and luciferase
2.Hormones – adrenaline, testosterone, and insulin
3.Neurotransmitters –acetylcholine and noradrenalin
I t’s Hammer Time!
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4. Other types of Secretion:
• Mucus- coats organs
• Chitin- exoskeletons and fungal cell walls
• Poisons- defense and capturing food
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• Hydrochloric acid- for enzymatic hydrolysis
• Saliva• Fat- Storage, insulation and
protection• Like ear wax
• Cellulose- cell walls
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Luciferase is the enzyme that allows bioluminescent reactions to occur in fireflies.