· RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 3 s . t t. B . H t. s " ! s R t t t t . b . f t t t. b . t . A t t. a...

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❋�✁✂✄�✁☎ ✐✐✐

✶✆ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✠✡☎ ☛✂☞✂✌�✍✎✂✡✏ ✶

✷✆ ❋�✁✂✝✏ ✠✡☎ ✑✒✌☎✌✒✓✂ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✶✔

✸✆ ✑✠✏✂✁ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✷✸

✔✆ ❆✕✁✒✟✞✌✏✞✁✂ ✸✔

✺✆ ▼✒✡✂✁✠✌✝ ✠✡☎ ✖✡✂✁✕✗ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✺✘

✻✆ ▼✠✡✞✓✠✟✏✞✁✒✡✕ ✙✡☎✞✝✏✁✒✂✝ ✻✺

✼✆ ▲✒✓✂ ▲✒✡✂✝ �✓ ✚✠✏✒�✡✠✌ ✖✟�✡�✎✗ ✽✶

❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙ ✾✔

❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙✙ ✾✺

❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙✙✙ ✾✼

●✌�✝✝✠✁✗ ✾✽

❊�✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠�✠✝✡✠☛✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞�✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎

✇✆✝✎✆ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ✌✏✁✑ ☎☞ ✏✠☎✝✏✒✄ ☞✌✂ ✞✁✁✑✏✓

♣✂☞�✝✑✁✑✓ ✝☎ ✝✏ ☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✝✎✠✡✡✄ ✠✎✎✁✏✏✝☛✡✁✓

✁✎☞✞☞✍✝✎✠ ✡✡✄ ✒✁✠✏✝☛ ✡✁ ✠✞✑ ✎✌✡☎✌✂✠✡ ✡✄

✠✎✎✁♣☎✠☛✡✁ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ☎✁✂✍✁✑ ✠✏ ❛✔✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✕✖

❚✆✁ ♣✂☞✎✁✏✏ ☞✒ ☎✂✠✞✏✒☞✂✍✠☎✝☞✞ ☞✒ ☎✆✝✞✟✏

✠�✠✝✡✠☛✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞�✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✝✞�☞✡�✁✏ ✠✞

✝✞☎✁✂ ✲ ✑✁♣✁✞✑✁✞☎ ✂✁✡✠☎✝☞✞✏✆✝♣ ☛✁☎✇✁✁✞

✞✠☎✌✂✁✓ ☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✄ ✠✞✑ ✝✞✏☎✝☎✌☎✝☞✞✏✖ ♥✌✍✠✞

☛✁✝✞✟✏ ✝✞☎✁✂✠✎☎ ✇✝☎✆ ✞✠☎✌✂✁ ☎✆✂☞✌✟✆

☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✄ ✠✞✑ ✎✂✁✠☎✁ ✝✞✏☎✝☎✌☎✝☞✞✏ ☎☞

✠✎✎✁✡✁✂✠☎✁ ☎✆✁✝✂ ✁✎☞✞☞✍✝✎ ✑✁�✁✡☞♣✍✁✞☎✖

❉☞ ✄☞✌ ☎✆✝✞✗ ☎✆✠☎ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✒✂✁✁ ✟✝✒☎✏

☞✒ ✞✠☎✌✂✁ ✠✏ ✝✏ ✠✏✏✌✍✁✑ ☛✄ ✍✠✞✄♦ ❚✆✁✄

✠✂✁ ✞☞☎✖ ✔✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✠ ✒✌✞✎☎✝☞✞ ☞✒ ✆✌✍✠✞

✠✎☎✝�✝☎✝✁✏✖ ♥✌✍✠✞ ☛✁✝✞✟✏ ☎✆✁✍✏✁✡�✁✏ ✠✂✁

✁✏✏✁✞☎✝✠✡ ✎☞✍♣☞✞✁✞☎✏ ☞✒ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏✖ ❚✆✁✄

☎✂✠✞✏ ✒☞✂✍ ✍✠☎✁✂ ✝✠ ✡ ✠�✠✝ ✡✠☛ ✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂

✁✞�✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✝✞☎☞ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✞✑ ✌✏✁ ☎✆✁✍✖

❚✆✁✏✁ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ✎✡✠✏✏✝✒✝✁✑ ✝✞ ☎✆✁

✒☞✡✡☞✇✝✞✟ ✇✠✄✏➊

✭✘✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✥✧✤★✤✙ ✩ ✢✤✥✚✤✪ ✘✙✫ ✘✢✤✥✚✤✪

✭✢✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✜✬✛✘✯✣✚✤✢✤✰✤✚✱ ✩ ✧✜✙✜✳✘✢✰✜

✘✙✫ ✙✥✙✴✧✜✙✜✳✘✢✰✜

✭✪✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✥✳✙✜✧✣✛✤✵ ✩ ✤✙✫✤✶✤✫✯✘✰✷

✪✥❝❝✯✙✤✚✱✷ ✙✘✚✤✥✙✘✰ ✘✙✫ ✤✙✚✜✧✙✘✚✤✥✙✘✰

✭✫✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✣✚✘✚✯✣ ✥✦ ✫✜✶✜✰✥✵❝✜✙✚ ✩

✵✥✚✜✙✚✤✘✰✷ ✫✜✶✜✰✥✵✜✫ ✣✚✥✪✸ ✘✙✫ ✧✜✣✜✧✶✜✣✹

Can you identify and name the various itemsused in making life comfortable in ourvillages and towns. List the items and namethe material used in their making.

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✽✾ ■✿❀❁❂❃❁❄❁✿❃❁✿❀ ❂❁❅❆❀❇❈✿●❍❇❄ ❏❁❀❑❁❁✿

✿❆❀▲❂❁▼ ❀❁◆❍✿❈❅❈P◗ ❆✿❃ ❇✿●❀❇❀▲❀❇❈✿●

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼❘✾ ❙❅❆●●❇❯❇◆❆❀❇❈✿ ❈❯ ❂❁●❈▲❂◆❁●

2 CONTEMPORARY INDIA – II

❚❨�✁✂ ❖✄ ✥✁✂❖❊☎✆✁✂

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✝✑✍✒✍✞

❇✓✔✕✓✖ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ❛✧✤ ★✩✪❛✫✬✤✭ ✮✧★✯

✩✫★✦❜✣✤✧✤ ❛✬✭ ✣❛✰✤ ✱✫✮✤ ✦✲✳✣❛✦ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✩✤✫✬✴✦✵

✮✱★✧❛ ❛✬✭ ✮❛✲✬❛✵ ✮✫✦✣✤✧✫✤✦✵ ✱✫✰✤✦✪★✳❢ ✤✪✳✶

❆✷✓✔✕✓✖ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✸✱✱ ✪✣★✦✤ ✪✣✫✬✴✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤

✳★✯❜★✦✤✭★✮✬★✬❝✱✫✰✫✬✴ ✪✣✫✬✴✦ ❛✧✤ ✳❛✱✱✤✭❛✩✫★✪✫✳

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✧★✳❢✦ ❛✬✭✯✤✪❛✱✦✶

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✻✼✠☞✽✌✟✍✾✍✿✍✟❀

✗✘❘✘❁❂✷❃✘ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦

✹✣✫✳✣ ✳❛✬ ✩✤ ✧✤✬✤✹✤✭ ★✧ ✧✤❜✧★✭✲✳✤✭ ✩✇

❜✣✇✦✫✳❛✱✵ ✳✣✤✯✫✳❛✱ ★✧ ✯✤✳✣❛✬✫✳❛✱ ❜✧★✳✤✦✦✤✦

❛✧✤ ❢✬★✹✬ ❛✦ ✧✤✬✤✹❛✩✱✤ ★✧ ✧✤❜✱✤✬✫✦✣❛✩✱✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✦★✱❛✧ ❛✬✭ ✹✫✬✭

✤✬✤✧✴✇✵ ✹❛✪✤✧✵ ✮★✧✤✦✪✦ ❛✬✭ ✹✫✱✭✱✫✮✤✵ ✤✪✳✶ ✢✣✤

✧✤✬✤✹❛✩✱✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤ ✯❛✇ ✮✲✧✪✣✤✧ ✩✤ ✭✫✰✫✭✤✭

✫✬✪★ ✳★✬✪✫✬✲★✲✦ ★✧ ✮✱★✹ ✐r✫✴✶❄✶❅❈✶

◆✔❘❉✗✘❘✘❁❂✷❃✘ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ★✳✳✲✧ ★✰✤✧

❛ ✰✤✧✇ ✱★✬✴ ✴✤★✱★✴✫✳❛✱ ✪✫✯✤✶ ❋✫✬✤✧❛✱✦ ❛✬✭ ✮★✦✦✫✱

✮✲✤✱✦ ❛✧✤ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✦ ★✮ ✦✲✳✣ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ ✢✣✤✦✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✪❛❢✤ ✯✫✱✱✫★✬✦ ★✮ ✇✤❛✧✦ ✫✬ ✪✣✤✫✧

✮★✧✯❛✪✫★✬✶ ●★✯✤ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✱✫❢✤ ✯✤✪❛✱✦

❛✧✤ ✧✤✳✇✳✱❛✩✱✤ ❛✬✭ ✦★✯✤ ✱✫❢✤ ✮★✦✦✫✱ ✮✲✤✱✦ ✳❛✬✬★✪

✩✤ ✧✤✳✇✳✱✤✭ ❛✬✭ ✴✤✪ ✤✺✣❛✲✦✪✤✭ ✹✫✪✣ ✪✣✤✫✧ ✲✦✤✶

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✝❍✞✡✑✌✠✍■

❏❘❑✓▲✓❑✚❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ❛✧✤ ❛✱✦★ ★✹✬✤✭

❜✧✫✰❛✪✤✱✇ ✩✇ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ ❋❛✬✇ ✮❛✧✯✤✧✦ ★✹✬

✱❛✬✭ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✫✦ ❛✱✱★✪✪✤✭ ✪★ ✪✣✤✯ ✩✇ ✴★✰✤✧✬✯✤✬✪

❛✴❛✫✬✦✪ ✪✣✤ ❜❛✇✯✤✬✪ ★✮ ✧✤✰✤✬✲✤✶ ▼✬ ✰✫✱✱❛✴✤✦

✪✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ✹✫✪✣ ✱❛✬✭ ★✹✬✤✧✦✣✫❜ ✩✲✪ ✪✣✤✧✤

❛✧✤ ✯❛✬✇✹✣★ ❛✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✱✤✦✦✶ P✧✩❛✬ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ★✹✬

❜✱★✪✦✵ ✣★✲✦✤✦ ❛✬✭ ★✪✣✤✧ ❜✧★❜✤✧✪✇✶ ♣✱❛✬✪❛✪✫★✬✵

❜❛✦✪✲✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✦✵ ❜★✬✭✦✵ ✹❛✪✤✧ ✫✬ ✹✤✱✱✦ ✤✪✳✶ ❛✧✤

✦★✯✤ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✦ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ★✹✬✤✧✦✣✫❜

✩✇ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ ❋❛❢✤ ❛ ✱✫✦✪ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ★✹✬✤✭

✩✇ ✇★✲✧ ✣★✲✦✤✣★✱✭✶

◗✔❙❙✚❘✓✕❯ ❱❁❘✘❑ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤ ❛✳✳✤✦✦✫✩✱✤ ✪★ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤

✯✤✯✩✤✧✦ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✳★✯✯✲✬✫✪✇✶ ♠✫✱✱❛✴✤ ✳★✯✯★✬✦

✐✴✧❛❲✫✬✴ ✴✧★✲✬✭✦✵ ✩✲✧✫❛✱ ✴✧★✲✬✭✦✵ ✰✫✱✱❛✴✤

❜★✬✭✦✵ ✤✪✳✶❈ ❜✲✩✱✫✳ ❜❛✧❢✦✵ ❜✫✳✬✫✳ ✦❜★✪✦✵

❜✱❛✇✴✧★✲✬✭✦ ✫✬ ✲✧✩❛✬ ❛✧✤❛✦ ❛✧✤ ✭✤ ✮❛✳✪★

❛✳✳✤✦✦✫✩✱✤ ✪★ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ✱✫✰✫✬✴ ✪✣✤✧✤✶

◆❂✕✓✔❘❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✤✳✣✬✫✳❛✱✱✇✵ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✪✣✤ ✬❛✪✫★✬✶ ✢✣✤ ✳★✲✬✪✧✇

✣❛✦ ✱✤✴❛✱ ❜★✹✤✧✦ ✪★ ❛✳❤✲✫✧✤ ✤✰✤✬ ❜✧✫✰❛✪✤

❜✧★❜✤✧✪✇ ✮★✧ ❜✲✩✱✫✳ ✴★★✭✶ ♦★✲✯✫✴✣✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✦✤✤✬

✧★❛✭✦✵ ✳❛✬❛✱✦✵ ✧❛✫✱✹❛✇✦ ✩✤✫✬✴ ✳★✬✦✪✧✲✳✪✤✭ ★✬

✮✫✤✱✭✦ ★✹✬✤✭ ✩✇ ✦★✯✤ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ P✧✩❛✬

❳✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ✸✲✪✣★✧✫✪✫✤✦ ✴✤✪ ✤✯❜★✹✤✧✤✭ ✩✇ ✪✣✤

✴★✰✤✧✬✯✤✬✪ ✪★ ❛✳❤✲✫✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✶ ✸✱✱ ✪✣✤ ✯✫✬✤✧❛✱✦✵

✹❛✪✤✧ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✵ ✮★✧✤✦✪✦✵ ✹✫✱✭✱✫✮✤✵ ✱❛✬✭ ✹✫✪✣✫✬

✪✣✤ ❜★✱✫✪✫✳❛✱ ✩★✲✬✭❛✧✫✤✦ ❛✬✭ ★✳✤❛✬✫✳ ❛✧✤❛ ✲❜✪★

❄❅ ✬❛✲✪✫✳❛✱ ✯✫✱✤✦ ✐❄❩✶❅ ❢✯❈ ✮✧★✯ ✪✣✤ ✳★❛✦✪

✪✤✧✯✤✭ ❛✦ ✪✤✧✧✫✪★✧✫❛✱ ✹❛✪✤✧ ❛✬✭ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦

✪✣✤✧✤✫✬ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✪✣✤ ✬❛✪✫★✬✶

❏❘✕✘✛❘❂✕✓✔❘❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤

✫✬✪✤✧✬❛✪✫★✬❛✱ ✫✬✦✪✫✪✲✪✫★✬✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✧✤✴✲✱❛✪✤ ✦★✯✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ ✢✣✤ ★✳✤❛✬✫✳ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✩✤✇★✬✭ ❅❬❬

❢✯ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ❭❪❫❴❵❞❡❣❥ ❭❫❦❧❦♥❡❫ q❦❧❥ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★

★❜✤✬ ★✳✤❛✬ ❛✬✭ ✬★ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱ ✳★✲✬✪✧✇ ✳❛✬

✲✪✫✱✫✦✤ ✪✣✤✦✤ ✹✫✪✣★✲✪ ✪✣✤ ✳★✬✳✲✧✧✤✬✳✤ ★✮

✫✬✪✤✧✬❛✪✫★✬❛✱ ✫✬✦✪✫✪✲✪✫★✬✦✶

Do you know that India has got the right tomine manganese nodules from the bed ofthe Indian Ocean from that area which liesbeyond the exclusive economic zone. Identifysome other resources which are internationalin nature.

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✟✠✡ s✟☞✟✽✌ ✎✏ t✡✉✡✿✎■✈✡✞✟

①✔✕✘❘✕✓❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ②✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤

✮★✲✬✭ ✫✬ ❛ ✧✤✴✫★✬✵ ✩✲✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✬★✪ ✩✤✤✬ ✲✪✫✱✫✦✤✭✶

r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✪✣✤ ✹✤✦✪✤✧✬ ❜❛✧✪✦ ★✮ ▼✬✭✫❛

❜❛✧✪✫✳✲✱❛✧✱✇ ②❛③❛✦✪✣❛✬ ❛✬✭ ④✲③❛✧❛✪ ✣❛✰✤

✤✬★✧✯★✲✦ ❜★✪✤✬✪✫❛✱ ✮★✧ ✪✣✤ ✭✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ★✮✹✫✬✭

❛✬✭ ✦★✱❛✧ ✤✬✤✧✴✇✵ ✩✲✪ ✦★ ✮❛✧ ✪✣✤✦✤ ✣❛✰✤ ✬★✪ ✩✤✤✬

✭✤✰✤✱★❜✤✭ ❜✧★❜✤✧✱✇✶

⑤✘▲✘❃✔⑥✘❑ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ②✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤

✦✲✧✰✤✇✤✭ ❛✬✭ ✪✣✤✫✧ ❤✲❛✱✫✪✇ ❛✬✭ ❤✲❛✬✪✫✪✇ ✣❛✰✤

✩✤✤✬ ✭✤✪✤✧✯✫✬✤✭ ✮★✧ ✲✪✫✱✫✦❛✪✫★✬✶ ✢✣✤

✭✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✭✤❜✤✬✭✦ ★✬

✪✤✳✣✬★✱★✴✇ ❛✬✭ ✱✤✰✤✱ ★✮ ✪✣✤✫✧ ✮✤❛✦✫✩✫✱✫✪✇✶

⑦✕✔✖⑧✜ ❋❛✪✤✧✫❛✱✦ ✫✬ ✪✣✤ ✤✬✰✫✧★✬✯✤✬✪ ✹✣✫✳✣

✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤ ❜★✪✤✬✪✫❛✱ ✪★ ✦❛✪✫✦✮✇ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✬✤✤✭✦ ✩✲✪

✣✲✯❛✬ ✩✤✫✬✴✦ ✭★ ✬★✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤ ❛❜❜✧★❜✧✫❛✪✤

✪✤✳✣✬★✱★✴✇ ✪★ ❛✳✳✤✦✦ ✪✣✤✦✤✵ ❛✧✤ ✫✬✳✱✲✭✤✭ ❛✯★✬✴

Identify at least two resources from eachcategory.

3RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

s�✁✂✄✳ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✞✌ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✏✑ ✠ ✒✆✡☛✆✓✔✕ ✆✖

✎✍✆ ✏✔✖☞✠✡✡✠t☞✞ ✗✠✑✞✑✘ ✙✚✕✝✆✗✞✔ ✠✔✕ ✆✟✚✗✞✔✌

✍✙✏✒✙ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✠✑ ✠ ✝✏✒✙ ✑✆✓✝✒✞ ✆✖ ✞✔✞✝✗✚✳

❇✓✎ ✍✞ ✕✆ ✔✆✎ ✙✠✛✞ ✎✙✞ ✝✞✜✓✏✝✞✕ ✎✞✒✙✔✏✒✠☞

➅✢✔✆✍✣✙✆✍✤ ✎✆ ✓✑✞ ✎✙✞✡ ✖✆✝ ✎✙✏✑ ☛✓✝☛✆✑✞✳

❍✞✔✒✞✌ ✏✎ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✒✆✔✑✏✕✞✝✞✕ ✠✑ ✑✎✆✒✢✳

❘✥s✥✦✧✥s ✠✝✞ ✎✙✞ ✑✓t✑✞✎ ✆✖ ✎✙✞ ✑✎✆✒✢✌✍✙✏✒✙

✒✠✔ t✞ ☛✓✎ ✏✔✎✆ ✓✑✞ ✍✏✎✙ ✎✙✞ ✙✞☞☛ ✆✖ ✞✟✏✑✎✏✔✗

✎✞✒✙✔✏✒✠☞ ➅✢✔✆✍✣✙✆✍✤ t✓✎ ✎✙✞✏✝ ✓✑✞ ✙✠✑ ✔✆✎

t✞✞✔ ✑✎✠✝✎✞✕✳ ❜✙✞✑✞ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✖✆✝ ✡✞✞✎✏✔✗

✖✓✎✓✝✞ ✝✞✜✓✏✝✞✡✞✔✎✑✳ ❢✏✛✞✝ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕

✖✆✝ ✗✞✔✞✝✠✎✏✔✗ ✙✚✕✝✆✞☞✞✒✎✝✏✒ ☛✆✍✞✝ t✓✎

☛✝✞✑✞✔✎☞✚✌ ✏✎ ✏✑ t✞✏✔✗ ✓✎✏☞✏✑✞✕ ✆✔☞✚ ✎✆ ✠ ☞✏✡✏✎✞✕

✞✟✎✞✔✎✳ ❜✙✓✑✌ ✎✙✞✍✠✎✞✝ ✏✔ ✎✙✞ ✕✠✡✑✌ ✖✆✝✞✑✎✑ ✞✎✒✳

✏✑ ✠ ✝✞✑✞✝✛✞ ✍✙✏✒✙ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✏✔ ✎✙✞ ✖✓✎✓✝✞✳

❆✔ ✞✜✓✏✎✠t☞✞ ✕✏✑✎✝✏t✓✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✙✠✑

t✞✒✆✡✞ ✞✑✑✞✔✎✏✠☞ ✖✆✝ ✠ ✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✞✕ ✜✓✠☞✏✎✚ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞

✠✔✕ ✗☞✆t✠☞☛✞✠✒✞✳ ❛✖ ✎✙✞☛✝✞✑✞✔✎ ✎✝✞✔✕✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞

✕✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔ t✚ ✠ ✖✞✍ ✏✔✕✏✛✏✕✓✠☞✑ ✠✔✕ ✒✆✓✔✎✝✏✞✑

✒✆✔✎✏✔✓✞✑✌ ✎✙✞ ✖✓✎✓✝✞ ✆✖ ✆✓✝ ☛☞✠✔✞✎ ✏✑ ✏✔ ✕✠✔✗✞✝✳

❜✙✞✝✞✖✆✝✞✌ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞ ☛☞✠✔✔✏✔✗ ✏✑ ✞✑✑✞✔✎✏✠☞ ✖✆✝

✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✞✟✏✑✎✞✔✒✞ ✆✖ ✠☞☞ ✖✆✝✡✑ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞✳

❙✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✞✟✏✑✎✞✔✒✞ ✏✑ ✠ ✒✆✡☛✆✔✞✔✎ ✆✖

✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✕✞✛✞☞✆☛✡✞✔✎✳

Prepare a list of stock and reserve, resourcesthat you are familiar with from your local area.

❉❊★❊✩✪✫✬❊✭✮ ✪❖ ✯❊✰✪✱✲✴❊✰

❢✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✠✝✞ ✛✏✎✠☞ ✖✆✝ ✙✓✡✠✔ ✑✓✝✛✏✛✠☞ ✠✑ ✍✞☞☞

✠✑ ✖✆✝ ✡✠✏✔✎✠✏✔✏✔✗ ✎✙✞ ✜✓✠☞✏✎✚ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞✳ ❛✎ ✍✠✑

t✞☞✏✞✛✞✕ ✎✙✠✎ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✠✝✞ ✖✝✞✞ ✗✏✖✎✑ ✆✖ ✔✠✎✓✝✞✳

❆✑ ✠ ✝✞✑✓☞✎✌ ✙✓✡✠✔ t✞✏✔✗✑ ✓✑✞✕ ✎✙✞✡

✏✔✕✏✑✒✝✏✡✏✔✠✎✞☞✚ ✠✔✕ ✎✙✏✑ ✙✠✑ ☞✞✕ ✎✆ ✎✙✞

✖✆☞☞✆✍✏✔✗ ✡✠✵✆✝ ☛✝✆t☞✞✡✑✳

⑩ ✶✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✖✆✝ ✑✠✎✏✑✖✚✏✔✗ ✎✙✞

✗✝✞✞✕ ✆✖ ✖✞✍ ✏✔✕✏✛✏✕✓✠☞✑✳

⑩ ❆✒✒✓✡✓☞✠✎✏✆✔✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✏✔ ✖✞✍✙✠✔✕✑✌✍✙✏✒✙✌

✏✔ ✎✓✝✔✌ ✕✏✛✏✕✞✕ ✎✙✞ ✑✆✒✏✞✎✚ ✏✔✎✆ ✎✍✆ ✑✞✗✡✞✔✎✑

✏✳✞✳ ✙✠✛✞✑ ✠✔✕✙✠✛✞✔✆✎✑ ✆✝ ✝✏✒✙✠✔✕☛✆✆✝✳

⑩ ❛✔✕✏✑✒✝✏✡✏✔✠✎✞ ✞✟☛☞✆✏✎✠✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✙✠✑

☞✞✕ ✎✆ ✗☞✆t✠☞ ✞✒✆☞✆✗✏✒✠☞ ✒✝✏✑✞✑ ✑✓✒✙ ✠✑✌ ✗☞✆t✠☞

✍✠✝✡✏✔✗✌✆✇✆✔✞ ☞✠✚✞✝✕✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔✌✞✔✛✏✝✆✔✡✞✔✎✠☞

☛✆☞☞✓✎✏✆✔ ✠✔✕ ☞✠✔✕ ✕✞✗✝✠✕✠✎✏✆✔✳

1. Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhaustedone day, how would this affect our life style?

2. Plan a survey in your colony/village toinvestigate people’s attitude towardsrecycling of the domestic/agriculturalwastes. Ask questions about :(a) What do they think about resources

they use?(b) What is their opinion about the

wastes, and its utilisation?(c) Collage your results.

Sustainable development

Sustainable economic development means‘development should take place withoutdamaging the environment, and developmentin the present should not compromise with theneeds of the future generations.’

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

In June 1992, more than 100 heads of statesmet in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the firstInternational Earth Summit. The Summit wasconvened for addressing urgent problems ofenvironmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.The assembled leaders signed theDeclaration on Global Climatic Change andBiological Diversity. The Rio Conventionendorsed the global Forest Principles andadopted Agenda 21 for achievingSustainable Development in the 21st century.

Agenda 21

It is the declaration signed by world leadersin 1992 at the United Nations Conferenceon Environment and Development (UNCED),which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Itaims at achieving global sustainabledevelopment. It is an agenda to combatenvironmental damage, poverty, diseasethrough global co-operation on commoninterests, mutual needs and sharedresponsibilities. One major objective of theAgenda 21 is that every local governmentshould draw its own local Agenda 21.

✯❊✰✪✱✲✴❊ ✷✩▲✭✭✸✭✹

P☞✠✔✔✏✔✗ ✏✑ ✎✙✞ ✍✏✕✞☞✚ ✠✒✒✞☛✎✞✕ ✑✎✝✠✎✞✗✚ ✖✆✝

✵✓✕✏✒✏✆✓✑ ✓✑✞ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑✳ ❛✎ ✙✠✑ ✏✡☛✆✝✎✠✔✒✞


✐� ✁ ✂✄☎�✆✝✞ ✟✐✠✡ ☛�☞✐✁✌ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁✏ ✡�✄✝✑✄☎✏

☞✐❞✡✝✏✐✆✞ ✐� ✆✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡

✁✝✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐� ✂✡✝✆✁✐� ✆✞✖✡✏ ✄✓

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✁✝✡ ☞✡✓✐✂✐✡�✆ ✐� ✏✄✑✡ ✄✆✎✡✝

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✏✄✑✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✂✁�

✒✡ ✂✄�✏✐☞✡✝✡☞ ✏✡✟✓ ✏☎✓✓✐✂✐✡�✆ ✐� ✆✡✝✑✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡

✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁�☞ ✆✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✏✄✑✡

✝✡❛✐✄�✏✍✎✐✂✎✎✁❞✡ ✁✂☎✆✡ ✏✎✄✝✆✁❛✡ ✄✓ ✏✄✑✡ ❞✐✆✁✟

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ r✄✝ ✡✗✁✑✖✟✡✌ ✆✎✡ ✏✆✁✆✡✏ ✄✓

❏✎✁✝✠✎✁�☞✌ ✘✎✎✁✆✆✐✏❛✁✝✎ ✁�☞ ✙✁☞✎✞✁

P✝✁☞✡✏✎ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐�✑✐�✡✝✁✟✏ ✁�☞ ✂✄✁✟ ☞✡✖✄✏✐✆✏✔

❆✝☎�✁✂✎✁✟ P✝✁☞✡✏✎ ✎✁✏ ✁✒☎�☞✁�✂✡ ✄✓ ✍✁✆✡✝

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✟✁✂✠✏ ✐� ✐�✓✝✁✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✁✟

☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✔ ✕✎✡ ✏✆✁✆✡ ✄✓ ✚✁✛✁✏✆✎✁� ✐✏ ❞✡✝✞✍✡✟✟

✡�☞✄✍✡☞✍✐✆✎ ✏✄✟✁✝ ✁�☞✍✐�☞ ✡�✡✝❛✞ ✒☎✆ ✟✁✂✠✏

✐� ✍✁✆✡✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡ ✂✄✟☞ ☞✡✏✡✝✆ ✄✓ ✜✁☞✁✠✎

✐✏ ✝✡✟✁✆✐❞✡✟✞ ✐✏✄✟✁✆✡☞ ✓✝✄✑ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡

✂✄☎�✆✝✞✔ ☛✆ ✎✁✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✝✐✂✎ ✂☎✟✆☎✝✁✟ ✎✡✝✐✆✁❛✡ ✒☎✆

✐✆ ✐✏ ☞✡✓✐✂✐✡�✆ ✐� ✍✁✆✡✝✌ ✐�✓✝✁✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✡ ✁�☞ ✏✄✑✡

❞✐✆✁✟✑✐�✡✝✁✟✏✔ ✕✎✐✏ ✂✁✟✟✏ ✓✄✝ ✒✁✟✁�✂✡☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✁✆ ✆✎✡ �✁✆✐✄�✁✟✌ ✏✆✁✆✡✌ ✝✡❛✐✄�✁✟ ✁�☞

✟✄✂✁✟ ✟✡❞✡✟✏✔

✕✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐✏ ✁ �✡✂✡✏✏✁✝✞

✂✄�☞✐✆✐✄� ✓✄✝ ✆✎✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✄✓ ✁�✞ ✝✡❛✐✄�✌ ✒☎✆

✑✡✝✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐� ✆✎✡ ✁✒✏✡�✂✡ ✄✓

✂✄✝✝✡✏✖✄�☞✐�❛ ✂✎✁�❛✡✏ ✐� ✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞ ✁�☞

✐�✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄�✏✑✁✞ ✎✐�☞✡✝ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡

✑✁�✞ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✐� ✄☎✝ ✂✄☎�✆✝✞ ✆✎✁✆ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐�

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✒☎✆ ✆✎✡✏✡ ✁✝✡ ✐�✂✟☎☞✡☞ ✐�✡✂✄�✄✑✐✂✁✟✟✞

✒✁✂✠✍✁✝☞ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏✔ ❜� ✆✎✡ ✂✄�✆✝✁✝✞ ✆✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡

✏✄✑✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁❞✡ ✁ ✖✄✄✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✒✁✏✡

✒☎✆ ✆✎✡✞ ✁✝✡ ✡✂✄�✄✑✐✂✁✟✟✞ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✡☞✔

❈✢✣ ✤✥✦ ✣✢✧★ ✩✥✧★ ✪★✩✥✦✪✫★ ✪✬✫✭ ✮✦✯

★✫✥✣✥✧✬✫✢❡❡✤ ✮✢✫✰✱✢✪✲ ✪★✳✬✥✣✩ ✢✣✲ ✩✥✧★

✪★✩✥✦✪✫★ ✴✥✥✪ ✮✦✯ ★✫✥✣✥✧✬✫✢❡❡✤ ✲★✵★❡✥✴★✲

✪★✳✬✥✣✩✶ ✷✬✵★ ✪★✢✩✥✣✩ ✸✥✪ ✩✦✫✭ ✢ ✩✬✯✦✢✯✬✥✣✹

✕✎✡ ✎✐✏✆✄✝✞ ✄✓ ✂✄✟✄�✐✏✁✆✐✄� ✝✡❞✡✁✟✏ ✆✎✁✆ ✝✐✂✎

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐� ✂✄✟✄�✐✡✏ ✍✡✝✡ ✆✎✡✑✁✐� ✁✆✆✝✁✂✆✐✄�✏

✓✄✝ ✆✎✡ ✓✄✝✡✐❛� ✐�❞✁☞✡✝✏✔ ☛✆ ✍✁✏ ✖✝✐✑✁✝✐✟✞ ✆✎✡

✎✐❛✎✡✝ ✟✡❞✡✟ ✄✓ ✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✐✂✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡

✂✄✟✄�✐✏✐�❛ ✂✄☎�✆✝✐✡✏ ✆✎✁✆ ✎✡✟✖✡☞ ✆✎✡✑ ✆✄

✡✗✖✟✄✐✆ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✄✓ ✄✆✎✡✝ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✁�☞ ✡✏✆✁✒✟✐✏✎

✆✎✡✐✝ ✏☎✖✝✡✑✁✂✞ ✄❞✡✝ ✆✎✡ ✂✄✟✄�✐✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡✓✄✝✡✌

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✂✁� ✂✄�✆✝✐✒☎✆✡ ✆✄ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✄�✟✞

✍✎✡� ✆✎✡✞ ✁✝✡ ✁✂✂✄✑✖✁�✐✡☞ ✒✞ ✁✖✖✝✄✖✝✐✁✆✡

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✐✂✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✁�☞ ✐�✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄�✁✟

✂✎✁�❛✡✏✔ ☛�☞✐✁ ✎✁✏ ✡✗✖✡✝✐✡�✂✡☞ ✁✟✟ ✆✎✐✏ ✐�

☞✐✓✓✡✝✡�✆ ✖✎✁✏✡✏ ✄✓ ✂✄✟✄�✐✏✁✆✐✄�✔ ✕✎✡✝✡✓✄✝✡✌ ✐�

☛�☞✐✁✌ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✌ ✐� ❛✡�✡✝✁✟✌ ✁�☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✐� ✖✁✝✆✐✂☎✟✁✝ ☞✄✡✏ �✄✆ ✄�✟✞ ✐�❞✄✟❞✡

✆✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✌ ✒☎✆ ✁✟✏✄ ✆✎✡

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞✌ t☎✁✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✎☎✑✁� ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁�☞

✆✎✡ ✎✐✏✆✄✝✐✂✁✟ ✡✗✖✡✝✐✡�✂✡✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✖✡✄✖✟✡✔

✺✻✼✽✾✿❀❁❂❃✻✼ ✻❄ ❅✾✽✻❇✿❉✾✽❊ ✚✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁✝✡

❞✐✆✁✟ ✓✄✝ ✁�✞ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✁✟ ✁✂✆✐❞✐✆✞✔ ✈☎✆

✐✝✝✁✆✐✄�✁✟ ✂✄�✏☎✑✖✆✐✄� ✁�☞ ✄❞✡✝❋☎✆✐✟✐✏✁✆✐✄�

✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✑✁✞ ✟✡✁☞ ✆✄ ✏✄✂✐✄❋✡✂✄�✄✑✐✂ ✁�☞

✡�❞✐✝✄�✑✡�✆✁✟ ✖✝✄✒✟✡✑✏✔ ✕✄ ✄❞✡✝✂✄✑✡ ✆✎✡✏✡

✖✝✄✒✟✡✑✏✌ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✂✄�✏✡✝❞✁✆✐✄� ✁✆ ❞✁✝✐✄☎✏

✟✡❞✡✟✏ ✐✏ ✐✑✖✄✝✆✁�✆✔ ✕✎✐✏ ✎✁☞ ✒✡✡� ✆✎✡ ✑✁✐�

✂✄�✂✡✝� ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✟✡✁☞✡✝✏ ✁�☞ ✆✎✐�✠✡✝✏ ✐� ✆✎✡

✖✁✏✆✔ r✄✝ ✡✗✁✑✖✟✡✌ ♣✁�☞✎✐✛✐ ✍✁✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✁✖✆ ✐�

❞✄✐✂ ✐�❛ ✎✐✏ ✂✄�✂✡✝� ✁✒✄☎✆ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

✂✄�✏✡✝❞✁✆✐✄� ✐� ✆✎✡✏✡ ✍✄✝☞✏● ❍✕✎✡✝✡ ✐✏ ✡�✄☎❛✎

✓✄✝ ✡❞✡✝✞✒✄☞✞❢✏ �✡✡☞ ✁�☞ �✄✆ ✓✄✝ ✁�✞ ✒✄☞✞❢✏

❛✝✡✡☞✔❣ ■✡ ✖✟✁✂✡☞ ✆✎✡ ❛✝✡✡☞✞ ✁�☞ ✏✡✟✓✐✏✎

✐�☞✐❞✐☞☎✁✟✏ ✁�☞ ✡✗✖✟✄✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ �✁✆☎✝✡ ✄✓ ✑✄☞✡✝�

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞ ✁✏ ✆✎✡ ✝✄✄✆ ✂✁☎✏✡ ✓✄✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

☞✡✖✟✡✆✐✄� ✁✆ ✆✎✡ ❛✟✄✒✁✟ ✟✡❞✡✟✔ ■✡ ✍✁✏ ✁❛✁✐�✏✆

✑✁✏✏ ✖✝✄☞☎✂✆✐✄� ✁�☞✍✁�✆✡☞ ✆✄ ✝✡✖✟✁✂✡ ✐✆ ✍✐✆✎

✆✎✡ ✖✝✄☞☎✂✆✐✄� ✒✞ ✆✎✡ ✑✁✏✏✡✏✔

Prepare a list of resources found in your stateand also identify the resources that areimportant but deficit in your state.

What resources are being developed in yoursurroundings by the community/villagepanchayats/ward level communities with thehelp of community participation?

❘❑▲▼◆❖◗❑ ❙❚❯❱❱❲❱❳ ❲❱ ❨❱❩❲❯

✚✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✐✏ ✁ ✂✄✑✖✟✡✗ ✖✝✄✂✡✏✏ ✍✎✐✂✎

✐�❞✄✟❞✡✏ ● ❬✐❭ ✐☞✡�✆✐✓✐✂✁✆✐✄� ✁�☞ ✐�❞✡�✆✄✝✞ ✄✓

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁✂✝✄✏✏ ✆✎✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✂✄☎�✆✝✞✔

✕✎✐✏ ✐�❞✄✟❞✡✏ ✏☎✝❞✡✞✐�❛✌ ✑✁✖✖✐�❛ ✁�☞

t☎✁✟✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✁�☞ t☎✁�✆✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✡✏✆✐✑✁✆✐✄� ✁�☞

✑✡✁✏☎✝✡✑✡�✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ❬✐✐❭ ♠❞✄✟❞✐�❛ ✁

✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✡ ✡�☞✄✍✡☞ ✍✐✆✎ ✁✖✖✝✄✖✝✐✁✆✡

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞✌ ✏✠✐✟✟ ✁�☞ ✐�✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄�✁✟ ✏✡✆ ☎✖ ✓✄✝

✐✑✖✟✡✑✡�✆✐�❛ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✖✟✁�✏✔ ❬✐✐✐❭

✙✁✆✂✎✐�❛ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✖✟✁�✏ ✍✐✆✎

✄❞✡✝✁✟✟ �✁✆✐✄�✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✖✟✁�✏✔

☛�☞✐✁✎✁✏✑✁☞✡✂✄�✂✡✝✆✡☞✡✓✓✄✝✆✏ ✓✄✝✁✂✎✐✡❞✐�❛

✆✎✡❛✄✁✟✏✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✝✐❛✎✆ ✓✝✄✑✆✎✡ r✐✝✏✆

r✐❞✡ ❪✡✁✝ P✟✁� ✟✁☎�✂✎✡☞ ✁✓✆✡✝ ☛�☞✡✖✡�☞✡�✂✡✔


▲❆�✁ ✥❚✂✄✂☎❆❚✂✆�

✝✞✟✠ ✡☛☞✌✍✡✎☛☞ ✞✡☛ ✍☞☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✑✒☛ ✏✌✓✓✌✔✕✟✖

♣✍✡♣✌☞☛☞✗

✶✘ ❋✌✡☛☞✑☞

✷✘ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✌✑ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✏✌✡ ✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑✕✌✟

✭✞✮ ❇✞✡✡☛✟ ✞✟✠ ✔✞☞✑☛ ✓✞✟✠

✭✚✮ ✝✞✟✠ ♣✍✑ ✑✌ ✟✌✟✛✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✍☞☛☞✜ ☛✘✖✘

✚✍✕✓✠✕✟✖☞✜ ✡✌✞✠☞✜ ✏✞✎✑✌✡✕☛☞✜ ☛✑✎✘

✸✘ ❖✑✒☛✡ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✓✞✟✠ ✭☛✢✎✓✍✠✕✟✖

✏✞✓✓✌✔ ✓✞✟✠✮

✭✞✮ P☛✡✣✞✟☛✟✑ ♣✞☞✑✍✡☛☞ ✞✟✠ ✖✡✞✤✕✟✖ ✓✞✟✠✜

✭✚✮ ✝✞✟✠ ✍✟✠☛✡ ✣✕☞✎☛✓✓✞✟☛✌✍☞ ✑✡☛☛ ✎✡✌♣☞

✖✡✌✙☛☞ ✭✟✌✑ ✕✟✎✓✍✠☛✠ ✕✟ ✟☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞✮✜

✭✎✮ ❈✍✓✑✡✍✞✚✓☛ ✔✞☞✑☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✭✓☛✏✑ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠

✏✌✡ ✣✌✡☛ ✑✒✞✟ ❢ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡☞✮✘

✹✘ ❋✞✓✓✌✔ ✓✞✟✠☞

✭✞✮ ❈✍✡✡☛✟✑ ✏✞✓✓✌✔✛✭✓☛✏✑✔✕✑✒✌✍✑✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑✕✌✟ ✏✌✡

✌✟☛ ✌✡ ✓☛☞☞ ✑✒✞✟ ✌✟☛ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡✮✜

✭✚✮ ❖✑✒☛✡ ✑✒✞✟ ✎✍✡✡☛✟✑ ✏✞✓✓✌✔✛✭✓☛✏✑

✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✑✒☛ ♣✞☞✑ ✶ ✑✌ ❢

✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡☞✮✘

❢✘ ◆☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞

✧✡☛✞ ☞✌✔✟ ✣✌✡☛ ✑✒✞✟ ✌✟✎☛ ✕✟ ✞✟

✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡ ♣✓✍☞ ✟☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞ ✕☞

❦✟✌✔✟ ✞☞ ❣★✩✪✪ ✫★✩✬✬✯✰ ✱★✯✱✘

▲❆�✁ ✥☎❙ ✲❆❚❚❙✳� ✂� ✴�✁✂❆

✵✒☛ ✍☞☛ ✌✏ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ✠☛✑☛✡✣✕✟☛✠ ✚✌✑✒ ✚✦ ♣✒✦☞✕✎✞✓

✏✞✎✑✌✡☞ ☞✍✎✒ ✞☞ ✑✌♣✌✖✡✞♣✒✦✜ ✎✓✕✣✞✑☛✜ ☞✌✕✓ ✑✦♣☛☞

✞☞ ✔☛✓✓ ✞☞ ✒✍✣✞✟ ✏✞✎✑✌✡☞ ☞✍✎✒ ✞☞ ♣✌♣✍✓✞✑✕✌✟

✠☛✟☞✕✑✦✜ ✑☛✎✒✟✌✓✌✖✕✎✞✓ ✎✞♣✞✚✕✓✕✑✦ ✞✟✠ ✎✍✓✑✍✡☛

✞✟✠ ✑✡✞✠✕✑✕✌✟☞ ☛✑✎✘

✵✌✑✞✓ ✖☛✌✖✡✞♣✒✕✎✞✓ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✺✟✠✕✞ ✕☞ ✸✘✷✻

✣✕✓✓✕✌✟ ☞♠ ❦✣ ✝✞✟✠ ✍☞☛ ✠✞✑✞✜ ✒✌✔☛✙☛✡✜ ✕☞

✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✌✟✓✦ ✏✌✡ ❛✸ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✑✌✑✞✓ ✞✡☛✞

✚☛✎✞✍☞☛ ✑✒☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✍☞☛ ✡☛♣✌✡✑✕✟✖ ✏✌✡ ✣✌☞✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛

✟✌✡✑✒✛☛✞☞✑ ☞✑✞✑☛☞ ☛✢✎☛♣✑ ✧☞☞✞✣ ✒✞☞ ✟✌✑ ✚☛☛✟

✠✌✟☛ ✏✍✓✓✦✘ ❞✌✡☛✌✙☛✡✜ ☞✌✣☛ ✞✡☛✞☞ ✌✏ ❡✞✣✣✍

✞✟✠✼✞☞✒✣✕✡ ✌✎✎✍♣✕☛✠ ✚✦ P✞❦✕☞✑✞✟ ✞✟✠ ❈✒✕✟✞

✒✞✙☛ ✞✓☞✌ ✟✌✑ ✚☛☛✟ ☞✍✡✙☛✦☛✠✘

At the international level, the Club of Romeadvocated resource conservation for the firsttime in a more systematic way in 1968.Subsequently, in 1974, Gandhian philosophywas once again presented by Schumacherin his book Small is Beautiful. The seminalcontribution with respect to resourceconservation at the global level was madeby the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987.This report introduced the concept of‘Sustainable Development’ and advocatedit as a means for resource conservation,which was subsequently published in a bookentitled Our Common Future. Anothersignificant contribution was made at the EarthSummit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

▲❆�✁ ✽❙☎✆❊✳✾❙☎

❲☛ ✓✕✙☛ ✌✟ ✓✞✟✠✜ ✔☛ ♣☛✡✏✌✡✣ ✌✍✡ ☛✎✌✟✌✣✕✎

✞✎✑✕✙✕✑✕☛☞ ✌✟ ✓✞✟✠✞✟✠✔☛✍☞☛ ✕✑ ✕✟ ✠✕✏✏☛✡☛✟✑ ✔✞✦☞✘

✵✒✍☞✜ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ✞ ✟✞✑✍✡✞✓ ✡☛☞✌✍✡✎☛ ✌✏ ✍✑✣✌☞✑

✕✣♣✌✡✑✞✟✎☛✘ ✺✑ ☞✍♣♣✌✡✑☞✟✞✑✍✡✞✓ ✙☛✖☛✑✞✑✕✌✟✜ ✔✕✓✠

✓✕✏☛✜ ✒✍✣✞✟ ✓✕✏☛✜ ☛✎✌✟✌✣✕✎ ✞✎✑✕✙✕✑✕☛☞✜ ✑✡✞✟☞♣✌✡✑

✞✟✠ ✎✌✣✣✍✟✕✎✞✑✕✌✟ ☞✦☞✑☛✣☞✘ ✿✌✔☛✙☛✡✜ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞

✞✟ ✞☞☞☛✑ ✌✏ ✞ ✏✕✟✕✑☛ ✣✞✖✟✕✑✍✠☛✜ ✑✒☛✡☛✏✌✡☛✜ ✕✑ ✕☞

✕✣♣✌✡✑✞✟✑ ✑✌ ✍☞☛ ✑✒☛ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✏✌✡ ✙✞✡✕✌✍☞

♣✍✡♣✌☞☛☞ ✔✕✑✒ ✎✞✡☛✏✍✓ ♣✓✞✟✟✕✟✖✘

✺✟✠✕✞ ✒✞☞ ✓✞✟✠ ✍✟✠☛✡ ✞ ✙✞✡✕☛✑✦ ✌✏ ✡☛✓✕☛✏

✏☛✞✑✍✡☛☞✜ ✟✞✣☛✓✦❀ ✣✌✍✟✑✞✕✟☞✜ ♣✓✞✑☛✞✍☞✜ ♣✓✞✕✟☞

✞✟✠ ✕☞✓✞✟✠☞✘ ✧✚✌✍✑ ✹✸ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✞✡☛✞

✕☞ ♣✓✞✕✟✜ ✔✒✕✎✒ ♣✡✌✙✕✠☛☞ ✏✞✎✕✓✕✑✕☛☞ ✏✌✡ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡☛

✞✟✠ ✕✟✠✍☞✑✡✦✘ ❞✌✍✟✑✞✕✟☞ ✞✎✎✌✍✟✑ ✏✌✡ ✸❁ ♣☛✡

✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✑✌✑✞✓ ☞✍✡✏✞✎☛ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✎✌✍✟✑✡✦ ✞✟✠

☛✟☞✍✡☛ ♣☛✡☛✟✟✕✞✓ ✏✓✌✔ ✌✏ ☞✌✣☛ ✡✕✙☛✡☞✜ ♣✡✌✙✕✠☛

✏✞✎✕✓✕✑✕☛☞ ✏✌✡ ✑✌✍✡✕☞✣ ✞✟✠ ☛✎✌✓✌✖✕✎✞✓ ✞☞♣☛✎✑☞✘

✧✚✌✍✑ ✷❂ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✎✌✍✟✑✡✦ ✕☞

✑✒☛ ♣✓✞✑☛✞✍ ✡☛✖✕✌✟✘ ✺✑ ♣✌☞☞☛☞☞☛☞ ✡✕✎✒ ✡☛☞☛✡✙☛☞

✌✏ ✣✕✟☛✡✞✓☞✜ ✏✌☞☞✕✓ ✏✍☛✓☞ ✞✟✠ ✏✌✡☛☞✑☞✘

❃❄❅ ❉●❍■ ❏❑▼❄◗ ■ ❘❯❱❳ ❨❱❳❩❬ ❭❪❫❴❬❵❯❱❵ ❜❩❝❭❩❤ ✐❩❯❵❨❬❩❥

Try to do a comparison between the two piecharts (Fig. 1.4 ) given for land use and findout why the net sown area and the landunder forests have changed from 1960-61to 2002-03 very marginally.


Find out reasons for the low proportion ofnet sown area in these states.

❚�✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✝☎✆✁✞ ✟✁✞✠✄☎✁☎✡ ✟✄☛✡✝✞✁ �✄☛

✄✂☛❛ ✆✁☞✞✁✄☛✁✆✌ ✍❛✎ ✄✞✁ ✎✁ ✄✏✂✁ ✡❛ ✑✁✁✆ ❛✝✞

�✝❤✁ ☞✄✡✡✂✁ ✟❛✟✝✂✄✡✒❛☎ ❛☎ ✡�✒☛ ✟✄☛✡✝✞✁ ✂✄☎✆

✄☎✆ ✎�✄✡ ✄✞✁ ✡�✁ ☞❛☎☛✁✓✝✁☎☞✁☛ ❛✑ ✒✡✔ ✕❛☛✡ ❛✑

✡�✁ ❛✡�✁✞ ✡�✄☎ ✡�✁ ☞✝✞✞✁☎✡ ✑✄✂✂❛✎ ✂✄☎✆☛✄✞✁ ✁✒✡�✁✞

❛✑ ✟❛❛✞ ✓✝✄✂✒✡♦ ❛✞ ✡�✁ ☞❛☛✡ ❛✑ ☞✝✂✡✒✖✄✡✒❛☎ ❛✑ ☛✝☞�

✂✄☎✆ ✒☛ ✖✁✞♦ �✒❤�✌ ✍✁☎☞✁❧ ✡�✁☛✁ ✂✄☎✆☛ ✄✞✁

☞✝✂✡✒✖✄✡✁✆ ❛☎☞✁ ❛✞ ✡✎✒☞✁ ✒☎ ✄✏❛✝✡ ✡✎❛ ✡❛ ✡�✞✁✁

♦✁✄✞☛ ✄☎✆ ✒✑ ✡�✁☛✁ ✄✞✁ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁✆ ✒☎ ✡�✁ ☎✁✡ ☛❛✎☎

✄✞✁✄ ✡�✁☎ ✡�✁ ✟✁✞☞✁☎✡✄❤✁ ❛✑ ✗✘✙ ✒☎ ✚☎✆✒✄ ☞❛✠✁☛

✡❛ ✄✏❛✝✡ t✛ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ✡�✁ ✡❛✡✄✂ ✞✁✟❛✞✡✒☎❤ ✄✞✁✄✌

❚�✁ ✟✄✡✡✁✞☎ ❛✑ ☎✁✡ ☛❛✎☎ ✄✞✁✄ ✖✄✞✒✁☛ ❤✞✁✄✡✂♦

✑✞❛✠ ❛☎✁ ☛✡✄✡✁ ✡❛ ✄☎❛✡�✁✞✌ ✚✡ ✒☛ ❛✖✁✞ ✳✜ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡

❛✑ ✡�✁ ✡❛✡✄✂ ✄✞✁✄ ✒☎ ✢✝☎✣✄✏ ✄☎✆✍✄✞♦✄☎✄✄☎✆ ✂✁☛☛

✡�✄☎✤✜✟✁✞☞✁☎✡ ✒☎✙✞✝☎✄☞�✄✂ ✢✞✄✆✁☛�❧✕✒✥❛✞✄✠❧

✕✄☎✒✟✝✞ ✄☎✆ ✙☎✆✄✠✄☎✗✒☞❛✏✄✞ ✚☛✂✄☎✆☛✌

✢❛✂✒☞♦ P✤✦t✧★✌ ✚✡ ✎✄☛ ☞❛☎☛✒✆✁✞✁✆ ✁☛☛✁☎✡✒✄✂ ✑❛✞

✠✄✒☎✡✁☎✄☎☞✁ ❛✑ ✡�✁ ✁☞❛✂❛❤✒☞✄✂ ✏✄✂✄☎☞✁✌ ❚�✁

✂✒✖✁✂✒�❛❛✆ ❛✑ ✠✒✂✂✒❛☎☛ ❛✑ ✟✁❛✟✂✁ ✎�❛ ✂✒✖✁ ❛☎

✡�✁ ✑✞✒☎❤✁☛ ❛✑ ✡�✁☛✁ ✑❛✞✁☛✡☛ ✆✁✟✁☎✆☛ ✝✟❛☎ ✒✡✌

✙ ✟✄✞✡ ❛✑ ✡�✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☛ ✡✁✞✠✁✆ ✄☛ ✎✄☛✡✁ ✂✄☎✆

✄☎✆ ✂✄☎✆ ✟✝✡ ✡❛ ❛✡�✁✞ ☎❛☎✩✄❤✞✒☞✝✂✡✝✞✄✂ ✝☛✁☛✌

❲✄☛✡✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁☛ ✞❛☞✪♦❧ ✄✞✒✆ ✄☎✆ ✆✁☛✁✞✡

✄✞✁✄☛ ✄☎✆ ✂✄☎✆ ✟✝✡ ✡❛ ❛✡�✁✞ ☎❛☎✩✄❤✞✒☞✝✂✡✝✞✄✂

✝☛✁☛ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁☛ ☛✁✡✡✂✁✠✁☎✡☛❧ ✞❛✄✆☛❧ ✞✄✒✂✎✄♦☛❧

✒☎✆✝☛✡✞♦ ✁✡☞✌ ✐❛☎✡✒☎✝❛✝☛ ✝☛✁ ❛✑ ✂✄☎✆ ❛✖✁✞ ✄

✂❛☎❤ ✟✁✞✒❛✆ ❛✑ ✡✒✠✁ ✎✒ ✡�❛✝✡ ✡✄✪✒☎❤

✄✟✟✞❛✟✞✒✄✡✁ ✠✁✄☛✝✞✁☛ ✡❛ ☞❛☎☛✁✞✖✁ ✄☎✆

✠✄☎✄❤✁ ✒✡❧ �✄☛ ✞✁☛✝✂✡✁✆ ✒☎ ✂✄☎✆ ✆✁❤✞✄✆✄✡✒❛☎✌

❚�✒☛❧ ✒☎ ✡✝✞☎❧ �✄☛ ☛✁✞✒❛✝☛ ✞✁✟✁✞☞✝☛☛✒❛☎☛ ❛☎

☛❛☞✒✁✡♦ ✄☎✆ ✡�✁ ✁☎✖✒✞❛☎✠✁☎✡✌

▲❆✫✬ ✭❊✮✯❆✬❆✰✱✲✫ ❆✫✬ ✴✲✫❖❊✯❱❆✰✱✲✫

▼❊❆❖✵✯❊❖

❲✁ �✄✖✁ ☛�✄✞✁✆ ❛✝✞ ✂✄☎✆ ✎✒✡� ✡�✁ ✟✄☛✡

❤✁☎✁✞✄✡✒❛☎☛ ✄☎✆ ✎✒✂✂ �✄✖✁ ✡❛ ✆❛ ☛❛ ✎✒✡� ✡�✁

✑✝✡✝✞✁ ❤✁☎✁✞✄✡✒❛☎☛ ✡❛❛✌ ✗✒☎✁✡♦✩✑✒✖✁ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑

❛✝✞ ✏✄☛✒☞ ☎✁✁✆☛ ✑❛✞ ✑❛❛✆❧ ☛�✁✂✡✁✞ ✄☎✆ ☞✂❛✡�✒☎❤

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✺

✻❛✞✁☛✡ ✄✞✁✄ ✒☎ ✡�✁ ☞❛✝☎✡✞♦ ✒☛ ✑✄✞ ✂❛✎✁✞ ✡�✄☎

✡�✁ ✆✁☛✒✞✁✆ ✼✼ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ❤✁❛❤✞✄✟�✒☞✄✂ ✄✞✁✄❧

✄☛ ✒✡ ✎✄☛ ❛✝✡✂✒☎✁✆ ✒☎ ✡�✁ ✗✄✡✒❛☎✄✂ ✻❛✞✁☛✡


❛�✁ ✂✄☎❛✆✝✁✞ ✟�✂✠ ✡❛✝✞☛ ☞✌✠❛✝❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏ ✑❛✎✁

✝✂☎ ✂✝✡♥ ✄�✂✌✒✑☎ ❛✄✂✌☎ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞

✄✌☎ ✑❛✎✁ ❛✡✏✂ ❛✒✒�❛✎❛☎✁✞ ☎✑✁ ❜❛✍✁ ✂✟ ✝❛☎✌�❛✡

✟✂�✍✁✏ ☎✂ ✍❛✌✏✁ ✞❛✠❛✒✁ ☎✂ ✡❛✝✞☛

❆☎ ❜�✁✏✁✝☎✓ ☎✑✁�✁ ❛�✁ ❛✄✂✌☎ ✔✕✖ ✠✆✡✡✆✂✝

✑✁✍☎❛�✁✏ ✂✟ ✞✁✒�❛✞✁✞ ✡❛✝✞ ✆✝ ❤✝✞✆❛☛

❆❜❜�✂✗✆✠❛☎✁✡♥✓ ✘✙ ❜✁� ✍✁✝☎ ✂✟ ✆☎ ✄✁✡✂✝✒✏ ☎✂ ☎✑✁

✍❛☎✁✒✂�♥ ✂✟ ✟✂�✁✏☎ ✞✁✒�❛✞✁✞ ❛�✁❛✓ ❝✚ ❜✁� ✍✁✝☎

✂✟ ✆☎ ✆✏ ♦❛☎✁� ✁�✂✞✁✞ ❛�✁❛ ❛✝✞ ☎✑✁ �✁✏☎ ✆✏ ❛✟✟✁✍☎✁✞

✄♥ ✏❛✡✆✝✁ ❛✝✞ ❛✡✛❛✡✆✝✁ ✞✁❜✂✏✆☎✏☛ ✜✂✠✁ ✑✌✠❛✝

❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏ ✏✌✍✑ ❛✏ ✞✁✟✂�✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝✓ ✂✎✁� ✒�❛✢✆✝✒✓

✠✆✝✆✝✒ ❛✝✞ ♠✌❛��♥✆✝✒ ☎✂✂ ✑❛✎✁ ✍✂✝☎�✆✄✌☎✁✞

✏✆✒✝✆✟✆✍❛✝☎✡♥ ✆✝ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛

❛✡✛❛✡✆✝✆☎♥ ✆✝ ☎✑✁ ✏✂✆✡☛ ✣✑✁✠✆✝✁�❛✡ ❜�✂✍✁✏✏✆✝✒ ✡✆✛✁

✒�✆✝✞✆✝✒ ✂✟ ✡✆✠✁✏☎✂✝✁ ✟✂� ✍✁✠✁✝☎ ✆✝✞✌✏☎�♥ ❛✝✞

✍❛✡✍✆☎✁ ❛✝✞ ✏✂❛❜✏☎✂✝✁ ✟✂� ✍✁�❛✠✆✍ ✆✝✞✌✏☎�♥

✒✁✝✁�❛☎✁ ✑✌✒✁ ♠✌❛✝☎✆☎♥ ✂✟ ✞✌✏☎ ✆✝ ☎✑✁

❛☎✠✂✏❜✑✁�✁☛ ❤☎ �✁☎❛�✞✏ ☎✑✁ ❜�✂✍✁✏✏ ✂✟ ✆✝✟✆✡☎�❛☎✆✂✝

✂✟ ♦❛☎✁� ✆✝☎✂ ☎✑✁ ✏✂✆✡ ❛✟☎✁� ✆☎ ✏✁☎☎✡✁✏ ✞✂♦✝ ✂✝ ☎✑✁

✡❛✝✞☛ ❤✝ �✁✍✁✝☎ ♥✁❛�✏✓ ✆✝✞✌✏☎�✆❛✡ ✁✟✟✡✌✁✝☎✏ ❛✏

♦❛✏☎✁ ✑❛✎✁ ✄✁✍✂✠✁ ❛✠❛✇✂� ✏✂✌�✍✁ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ❛✝✞

♦❛☎✁� ❜✂✡✡✌☎✆✂✝ ✆✝✠❛✝♥ ❜❛�☎✏ ✂✟ ☎✑✁ ✍✂✌✝☎�♥☛

✣✑✁�✁ ❛�✁✠❛✝♥ ♦❛♥✏ ☎✂ ✏✂✡✎✁ ☎✑✁ ❜�✂✄✡✁✠✏

✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❆✟✟✂�✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝ ❛✝✞ ❜�✂❜✁�

✠❛✝❛✒✁✠✁✝☎ ✂✟ ✒�❛✢✆✝✒ ✍❛✝✑✁✡❜ ☎✂ ✏✂✠✁ ✁✗☎✁✝☎☛

P✡❛✝☎✆✝✒ ✂✟ ✏✑✁✡☎✁� ✄✁✡☎✏ ✂✟ ❜✡❛✝☎✏✓ ✍✂✝☎�✂✡ ✂✝

✂✎✁� ✒�❛✢✆✝✒✓ ✏☎❛✄✆✡✆✏❛☎✆✂✝ ✂✟ ✏❛✝✞ ✞✌✝✁✏ ✄♥

✒�✂♦✆✝✒ ☎✑✂�✝♥ ✄✌✏✑✁✏ ❛�✁ ✏✂✠✁ ✂✟ ☎✑✁

✠✁☎✑✂✞✏ ☎✂ ✍✑✁✍✛ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ P�✂❜✁�

✠❛✝❛✒✁✠✁✝☎ ✂✟ ♦❛✏☎✁ ✡❛✝✞✏✓ ✍✂✝☎�✂✡ ✂✟✠✆✝✆✝✒

❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏✓ ❜�✂❜✁� ✞✆✏✍✑❛�✒✁ ❛✝✞ ✞✆✏❜✂✏❛✡ ✂✟

✆✝✞✌✏☎�✆❛✡ ✁✟✟✡✌✁✝☎✏ ❛✝✞ ♦❛✏☎✁✏ ❛✟☎✁� ☎�✁❛☎✠✁✝☎

✍❛✝ �✁✞✌✍✁ ✡❛✝✞ ❛✝✞ ♦❛☎✁� ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✆✝

✆✝✞✌✏☎�✆❛✡ ❛✝✞ ✏✌✄✌�✄❛✝ ❛�✁❛✏☛

❙❖✤✥ ✦✧ ✦ ★❊✧❖✩✪✫❊

✜✂✆✡ ✆✏ ☎✑✁ ✠✂✏☎ ✆✠❜✂�☎❛✝☎ �✁✝✁♦❛✄✡✁ ✝❛☎✌�❛✡

�✁✏✂✌�✍✁☛ ❤☎ ✆✏ ☎✑✁✠✁✞✆✌✠ ✂✟ ❜✡❛✝☎ ✒�✂♦☎✑ ❛✝✞

✏✌❜❜✂�☎✏ ✞✆✟✟✁�✁✝☎ ☎♥❜✁✏ ✂✟ ✡✆✎✆✝✒ ✂�✒❛✝✆✏✠✏ ✂✝

❋✬✭✮ ✯✮✰

▼✆✝✆✝✒ ✏✆☎✁✏ ❛�✁ ❛✄❛✝✞✂✝✁✞ ❛✟☎✁� ✁✗✍❛✎❛☎✆✂✝

♦✂�✛ ✆✏ ✍✂✠❜✡✁☎✁ ✡✁❛✎✆✝✒ ✞✁✁❜ ✏✍❛�✏ ❛✝✞ ☎�❛✍✁✏

✂✟ ✂✎✁�✲✄✌�✞✁✝✆✝✒☛ ❤✝ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✡✆✛✁ ❞✑❛�✛✑❛✝✞✓

❈✑✑❛☎☎✆✏✒❛�✑✓ ▼❛✞✑♥❛ P�❛✞✁✏✑ ❛✝✞ ✱�✆✏✏❛

✞✁✟✂�✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝✞✌✁ ☎✂✠✆✝✆✝✒ ✑❛✎✁ ✍❛✌✏✁✞ ✏✁✎✁�✁

✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❤✝ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✡✆✛✁ ❧✌✇❛�❛☎✓

❘❛✇❛✏☎✑❛✝✓▼❛✞✑♥❛ P�❛✞✁✏✑ ❛✝✞▼❛✑❛�❛✏✑☎�❛

✂✎✁�✒�❛✢✆✝✒ ✆✏ ✂✝✁ ✂✟ ☎✑✁✠❛✆✝ �✁❛✏✂✝✏ ✟✂� ✡❛✝✞

✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❤✝ ☎✑✁ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✂✟ P✌✝✇❛✄✓ ☞❛�♥❛✝❛✓

♦✁✏☎✁�✝ ✳☎☎❛� P�❛✞✁✏✑✓ ✂✎✁� ✆��✆✒❛☎✆✂✝ ✆✏

�✁✏❜✂✝✏✆✄✡✁ ✟✂� ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✞✌✁ ☎✂ ♦❛☎✁�

✡✂✒✒✆✝✒ ✡✁❛✞✆✝✒ ☎✂ ✆✝✍�✁❛✏✁ ✆✝ ✏❛✡✆✝✆☎♥ ❛✝✞ ❋✬✭✮ ✯✮✴✵ ✶✷✸✹ ✺✻✷✼✸✹✽

✾✿❀❁❂❃❄ ❅❇❉●❍❇■❇❏

■❂r❑❁ ❁❉▲❏ ❉▲❏

❁❃❄● r❄❉s

✾✿❀❁●■❉●✿◆

❅❇❉●❍❇■❇❏ ◗❉■❇▲●

■❂r❑ ◆❉●❇■❃❉❄

❯▲❅❇❉●❍❇■❇❏

◗❉■❇▲● ❀❇❏ ■❂r❑

❚❂◗ ❁❂❃❄

●❍❇ ✿◗◗❇■ ❁❂❃❄ ❄❉s❇■


t�✁ ✁✂✄t�☎ ✆�✁ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✂ ✠✟✡✟☛☞ ✝✌✝t✁✍☎ ✎t t✂✏✁✝

✍✟✠✠✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✌✁✂✄✝ t✞ ♠✞✄✍ ✝✞✟✠ ✑✒t✞ ✂ ♠✁✓ ✔✍ ✟☛

❞✁✒t�☎ ✕✁✠✟✁♠✖ ✒✂✄✁☛t ✄✞✔✏ ✞✄ ✗✁❞ ✄✞✔✏✖ ✔✠✟✍✂t✁✖

✡✁☞✁t✂t✟✞☛ ✂☛❞ ✞t�✁✄ ♠✞✄✍✝ ✞♠ ✠✟♠✁ ✂☛❞ t✟✍✁ ✂✄✁

✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ✟☛ t�✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠☎

❱✂✄✟✞✑✝ ♠✞✄✔✁✝ ✞♠ ☛✂t✑✄✁ ✝✑✔� ✂✝ ✔�✂☛☞✁ ✟☛

t✁✍✒✁✄✂t✑✄✁✖ ✂✔t✟✞☛✝✞♠ ✄✑☛☛✟☛☞✓✂t✁✄✖✓✟☛❞ ✂☛❞

☞✠✂✔✟✁✄✝✖ ✂✔t✟✡✟t✟✁✝ ✞♠ ❞✁✔✞✍✒✞✝✁✄✝✁t✔☎ ✔✞☛t✄✟✗✑t✁

t✞ t�✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✘�✁✍✟✔✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✞✄☞✂☛✟✔

✔�✂☛☞✁✝✓�✟✔� t✂✏✁ ✒✠✂✔✁ ✟☛ t�✁ ✝✞✟✠ ✂✄✁ ✁❝✑✂✠✠✌

✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t☎ ✐✞✟✠ ✂✠✝✞ ✔✞☛✝✟✝t✝ ✞♠ ✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✙�✑✍✑✝✚

✂☛❞ ✟☛✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✍✂t✁✄✟✂✠✝ ✙❋✟☞☎ ✛☎✜✚☎

❖☛ t�✁ ✗✂✝✟✝ ✞♠ t�✁ ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ✄✁✝✒✞☛✝✟✗✠✁ ♠✞✄

✝✞✟✠ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛✖ ✔✞✠✞✑✄✖ t�✟✔✏☛✁✝✝✖ t✁✱t✑✄✁✖ ✂☞✁✖

✔�✁✍✟✔✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✒�✌✝✟✔✂✠ ✒✄✞✒✁✄t✟✁✝✖ t�✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✞♠

✎☛❞✟✂ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✔✠✂✝✝✟♠✟✁❞ ✟☛ ❞✟♠♠✁✄✁☛t t✌✒✁✝☎

❈✢✣✤✤✥✦✥✧✣★✥✩✪ ✩✦ ✫✩✥✢✤

✎☛❞✟✂ �✂✝ ✡✂✄✟✁❞ ✄✁✠✟✁♠ ♠✁✂t✑✄✁✝✖ ✠✂☛❞♠✞✄✍✝✖

✔✠✟✍✂t✟✔ ✄✁✂✠✍✝ ✂☛❞ ✡✁☞✁t✂t✟✞☛ t✌✒✁✝☎ ✆�✁✝✁

�✂✡✁ ✔✞☛t✄✟✗✑t✁❞ ✟☛ t�✁ ❞✁✡✁✠✞✒✍✁☛t ✞♠ ✡✂✄✟✞✑✝

t✌✒✁✝ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠✝☎

❆✬✬✭✮✯✰✬ ✲✳✯✬✴

✆�✟✝ ✟✝ t�✁ ✍✞✝t ✓✟❞✁✠✌ ✝✒✄✁✂❞ ✂☛❞ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t

✝✞✟✠☎ ✎☛ ♠✂✔t✖ t�✁ ✁☛t✟✄✁ ☛✞✄t�✁✄☛ ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✂❞✁

✞♠ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✆�✁✝✁ �✂✡✁ ✗✁✁☛ ❞✁✒✞✝✟t✁❞ ✗✌

t�✄✁✁ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ✵✟✍✂✠✂✌✂☛ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✝✌✝t✁✍✝➊ t�✁

✎☛❞✑✝✖ t�✁ ■✂☛☞✂ ✂☛❞ t�✁ ✶✄✂�✍✂✒✑t✄✂☎ ✆�✁✝✁

✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✁✱t✁☛❞ ✟☛ ✕✂s✂✝t�✂☛ ✂☛❞ ■✑s✂✄✂t

t�✄✞✑☞� ✂ ☛✂✄✄✞✓ ✔✞✄✄✟❞✞✄☎ ✷✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✂✠✝✞

♠✞✑☛❞ ✟☛ t�✁ ✁✂✝t✁✄☛ ✔✞✂✝t✂✠ ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✒✂✄t✟✔✑✠✂✄✠✌

✟☛ t�✁ ❞✁✠t✂✝ ✞♠ t�✁ ✸✂�✂☛✂❞✟✖ t�✁ ■✞❞✂✡✂✄✟✖

t�✁ ✹✄✟✝�☛✂ ✂☛❞ t�✁ ✹✂✡✁✄✟ ✄✟✡✁✄✝☎

✄✁✂✔�✁✝ ✞♠ t�✁ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✡✂✠✠✁✌ ✟☎✁☎ ☛✁✂✄ t�✁ ✒✠✂✔✁ ✞♠

t�✁ ✗✄✁✂✏ ✞♠ ✝✠✞✒✁✖ t�✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✔✞✂✄✝✁☎ ✐✑✔�

✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✞✄✁ ✔✞✍✍✞☛ ✟☛ ✒✟✁❞✍✞☛t ✒✠✂✟☛✝

✝✑✔� ✂✝ ❉✺✣✻✤✼ ❈✽✩✤ ✂☛❞ ❚✾✻✣✥☎

✷✒✂✄t ♠✄✞✍ t�✁ ✝✟✿✁ ✞♠ t�✁✟✄ ☞✄✂✟☛✝ ✞✄

✔✞✍✒✞☛✁☛t✝✖ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✂✠✝✞ ❞✁✝✔✄✟✗✁❞ ✞☛ t�✁

✗✂✝✟✝ ✞♠ t�✁✟✄ ✂☞✁☎ ✷✔✔✞✄❞✟☛☞ t✞ t�✁✟✄ ✂☞✁ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠

✝✞✟✠✝ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✔✠✂✝✝✟♠✟✁❞ ✂✝ ✞✠❞ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✙❇✣✪❀✣✻✚

✂☛❞☛✁✓ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✙❑✽✣❁✣✻✚☎ ✆�✁ ❜✣✪❀✣✻ ✝✞✟✠ �✂✝

�✟☞�✁✄ ✔✞☛✔✁☛t✄✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ❦❂❃❦❄❅ ☛✞❞✑✠✁✝ t�✂☛

t�✁ ❑✽✣❁✣✻❊ ✎t �✂✝ ✍✞✄✁ ♠✟☛✁ ✒✂✄t✟✔✠✁✝ ✂☛❞ ✟✝

✍✞✄✁ ♠✁✄t✟✠✁ t�✂☛ t�✁ ❜✣✪❀✣✻☎

✷✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✝ ✂ ✓�✞✠✁ ✂✄✁ ✡✁✄✌ ♠✁✄t✟✠✁☎

✸✞✝t✠✌ t�✁✝✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✔✞☛t✂✟☛ ✂❞✁❝✑✂t✁ ✒✄✞✒✞✄t✟✞☛

✞♠ ✒✞t✂✝�✖ ✒�✞✝✒�✞✄✟✔ ✂✔✟❞ ✂☛❞ ✠✟✍✁ ✓�✟✔� ✂✄✁

✟❞✁✂✠ ♠✞✄ t�✁ ☞✄✞✓t� ✞♠ ✝✑☞✂✄✔✂☛✁✖ ✒✂❞❞✌✖ ✓�✁✂t

✂☛❞ ✞t�✁✄ ✔✁✄✁✂✠ ✂☛❞✒✑✠✝✁ ✔✄✞✒✝☎❛✑✁ t✞ ✟t✝ �✟☞�

♠✁✄t✟✠✟t✌✖ ✄✁☞✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✟☛t✁☛✝✟✡✁✠✌

✔✑✠t✟✡✂t✁❞ ✂☛❞ ❞✁☛✝✁✠✌ ✒✞✒✑✠✂t✁❞☎ ✐✞✟✠✝ ✟☛ t�✁

❞✄✟✁✄ ✂✄✁✂✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✞✄✁ ✂✠✏✂✠✟☛✁ ✂☛❞ ✔✂☛ ✗✁

✒✄✞❞✑✔t✟✡✁ ✂♠t✁✄✒✄✞✒✁✄ t✄✁✂t✍✁☛t ✂☛❞✟✄✄✟☞✂t✟✞☛☎

●✬✰❍❏ ✲✳✯✬

✆�✁✝✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✗✠✂✔✏ ✟☛ ✔✞✠✞✑✄ ✂☛❞ ✂✄✁ ✂✠✝✞

✏☛✞✓☛ ✂✝ ❅❄r▲❅ ✝✞✟✠✝☎ ✶✠✂✔✏ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✟❞✁✂✠ ♠✞✄

☞✄✞✓✟☛☞ ✔✞tt✞☛ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✏☛✞✓☛ ✂✝ ▼◆❂P❦

P◗❘❘◗❃ ❙◗❯◆☎ ✎t ✟✝ ✗✁✠✟✁✡✁❞ t�✂t ✔✠✟✍✂t✟✔ ✔✞☛❞✟t✟✞☛

✂✠✞☛☞ ✓✟t� t�✁ ✒✂✄✁☛t ✄✞✔✏ ✍✂t✁✄✟✂✠ ✂✄✁ t�✁

✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ♠✞✄ t�✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✗✠✂✔✏ ✝✞✟✠☎

✆�✟✝ t✌✒✁ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ t✌✒✟✔✂✠ ✞♠ t�✁ ❛✁✔✔✂☛ t✄✂✒

✙❲❂❙❂◆❘✚ ✄✁☞✟✞☛ ✝✒✄✁✂❞ ✞✡✁✄ ☛✞✄t�✓✁✝t ❛✁✔✔✂☛

✒✠✂t✁✂✑ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✍✂❞✁ ✑✒ ✞♠ ✠✂✡✂ ♠✠✞✓✝☎ ✆�✁✌

✔✞✡✁✄ t�✁ ✒✠✂t✁✂✑✝ ✞♠ ✸✂�✂✄✂✝�t✄✂✖✐✂✑✄✂✝�t✄✂✖

✆�✁ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠ ✔✞☛✝✟✝t✝ ✞♠ ✡✂✄✟✞✑✝

✒✄✞✒✞✄t✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✝✂☛❞✖ ✝✟✠t ✂☛❞ ✔✠✂✌☎ ✷✝ ✓✁ ✍✞✡✁

✟☛✠✂☛❞✝ t✞✓✂✄❞✝ t�✁ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✡✂✠✠✁✌✝✖ ✝✞✟✠ ✒✂✄t✟✔✠✁✝

✂✒✒✁✂✄ ✝✞✍✁ ✓�✂t ✗✟☞☞✁✄ ✟☛ ✝✟✿✁☎ ✎☛ t�✁ ✑✒✒✁✄

❳❨❩❬ ❭❬❪❫ ❴❵❵❡❢❣❤❵ ❥❧❣❵

❳❨❩❬ ❭❬♥❫ ♦❵❤♣q ❥❧❣❵


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✡☛ ☞✌✍✎✏


▼�✁✂�✄▼�☎✆✝� ✞✟�☎✠✡✆ �☛☎☞✆✆�✌✌✍✡✎�✟✆ �☛☎

✠❡✌✠☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✑✌✆ ✠�✡✌ ☎✍✟✠✒✌✍✏☛ �✁✏☛✎ ✌✆✠

●✏☎�✓�✟✍ �☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✔✟✍✡✆☛� ✓�✁✁✠✝✡✕

❚✆✠ ✖✁�✒✗ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✘�☎✠ ✑✙ ✏✚ ✠❡✌✟✠✘✠✁✝

✚✍☛✠ ✍✕✠✕ ✒✁�✝✠✝ ✘�✌✠✟✍�✁✕ ❚✆✠✝ �✟✠ ✂✠✁✁❢✗☛✏✂☛

✚✏✟ ✌✆✠✍✟ ✒�✙�✒✍✌✝ ✌✏ ✆✏✁☎ ✘✏✍✡✌✑✟✠✕ ✛☛ �☎☎✍✌✍✏☛✄

✌✆✠✝ �✟✠ ✟✍✒✆ ✍☛ ✡✏✍✁ ☛✑✌✟✍✠☛✌✡✄ ✡✑✒✆ �✡ ✒�✁✒✍✑✘

✒�✟✖✏☛�✌✠✄✘�✎☛✠✡✍✑✘✄✙✏✌�✡✆ �☛☎ ✁✍✘✠✕❚✆✠✡✠

✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✎✠☛✠✟�✁✁✝ ✙✏✏✟ ✍☛ ✙✆✏✡✙✆✏✟✍✒ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌✡✕

❚✆✠✝ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙ ☎✠✠✙ ✒✟�✒✗✡ ☎✑✟✍☛✎ ✆✏✌ ✂✠�✌✆✠✟✄

✂✆✍✒✆ ✆✠✁✙✡ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✙✟✏✙✠✟ �✠✟�✌✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁✕

❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✡✌✍✒✗✝ ✂✆✠☛ ✂✠✌ �☛☎ ☎✍✚✚✍✒✑✁✌ ✌✏

✂✏✟✗ ✏☛ ✑☛✁✠✡✡ ✌✍✁✁✠☎ ✍✘✘✠☎✍�✌✠✁✝ �✚✌✠✟ ✌✆✠ ✚✍✟✡✌

✡✆✏✂✠✟ ✏✟ ☎✑✟✍☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✙✟✠❢✘✏☛✡✏✏☛ ✙✠✟✍✏☎✕

❘✜✢ ✣✤✢ ✥✜✦✦✧★ ✩✧✪✦✫

✬✠☎ ✡✏✍✁ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙✡ ✏☛ ✒✟✝✡✌�✁✁✍☛✠ ✍✎☛✠✏✑✡ ✟✏✒✗✡

✍☛ �✟✠�✡ ✏✚ ✁✏✂ ✟�✍☛✚�✁✁ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✠�✡✌✠✟☛ �☛☎

✡✏✑✌✆✠✟☛ ✙�✟✌✡ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ♥✠✒✒�☛ ✙✁�✌✠�✑✕ ✭✠✁✁✁✏✂

�☛☎ ✟✠☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ �✁✡✏ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✙�✟✌✡ ✏✚ ❛✟✍✡✡�✄

☞✆✆�✌✌✍✡✎�✟✆✄ ✡✏✑✌✆✠✟☛ ✙�✟✌✡ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✘✍☎☎✁✠

●�☛✎� ✙✁�✍☛ �☛☎ �✁✏☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✙✍✠☎✘✏☛✌ ✮✏☛✠ ✏✚

✌✆✠ t✠✡✌✠✟☛ ●✆�✌✡✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙ �

✟✠☎☎✍✡✆ ✒✏✁✏✑✟ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ☎✍✚✚✑✡✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✍✟✏☛ ✍☛

✒✟✝✡✌�✁✁✍☛✠ �☛☎ ✘✠✌�✘✏✟✙✆✍✒ ✟✏✒✗✡✕ ✛✌ ✁✏✏✗✡

✝✠✁✁✏✂ ✂✆✠☛ ✍✌ ✏✒✒✑✟✡ ✍☛ � ✆✝☎✟�✌✠☎ ✚✏✟✘✕

▲✣✯✜✰✪✯✜ ✩✧✪✦

✱�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✆�✡ ✖✠✠☛ ☎✠✟✍✓✠☎ ✚✟✏✘ ✌✆✠ ✱�✌✍☛ ✂✏✟☎

➅✁�✌✠✟✲ ✂✆✍✒✆ ✘✠�☛✡ ✖✟✍✒✗✕ ❚✆✠ ✁�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁

☎✠✓✠✁✏✙✡ ✍☛ �✟✠�✡ ✂✍✌✆ ✆✍✎✆ ✌✠✘✙✠✟�✌✑✟✠ �☛☎

✆✠�✓✝ ✟�✍☛✚�✁✁✕ ❚✆✍✡ ✍✡ ✌✆✠ ✟✠✡✑✁✌ ✏✚ ✍☛✌✠☛✡✠

✁✠�✒✆✍☛✎ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ✆✠�✓✝ ✟�✍☛✕ ❧✑✘✑✡ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ✏✚

✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ ✍✡ ✁✏✂ ✖✠✒�✑✡✠ ✘✏✡✌ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✘✍✒✟✏

✏✟✎�☛✍✡✘✡✄ ✙�✟✌✍✒✑✁�✟✁✝ ✌✆✠ ☎✠✒✏✘✙✏✡✠✟✡✄ ✁✍✗✠

✖�✒✌✠✟✍�✄ ✎✠✌ ☎✠✡✌✟✏✝✠☎ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ✆✍✎✆

✌✠✘✙✠✟�✌✑✟✠✕ ✱�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✡✑✍✌�✖✁✠ ✚✏✟

✒✑✁✌✍✓�✌✍✏☛ ✂✍✌✆ �☎✠❝✑�✌✠ ☎✏✡✠✡ ✏✚ ✘�☛✑✟✠✡

�☛☎ ✚✠✟✌✍✁✍✮✠✟✡✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✘�✍☛✁✝ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛

✔�✟☛�✌�✗�✄ ✔✠✟�✁�✄ ❚�✘✍✁ ❑�☎✑✄ ▼�☎✆✝�

✞✟�☎✠✡✆✄ �☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ �✟✠�✡ ✏✚ ❛✟✍✡✡� �☛☎

❆✡✡�✘✕ ❆✚✌✠✟ �☎✏✙✌✍☛✎ �✙✙✟✏✙✟✍�✌✠ ✡✏✍✁

✒✏☛✡✠✟✓�✌✍✏☛ ✌✠✒✆☛✍❝✑✠✡✙�✟✌✍✒✑✁�✟✁✝ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝

�✟✠�✡ ✏✚ ✔�✟☛�✌�✗�✄ ✔✠✟�✁� �☛☎ ❚�✘✍✁ ❑�☎✑✄

✌✆✍✡ ✡✏✍✁ ✍✡ ✓✠✟✝ ✑✡✠✚✑✁ ✚✏✟ ✎✟✏✂✍☛✎ ✌✠� �☛☎

✒✏✚✚✠✠✕ ✬✠☎ ✁�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✍☛ ❚�✘✍✁ ❑�☎✑✄ ❆☛☎✆✟�

✞✟�☎✠✡✆ �☛☎ ✔✠✟�✁� �✟✠✘✏✟✠ ✡✑✍✌�✖✁✠ ✚✏✟ ✒✟✏✙✡

✁✍✗✠ ✒�✡✆✠✂ ☛✑✌✕

✳✰✪✢ ✩✧✪✦✫

❆✟✍☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟�☛✎✠ ✚✟✏✘✟✠☎ ✌✏✖✟✏✂☛✍☛✒✏✁✏✑✟✕ ❚✆✠✝

�✟✠ ✎✠☛✠✟�✁✁✝ ✡�☛☎✝ ✍☛ ✌✠❡✌✑✟✠ �☛☎ ✡�✁✍☛✠ ✍☛

☛�✌✑✟✠✕ ✛☛ ✡✏✘✠ �✟✠�✡ ✌✆✠ ✡�✁✌ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ✍✡ ✓✠✟✝

✆✍✎✆�☛☎ ✒✏✘✘✏☛✡�✁✌ ✍✡ ✏✖✌�✍☛✠☎ ✖✝ ✠✓�✙✏✟�✌✍☛✎

✌✆✠ ✂�✌✠✟✕ ♥✑✠ ✌✏ ✌✆✠ ☎✟✝ ✒✁✍✘�✌✠✄ ✆✍✎✆

✌✠✘✙✠✟�✌✑✟✠✄ ✠✓�✙✏✟�✌✍✏☛ ✍✡ ✚�✡✌✠✟ �☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁

✁�✒✗✡ ✆✑✘✑✡ �☛☎✘✏✍✡✌✑✟✠✕ ❚✆✠ ✁✏✂✠✟ ✆✏✟✍✮✏☛✡

✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ �✟✠ ✏✒✒✑✙✍✠☎ ✖✝ ✴✵✶✷✵✸ ✖✠✒�✑✡✠ ✏✚

✌✆✠ ✍☛✒✟✠�✡✍☛✎ ✒�✁✒✍✑✘✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ☎✏✂☛✂�✟☎✡✕ ❚✆✠

✴✵✶✷✵✸ ✁�✝✠✟ ✚✏✟✘�✌✍✏☛✡ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✖✏✌✌✏✘✆✏✟✍✮✏☛✡

✟✠✡✌✟✍✒✌ ✌✆✠ ✍☛✚✍✁✌✟�✌✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✂�✌✠✟✕ ❆✚✌✠✟ ✙✟✏✙✠✟

✍✟✟✍✎�✌✍✏☛ ✌✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✖✠✒✏✘✠ ✒✑✁✌✍✓�✖✁✠ �✡ ✆�✡

✖✠✠☛ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✒�✡✠ ✏✚ ✂✠✡✌✠✟☛ ✬�❜�✡✌✆�☛✕

❋✹✺✻ ✼✻✽✾ ✿❀❁❂❃❄❁❂ ❅❇❄❈

❋✹✺✻ ✼✻✼❉✾ ❊❃❄❍ ❅❇❄❈

■✧✰✜✫✯ ✩✧✪✦✫

❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✵✟✠ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ �☛☎

✘✏✑☛✌�✍☛✏✑✡ �✟✠�✡ ✂✆✠✟✠ ✡✑✚✚✍✒✍✠☛✌ ✟�✍☛

✚✏✟✠✡✌✡ �✟✠ �✓�✍✁�✖✁✠✕ ❚✆✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✌✠❡✌✑✟✠ ✓�✟✍✠✡


❛��✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✁ ✞✟✠✡✁☛✆✞❛☎✆ ✠✆☞☎✂✁✆✡✠✆✞ ✌✟✠✂✠

✞✟✠t ❛✂✠ ✍✁✂✡✠✄✎ ✏✟✠t ❛✂✠ ✑✁❛✡t ❛✆✄ ✒☎✑✞t ☎✆

☞❛✑✑✠t ✒☎✄✠✒ ❛✆✄ �✁❛✂✒✠ ✝✂❛☎✆✠✄ ☎✆ ✞✟✠ ☛✈✈✠✂

✒✑✁✈✠✒✎ s✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✆✁✌ �✁☞✠✂✠✄ ❛✂✠❛✒ ✁✍

❍☎✡❛✑❛t❛✒✓ ✞✟✠✒✠ ✒✁☎✑✒ ✠✔✈✠✂☎✠✆�✠ ✄✠✆☛✄❛✞☎✁✆

❛✆✄ ❛✂✠ ❛�☎✄☎� ✌☎✞✟ ✑✁✌ ✟☛✡☛✒ �✁✆✞✠✆✞✎ ✏✟✠

✒✁☎✑✒ ✍✁☛✆✄ ☎✆ ✞✟✠ ✑✁✌✠✂ ✈❛✂✞✒ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ☞❛✑✑✠t✒

✈❛✂✞☎�☛✑❛✂✑t ✁✆ ✞✟✠ ✂☎☞✠✂ ✞✠✂✂❛�✠✒ ❛✆✄ ❛✑✑☛☞☎❛✑

✍❛✆✒ ❛✂✠ ✍✠✂✞☎✑✠✎

❙✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚✖✕✛ ✜✛✢ ❙✕✖✗ ✣✕✛✚✤✙✥✜✦✖✕✛

✏✟✠ ✄✠✆☛✄❛✞☎✁✆ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ✒✁☎✑ �✁☞✠✂ ❛✆✄

✒☛✧✒✠★☛✠✆✞ ✌❛✒✟☎✆✝ ✄✁✌✆ ☎✒ ✄✠✒�✂☎✧✠✄ ❛✒ ✒✁☎✑

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✏✟✠ ✈✂✁�✠✒✒✠✒ ✁✍ ✒✁☎✑ ✍✁✂✡❛✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✓ ✝✁ ✁✆ ✒☎✡☛✑✞❛✆✠✁☛✒✑t ❛✆✄ ✝✠✆✠✂❛✑✑t

✞✟✠✂✠ ☎✒ ❛ ✧❛✑❛✆�✠ ✧✠✞✌✠✠✆ ✞✟✠ ✞✌✁✎ ✩✁✡✠✞☎✡✠✒✓

✞✟☎✒ ✧❛✑❛✆�✠ ☎✒ ✄☎✒✞☛✂✧✠✄ ✄☛✠ ✞✁ ✟☛✡❛✆

❛�✞☎☞☎✞☎✠✒ ✑☎✪✠ ✄✠✍✁✂✠✒✞❛✞☎✁✆✓ ✁☞✠✂✲✝✂❛✫☎✆✝✓

�✁✆✒✞✂☛�✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄ ✡☎✆☎✆✝ ✠✞�✎✓ ✌✟☎✑✠ ✆❛✞☛✂❛✑

✍✁✂�✠✒ ✑☎✪✠ ✌☎✆✄✓ ✝✑❛�☎✠✂ ❛✆✄ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✑✠❛✄ ✞✁ ✒✁☎✑

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✏✟✠ ✂☛✆✆☎✆✝ ✌❛✞✠✂ �☛✞✒ ✞✟✂✁☛✝✟ ✞✟✠

�✑❛t✠t ✒✁☎✑✒ ❛✆✄ ✡❛✪✠✒ ✄✠✠✈ �✟❛✆✆✠✑✒ ❛✒

❣✬✗✗✖✤✚✎ ✏✟✠ ✑❛✆✄ ✧✠�✁✡✠✒ ☛✆✍☎✞ ✍✁✂ �☛✑✞☎☞❛✞☎✁✆

❛✆✄ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ❜✜✢ ✗✜✛✢✎ s✆ ✞✟✠ ✳✟❛✡✧❛✑

✧❛✒☎✆ ✒☛�✟ ✑❛✆✄✒ ❛✂✠ �❛✑✑✠✄ ✂❛☞☎✆✠✒✎ ✩✁✡✠✞☎✡✠✒

❋✭✮✯ ✰✯✰✰✱ ✴✵✶✷ ✸✹✵✺✶✵✻

❋✭✮✯ ✰✯✰✼✱ ✽✾✷✷✿ ✸✹✵✺✶✵✻

✌❛✞✠✂ ✍✑✁✌✒ ❛✒ ❛ ✒✟✠✠✞ ✁☞✠✂ ✑❛✂✝✠ ❛✂✠❛✒ ✄✁✌✆ ❛

✒✑✁✈✠✎ s✆ ✒☛�✟ �❛✒✠✒ ✞✟✠ ✞✁✈✒✁☎✑ ☎✒✌❛✒✟✠✄ ❛✌❛t✎

✏✟☎✒ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✚❀✤✤✦ ✤✙✕✚✖✕✛✎ ❁☎✆✄ ✧✑✁✌✒

✑✁✁✒✠ ✒✁☎✑ ✁✍✍ ✍✑❛✞ ✁✂ ✒✑✁✈☎✆✝ ✑❛✆✄ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✌☎✆✄

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✩✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆ ☎✒ ❛✑✒✁ �❛☛✒✠✄ ✄☛✠ ✞✁

✄✠✍✠�✞☎☞✠ ✡✠✞✟✁✄✒ ✁✍ ✍❛✂✡☎✆✝✎ ❞✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝ ☎✆ ❛

✌✂✁✆✝ ✌❛t ☎✎✠✎ ☛✈ ❛✆✄ ✄✁✌✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠ ✍✁✂✡

�✟❛✆✆✠✑✒ ✍✁✂ ✞✟✠ ★☛☎�✪ ✍✑✁✌ ✁✍ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✑✠❛✄☎✆✝ ✞✁

✒✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎

❞✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝ ❛✑✁✆✝ ✞✟✠ �✁✆✞✁☛✂ ✑☎✆✠✒ �❛✆

✄✠�✠✑✠✂❛✞✠ ✞✟✠ ✍✑✁✌ ✁✍ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✄✁✌✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠✒✎

✏✟☎✒ ☎✒ �❛✑✑✠✄ �✁✆✞✁☛✂ ✈✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝✎ ✩✞✠✈✒ �❛✆ ✧✠

�☛✞ ✁☛✞ ✁✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠✒ ✡❛✪☎✆✝ ✞✠✂✂❛�✠✒✎ ✏✠✂✂❛�✠

�☛✑✞☎☞❛✞☎✁✆ ✂✠✒✞✂☎�✞✒ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ❁✠✒✞✠✂✆ ❛✆✄

�✠✆✞✂❛✑ ❍☎✡❛✑❛t❛✒ ✟❛☞✠ ✌✠✑✑ ✄✠☞✠✑✁✈✠✄ ✞✠✂✂❛�✠

✍❛✂✡☎✆✝✎ ❢❛✂✝✠ ✍☎✠✑✄✒ �❛✆ ✧✠ ✄☎☞☎✄✠✄ ☎✆✞✁ ✒✞✂☎✈✒✎

✩✞✂☎✈✒ ✁✍ ✝✂❛✒✒ ❛✂✠ ✑✠✍✞ ✞✁ ✝✂✁✌ ✧✠✞✌✠✠✆ ✞✟✠

�✂✁✈✒✎ ✏✟☎✒ ✧✂✠❛✪✒ ☛✈ ✞✟✠ ✍✁✂�✠ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ✌☎✆✄✎

✏✟☎✒ ✡✠✞✟✁✄ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✒✞✂☎✈ �✂✁✈✈☎✆✝✎

❞✑❛✆✞☎✆✝ ✑☎✆✠✒ ✁✍ ✞✂✠✠✒ ✞✁ �✂✠❛✞✠ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ❛✑✒✁

✌✁✂✪✒ ☎✆ ❛ ✒☎✡☎✑❛✂ ✌❛t✎ ✇✁✌✒ ✁✍ ✒☛�✟ ✞✂✠✠✒ ❛✂✠

�❛✑✑✠✄ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ✧✠✑✞✒✎ ✏✟✠✒✠ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ✧✠✑✞✒ ✟❛☞✠

�✁✆✞✂☎✧☛✞✠✄ ✒☎✝✆☎✍☎�❛✆✞✑t ✞✁ ✞✟✠ ✒✞❛✧☎✑☎✒❛✞☎✁✆ ✁✍

✒❛✆✄ ✄☛✆✠✒ ❛✆✄ ☎✆ ✒✞❛✧☎✑☎✒☎✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✄✠✒✠✂✞ ☎✆

✌✠✒✞✠✂✆ s✆✄☎❛✎

State of India’s Environment

� The village of Sukhomajri and the district of Jhabua have shown that it is possibleto reverse land degradation. Tree density in Sukhomajri increased from 13 perhectare in 1976 to 1,272 per hectare in 1992;

� Regeneration of the environment leads to economic well-being, as a resultof greater resource availability, improved agriculture and animal care, and


consequently, increased incomes. Average annual household income inSukhomajri ranged from Rs 10,000-15,000 between 1979 and 1984;

� People’s management is essential for ecological restoration. With peoplebeing made the decision-makers by the Madhya Pradesh government, 2.9million hectares or about 1 per cent of India’s land area, are being greenedacross the state through watershed management.

❙�✁✂✄☎✆ ✥✝✞ ✟✠✡✠☛✞☞✌✍ ❋✠✐✡✝ ✎✞❡✏✑✡✒✓✔✔✔ ✕✞☞✡✑✞ ✏✐ ✖✟✠✞☞✟✞ ✗☞✘ ✙☞✚✠✑✏☞✛✞☞✡ ✜✕✖✙✢✒ ✣✞✤ ✦✞✧✝✠

EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES

✶★ ▼✩✪✫✬✭✪✮ ✯✰✱✬✯✮ ✲✩✮✳✫✬✱✴✳✵

✷✸✹ ❲✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✫✽✭✮ ✱✺ ✾✮✳✱✩✾✯✮ ✬✳ ✬✾✱✴ ✱✾✮✿

✷❀✹ ❘✮✴✮✻❁❂✪✮ ✷❃✹ ❄✪✱✻

✷❅✹ ❇✬✱✫✬✯ ✷❆✹ ◆✱✴❈✾✮✴✮✻❁❂✪✮

✷✸✸✹ ❯✴❉✮✾ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✫✽✭✮ ✱✺ ✾✮✳✱✩✾✯✮ ✯❁✴ ✫✬❉❁✪ ✮✴✮✾✼✽ ❂✮ ✭✩✫✿

✷❀✹ ❘✮✭✪✮✴✬✳✰❁❂✪✮ ✷❃✹ ❊❂✬✱✫✬✯

✷❅✹ ❍✩●❁✴❈●❁❉✮ ✷❆✹ ◆✱✴❈✾✮✯✽✯✪❁❂✪✮

✷✸✸✸✹ ❲✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✬✳ ✫✰✮ ●❁✬✴ ✯❁✩✳✮ ✱✺ ✪❁✴❉ ❉✮✼✾❁❉❁✫✬✱✴ ✬✴ ■✩✴❏❁❂✿

✷❀✹ ❑✴✫✮✴✳✬▲✮ ✯✩✪✫✬▲❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❃✹ ❖▲✮✾ ✬✾✾✬✼❁✫✬✱✴

✷❅✹ P✮✺✱✾✮✳✫❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❆✹ ❖▲✮✾✼✾❁◗✬✴✼

✷✸❚✹ ❑✴ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✳✫❁✫✮✳ ✬✳ ✫✮✾✾❁✯✮ ✯✩✪✫✬▲❁✫✬✱✴ ✭✾❁✯✫✬✳✮❉✿

✷❀✹ ■✩✴❏❁❂ ✷❃✹ ❍❁✾✽❁✴❁

✷❅✹ ■✪❁✬✴✳ ✱✺ ❯✫✫❁✾ ■✾❁❉✮✳✰ ✷❆✹ ❯✫✫❁✾❁✴✯✰❁✪

✷❚✹ ❑✴ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✳✫❁✫✮✳ ✬✳ ❂✪❁✯❱ ✳✱✬✪ ✺✱✩✴❉✿

✷❀✹ ❳❁●●✩ ❁✴❉ ❨❁✳✰●✬✾ ✷❃✹ ❘❁❏❁✳✫✰❁✴

✷❅✹ ❩✩❏❁✾❁✫ ✷❆✹ ❳✰❁✾❱✰❁✴❉


✷� ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✑✒ ✄✠✆✓✂✔

✭✕✖ ◆✎✗☎ ✝✞✆☎☎ ✂✝✎✝☎✂ ✞✎✘☛✁☞ ✏✡✎✙✚ ✂✠☛✡ ✎✁✓ ✝✞☎ ✙✆✠✛ ✄✞☛✙✞ ☛✂ ✗✎☛✁✡✜ ☞✆✠✄✁ ☛✁ ☛✝✔

✭✕✕✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✂✠☛✡ ☛✂ ✟✠✍✁✓ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✆☛✘☎✆ ✓☎✡✝✎✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ☎✎✂✝☎✆✁ ✙✠✎✂✝✢ ✣☛✘☎ ✝✞✆☎☎

✗✎☛✁ ✟☎✎✝✍✆☎✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☛✂ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✂✠☛✡✔

✭✕✕✕✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✂✝☎✛✂ ✙✎✁ ✏☎ ✝✎✚☎✁ ✝✠ ✙✠✁✝✆✠✡ ✂✠☛✡ ☎✆✠✂☛✠✁ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✞☛✡✡✜ ✎✆☎✎✂✢

✭✕✤✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✎✆☎ ✝✞☎ ✏☛✠✝☛✙ ✎✁✓ ✎✏☛✠✝☛✙ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂✢ ✣☛✘☎ ✂✠✗☎ ☎✥✎✗✛✡☎✂✔

✑✔ ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✦✧✒ ✄✠✆✓✂✔

✭✕✖ ❊✥✛✡✎☛✁ ✡✎✁✓ ✍✂☎ ✛✎✝✝☎✆✁ ☛✁ ★✁✓☛✎ ✎✁✓ ✄✞✜ ✞✎✂ ✝✞☎ ✡✎✁✓ ✍✁✓☎✆ ✟✠✆☎✂✝ ✁✠✝

☛✁✙✆☎✎✂☎✓ ✗✍✙✞ ✂☛✁✙☎ ✦✐✩✒✪✩✦✢

✭✕✕✖ ❍✠✄ ✞✎✘☎ ✝☎✙✞✁☛✙✎✡ ✎✁✓ ☎✙✠✁✠✗☛✙ ✓☎✘☎✡✠✛✗☎✁✝ ✡☎✓ ✝✠ ✗✠✆☎ ✙✠✁✂✍✗✛✝☛✠✁ ✠✟

✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂✢

PROJECT/ACTIVITY

✶� ▼✎✚☎ ✎ ✛✆✠✫☎✙✝ ✂✞✠✄☛✁☞ ✙✠✁✂✍✗✛✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✓ ✙✠✁✂☎✆✘✎✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂ ☛✁ ✜✠✍✆ ✡✠✙✎✡☛✝✜✔

✷� ❍✎✘☎ ✎ ✓☛✂✙✍✂✂☛✠✁ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✙✡✎✂✂➊ ✞✠✄ ✝✠ ✙✠✁✂☎✆✘☎ ✘✎✆☛✠✍✂ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂ ✍✂☎✓ ☛✁

✜✠✍✆ ✂✙✞✠✠✡✔

✸� ★✗✎☞☛✁☎ ☛✟ ✠☛✡ ✂✍✛✛✡☛☎✂ ☞☎✝ ☎✥✞✎✍✂✝☎✓■ ✞✠✄ ✄☛✡✡ ✝✞☛✂ ✎✟✟☎✙✝ ✠✍✆ ✡☛✟☎ ✂✝✜✡☎✢

✹� ❙✠✡✘☎ ✝✞☎ ✛✍✬✬✡☎ ✏✜ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✜✠✍✆ ✂☎✎✆✙✞ ✞✠✆☛✬✠✁✝✎✡✡✜ ✎✁✓ ✘☎✆✝☛✙✎✡✡✜ ✝✠ ✟☛✁✓ ✝✞☎

✞☛✓✓☎✁ ✎✁✂✄☎✆✂✔

✮ ✯ ● ✮ ✯ ❖ ❇ ❘ ❖ ✰ ✮ ❯ ✱ P ❏

◗ ● ✱ ✯ ✯ ❖ ❘ ✲ ✮ ❚ ✱ ❚ ✳ ❖ ✴

P ✴ ❘ ✲ ❈ P ❘ ✮ ▲ ❉ ✰ ✳ ▲ ✴ ✯

✮ ✴ ✱ ❚ ◗ ❳ ❯ ❖ ❱ ✱ ✳ ❖ ▲ ✱ ▲

❖ ❉ ✲ ✳ ❉ ❘ ❏ ❯ ❏ ▲ ❉ ❇ ✴ ❇ ❉

❚ ● ✵ ✰ ✳ ✴ ✲ ❘ ✱ ▲ ✮ ✱ ❳ ✰ ✺

❇ ❱ ❏ ❑ ✰ ✲ ❉ ❈ ❘ ❯ P ✯ ✰ ✵ ❘

▲ ✱ ❚ ✲ ❘ ✳ ❚ ✲ ✰ ❱ ✱ ❩ ❚ ❱ ▲

✱ ❇ ❩ ❖ ✲ ✴ ✰ ✯ ❚ ✳ ✮ ❉ ▲ ❘ ❈

❈ ● ✴ ✴ ✮ ❩ ✳ ❖ P ✱ ❳ ❚ ❨ ❏ ✵

❑ ❏ ● ❑ ❉ ❚ ❉ ❈ ✮ ▲ ✮ ✲ ● ✲ ✺

✻☛✼ ◆✎✝✍✆✎✡ ☎✁✓✠✄✗☎✁✝✂ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✆✗ ✠✟ ✡✎✁✓■ ✄✎✝☎✆■ ✘☎☞☎✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✓ ✗☛✁☎✆✎✡✂✔

✻☛☛✼ ❆ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✁✠✁✪✆☎✁☎✄✎✏✡☎ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✔

✻☛☛☛✼ ❙✠☛✡ ✄☛✝✞ ✞☛☞✞ ✄✎✝☎✆ ✆☎✝✎☛✁☛✁☞ ✙✎✛✎✙☛✝✜✔

✻☛✘✼ ★✁✝☎✁✂☛✘☎✡✜ ✡☎✎✙✞☎✓ ✂✠☛✡✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ✗✠✁✂✠✠✁ ✙✡☛✗✎✝☎✔

✻✘✼ ✽✡✎✁✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✝✆☎☎✂ ✠✁ ✎ ✡✎✆☞☎ ✂✙✎✡☎ ✝✠ ✙✞☎✙✚ ✂✠☛✡ ☎✆✠✂☛✠✁✔

✻✘☛✼ ✾✞☎ ✣✆☎✎✝ ✽✡✎☛✁✂ ✠✟ ★✁✓☛✎ ✎✆☎ ✗✎✓☎ ✍✛ ✠✟ ✝✞☎✂☎ ✂✠☛✡✂✔

❲❡ ✥�✁✂❡ ✄�☎✥ ✆✝✁✞❡✄ ✟☎✄� ✠☎✝✝☎✡✞✥ ✡☛ ✡✄�❡✂

✝☎❧☎✞☞ ✌❡☎✞☞✥✍ ✥✄✁✂✄☎✞☞ ☛✂✡✠ ✠☎✎✂✡✏✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥

✁✞❛ ✌✁✎✄❡✂☎✁✍ ✝☎✎�❡✞✥ ✄✡ ✌✁✞✑✁✞ ✄✂❡❡✥✍

❡✝❡✆�✁✞✄✥ ✁✞❛ ✌✝✒❡ ✟�✁✝❡✥✓ ✔�☎✥ ❡✞✄☎✂❡

�✁✌☎✄✁✄ ✄�✁✄ ✟❡ ✝☎ ❧❡ ☎✞ �✁✥ ☎✠✠❡✞✥❡

✌☎✡❛☎❧❡✂✥☎✄✑✓ ❲❡ �✒✠✁✞✥ ✁✝✡✞☞ ✟☎✄� ✁✝✝ ✝☎❧☎✞☞

✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ☛✡✂✠ ✁ ✎✡✠✆✝❡♦ ✟❡✌ ✡☛ ❡✎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝

✥✑✥✄❡✠ ☎✞ ✟�☎✎� ✟❡ ✁✂❡ ✡✞✝✑ ✁ ✆✁✂✄ ✁✞❛ ❧❡✂✑

✠✒✎� ❛❡✆❡✞❛❡✞✄ ✡✞ ✄�☎✥ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ☛✡✂ ✡✒✂ ✡✟✞

❡♦☎✥✄❡✞✎❡✓ ✕✡✂ ❡♦✁✠✆✝❡✍ ✄�❡ ✆✝✁✞✄✥✍ ✁✞☎✠✁✝✥

✁✞❛✠☎✎✂✡✏✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ✂❡✏✎✂❡✁✄❡ ✄�❡ ✖✒✁✝☎✄✑ ✡☛

✄�❡ ✁☎✂ ✟❡ ✌✂❡✁✄�❡✍ ✄�❡ ✟✁✄❡✂ ✟❡ ❛✂☎✞t ✁✞❛

✄�❡ ✥✡☎✝ ✄�✁✄ ✆✂✡❛✒✎❡✥ ✡✒✂ ☛✡✡❛ ✟☎✄�✡✒✄ ✟�☎✎�

✟❡ ✎✁✞✞✡✄ ✥✒✂❧☎❧❡✓ ✕✡✂❡✥✄✥ ✆✝✁✑ ✁ t❡✑ ✂✡✝❡ ☎✞

✄�❡ ❡✎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ✁✥ ✄�❡✥❡ ✁✂❡ ✁✝✥✡ ✄�❡

✆✂☎✠✁✂✑ ✆✂✡❛✒✎❡✂✥ ✡✞ ✟�☎✎� ✁✝✝ ✡✄�❡✂ ✝☎❧☎✞☞

✌❡☎✞☞✥ ❛❡✆❡✞❛✓

❋✗✘✙✚ ✚✛✜ ❋✚✢✛✚ ✣✛ ✤✛✜✣✚

■☛ ✑✡✒ ✝✡✡t ✁✂✡✒✞❛✍ ✑✡✒ ✟☎✝✝ ✌❡ ✁✌✝❡ ✄✡ ☛☎✞❛

✄�✁✄ ✄�❡✂❡ ✁✂❡ ✥✡✠❡ ✁✞☎✠✁✝✥ ✁✞❛ ✆✝✁✞✄✥✟�☎✎�

✁✂❡ ✒✞☎✖✒❡ ☎✞ ✑✡✒✂ ✁✂❡✁✓ ■✞ ☛✁✎✄✍ ■✞❛☎✁ ☎✥ ✡✞❡

✡☛ ✄�❡ ✟✡✂✝❛✦✥ ✂☎✎�❡✥✄ ✎✡✒✞✄✂☎❡✥ ☎✞ ✄❡✂✠✥ ✡☛

☎✄✥ ❧✁✥✄ ✁✂✂✁✑ ✡☛ ✌☎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ❛☎❧❡✂✥☎✄✑✍ ✁✞❛ �✁✥

✞❡✁✂✝✑ ♥ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ✄�❡ ✄✡✄✁✝ ✞✒✠✌❡✂ ✡☛

✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ☎✞ ✄�❡ ✟✡✂✝❛ s❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡❛ ✄✡ ✌❡ ✧✓★

✠☎✝✝☎✡✞♠✓ ✔�☎✥ ☎✥ ✆✡✥✥☎✌✝✑ ✄✟☎✎❡ ✡✂ ✄�✂☎✎❡ ✄�❡

✞✒✠✌❡✂ ✑❡✄ ✄✡ ✌❡ ❛☎✥✎✡❧❡✂❡❛✓ ✩✡✒ �✁❧❡

✁✝✂❡✁❛✑ ✥✄✒❛☎❡❛ ☎✞ ❛❡✄✁☎✝ ✁✌✡✒✄ ✄�❡ ❡♦✄❡✞✄

✁✞❛ ❧✁✂☎❡✄✑ ✡☛ ☛✡✂❡✥✄ ✁✞❛ ✟☎✝❛✝☎☛❡ ✂❡✥✡✒✂✎❡✥

☎✞ ■✞❛☎✁✓ ✩✡✒ ✠✁✑ �✁❧❡ ✂❡✁ ✝☎ ✥❡❛ ✄�❡

☎✠✆✡✂✄✁✞✎❡ ✡☛ ✄�❡✥❡ ✂❡✥✡✒✂✎❡✥ ☎✞ ✡✒✂ ❛✁☎✝✑

✝☎☛❡✓ ✔�❡✥❡ ❛☎❧❡✂✥❡ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✞❛ ☛✁✒✞✁ ✁✂❡ ✥✡

✟❡✝✝ ☎✞✄❡☞✂✁✄❡❛ ☎✞ ✡✒✂ ❛✁☎✝✑ ✝☎☛❡ ✄�✁✄ ✟❡ ✄✁t❡

✄�❡✥❡ ☛✡✂ ☞✂✁✞✄❡❛✓ ✪✒✄✍ ✝✁✄❡✝✑✍ ✄�❡✑ ✁✂❡ ✒✞❛❡✂

☞✂❡✁✄ ✥✄✂❡✥✥ ✠✁☎✞✑ ❛✒❡ ✄✡ ☎✞✥❡✞✥☎✄☎❧☎✄✑ ✄✡

✡✒✂ ❡✞❧☎✂✡✞✠❡✞✄✓

Narak! My Lord, you are the creator of music

in the world of Lepchas

Oh Narak! My Lord, let me dedicate

myself to you

Let me gather your music from the

springs, the rivers, the mountains, the forests,

the insects and the animals

Let me gather your music from the sweet

breeze and offer it to you

❙✫✬✭✮✯✰ ▲✱✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✹ ✺✷✻✼ ✶✽✷✾ ✻✷✽✿✴✱✽✻ ✲✵✽✿ ✷✶

❀✱✺✿ ❁✱✻✼✵✸

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity isimmensely rich in wildlife and cultivatedspecies, diverse in form and function butclosely integrated in a system throughmultiple network of interdependencies.

❖❧❡✂ ♥✧✍❂❂❂ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✡☛ ☛✁✒✞✁ ✁✞❛ ❃❄✍❂❂❂

✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✡☛ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✂❡ ☛✡✒✞❛ ☎✞ ✄�☎✥ ✎✡✒✞✄✂✑

✥✡ ☛✁✂❅ ❖☛ ✄�❡ ❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡❛ ❃❄✍❂❂❂ ✆✝✁✞✄

✥✆❡✎☎❡✥✍ ✁✌✡✒✄ ✧❆✍❂❂❂ ☛✝✡✟❡✂☎✞☞ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥

✁✂❡ ❡✞❛❡✠☎✎ s☎✞❛☎☞❡✞✡✒✥♠ ✄✡ ■✞❛☎✁✓

Find out stories prevalent in your regionwhich are about the harmonious relationshipbetween human beings and nature.

❇✡✠❡ ❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡✥ ✥✒☞☞❡✥✄ ✄�✁✄ ✁✄ ✝❡✁✥✄ ✧❂

✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ■✞❛☎✁✦✥ ✂❡✎✡✂❛❡❛ ✟☎✝❛ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✞❛

❈❂ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ☎✄✥ ✠✁✠✠✁✝✥ ✁✂❡ ✡✞ ✄�❡

✄�✂❡✁✄❡✞❡❛ ✝☎✥✄✓ ❉✁✞✑ ✡☛ ✄�❡✥❡ ✟✡✒✝❛ ✞✡✟ ✌❡

✎✁✄❡☞✡✂☎✥❡❛ ✁✥ ❝✎✂☎✄☎✎✁✝✦✍ ✄�✁✄ ☎✥ ✡✞ ✄�❡ ❧❡✂☞❡

✡☛ ❡♦✄☎✞✎✄☎✡✞ ✝☎t❡ ✄�❡ ✎�❡❡✄✁�✍ ✆☎✞t✏�❡✁❛❡❛

❛✒✎t✍ ✠✡✒✞✄✁☎✞ ✖✒✁☎✝✍ ☛✡✂❡✥✄ ✥✆✡✄✄❡❛ ✡✟✝❡✄✍

✁✞❛ ✆✝✁✞✄✥ ✝☎t❡ ❊●❍❏❑▼● ◆P◗◆❘P◆◗ s✁ ✟☎✝❛

✈�✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞ ✟�✠✡�☛ �☞✌ ❤✍✎✎✏✑✒✓✏

❤✔✕✖✏✗✔✍✑✘✗✱✙� ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✢✁�✚✚☛✣ ✤☞ ✞�✜☎✱ ☞✝

✝☞✄ ✜�☞ ✚�✆ ✠✝♦ ✟�☞✆ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✟�✆ ✠�✈✄

�❛✁✄�✌✆ ✥✄✄☞ ❛✝✚☎✣ ✦✝✌�✆✱ ♦✄ ✝☞❛✆ ☎�❛✧ ✝✞ ☎✠✄

❛�✁✢✄✁ �☞✌ ✟✝✁✄ ✈✂✚✂✥❛✄ �☞✂✟�❛✚ �☞✌ ✛❛�☞☎✚

☎✠�☎ ✠�✈✄ ✥✄✜✝✟✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ ✥✡☎ ♦✠�☎ �✥✝✡☎

✚✟�❛❛✄✁ �☞✂✟�❛✚ ❛✂✧✄ ✂☞✚✄✜☎✚ �☞✌ ✛❛�☞☎✚s

▲✄☎ ✡✚ ☞✝♦ ✡☞✌✄✁✚☎�☞✌ ☎✠✄ ✌✂✞✞✄✁✄☞☎

✜�☎✄✢✝✁✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✄t✂✚☎✂☞✢ ✛❛�☞☎✚ �☞✌ �☞✂✟�❛

✚✛✄✜✂✄✚✣ ★�✚✄✌ ✝☞ ☎✠✄ ✤☞☎✄✁☞�☎✂✝☞�❛ ✩☞✂✝☞ ✞✝✁

❈✝☞✚✄✁✈�☎ ✂✝☞ ✝✞ ✪�☎✡✁✄ �☞✌ ✪�☎✡✁�❛

❘✄✚✝✡✁✜✄✚ ✙✤✩❈✪☛✱ ♦✄ ✜�☞ ✜❛�✚✚✂✞✆ �✚ ✞✝❛❛✝♦✚ ➊

◆✫✬♠✭✮ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✶✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✝✚✄ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞

❛✄✈✄❛✚ �✁✄ ✜✝☞✚✂✌✄✁✄✌ ☎✝ ✥✄ ☞✝✁✟�❛ ✞✝✁

☎✠✄✂✁ ✚✡✁✈✂✈�❛✱ ✚✡✜✠ �✚ ✜�☎☎❛✄✱ ✚�❛✱ ✛✂☞✄✱

✁✝✌✄☞☎✚✱ ✄☎✜✣

❊✷✸✭✷✹✰✬✰✸ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚

♦✠✂✜✠ �✁✄ ✂☞ ✌�☞✢✄✁ ✝✞ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎✂✝☞✣ ✦✠✄

✚✡✁✈✂✈�❛ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✂✚ ✌✂✞✞✂✜✡❛☎ ✂✞ ☎✠✄

☞✄✢�☎✂✈✄ ✞�✜☎✝✁✚ ☎✠�☎ ✠�✈✄ ❛✄✌ ☎✝ � ✌✄✜❛✂☞✄ ✂☞

☎✠✄✂✁ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁�☎✄✣ ✦✠✄

✄t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ✥❛�✜✧ ✥✡✜✧✱

✜✁✝✜✝✌✂❛✄✱ ✤☞✌✂�☞ ♦✂❛✌ �✚✚✱ ✤☞✌✂�☞ ✁✠✂☞✝✱ ❛✂✝☞

☎�✂❛✄✌ ✟�✜�✺✡✄✱ ✚�☞✢�✂ ✙✥✁✝♦ �☞☎✄✁ ✌✄✄✁ ✂☞

▼�☞✂✛✡✁☛✱ ✄☎✜✣

❱✻✮✷✰✬✭✼✮✰ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚

♦✠✝✚✄ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞ ✠�✚ ✌✄✜❛✂☞✄✌ ☎✝ ❛✄✈✄❛✚ ✞✁✝✟

♦✠✄✁✄ ✂☎ ✂✚ ❛✂✧✄❛✆ ☎✝ ✟✝✈✄ ✂☞☎✝ ☎✠✄ ✄☞✌�☞✢✄✁✄✌

✜�☎✄✢✝✁✆ ✂☞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄�✁ ✞✡☎✡✁✄ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄✢�☎✂✈✄

✞�✜☎✝✁✚ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁�☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✄t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞

✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ✥❛✡✄ ✚✠✄✄✛✱ ✽✚✂�☎✂✜ ✄❛✄✛✠�☞☎✱

●�☞✢✄☎✂✜ ✌✝❛✛✠✂☞✱ ✄☎✜✣

✾✭✬✰ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✶✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✂☎✠ ✚✟�❛❛ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞

✟�✆ ✟✝✈✄ ✂☞☎✝ ☎✠✄ ✄☞✌�☞✢✄✁✄✌ ✝✁ ✈✡❛☞✄✁�✥❛✄

✜�☎✄✢✝✁✆ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄✢�☎✂✈✄ ✞�✜☎✝✁✚ �✞✞✄✜☎✂☞✢ ☎✠✄✟

✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁�☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✄t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠

✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✄ ❡✂✟�❛�✆�☞ ✥✁✝♦☞ ✥✄�✁✱ ♦✂❛✌

✽✚✂�☎✂✜ ✥✡✞✞�❛✝✱ ✌✄✚✄✁☎ ✞✝t �☞✌ ✠✝✁☞✥✂❛❛✱ ✄☎✜✣

❊✷✸✰♠✳✲ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✂✜✠

�✁✄ ✝☞❛✆ ✞✝✡☞✌ ✂☞ ✚✝✟✄ ✛�✁☎✂✜✡❛�✁ �✁✄�✚

✡✚✡�❛❛✆ ✂✚✝❛�☎✄✌ ✥✆ ☞�☎✡✁�❛ ✝✁ ✢✄✝✢✁�✛✠✂✜�❛

✥�✁✁✂✄✁✚✣ ❜t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✄

✽☞✌�✟�☞ ☎✄�❛✱ ✪✂✜✝✥�✁ ✛✂✢✄✝☞✱ ✽☞✌�✟�☞

♦✂❛✌ ✛✂✢✱ ✟✂☎✠✡☞ ✂☞ ✽✁✡☞✜✠�❛ ✇✁�✌✄✚✠✣

❊✿❀✳✷✲❀ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✂✜✠

�✁✄ ☞✝☎ ✞✝✡☞✌ �✞☎✄✁ ✚✄�✁✜✠✄✚ ✝✞ ✧☞✝♦☞ ✝✁

❛✂✧✄❛✆ �✁✄�✚ ♦✠✄✁✄ ☎✠✄✆ ✟�✆ ✝✜✜✡✁✣ ✽ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚

✟�✆ ✥✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ ✞✁✝✟ � ❛✝✜�❛ �✁✄�✱ ✁✄✢✂✝☞✱

✜✝✡☞☎✁✆✱ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✄☞☎ ✝✁ ☎✠✄ ✄☞☎✂✁✄ ✄�✁☎✠✣

❜t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✄ ✽✚✂�☎✂✜

✜✠✄✄☎�✠✱ ✛✂☞✧ ✠✄�✌ ✌✡✜✧✣

❉✝ ✆✝✡ ✧☞✝♦ ☎✠�☎ �✟✝☞✢ ☎✠✄ ❛�✁✢✄✁

�☞✂✟�❛✚ ✂☞ ✤☞✌✂�✱ ❁❂ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✟�✟✟�❛✚✱

❃❃ ✝✞ ✥✂✁✌✚✱ ❄❅ ✝✞ ✁✄✛☎✂❛✄✚✱ �☞✌ ❆ ✝✞

�✟✛✠✂✥✂�☞✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✁✄�☎✄☞✄✌s ✪✄�✁❛✆ ❄✱❅❇❇

✛❛�☞☎ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ✜✝☞✚✂✌✄✁✄✌ ✄☞✌�☞✢✄✁✄✌✣

❋❛✝♦✄✁✂☞✢ ✛❛�☞☎✚ �☞✌ ✈✄✁☎✄✥✁�☎✄ �☞✂✟�❛✚

✠�✈✄ ✁✄✜✄☞☎❛✆ ✥✄✜✝✟✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ �☎ � ✁�☎✄

✄✚☎✂✟�☎✄✌ ☎✝ ✥✄ ❅❇ ☎✝ ❄❇❇ ☎✂✟✄✚ ☎✠✄

�✈✄✁�✢✄ ✄t✛✄✜☎✄✌ ☞�☎✡✁�❛ ✁�☎✄✣

Vanishing Forests

The dimensions of deforestation in India arestaggering. The forest cover in the country isestimated at 637,293 sq km, which is 19.39per cent of the total geographical area.(dense forest 11.48 per cent; open forest 7.76per cent; and mangrove 0.15 per cent).According to the State of Forest Report(1999), the dense forest cover has increased

by 10,098 sq km since 1997. However, thisapparent increase in the forest cover is dueto plantation by different agencies. The Stateof Forest Report does not differentiatebetween natural forests and plantations.Therefore, these reports fail to deliver

accurate information about actual loss ofnatural forests.

15FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

❍■❏❑ ❖❑P


❞�✁✂�✄�❞ ☎✆✝ ✞☎✝�✟✄✟ ✠✡❞ ☛☞✂❞✂☞✞�✌ ✍✎� ✏✝�✠✄�✟✄

❞✠✑✠✏� ☞✡✞✂☞✒✄�❞ ☎✡ ✓✡❞☞✠✡ ✞☎✝�✟✄✟ ☛✠✟ ❞✆✝☞✡✏

✄✎� ✒☎✂☎✡☞✠✂ ✁�✝☞☎❞ ❞✆� ✄☎ ✄✎� �t✁✠✡✟☞☎✡ ☎✞ ✄✎�

✝✠☞✂☛✠r✟✔ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝�✔ ✒☎✑✑�✝✒☞✠✂ ✠✡❞ ✟✒☞�✡✄☞✞☞✒

✞☎✝�✟✄✝r ✠✡❞ ✑☞✡☞✡✏ ✠✒✄☞❢☞✄☞�✟✌ ✕❢�✡ ✠✞✄�✝

✓✡❞�✁�✡❞�✡✒�✔ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝✠✂ �t✁✠✡✟☞☎✡

✒☎✡✄☞✡✆�✟ ✄☎ ❝� ☎✡� ☎✞ ✄✎� ✑✠✖☎✝ ✒✠✆✟�✟ ☎✞

❞�✁✂�✄☞☎✡☎✞ ✞☎✝�✟✄ ✝�✟☎✆✝✒�✟✌✗�✄☛��✡✘✙✚✘ ✠✡❞

✘✙✶✛✔ ✠✒✒☎✝❞☞✡✏ ✄☎ ✄✎� ✜☎✝�✟✄ ✢✆✝❢�r ☎✞ ✓✡❞☞✠✔

☎❢�✝ ♦✣✔♦✛✛✟✤✌ ✥✑✌☎✞ ✞☎✝�✟✄ ✠✝�✠☛✠✟ ✒☎✡❢�✝✄�❞

☞✡✄☎ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝✠✂ ✂✠✡❞✠✂✂ ☎❢�✝ ✓✡❞☞✠✌✢✆❝✟✄✠✡✄☞✠✂

✁✠✝✄✟ ☎✞ ✄✎� ✄✝☞❝✠✂ ❝�✂✄✟✔ �✟✁�✒☞✠✂✂r ☞✡ ✄✎� ✡☎✝✄✎♣

�✠✟✄�✝✡✠✡❞ ✒�✡✄✝✠✂ ✓✡❞☞✠✔✎✠❢� ❝��✡ ❞�✞☎✝�✟✄�❞

☎✝ ❞�✏✝✠❞�❞ ❝r✟✎☞✞✄☞✡✏ ✒✆✂✄☞❢✠✄☞☎✡ ✦✖✎✆✑✧✔✠ ✄r✁�

☎✞ ★✟✂✠✟✎ ✠✡❞ ❝✆✝✡✩ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝�✌

❋✪✫✬ ✭✬✭✮ ✯ ✰✱✲ ✱✳✴✵✷✸✴✹ ✺✻✺✱ ✻✷✼ ✱✷✼✻✷✽✱✺✱✼ ✾✿✱✸✵✱✾

Asiatic Cheetah: where did they go?

The world’s fastest land mammal, thecheetah (Acinonyx jubantus), is a unique andspecialised member of the cat family andcan move at the speed of 112 km./hr. Thecheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. Itsdistinguishing marks are the long teardrop-shaped lines on each side of the nose fromthe corner of its eyes to its mouth. Prior tothe 20th century, cheetahs were widelydistributed throughout Africa and Asia.Today, the Asian cheetah is nearly extinctdue to a decline of available habitat andprey. The species was declared extinct inIndia long back in 1952.

❲❀❁❂ ❁❃❄ ❂❀❄ ❅❄❆❁❂❇❈❄ ❉❁❊❂●❃❍ ❂❀❁❂ ❊❁■❍❄ ❍■❊❀

❉❄❁❃❉■❏ ❑❄▲❏❄❂❇●❅ ●❉ ❂❀❄ ❉❏●❃❁ ❁❅❑ ❉❁■❅❁▼

✓✞ r☎✆ ✂☎☎✥ ✠✝☎✆✡❞✔ r☎✆ ☛☞✂✂ ❝� ✠❝✂� ✄☎ ✞☞✡❞

☎✆✄ ✎☎☛ ☛� ✎✠❢� ✄✝✠✡✟✞☎✝✑�❞ ✡✠✄✆✝� ☞✡✄☎ ✠

✝�✟☎✆✝✒� ☎❝✄✠☞✡☞✡✏ ❞☞✝�✒✄✂r ✠✡❞ ☞✡❞☞✝�✒✄✂r ✞✝☎✑

✄✎� ✞☎✝�✟✄✟ ✠✡❞ ☛☞✂❞✂☞✞� ◆ ☛☎☎❞✔ ❝✠✝✥✟✔ ✂�✠❢�✟✔

✝✆❝❝�✝✔ ✑�❞☞✒☞✡�✟✔ ❞r�✟✔ ✞☎☎❞✔ ✞✆�✂✔ ✞☎❞❞�✝✔

✑✠✡✆✝�✔ �✄✒✌ ✢☎ ☞✄ ☞✟ ☛� ☎✆✝✟�✂❢�✟ ☛✎☎ ✎✠❢�

Are colonial forest policiesto be blamed?

Some of our environmental activists say thatthe promotion of a few favoured species, inmany parts of India, has been carriedthrough the ironically-termed “enrichmentplantation”, in which a single commerciallyvaluable species was extensively plantedand other species eliminated. For instance,


▲�✁✂✄☎✆✝�✞✄ ✟✄✠✄✞✡☛☞✄✌✍ ☛✁✡✎✄✝✍✆ ✏�✠✄ �✞✆✡

✝✡✌✍✁❝✑✒✍✄✟ ✆❝✂✌❝✓❝✝�✌✍✞✔ ✍✡ ✍✏✄ ✞✡✆✆ ✡✓ ✓✡✁✄✆✍✆✕

❙❝✌✝✄ ✖✗✘✖✙ ✡✠✄✁ ✘✙✚✚✚ ✆✛ ✜☞ ✡✓ ✓✡✁✄✆✍ ✢�✆

✝✞✄�✁✄✟ ✓✡✁ ✁❝✠✄✁ ✠�✞✞✄✔ ☛✁✡✎✄✝✍✆✕ ✣✞✄�✁❝✌✂ ✡✓

✓✡✁✄✆✍✆ ❝✆ ✆✍❝✞✞ ✝✡✌✍❝✌✒❝✌✂ ✢❝✍✏ ☛✁✡✎✄✝✍✆ ✞❝✜✄ ✍✏✄

◆�✁☞�✟� ❙�✂�✁ ✤✁✡✎✄✝✍ ❝✌ ✥�✟✏✔� ✤✁�✟✄✆✏✙

✢✏❝✝✏ ✢✡✒✞✟ ❝✌✒✌✟�✍✄ ✇✚✙✚✚✚ ✏✄✝✍�✁✄✆ ✡✓

✓✡✁✄✆✍✕ ✥❝✌❝✌✂ ❝✆ �✌✡✍✏✄✁ ❝☞☛✡✁✍�✌✍ ✓�✝✍✡✁

✑✄✏❝✌✟ ✟✄✓✡✁✄✆✍�✍❝✡✌✕ ❜✏✄ ✦✒✧� ❜❝✂✄✁ ✐✄✆✄✁✠✄

❝✌ ★✄✆✍ ✦✄✌✂�✞ ❝✆ ✆✄✁❝✡✒✆✞✔ ✍✏✁✄�✍✄✌✄✟ ✑✔ ✍✏✄

✡✌✂✡❝✌✂ ✟✡✞✡☞❝✍✄ ☞❝✌❝✌✂✕ ♦✍ ✏�✆ ✟❝✆✍✒✁✑✄✟ ✍✏✄

✌�✍✒✁�✞ ✏�✑❝✍�✍ ✡✓ ☞�✌✔ ✆☛✄✝❝✄✆ �✌✟ ✑✞✡✝✜✄✟

✍✏✄☞❝✂✁�✍❝✡✌ ✁✡✒✍✄ ✡✓ ✆✄✠✄✁�✞ ✡✍✏✄✁✆✙ ❝✌✝✞✒✟❝✌✂

✍✏✄ ✂✁✄�✍ ♦✌✟❝�✌ ✄✞✄☛✏�✌✍✕

✥�✌✔ ✓✡✁✄✆✍✄✁✆ �✌✟ ✄✌✠❝✁✡✌☞✄✌✍�✞❝✆✍✆ ✏✡✞✟

✍✏✄ ✠❝✄✢ ✍✏�✍ ✍✏✄ ✂✁✄�✍✄✆✍ ✟✄✂✁�✟❝✌✂ ✓�✝✍✡✁✆

✑✄✏❝✌✟ ✍✏✄ ✟✄☛✞✄✍❝✡✌ ✡✓ ✓✡✁✄✆✍ ✁✄✆✡✒✁✝✄✆ �✁✄

✂✁�❣❝✌✂ �✌✟ ✓✒✄✞☎✢✡✡✟ ✝✡✞✞✄✝✍❝✡✌✕ ❜✏✡✒✂✏✙ ✍✏✄✁✄

☞�✔ ✑✄ ✆✡☞✄ ✆✒✑✆✍�✌✝✄ ❝✌ ✍✏✄❝✁ �✁✂✒☞✄✌✍✙ ✔✄✍✙

✍✏✄ ✓�✝✍ ✁✄☞�❝✌✆ ✍✏�✍ � ✆✒✑✆✍�✌✍❝�✞ ☛�✁✍ ✡✓ ✍✏✄

✓✒✄✞☎✓✡✟✟✄✁ ✟✄☞�✌✟ ❝✆ ☞✄✍ ✑✔ ✞✡☛☛❝✌✂ ✁�✍✏✄✁

✍✏�✌ ✑✔ ✓✄✞✞❝✌✂ ✄✌✍❝✁✄ ✍✁✄✄✆✕ ❜✏✄ ✓✡✁✄✆✍

✄✝✡✆✔✆✍✄☞✆ �✁✄ ✁✄☛✡✆❝✍✡✁❝✄✆ ✡✓ ✆✡☞✄ ✡✓ ✍✏✄

✝✡✒✌✍✁✔✩✆ ☞✡✆✍ ✠�✞✒�✑✞✄ ✓✡✁✄✆✍ ☛✁✡✟✒✝✍✆✙

☞❝✌✄✁�✞✆ �✌✟ ✡✍✏✄✁ ✁✄✆✡✒✁✝✄✆ ✍✏�✍ ☞✄✄✍ ✍✏✄

✟✄☞�✌✟✆ ✡✓ ✍✏✄ ✁�☛❝✟✞✔ ✄✧☛�✌✟❝✌✂ ❝✌✟✒✆✍✁❝�✞☎

✒✁✑�✌ ✄✝✡✌✡☞✔✕ ❜✏✄✆✄ ☛✁✡✍✄✝✍✄✟ �✁✄�✆✙ ✍✏✒✆

☞✄�✌ ✟❝✓✓✄✁✄✌✍ ✍✏❝✌✂✆ ✍✡ ✟❝✓✓✄✁✄✌✍ ☛✄✡☛✞✄✙ �✌✟

✍✏✄✁✄❝✌ ✞❝✄✆ ✍✏✄ ✓✄✁✍❝✞✄ ✂✁✡✒✌✟ ✓✡✁ ✝✡✌✓✞❝✝✍✆✕

teak monoculture has damaged the naturalforest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinusroxburghii) plantations in the Himalayashave replaced the Himalayan oak (Querciusspp.) and Rhododendron forests.

❋✪✫✬ ✭✬✮

The Himalayan Yew in trouble

The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallachiana) is amedicinal plant found in various parts ofHimachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.A chemical compound called ‘taxol’ isextracted from the bark, needles, twigs androots of this tree, and it has been successfullyused to treat some cancers – the drug is nowthe biggest selling anti-cancer drug in theworld. The species is under great threat dueto over-exploitation. In the last one decade,thousands of yew trees have dried up invarious parts of Himachal Pradesh andArunachal Pradesh.

❚✯✰✱✲✳ ✴✰✯✳✵ ✶✵✰✷✴ ✱✲✸✱✹✹ ✵✲✺✳✰✷✴✵ ✰✷ ✲

✷✶✯✵♥✯✻ ✲✼ ✽✶✾✿✲✳✰ ✷♥✲✯ ❀✳✰♥✷✼ ❁✲✳✳♥✻

❚✯✰✱✲✳ ❂✹✸♥✷ ✵♥✳✳✰✷✴ ✸✰✷✹✯ ❃✹✯♥✵✼ ✺✯✹❄✶❅♥ ❆♥✲❃ ✳✰✼✼♥✯ ❅✹✳✳♥❅✼✰✹✷ ✱✻ ❂✹✸♥✷ ❃✹✳✾


❍�✁✂✄�✄ ☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛☞ ✌✟☛✄✂☛✍☞ ✎✡�✠✌✂☛✍☞

✡♦✆✞✲✆✏✎✑✡✂✄�✄✂✡☛☞ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄�✑ ✎✡✑✑✟✄✂✡☛☞

✎✡✂✝✡☛✂☛✍ �☛☎ ♣✡✞✆✝✄ ♣✂✞✆✝ �✞✆ ♣�✠✄✡✞✝☞ ✓✌✂✠✌

✌�♦✆ ✑✆☎ ✄✡ ✄✌✆ ☎✆✠✑✂☛✆ ✂☛ ❤☛☎✂�✔✝ ✁✂✡☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✕✖

❖✄✌✆✞ ✂✒✎✡✞✄�☛✄ ✠�✟✝✆✝ ✡♣ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄�✑

☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛ �✞✆ ✟☛✆❞✟�✑ �✠✠✆✝✝☞ ✂☛✆❞✟✂✄�✁✑✆

✠✡☛✝✟✒✎✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝ �☛☎ ☎✂♣♣✆✞✆☛✄✂�✑

✝✌�✞✂☛✍ ✡♣ ✞✆✝✎✡☛✝✂✁✂✑✂✄✕ ♣✡✞ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄�✑

✓✆✑✑✲✁✆✂☛✍✖ ❖♦✆✞✲✎✡✎✟✑�✄✂✡☛ ✂☛ ✄✌✂✞☎ ✓✡✞✑☎

✠✡✟☛✄✞✂✆✝ ✂✝ ✡♣✄✆☛ ✠✂✄✆☎ �✝ ✄✌✆ ✠�✟✝✆ ✡♣

✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄�✑ ☎✆✍✞�☎�✄✂✡☛✖ ❍✡✓✆♦✆✞☞ �☛

�♦✆✞�✍✆ ❛✒✆✞✂✠�☛ ✠✡☛✝✟✒✆✝ ✗✘ ✄✂✒✆✝ ✒✡✞✆

✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝ ✄✌�☛ �☛ �♦✆✞�✍✆ r✡✒�✑✂�☛✖ r✂✒✂✑�✞✑✕☞

✄✌✆ ✞✂✠✌✆✝✄ ♣✂♦✆ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄ ✡♣ ❤☛☎✂�☛ ✝✡✠✂✆✄✕

✎✞✡✁�✁✑✕ ✠�✟✝✆ ✒✡✞✆ ✆✠✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ☎�✒�✍✆

✁✆✠�✟✝✆ ✡♣ ✄✌✆ �✒✡✟☛✄ ✄✌✆✕ ✠✡☛✝✟✒✆ ✄✌�☛ ✄✌✆

✎✡✡✞✆✝✄ ✙✚ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄✖ ✛✌✆ ♣✡✞✒✆✞ ✝✌�✞✆✝

✒✂☛✂✒✟✒ ✞✆✝✎✡☛✝✂✁✂✑✂✄✂✆✝ ♣✡✞ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄�✑

✓✆✑✑✲✁✆✂☛✍✖ ✛✌✆ ❞✟✆✝✄✂✡☛ ✂✝✇ ✓✌✡ ✂✝ ✠✡☛✝✟✒✂☛✍

✓✌�✄☞ ♣✞✡✒ ✓✌✆✞✆ �☛☎ ✌✡✓✒✟✠✌✜

✒✆☛✖ ❤☛✒�☛✕ ✝✡✠✂✆✄✂✆✝☞ ✓✡✒✆☛ ✁✆�✞ ✄✌✆✒�♠✡✞

✞✆✝✎✡☛✝✂✁✂✑✂✄✕ ✡♣ ✠✡✑✑✆✠✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ♣✟✆✑☞ ♣✡☎☎✆✞☞ ✓�✄✆✞

�☛☎ ✡✄✌✆✞ ✁�✝✂✠ ✝✟✁✝✂✝✄✆☛✠✆ ☛✆✆☎✝✖ ❛✝ ✄✌✆✝✆

✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝ �✞✆ ☎✆✎✑✆✄✆☎☞ ✄✌✆ ☎✞✟☎✍✆✞✕ ✡♣ ✓✡✒✆☛

✂☛✠✞✆�✝✆✝ �☛☎ ✝✡✒✆✄✂✒✆✝ ✄✌✆✕ ✌�♦✆ ✄✡ ✓�✑✐ ♣✡✞

✒✡✞✆ ✄✌�☛ ✢✘ ✐✒ ✄✡ ✠✡✑✑✆✠✄ ✄✌✆✝✆ ✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝✖

✛✌✂✝ ✠�✟✝✆✝ ✝✆✞✂✡✟✝ ✌✆�✑✄✌ ✎✞✡✁✑✆✒✝ ♣✡✞✓✡✒✆☛

�☛☎ ☛✆✍✑✂✍✆☛✠✆ ✡♣ ✌✡✒✆ �☛☎ ✠✌✂✑☎✞✆☛ ✁✆✠�✟✝✆

✡♣ ✄✌✆ ✂☛✠✞✆�✝✆☎✌✡✟✞✝ ✡♣ ✓✡✞✐☞ ✓✌✂✠✌ ✡♣✄✆☛ ✌�✝

✝✆✞✂✡✟✝ ✝✡✠✂�✑ ✂✒✎✑✂✠�✄✂✡☛✝✖ ✛✌✆ ✂☛☎✂✞✆✠✄ ✂✒✎�✠✄

✡♣ ☎✆✍✞�☎�✄✂✡☛ ✝✟✠✌ �✝ ✝✆♦✆✞✆ ☎✞✡✟✍✌✄ ✡✞

☎✆♣✡✞✆✝✄�✄✂✡☛✲✂☛☎✟✠✆☎ ♣✑✡✡☎✝☞ ✆✄✠✖ �✑✝✡ ✌✂✄✝ ✄✌✆

✎✡✡✞ ✄✌✆ ✌�✞☎✆✝✄✖ ✣✡♦✆✞✄✕ ✂☛ ✄✌✆✝✆ ✠�✝✆✝ ✂✝ �

☎✂✞✆✠✄ ✡✟✄✠✡✒✆ ✡♣ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄�✑ ☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛✖

✛✌✆✞✆♣✡✞✆☞ ♣✡✞✆✝✄ �☛☎ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆☞ �✞✆ ♦✂✄�✑ ✄✡ ✄✌✆

❞✟�✑✂✄✕ ✡♣ ✑✂♣✆ �☛☎ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛✒✆☛✄ ✂☛ ✄✌✆

✝✟✁✠✡☛✄✂☛✆☛✄✖ ❤✄ ✂✝ ✂✒✎✆✞�✄✂♦✆ ✄✡ �☎�✎✄ ✄✡ ✝✡✟☛☎

♣✡✞✆✝✄ �☛☎ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✠✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛ ✝✄✞�✄✆✍✂✆✝✖

❈✤✥✦✧★✩✪✫✬✤✥ ✤✭ ✮✤★✧✦✫ ✪✥✯✰✬✱✯✱✬✭✧ ✬✥ ✳✥✯✬✪

✴✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛ ✂☛ ✄✌✆ ✁�✠✐✍✞✡✟☛☎ ✡♣ ✞�✎✂☎

☎✆✠✑✂☛✆ ✂☛ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✎✡✎✟✑�✄✂✡☛ �☛☎ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✞✕ ✌�✝

✁✆✠✡✒✆ ✆✝✝✆☛✄✂�✑✖ ❜✟✄ ✓✌✕ ☎✡ ✓✆ ☛✆✆☎ ✄✡

✠✡☛✝✆✞♦✆ ✡✟✞ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✝ �☛☎ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆✜ ✴✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛

✎✞✆✝✆✞♦✆✝ ✄✌✆ ✆✠✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✕ �☛☎ ✡✟✞ ✑✂♣✆

✝✟✎✎✡✞✄ ✝✕✝✄✆✒✝ s ✓�✄✆✞☞ �✂✞ �☛☎ ✝✡✂✑✖ ❤✄ �✑✝✡

✎✞✆✝✆✞♦✆✝ ✄✌✆ ✍✆☛✆✄✂✠ ☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✕ ✡♣ ✎✑�☛✄✝ �☛☎

�☛✂✒�✑✝ ♣✡✞ ✁✆✄✄✆✞ ✍✞✡✓✄✌ ✡♣ ✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ �☛☎

✁✞✆✆☎✂☛✍✖ ✵✡✞ ✆✏�✒✎✑✆☞ ✂☛ �✍✞✂✠✟✑✄✟✞✆☞ ✓✆ �✞✆

✝✄✂✑✑ ☎✆✎✆☛☎✆☛✄ ✡☛ ✄✞�☎✂✄✂✡☛�✑ ✠✞✡✎ ♦�✞✂✆✄✂✆✝✖

✵✂✝✌✆✞✂✆✝ ✄✡✡ �✞✆ ✌✆�♦✂✑✕ ☎✆✎✆☛☎✆☛✄ ✡☛ ✄✌✆

✒�✂☛✄✆☛�☛✠✆ ✡♣ �❞✟�✄✂✠ ✁✂✡☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✕✖

❤☛ ✄✌✆ ✢■✶✘✝ �☛☎ ✢■✷✘✝☞ ✠✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛✂✝✄✝

☎✆✒�☛☎✆☎ � ☛�✄✂✡☛�✑ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂✡☛

✎✞✡✍✞�✒✒✆✖ ✛✌✆ ❤☛☎✂�☛ ✸✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✹✣✞✡✄✆✠✄✂✡☛✺

❛✠✄ ✓�✝ ✂✒✎✑✆✒✆☛✄✆☎ ✂☛ ✢■✷✙☞ ✓✂✄✌ ♦�✞✂✡✟✝

✎✞✡♦✂✝✂✡☛✝ ♣✡✞ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂☛✍ ✌�✁✂✄�✄✝✖ ❛☛ �✑✑✲❤☛☎✂�

✑✂✝✄ ✡♣ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✆☎ ✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ ✓�✝ �✑✝✡ ✎✟✁✑✂✝✌✆☎✖

✛✌✆ ✄✌✞✟✝✄ ✡♣ ✄✌✆ ✎✞✡✍✞�✒✒✆ ✓�✝ ✄✡✓�✞☎✝

✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂☛✍ ✄✌✆ ✞✆✒�✂☛✂☛✍ ✎✡✎✟✑�✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ✠✆✞✄�✂☛

✆☛☎�☛✍✆✞✆☎ ✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ ✁✕ ✁�☛☛✂☛✍ ✌✟☛✄✂☛✍☞

✍✂♦✂☛✍ ✑✆✍�✑ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂✡☛ ✄✡ ✄✌✆✂✞ ✌�✁✂✄�✄✝☞ �☛☎

✞✆✝✄✞✂✠✄✂☛✍ ✄✞�☎✆ ✂☛ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆✖ r✟✁✝✆❞✟✆☛✄✑✕☞

✠✆☛✄✞�✑ �☛☎ ✒�☛✕ ✝✄�✄✆ ✍✡♦✆✞☛✒✆☛✄✝

✆✝✄�✁✑✂✝✌✆☎ ☛�✄✂✡☛�✑ ✎�✞✐✝ �☛☎ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆

✝�☛✠✄✟�✞✂✆✝ �✁✡✟✄ ✓✌✂✠✌ ✕✡✟ ✌�♦✆ �✑✞✆�☎✕

✝✄✟☎✂✆☎✖ ✛✌✆ ✠✆☛✄✞�✑ ✍✡♦✆✞☛✒✆☛✄ �✑✝✡

�☛☛✡✟☛✠✆☎ ✝✆♦✆✞�✑ ✎✞✡♠✆✠✄✝ ♣✡✞ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂☛✍

✝✎✆✠✂♣✂✠ �☛✂✒�✑✝☞ ✓✌✂✠✌ ✓✆✞✆ ✍✞�♦✆✑✕

✄✌✞✆�✄✆☛✆☎☞ ✂☛✠✑✟☎✂☛✍ ✄✌✆ ✄✂✍✆✞☞ ✄✌✆ ✡☛✆✲

❉✡ ✕✡✟ ✐☛✡✓ ✄✌�✄ ✡♦✆✞ ✌�✑♣ ✡♣ ❤☛☎✂�✔✝

☛�✄✟✞�✑ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✝ �✞✆ ✍✡☛✆☞ ✡☛✆✲✄✌✂✞☎ ✡♣ ✂✄✝

✓✆✄✑�☛☎✝ ☎✞�✂☛✆☎ ✡✟✄☞ ✷✘ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄ ✡♣ ✂✄✝

✝✟✞♣�✠✆ ✓�✄✆✞ ✁✡☎✂✆✝ ✎✡✑✑✟✄✆☎☞ ✗✘ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄

✡♣ ✂✄✝ ✒�☛✍✞✡♦✆✝ ✓✂✎✆☎ ✡✟✄☞ �☛☎ ✓✂✄✌

✠✡☛✄✂☛✟✆☎ ✌✟☛✄✂☛✍ �☛☎ ✄✞�☎✆ ✡♣ ✓✂✑☎

�☛✂✒�✑✝ �☛☎ ✠✡✒✒✆✞✠✂�✑✑✕ ♦�✑✟�✁✑✆

✎✑�☛✄✝☞ ✄✌✡✟✝�☛☎✝ ✡♣ ✎✑�☛✄ �☛☎ �☛✂✒�✑

✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ �✞✆ ✌✆�☎✂☛✍ ✄✡✓�✞☎✝ ✆✏✄✂☛✠✄✂✡☛✜

✛✌✆ ☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✝ �☛☎ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✂✝ ☛✡✄

♠✟✝✄ � ✁✂✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ✂✝✝✟✆✖ ✛✌✆ ✁✂✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ✑✡✝✝ ✂✝

✝✄✞✡☛✍✑✕ ✠✡✞✞✆✑�✄✆☎ ✓✂✄✌ ✄✌✆ ✑✡✝✝ ✡♣ ✠✟✑✄✟✞�✑

☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✕✖ r✟✠✌ ✑✡✝✝✆✝ ✌�♦✆ ✂☛✠✞✆�✝✂☛✍✑✕

✒�✞✍✂☛�✑✂✝✆☎ �☛☎ ✂✒✎✡♦✆✞✂✝✌✆☎ ✒�☛✕

✂☛☎✂✍✆☛✡✟✝ �☛☎ ✡✄✌✆✞ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✲☎✆✎✆☛☎✆☛✄

✠✡✒✒✟☛✂✄✂✆✝☞ ✓✌✡ ☎✂✞✆✠✄✑✕ ☎✆✎✆☛☎ ✡☛ ♦�✞✂✡✟✝

✠✡✒✎✡☛✆☛✄✝ ✡♣ ✄✌✆ ♣✡✞✆✝✄ �☛☎ ✓✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ♣✡✞ ♣✡✡☎☞

☎✞✂☛✐☞ ✒✆☎✂✠✂☛✆☞ ✠✟✑✄✟✞✆☞ ✝✎✂✞✂✄✟�✑✂✄✕☞ ✆✄✠✖

✸✂✄✌✂☛ ✄✌✆ ✎✡✡✞☞ ✓✡✒✆☛ �✞✆ �♣♣✆✠✄✆☎✒✡✞✆ ✄✌�☛

Have you noticed any activity which leadsto the loss of biodiversity around you? Writea note on it and suggest some measures toprevent it.


❤�✁✂✄☎ ✁❤✆✂�✝✄✁�✞✟ ✠❤✄ ✡☛✞❤☞✆✁ ✞✠☛✌ �✁

✍✎✏✑✒✓✟ ✠❤✁✄✄ ✠✱✔✄✞ �✕ ✝✁�✝�☎✆✖✄✞ ✗ ✕✁✄✞❤ ✘☛✠✄✁

✝✁�✝�☎✆✖✄✟ ✞☛✖✠✘☛✠✄✁ ✝✁�✝�☎✆✖✄ ☛✂☎ ✠❤✄ ●✍✎✙✚✎✓✟

✠❤✄ t✞✆☛✠✆✝ ✖✆�✂✟ ☛✂☎ �✠❤✄✁✞✛ ✜�✞✠ ✁✄✝✄✂✠✖✱✟ ✠❤✄

■✂☎✆☛✂ ✄✖✄✔❤☛✂✠✟ ✢✖☛✝✣ ✢✤✝✣ ✥✝❤✆✂✣☛✁☛✦✟ ✠❤✄

✌✁✄☛✠ ■✂☎✆☛✂ ✢✤✞✠☛✁☎ ✥✑❣✧✎★✎✏✦ ☛✂☎ ✠❤✄ ✞✂�✘

✖✄�✔☛✁☎✟ ✄✠✝✛ ❤☛❧✄ ✢✄✄✂ ✌✆❧✄✂ ✕✤✖✖ �✁ ✔☛✁✠✆☛✖

✖✄✌☛✖ ✔✁�✠✄✝✠✆�✂ ☛✌☛✆✂✞✠ ❤✤✂✠✆✂✌ ☛✂☎ ✠✁☛☎✄

✠❤✁�✤✌❤�✤✠ ■✂☎✆☛✛

❋✩✪✫ ✬✫✭✮ ✯✰✲✳✴ ✵✳✶ ✶✷✷✸ ✲✳ ✹✵✺✲✸✵✳✻✵ ✼✵✽✲✴✳✵✾ ✿✵✸❀

Project Tiger

Tiger is one of the key wildlife species inthe faunal web. In 1973, the authoritiesrealised that the tiger population haddwindled to 1,827 from an estimated55,000 at the turn of the century. The majorthreats to tiger population are numerous,such as poaching for trade, shrinkinghabitat, depletion of prey base species,growing human population, etc. The tradeof tiger skins and the use of their bones intraditional medicines, especially in theAsian countries left the tiger population onthe verge of extinction. Since India andNepal provide habitat to about two-thirdsof the surviving tiger population in theworld, these two nations became primetargets for poaching and illegal trading.

“Project Tiger”, one of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns in the world,was launched in 1973. Initially, it showedsuccess as the tiger population went up to4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in1993, the population of the tiger had

dropped to 3,600. There are 27 tigerreserves in India covering an area of37,761 sq km Tiger conservation has beenviewed not only as an effort to save anendangered species, but with equalimportance as a means of preservingbiotypes of sizeable magnitude. CorbettNational Park in Uttaranchal, SunderbansNational Park in West Bengal, BandhavgarhNational Park in Madhya Pradesh, SariskaWildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, ManasTiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar TigerReserve in Kerala are some of the tigerreserves of India.

❚❤✄ ✝�✂✞✄✁❧☛✠✆�✂ ✔✁�❁✄✝✠✞ ☛✁✄ ✂�✘ ✕�✝✤✞✆✂✌

�✂ ✢✆�☎✆❧✄✁✞✆✠✱ ✁☛✠❤✄✁ ✠❤☛✂ �✂ ☛ ✕✄✘ �✕ ✆✠✞

✝�☞✔�✂✄✂✠✞✛ ❚❤✄✁✄ ✆✞ ✂�✘ ☛ ☞�✁✄ ✆✂✠✄✂✞✆❧✄

✞✄☛✁✝❤ ✕�✁ ☎✆✕✕✄✁✄✂✠ ✝�✂✞✄✁❧☛✠✆�✂ ☞✄☛✞✤✁✄✞✛

■✂✝✁✄☛✞✆✂✌✖✱✟ ✄❧✄✂ ✆✂✞✄✝✠✞ ☛✁✄ ✢✄✌✆✂✂✆✂✌ ✠� ✕✆✂☎

☛ ✔✖☛✝✄ ✆✂ ✝�✂✞✄✁❧☛✠✆�✂ ✔✖☛✂✂✆✂✌✛ ■✂ ✠❤✄

✂�✠✆✕✆✝☛✠✆�✂ ✤✂☎✄✁ ♥✆✖☎✖✆✕✄ t✝✠ �✕ ❂❃❄❅ ☛✂☎

❂❃❄❆✟ ✞✄❧✄✁☛✖ ❤✤✂☎✁✄☎ ✢✤✠✠✄✁✕✖✆✄✞✟ ☞�✠❤✞✟

✢✄✄✠✖✄✞✟ ☛✂☎ �✂✄ ☎✁☛✌�✂✕✖✱ ❤☛❧✄ ✢✄✄✂ ☛☎☎✄☎ ✠�

✠❤✄ ✖✆✞✠ �✕ ✔✁�✠✄✝✠✄☎ ✞✔✄✝✆✄✞✛ ■✂ ❂❃❃❂✟ ✕�✁ ✠❤✄

✕✆✁✞✠ ✠✆☞✄ ✔✖☛✂✠✞ ✘✄✁✄ ☛✖✞� ☛☎☎✄☎ ✠� ✠❤✄ ✖✆✞✠✟

✞✠☛✁✠✆✂✌ ✘✆✠❤ ✞✆s ✞✔✄✝✆✄✞✛

Collect more information on the wildlifesanctuaries and national parks of India andcite their locations on the map of India.


❚�✁✂✄ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✄✠✡✟☛☞✠✟✌✆ ✌✍ ✎✌✡✂✄✠ ☎✆✝

❲✟✏✝✏✟✍✂ ✑✂✄✌☞✡✒✂✄

❊✓✔✕ ✖✗ ✘✔ ✘✙✕✚ ✚✛ ✜✛✕✢✔✣✓✔ ✛✤✣ ✓✙✢✚ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✕✥

✘✖✇✥✇✖✗✔ ✣✔✢✛✤✣✜✔✢✦ ✖✚ ✖✢ ✣✙✚✧✔✣ ✥✖✗✗✖✜✤✇✚ ✚✛

♠✙✕✙★✔✦ ✜✛✕✚✣✛✇ ✙✕✥ ✣✔★✤✇✙✚✔ ✚✧✔♠✩ ✪✕ ✪✕✥✖✙✦

♠✤✜✧ ✛✗ ✖✚✢ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✕✥ ✘✖✇✥✇✖✗✔ ✣✔✢✛✤✣✜✔✢ ✙✣✔

✔✖✚✧✔✣ ✛✘✕✔✥ ✛✣ ♠✙✕✙★✔✥ ❡✫ ✚✧✔ ★✛✓✔✣✕♠✔✕✚

✚✧✣✛✤★✧ ✚✧✔ t✛✣✔✢✚ ✬✔✭✙✣✚♠✔✕✚ ✛✣ ✛✚✧✔✣

★✛✓✔✣✕♠✔✕✚ ✥✔✭✙✣✚♠✔✕✚✢✩ ❣✧✔✢✔ ✙✣✔ ✜✇✙✢✢✖✗✖✔✥

✤✕✥✔✣ ✚✧✔ ✗✛✇✇✛✘✖✕★ ✜✙✚✔★✛✣✖✔✢✩

✮✯✰ ❘✱✲✱✳✴✱✵ ✶✷✳✱✲✸✲✹ ✺✛✣✔ ✚✧✙✕ ✧✙✇✗ ✛✗ ✚✧✔

✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✇✙✕✥ ✧✙✢ ❡✔✔✕ ✥✔✜✇✙✣✔✥

✡✂✄✂✡r✂✝ ✍✌✡✂✄✠✄✩ ✻✔✢✔✣✓✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✣✔

✣✔★✙✣✥✔✥ ✙✢ ✚✧✔ ♠✛✢✚ ✓✙✇✤✙❡✇✔ ✙✢ ✗✙✣ ✙✢ ✚✧✔

✜✛✕✢✔✣✓✙✚✖✛✕✛✗ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✕✥✘✖✇✥✇✖✗✔ ✣✔✢✛✤✣✜✔✢

✙✣✔ ✜✛✕✜✔✣✕✔✥✩

✮✯✯✰ P✳✷✸✱✼✸✱✵ ✶✷✳✱✲✸✲✹ ✽✇♠✛✢✚ ✛✕✔✾✚✧✖✣✥ ✛✗ ✚✧✔

✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✙✣✔✙ ✖✢ ✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✦✙✢✥✔✜✇✙✣✔✥

❡✫✚✧✔t✛✣✔✢✚✬✔✭✙✣✚♠✔✕✚✩❣✧✖✢ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✇✙✕✥✙✣✔

✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✣✛♠✙✕✫ ✗✤✣✚✧✔✣ ✥✔✭✇✔✚✖✛✕✩

✮✯✯✯✰ ❯✿✼❀❁✲✲✱✵ ✶✷✳✱✲✸✲✹ ❣✧✔✢✔ ✙✣✔ ✛✚✧✔✣

✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✕✥ ✘✙✢✚✔✇✙✕✥✢ ❡✔✇✛✕★✖✕★ ✚✛

❡✛✚✧ ★✛✓✔✣✕♠✔✕✚ ✙✕✥ ✭✣✖✓✙✚✔ ✖✕✥✖✓✖✥✤✙✇✢

✙✕✥ ✜✛♠♠✤✕✖✚✖✔✢✩

✻✔✢✔✣✓✔✥ ✙✕✥ ✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✣✔ ✙✇✢✛

✣✔✗✔✣✣✔✥ ✚✛ ✙✢ ✭✔✣♠✙✕✔✕✚ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✔✢✚✙✚✔✢

♠✙✖✕✚✙✖✕✔✥ ✗✛✣ ✚✧✔ ✭✤✣✭✛✢✔ ✛✗ ✭✣✛✥✤✜✖✕★

✚✖♠❡✔✣ ✙✕✥ ✛✚✧✔✣ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✭✣✛✥✤✜✔✦ ✙✕✥ ✗✛✣

✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✖✓✔ ✣✔✙✢✛✕✢✩ ✺✙✥✧✫✙ ♣✣✙✥✔✢✧ ✧✙✢ ✚✧✔

✇✙✣★✔✢✚ ✙✣✔✙ ✤✕✥✔✣ ✭✔✣♠✙✕✔✕✚ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢✦

✜✛✕✢✚✖✚✤✚✖✕★ ❝❂ ✭✔✣ ✜✔✕✚ ✛✗ ✖✚✢ ✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✣✔✙✩

❏✙♠♠✤ ✙✕✥ ❃✙✢✧♠✖✣✦ ✽✕✥✧✣✙ ♣✣✙✥✔✢✧✦

❄✚✚✙✣✙✕✜✧✙✇✦ ❃✔✣✙✇✙✦ ❣✙♠✖✇ ❛✙✥✤✦❅✔✢✚ ❆✔✕★✙✇✦

✙✕✥ ✺✙✧✙✣✙✢✧✚✣✙ ✧✙✓✔ ✇✙✣★✔ ✭✔✣✜✔✕✚✙★✔✢ ✛✗

✣✔✢✔✣✓✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✛✗ ✖✚✢ ✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✣✔✙ ✘✧✔✣✔✙✢

❆✖✧✙✣✦ ❇✙✣✫✙✕✙✦ ♣✤✕❈✙❡✦ ❇✖♠✙✜✧✙✇ ♣✣✙✥✔✢✧✦

❖✣✖✢✢✙ ✙✕✥ ✻✙❈✙✢✚✧✙✕ ✧✙✓✔ ✙ ❡✤✇❉ ✛✗ ✖✚ ✤✕✥✔✣

✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢✩ ✽✇✇ ❛✛✣✚✧✾✔✙✢✚✔✣✕ ✢✚✙✚✔✢ ✙✕✥

✭✙✣✚✢ ✛✗ ❋✤❈✙✣✙✚ ✧✙✓✔ ✙ ✓✔✣✫ ✧✖★✧ ✭✔✣✜✔✕✚✙★✔

✛✗ ✚✧✔✖✣ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✢ ✤✕✾✜✇✙✢✢✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ♠✙✕✙★✔✥

❡✫ ✇✛✜✙✇ ✜✛♠♠✤✕✖✚✖✔✢✩

●❍■ ❑▲▼ ◆◗■❙ ▲▼❱ ❱❳❨ ❩❨❍❬▲■❬ ◆▲❩ ❱❳❨ ❍❭▲❪❨ ❫❨■❱◗▲■❨❙ ❴❩▲❭❵❨❫❬❜


❈�✁✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✄✟ ❈�✄✠✡☛☞✞✆☎�✄

✌✍✎✏✑✒✓✔✕✖✍✎ ✏✕✒✔✕✑✗✖✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✎✍✕ ✎✑✘ ✖✎ ✍✙✒

❝✍✙✎✕✒✚✛ ✜✑ ✍❡✕✑✎ ✖✗✎✍✒✑ ✕✢✔✕ ✖✎ ✣✎✤✖✔✥ ❡✍✒✑✏✕✏

✔✒✑ ✔❛✏✍ ✢✍✦✑ ✕✍ ✏✍✦✑ ✍❡ ✕✢✑ ✕✒✔✤✖✕✖✍✎✔❛

❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏✛ ✣✎ ✏✍✦✑ ✔✒✑✔✏ ✍❡ ✣✎✤✖✔✥ ❛✍❝✔❛

❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✏✕✒✙✗✗❛✖✎✗ ✕✍ ❝✍✎✏✑✒✓✑ ✕✢✑✏✑

✢✔❤✖✕✔✕✏ ✔❛✍✎✗ ✘✖✕✢ ✗✍✓✑✒✎✦✑✎✕ ✍❡❡✖❝✖✔❛✏✥

✒✑❝✍✗✎✖✏✖✎✗ ✕✢✔✕ ✍✎❛✚ ✕✢✖✏ ✘✖❛❛ ✏✑❝✙✒✑ ✕✢✑✖✒ ✍✘✎

❛✍✎✗❧✕✑✒✦ ❛✖✓✑❛✖✢✍✍✤✛ ✣✎ ♠✔✒✖✏✧✔ ★✖✗✑✒ ❣✑✏✑✒✓✑✥

❣✔❘✔✏✕✢✔✎✥ ✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✒✏ ✢✔✓✑ ❡✍✙✗✢✕ ✔✗✔✖✎✏✕

✦✖✎✖✎✗ ❤✚ ❝✖✕✖✎✗ ✕✢✑ ✜✖❛✤❛✖❡✑ ✩✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✍✎ ✪❝✕✛ ✣✎

✦✔✎✚ ✔✒✑✔✏✥ ✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✒✏ ✕✢✑✦✏✑❛✓✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✎✗

✢✔❤✖✕✔✕✏ ✔✎✤ ✑✬✫❛✖❝✖✕❛✚ ✒✑❘✑❝✕✖✎✗ ✗✍✓✑✒✎✦✑✎✕

✖✎✓✍❛✓✑✦✑✎✕✛ ★✢✑ ✖✎✢✔❤✖✕✔✎✕✏ ✍❡ ❡✖✓✑ ✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✏ ✖✎

✕✢✑ ✪❛✘✔✒ ✤✖✏✕✒✖❝✕ ✍❡ ❣✔❘✔✏✕✢✔✎ ✢✔✓✑ ✤✑❝❛✔✒✑✤

✶✥✭✮✮ ✢✑❝✕✔✒✑✏ ✍❡ ❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✔✏ ✕✢✑ ✯✢✔✖✒✍✤✑✓

❉✔✧✔✓ ✰♠✍✎❝✢✙✒✖✱✥ ✤✑❝❛✔✒✖✎✗ ✕✢✑✖✒ ✍✘✎ ✏✑✕ ✍❡

✒✙❛✑✏ ✔✎✤ ✒✑✗✙❛✔✕✖✍✎✏ ✘✢✖❝✢ ✤✍ ✎✍✕ ✔❛❛✍✘

✢✙✎✕✖✎✗✥ ✔✎✤ ✔✒✑ ✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✎✗ ✕✢✑ ✘✖❛✤❛✖❡✑ ✔✗✔✖✎✏✕

✔✎✚ ✍✙✕✏✖✤✑ ✑✎❝✒✍✔❝✢✦✑✎✕✏✛

Sacred groves - a wealth of diverseand rare species

Nature worship is an age old tribal beliefbased on the premise that all creations ofnature have to be protected. Such beliefshave preserved several virgin forests inpristine form called Sacred Groves (theforests of God and Goddesses). Thesepatches of forest or parts of large forests havebeen left untouched by the local people andany interference with them is banned.

Certain societies revere a particular treewhich they have preserved from timeimmemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal ofChhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassialatifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphaluscadamba) trees, and the tribals of Orissa andBihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindusindica) and mango (Mangifera indica) treesduring weddings. To many of us, peepal andbanyan trees are considered sacred.

Indian society comprises severalcultures, each with its own set of traditionalmethods of conserving nature and itscreations. Sacred qualities are oftenascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plantsand animals which are closely protected. Youwill find troops of macaques and langursaround many temples. They are fed daily

and treated as a part of temple devotees. Inand around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan,herds of blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai andpeacocks can be seen as an integral part ofthe community and nobody harms them.

★✢✑ ❡✔✦✍✙✏ ❈✲☎✳✴� ✦✍✓✑✦✑✎✕ ✖✎ ✕✢✑

❍✖✦✔❛✔✚✔✏ ✢✔✏ ✎✍✕ ✍✎❛✚ ✏✙❝❝✑✏✏❡✙❛❛✚ ✒✑✏✖✏✕✑✤

✤✑❡✍✒✑✏✕✔✕✖✍✎ ✖✎ ✏✑✓✑✒✔❛ ✔✒✑✔✏ ❤✙✕ ✢✔✏ ✔❛✏✍✏✢✍✘✎

✕✢✔✕ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✚ ✔❡❡✍✒✑✏✕✔✕✖✍✎ ✘✖✕✢ ✖✎✤✖✗✑✎✍✙✏

✏✫✑❝✖✑✏ ❝✔✎ ❤✑ ✑✎✍✒✦✍✙✏❛✚ ✏✙❝❝✑✏✏❡✙❛✛

✪✕✕✑✦✫✕✏ ✕✍ ✒✑✓✖✓✑ ✕✢✑ ✕✒✔✤✖✕✖✍✎✔❛ ❝✍✎✏✑✒✓✔✕✖✍✎

✦✑✕✢✍✤✏ ✍✒ ✤✑✓✑❛✍✫✖✎✗ ✎✑✘ ✦✑✕✢✍✤✏ ✍❡

✑❝✍❛✍✗✖❝✔❛ ❡✔✒✦✖✎✗ ✔✒✑ ✎✍✘ ✘✖✤✑✏✫✒✑✔✤✛ ✵✔✒✦✑✒✏

✔✎✤ ❝✖✕✖✷✑✎✱✏ ✗✒✍✙✫✏ ❛✖✧✑ ✕✢✑ ❇✡✡✸ ❇✞✹✲✞�

❆✄✟�✺✞✄ ✖✎ ★✑✢✒✖ ✔✎✤ ◆✞☞✟✞✄✝✞ ✢✔✓✑ ✏✢✍✘✎

✕✢✔✕ ✔✤✑t✙✔✕✑ ❛✑✓✑❛✏ ✍❡ ✤✖✓✑✒✏✖❡✖✑✤ ❝✒✍✫

✫✒✍✤✙❝✕✖✍✎ ✘✖✕✢✍✙✕ ✕✢✑ ✙✏✑ ✍❡ ✏✚✎✕✢✑✕✖❝

❝✢✑✦✖❝✔❛✏ ✔✒✑ ✫✍✏✏✖❤❛✑ ✔✎✤✑❝✍✎✍✦✖❝✔❛❛✚ ✓✖✔❤❛✑✛

✣✎ ✣✎✤✖✔ ❘✍✖✎✕ ❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕ ■✻✵✼✽

✫✒✍✗✒✔✦✦✑ ❡✙✒✎✖✏✢✑✏ ✔ ✗✍✍✤ ✑✬✔✦✫❛✑ ❡✍✒

✖✎✓✍❛✓ ✖✎✗ ❛✍❝✔❛ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✖✎ ✕✢✑

✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕ ✔✎✤ ✒✑✏✕✍✒✔✕✖✍✎ ✍❡ ✤✑✗✒✔✤✑✤

❡✍✒✑✏✕✏✛ ★✢✑ ✫✒✍✗✒✔✦✦✑ ✢✔✏ ❤✑✑✎ ✖✎ ❡✍✒✦✔❛

✑✬✖✏✕✑✎❝✑ ✏✖✎❝✑ ✶✾✿✿ ✘✢✑✎ ✕✢✑ ✏✕✔✕✑ ✍❡ ❀✒✖✏✏✔

✫✔✏✏✑✤ ✕✢✑ ❡✖✒✏✕ ✒✑✏✍❛✙✕✖✍✎ ❡✍✒ ❘✍✖✎✕ ❡✍✒✑✏✕

✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕✛ ✻✵✼ ✤✑✫✑✎✤✏ ✍✎ ✕✢✑ ❡✍✒✦✔✕✖✍✎

✍❡ ❛✍❝✔❛ ■✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✽ ✖✎✏✕✖✕✙✕✖✍✎✏ ✕✢✔✕ ✙✎✤✑✒✕✔✧✑

✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✍✎ ✔❝✕✖✓✖✕✖✑✏ ✦✍✏✕❛✚ ✍✎ ✤✑✗✒✔✤✑✤ ❡✍✒✑✏✕

❛✔✎✤ ✦✔✎✔✗✑✤ ❤✚ ✕✢✑ ❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✤✑✫✔✒✕✦✑✎✕✛ ✣✎

✒✑✕✙✒✎✥ ✕✢✑ ✦✑✦❤✑✒✏ ✍❡ ✕✢✑✏✑ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✔✒✑

✑✎✕✖✕❛✑✤ ✕✍ ✖✎✕✑✒✦✑✤✖✔✒✚ ❤✑✎✑❡✖✕✏ ❛✖✧✑ ✎✍✎❧✕✖✦❤✑✒

❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✫✒✍✤✙❝✑✏ ✔✎✤ ✏✢✔✒✑ ✖✎ ✕✢✑ ✕✖✦❤✑✒

✢✔✒✓✑✏✕✑✤ ❤✚ ✰✏✙❝❝✑✏✏❡✙❛ ✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✍✎✱✛

★✢✑ ❝❛✑✔✒ ❛✑✏✏✍✎ ❡✒✍✦ ✕✢✑ ✤✚✎✔✦✖❝✏ ✍❡ ❤✍✕✢

✑✎✓✖✒✍✎✦✑✎✕✔❛ ✤✑✏✕✒✙❝✕✖✍✎ ✔✎✤ ✒✑❝✍✎✏✕✒✙❝✕✖✍✎

✖✎ ✣✎✤✖✔ ✖✏ ✕✢✔✕ ❛✍❝✔❛ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✑✓✑✒✚✘✢✑✒✑

✢✔✓✑ ✕✍ ❤✑ ✖✎✓✍❛✓✑✤ ✖✎ ✏✍✦✑ ✧✖✎✤ ✍❡ ✎✔✕✙✒✔❛

✒✑✏✍✙✒❝✑ ✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕✛ ✯✙✕ ✕✢✑✒✑ ✖✏ ✏✕✖❛❛ ✔ ❛✍✎✗

✘✔✚ ✕✍ ✗✍ ❤✑❡✍✒✑ ❛✍❝✔❛ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✔✕ ✕✢✑

❝✑✎✕✒✑❧✏✕✔✗✑ ✖✎ ✤✑❝✖✏✖✍✎❧✦✔✧✖✎✗✛ ✪❝❝✑✫✕ ✍✎❛✚

✕✢✍✏✑ ✑❝✍✎✍✦✖❝ ✍✒ ✤✑✓✑❛✍✫✦✑✎✕✔❛ ✔❝✕✖✓✖✕✖✑✏✥

✕✢✔✕ ✔✒✑ ✫✑✍✫❛✑ ❝✑✎✕✒✖❝✥ ✑✎✓✖✒✍✎✦✑✎✕❧❡✒✖✑✎✤❛✚

✔✎✤ ✑❝✍✎✍✦✖❝✔❛❛✚ ✒✑✘✔✒✤✖✎✗✛

Write a short essay on any practices whichyou may have observed and practised inyour everyday lives that conserve and protectthe environment around you.


“The tree is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness and benevolence andmakes no demand for its sustenance, and extends generously the products of itslife activity. It affords protection to all beings, offering shade even to the axemenwho destroy it”.

Gautama Buddha (487 B.C.)


✶� ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✝ ✞✟✠☎✞✝ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛✌

✭✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠✏ ✄✟✝☛✝ ☛✄✑✄✝✒✝☞✄☛ ☎☛ ☞✠✄ ✑ ✓✑✂☎✔ ✕✝✑☛✠☞ ✏✠✕ ✄✟✝ ✔✝✆✂✝✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ✏✂✠✕✑

✑☞✔ ✏✑✁☞✑❛

✭✖✎ ❆✗✕☎✞✁✂✄✁✕✑✂ ✝✘✆✑☞☛☎✠☞✌

✭✙✎ ▲✑✕✗✝ ☛✞✑✂✝ ✔✝✓✝✂✠✆✒✝☞✄✑✂ ✆✕✠✚✝✞✄☛✌

✭✛✎ ●✕✑✜☎☞✗ ✑☞✔ ✏✁✝✂ ✢✠✠✔ ✞✠✂✂✝✞✄☎✠☞✌

✭✣✎ ❘✑✆☎✔ ☎☞✔✁☛✄✕☎✑✂☎☛✑✄☎✠☞ ✑☞✔ ✁✕✤✑☞☎☛✑✄☎✠☞✌

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✞✠☞☛✝✕✓✑✄☎✠☞ ☛✄✕✑✄✝✗☎✝☛ ✔✠ ☞✠✄ ✔☎✕✝✞✄✂✥ ☎☞✓✠✂✓✝

✞✠✒✒✁☞☎✄✥ ✆✑✕✄☎✞☎✆✑✄☎✠☞❛

✭✖✎ ❏✠☎☞✄ ✏✠✕✝☛✄ ✒✑☞✑✗✝✒✝☞✄ ✭✛✎ ❈✟☎✆✦✠ ▼✠✓✝✒✝☞✄

✭✙✎ ❇✝✝✚ ❇✑✞✟✑✠ ❆☞✔✠✂✑☞ ✭✣✎ ❉✝✒✑✕✞✑✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ❲☎✂✔✂☎✏✝ ☛✑☞✞✄✁✑✕☎✝☛

✷� ▼✑✄✞✟ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✑☞☎✒✑✂☛ ✢☎✄✟ ✄✟✝☎✕ ✞✑✄✝✗✠✕✥ ✠✏ ✝✘☎☛✄✝☞✞✝✌

✧★✩✪✫✬✮✯✰✬✫★✱✮ ✲✫✱✳✴✵✸✹ ✵✺ ✳✻✩✮✱✳★✼❡

❇✂✑✞✦ ✤✁✞✦ ❊✘✄☎☞✞✄

❆☛☎✑✄☎✞ ✝✂✝✆✟✑☞✄ ❘✑✕✝

❆☞✔✑✒✑☞ ✢☎✂✔ ✆☎✗ ❊☞✔✑☞✗✝✕✝✔

❍☎✒✑✂✑✥✑☞ ✤✕✠✢☞ ✤✝✑✕ ❱✁✂☞✝✕✑✤✂✝

P☎☞✦ ✟✝✑✔ ✔✁✞✦ ❊☞✔✝✒☎✞

✽� ▼✑✄✞✟ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗✌

✾✿❀✿❁❂✿❃ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ❅❋♦✿❁ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ■❑❃ ◆■❀❋✿❖■❑❃❀ ◗✿❖❅❑❙❚❑❙ ❋❅ ◗❅❋♦

❙❅❂✿❁❑❣✿❑❋ ■❑❃ ❯❁❚❂■❋✿ ❚❑❃❚❂ ❚❃❳■❖❀ ■❑❃

❝❅❣❣❳❑❚❋❚✿❀

❨❁❅❋✿❝❋✿❃ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ■❁✿ ❁✿❙■❁❃✿❃ ■❀ ❣❅❀❋ ❂■❖❳■◗❖✿ ■❀ ❄■❁ ■❀ ❋♦✿

❝❅❑❀✿❁❂■❋❚❅❑ ❅❄ ❄❅❁✿❀❋ ■❑❃◆❚❖❃❖❚❄✿ ❁✿❀❅❳❁❝✿❀

❩❑❝❖■❀❀✿❃ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ❄❅❁✿❀❋ ❖■❑❃❀■❁✿ ❯❁❅❋✿❝❋✿❃ ❄❁❅❣■❑❢ ❄❳❁❋♦✿❁ ❃✿❯❖✿❋❚❅❑

❬� ❆☞☛✢✝✕ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✑✤✠✁✄ ❭❪ ✢✠✕✔☛✌

✭✍✎ ❲✟✑✄ ☎☛ ✤☎✠✔☎✓✝✕☛☎✄✥❛ ❲✟✥ ☎☛ ✤☎✠✔☎✓✝✕☛☎✄✥ ☎✒✆✠✕✄✑☞✄ ✏✠✕ ✟✁✒✑☞ ✂☎✓✝☛❛

✭✍✍✎ ❍✠✢ ✟✑✓✝ ✟✁✒✑☞ ✑✞✄☎✓☎✄☎✝☛ ✑✏✏✝✞✄✝✔ ✄✟✝ ✔✝✆✂✝✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ✏✂✠✕✑ ✑☞✔ ✏✑✁☞✑❛ ❊✘✆✂✑☎☞✌

❫� ❆☞☛✢✝✕ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✑✤✠✁✄ ❴❵❪ ✢✠✕✔☛✌

✭✍✎ ❉✝☛✞✕☎✤✝ ✟✠✢ ✞✠✒✒✁☞☎✄☎✝☛ ✟✑✓✝ ✞✠☞☛✝✕✓✝✔ ✑☞✔ ✆✕✠✄✝✞✄✝✔ ✏✠✕✝☛✄☛ ✑☞✔ ✢☎✂✔✂☎✏✝

☎☞ ✐☞✔☎✑❛

✭✍✍✎ ❲✕☎✄✝ ✑ ☞✠✄✝ ✠☞ ✗✠✠✔ ✆✕✑✞✄☎✞✝☛ ✄✠✢✑✕✔☛ ✞✠☞☛✝✕✓☎☞✗ ✏✠✕✝☛✄ ✑☞✔ ✢☎✂✔✂☎✏✝✌

❨♦� ✁✂✄☎✁✆✝ ✞✟♦✠ ✡☛✁✡ ✡☛✄☎☎❡☞♦�✄✡☛ ♦☞ ✡☛☎

☎✁✄✡☛✌✍ ✍�✄☞✁❢☎ ✎✍ ❢♦✏☎✄☎✆ ✠✎✡☛ ✠✁✡☎✄✱ ✑�✡ ♦✟✂✝

✁ ✍❛✁✂✂ ✒✄♦✒♦✄✡✎♦✟ ♦☞ ✎✡ ✁❢❢♦�✟✡✍ ☞♦✄ ☞✄☎✍☛✠✁✡☎✄

✡☛✁✡ ❢✁✟✑☎ ✒�✡ ✡♦�✍☎t ✓☛✎✍ ☞✄☎✍☛✠✁✡☎✄ ✎✍❛✁✎✟✂✝

♦✑✡✁✎✟☎✆ ☞✄♦❛ ✍�✄☞✁❢☎ ✄�✟♦☞☞ ✁✟✆ ✔✄♦�✟✆✠✁✡☎✄

✡☛✁✡ ✎✍ ❢♦✟✡✎✟�✁✂✂✝ ✑☎✎✟✔ ✄☎✟☎✠☎✆ ✁✟✆

✄☎❢☛✁✄✔☎✆ ✡☛✄♦�✔☛ ✡☛☎ ☛✝✆✄♦✂♦✔✎❢✁✂ ❢✝❢✂☎t r✂✂

✠✁✡☎✄ ❛♦✏☎✍ ✠✎✡☛✎✟ ✡☛☎ ☛✝✆✄♦✂♦✔✎❢✁✂ ❢✝❢✂☎

☎✟✍�✄✎✟✔ ✡☛✁✡ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✎✍ ✁ ✄☎✟☎✠✁✑✂☎ ✄☎✍♦�✄❢☎t

❨♦� ❛✎✔☛✡ ✠♦✟✆☎✄ ✡☛✁✡ ✎☞ ✡☛✄☎☎❡☞♦�✄✡☛ ♦☞

✡☛☎ ✠♦✄✂✆ ✎✍ ❢♦✏☎✄☎✆ ✠✎✡☛ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✁✟✆ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✎✍ ✁

✄☎✟☎✠✁✑✂☎ ✄☎✍♦�✄❢☎✱ ✡☛☎✟ ☛♦✠ ✎✍ ✎✡ ✡☛✁✡

❢♦�✟✡✄✎☎✍ ✁✟✆ ✄☎✔✎♦✟✍ ✁✄♦�✟✆ ✡☛☎ ✔✂♦✑☎ ✍�☞☞☎✄

☞✄♦❛ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✍❢✁✄❢✎✡✝✕ ✖☛✝ ✎✍ ✎✡ ✒✄☎✆✎❢✡☎✆ ✡☛✁✡

✑✝ ❜✗❜✘✱ ✟☎✁✄✂✝ ✡✠♦ ✑✎✂✂✎♦✟ ✒☎♦✒✂☎ ✠✎✂✂ ✂✎✏☎ ✎✟

✁✑✍♦✂�✡☎ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✍❢✁✄❢✎✡✝✕

Water: Some facts and figures

� 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world’swater is estimated to exist as oceans andonly 2.5 per cent as freshwater. Nearly70 per cent of this freshwater occurs asice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica,Greenland and the mountainous regionsof the world, while a little less than 30per cent is stored as groundwater in theworld’s aquifers.

� India receives nearly 4 per cent of theglobal precipitation and ranks 133 in theworld in terms of water availability perperson per annum.

� The total renewable water resources of Indiaare estimated at 1,897 sq km per annum.


❛��✁✂✄❛☎✆ ✄☎ ✝✄☎✞ ✟✆✠✄✁✡� ✞❛☛✄✡✠ ☞✁✝ ✟❛✄✡✌❛☞☞

✁✟ ☎✞✁�✆ ☎✞❛☎ ❛✟✆ ❡✟✁♦✠✞☎ ✍✟✁✡✆✎ ✏✆

✄✡�☎❛✡☎❛✡✆✁♦�☞✐ ☛✄�♦❛☞✄�✆ ☎✞✆ ❡✆�✆✟☎� ✁✌

❘❛✑❛�☎✞❛✡ ❛✡❡ ✝✁✒✆✡ ✓❛☞❛✡✂✄✡✠ ✒❛✡✐

➅♠✔✕✖✔✗➆ ✘✆❛✟☎✞✆✡ ✍✁☎�✙ ♦�✆❡ ✌✁✟ ✂✁☞☞✆✂☎✄✡✠ ❛✡❡

�☎✁✟✄✡✠ ✝❛☎✆✟ ❛✡❡ ☎✟❛☛✆☞☞✄✡✠ ☞✁✡✠ ❡✄�☎❛✡✂✆� ☎✁

✠✆☎ ✝❛☎✆✟✎ ✳✟♦✆r ☎✞✆ ❛☛❛✄☞❛✓✄☞✄☎✐ ✁✌ ✝❛☎✆✟

✟✆�✁♦✟✂✆� ☛❛✟✄✆� ✁☛✆✟ �✍❛✂✆ ❛✡❡ ☎✄✒✆r ✒❛✄✡☞✐

❡♦✆ ☎✁ ☎✞✆ ☛❛✟✄❛☎✄✁✡� ✄✡ �✆❛�✁✡❛☞ ❛✡❡ ❛✡✡♦❛☞

✍✟✆✂✄✍✄☎❛☎✄✁✡r ✓♦☎ ✝❛☎✆✟ �✂❛✟✂✄☎✐ ✄✡✒✁�☎ ✂❛�✆�

✄� ✂❛♦�✆❡ ✓✐ ✁☛✆✟✲ ✆✚✍☞✁✄☎❛☎✄✁✡r ✆✚✂✆��✄☛✆ ♦�✆

❛✡❡ ♦✡✆✛♦❛☞ ❛✂✂✆�� ☎✁ ✝❛☎✆✟ ❛✒✁✡✠ ❡✄✌✌✆✟✆✡☎

�✁✂✄❛☞ ✠✟✁♦✍�✎

❋✜✢✣ ✤✣✥✦ ✧★✩✪✫ ✬✭★✫✭❝✩✮

� By 2025, it is predicted that large parts ofIndia will join countries or regions havingabsolute water scarcity.

❙✯✰✱✴✵✦ ✶✷✪ ✸✹ ✧✺✫✻✼ ✧★✩✪✫ ✽✪✾✪✻✺✿❀✪❁✩❂✪✿✺✫✩❃ ❄❅❅❆

❲❇❈❉❊ ●❍❇❊❍■❈❏ ❇❑▲ ❈❚❉ ▼❉❉▲ ◆❖❊ ❲❇❈❉❊

P❖❑◗❉❊❱❇❈■❖❑ ❇❑▲ ❯❇❑❇❳❉❨❉❑❈

❩✄☛✆✡ ☎✞✆ ❛✓♦✡❡❛✡✂✆ ❛✡❡ ✟✆✡✆✝❛✓✄☞✄☎✐ ✁✌

✝❛☎✆✟r ✄☎ ✄� ❡✄✌✌✄✂♦☞☎ ☎✁ ✄✒❛✠✄✡✆ ☎✞❛☎ ✝✆ ✒❛✐

�♦✌✌✆✟ ✌✟✁✒ ✝❛☎✆✟ �✂❛✟✂✄☎✐✎ ✳✞✆ ✒✁✒✆✡☎ ✝✆

�✍✆❛s ✁✌ ✝❛☎✆✟ �✞✁✟☎❛✠✆�r ✝✆ ✄✒✒✆❡✄❛☎✆☞✐

❬❭❪❫❴❵ ❬❭❪❫❴ ❜❞❫❴❢❣❤❫❴❫❵ ❥❦❪ ❭ ❧❴❦♥ ❪❦ ❧❴♣❥qt✉✈✇①② ③ ④①③⑤⑥ ⑦⑧⑨⑩❶⑧❷②❸ ③ ❹⑧⑥ ❺⑧❻❻①❺✇❼ ⑦②❽⑩❾❽⑩❿⑨③✇①② ❽⑩ ➀⑧❻❾③✇③➁ ➂❽✈① ❽⑩ ✇④① ❺❽✇⑥ ③⑩⑦ ❽✇❼ ③⑦➃③❺①⑩✇

⑦❽❼✇②❽❺✇❼ ⑨③❼ ❶③②③❻⑥❼①⑦ ③❼ ❽⑩❺①❼❼③⑩✇ ⑧⑤①②⑩❽❿④✇ ②③❽⑩❸➄①③⑩❽⑩❿ ③ ②①❺⑧②⑦ ➇➈➉ ➄➄❸ ✈❻⑧⑧⑦①⑦ ⑤③❼✇ ③②①③ ③⑩⑦⑦❽❼②❷✇①⑦ ✇②③✈✈❽❺➁

✉ ➀③❼④➄❽②❽ ①③②✇④➊❷③❾① ❼❷②⑤❽⑤⑧② ❺③②②❽①❼ ⑨③✇①② ❽⑩✇④① ❼⑩⑧⑨ ❽⑩ ③ ⑦①⑤③❼✇③✇①⑦ ⑤❽❻❻③❿①➁

25WATER RESOURCES

r�✁✂✄r�☎�✆✝✞ ✟✂✝ ✠✡☛� ☞✂r✝✠�r ✡✌✌r✡☛✡✝�✍ ✝✠�

♣r✎✟✏�☎✑ ✒☞ ✓✎✂ ✏✎✎✔ ✄✆✝✎ ✝✠� ✠✎✂✞✄✆✌

✞✎s✄�✝✄�✞ ✎r s✎✏✎✆✄�✞ ✄✆ ✝✠� s✄✝✄�✞✕ ✓✎✂ ✖✎✂✏✍

☞✄✆✍ ✝✠✡✝ ☎✎✞✝ ✎☞ ✝✠�✞� ✠✡☛� ✝✠�✄r ✎✖✆

✌r✎✂✆✍✖✡✝�r ♣✂☎♣✄✆✌ ✍�☛✄s�✞ ✝✎ ☎��✝ ✝✠�✄r

✖✡✝�r ✆��✍✞✑ ✇✎✝ ✞✂r♣r✄✞✄✆✌✏✓✕ ✖� ☞✄✆✍ ✝✠✡✝

☞r✡✌✄✏� ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞ ✡r� ✟�✄✆✌ ✎☛�r✲

�❡♣✏✎✄✝�✍ ✡✆✍ ✠✡☛� s✡✂✞�✍ ✝✠�✄r ✍�♣✏�✝✄✎✆ ✄✆

✞�☛�r✡✏ ✎☞ ✝✠�✞� s✄✝✄�✞✑

❙✎ ☞✡r ✖� ✠✡☛� ☞✎s✂✞�✍ ✎✆ ✝✠� ✁✂✡✆✝✄✝✡✝✄☛�

✡✞♣�s✝✞ ✎☞ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓✑ ✇✎✖✕ ✏�✝ ✂✞ s✎✆✞✄✍�r

✡✆✎✝✠�r ✞✄✝✂✡✝✄✎✆ ✖✠�r� ✖✡✝�r ✄✞ ✞✂☞☞✄s✄�✆✝✏✓

✡☛✡✄✏✡✟✏� ✝✎ ☎��✝ ✝✠� ✆��✍✞ ✎☞ ✝✠� ♣�✎♣✏�✕

✟✂✝✕ ✝✠� ✡r�✡ ✞✝✄✏✏ ✞✂☞☞�r✞ ☞r✎☎ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓✑

❚✠✄✞ ✞s✡rs✄✝✓ ☎✡✓ ✟� ✍✂� ✝✎ ✟✡✍ ✁✂✡✏✄✝✓ ✎☞

✖✡✝�r✑ ✳✡✝�✏✓✕ ✝✠�r� ✠✡✞ ✟��✆ ✡ ✌r✎✖✄✆✌

s✎✆s�r✆ ✝✠✡✝ �☛�✆ ✄☞ ✝✠�r� ✄✞ ✡☎♣✏� ✖✡✝�r ✝✎

☎��✝ ✝✠� ✆��✍✞ ✎☞ ✝✠� ♣�✎♣✏�✕ ☎✂s✠ ✎☞ ✄✝ ☎✡✓

✟� ♣✎✏✏✂✝�✍ ✟✓ ✍✎☎�✞✝✄s ✡✆✍ ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏

✖✡✞✝�✞✕ s✠�☎✄s✡✏✞✕ ♣�✞✝✄s✄✍�✞ ✡✆✍ ☞�r✝✄✏✄✞�r✞

✂✞�✍ ✄✆ ✡✌r✄s✂✏✝✂r�✕ ✝✠✂✞✕ ☎✡✔✄✆✌ ✄✝

✠✡❤✡r✍✎✂✞ ☞✎r ✠✂☎✡✆ ✂✞�✑

❲✠�r� ✄✞ ✝✠�✆ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓ ✏✄✔�✏✓ ✝✎

✎ss✂r♦ ✗✞ ✓✎✂ ✠✡☛� r�✡✍ ✄✆ ✝✠� ✠✓✍r✎✏✎✌✄s✡✏

s✓s✏�✕ ☞r�✞✠✖✡✝�r s✡✆ ✟� ✎✟✝✡✄✆�✍ ✍✄r�s✝✏✓

☞r✎☎ ♣r�s✄♣✄✝✡✝✄✎✆✕ ✞✂r☞✡s� r✂✆ ✎☞☞ ✡✆✍

✌r✎✂✆✍✖✡✝�r✑

✒✞ ✄✝ ♣✎✞✞✄✟✏� ✝✠✡✝ ✡✆ ✡r�✡ ✎r r�✌✄✎✆ ☎✡✓

✠✡☛� ✡☎♣✏� ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞ ✟✂✝ ✄✞ ✞✝✄✏✏ ☞✡s✄✆✌

✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓♦ ✘✡✆✓ ✎☞ ✎✂r s✄✝✄�✞ ✡r� ✞✂s✠

�❡✡☎♣✏�✞✑ ❚✠✂✞✕ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓ ☎✡✓ ✟� ✡✆

✎✂✝s✎☎� ✎☞ ✏✡r✌� ✡✆✍ ✌r✎✖✄✆✌ ♣✎♣✂✏✡✝✄✎✆ ✡✆✍

s✎✆✞�✁✂�✆✝ ✌r�✡✝�r ✍�☎✡✆✍✞ ☞✎r ✖✡✝�r✕ ✡✆✍

✂✆�✁✂✡✏ ✡ss�✞✞ ✝✎ ✄✝✑ ✗ ✏✡r✌� ♣✎♣✂✏✡✝✄✎✆ ☎�✡✆✞

☎✎r� ✖✡✝�r ✆✎✝ ✎✆✏✓ ☞✎r ✍✎☎�✞✝✄s ✂✞� ✟✂✝ ✡✏✞✎

✝✎ ♣r✎✍✂s� ☎✎r� ☞✎✎✍✑ t�✆s�✕ ✝✎ ☞✡s✄✏✄✝✡✝�

✠✄✌✠�r ☞✎✎✍✲✌r✡✄✆ ♣r✎✍✂s✝✄✎✆✕ ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞

✡r� ✟�✄✆✌ ✎☛�r✲�❡♣✏✎✄✝�✍ ✝✎ �❡♣✡✆✍ ✄rr✄✌✡✝�✍

✡r�✡✞ ✡✆✍ ✍r✓✲✞�✡✞✎✆ ✡✌r✄s✂✏✝✂r�✑ ✙✎✂ ☎✡✓

✠✡☛� ✞��✆ ✄✆ ☎✡✆✓ ✝�✏�☛✄✞✄✎✆ ✡✍☛�r✝✄✞�☎�✆✝✞

✝✠✡✝ ☎✎✞✝ ☞✡r☎�r✞ ✠✡☛� ✝✠�✄r ✎✖✆ ✖�✏✏✞ ✡✆✍

✝✂✟�✲✖�✏✏✞ ✄✆ ✝✠�✄r ☞✡r☎✞ ☞✎r ✄rr✄✌✡✝✄✎✆ ✝✎

✄✆sr�✡✞� ✝✠�✄r ♣r✎✍✂s�✑ ✐✂✝ ✠✡☛� ✓✎✂ �☛�r

✖✎✆✍�r�✍ ✖✠✡✝ ✝✠✄✞ s✎✂✏✍ r�✞✂✏✝ ✄✆♦ ❚✠✡✝ ✄✝

☎✡✓ ✏�✡✍ ✝✎ ☞✡✏✏✄✆✌ ✌r✎✂✆✍✖✡✝�r ✏�☛�✏✞✕

✡✍☛�r✞�✏✓ ✡☞☞�s✝✄✆✌ ✖✡✝�r ✡☛✡✄✏✡✟✄✏✄✝✓ ✡✆✍ ☞✎✎✍

✞�s✂r✄✝✓ ✎☞ ✝✠� ♣�✎♣✏�✑

P✎✞✝✲✄✆✍�♣�✆✍�✆✝ ✒✆✍✄✡ ✖✄✝✆�✞✞�✍

✄✆✝�✆✞✄☛� ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏✄✞✡✝✄✎✆ ✡✆✍ ✂r✟✡✆✄✞✡✝✄✎✆✕

sr�✡✝✄✆✌ ☛✡✞✝ ✎♣♣✎r✝✂✆✄✝✄�✞ ☞✎r ✂✞✑ ❚✎✍✡✓✕

✏✡r✌� ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏ ✠✎✂✞�✞ ✡r� ✡✞ s✎☎☎✎✆♣✏✡s�

✡✞ ✝✠� ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏ ✂✆✄✝✞ ✎☞ ☎✡✆✓ ✘✇❛✞

✭✘✂✏✝✄✆✡✝✄✎✆✡✏ ❛✎r♣✎r✡✝✄✎✆✞✚✑ ❚✠� �☛�r✲

✄✆sr�✡✞✄✆✌ ✆✂☎✟�r ✎☞ ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄�✞ ✠✡✞ ☎✡✍�

☎✡✝✝�r✞ ✖✎r✞� ✟✓ �❡�r✝✄✆✌ ♣r�✞✞✂r� ✎✆

�❡✄✞✝✄✆✌ ☞r�✞✠✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞✑ ✒✆✍✂✞✝r✄�✞✕

✡♣✡r✝ ☞r✎☎ ✟�✄✆✌ ✠�✡☛✓ ✂✞�r✞ ✎☞ ✖✡✝�r✕ ✡✏✞✎

r�✁✂✄r� ♣✎✖�r ✝✎ r✂✆ ✝✠�☎✑ ✘✂s✠ ✎☞ ✝✠✄✞

�✆�r✌✓ s✎☎�✞ ☞r✎☎ ✠✓✍r✎�✏�s✝r✄s ♣✎✖�r✑

❚✎✍✡✓✕ ✄✆ ✒✆✍✄✡ ✠✓✍r✎�s✏�s✝r✄s ♣✎✖�r

s✎✆✝r✄✟✂✝�✞ ✡♣♣r✎❡✄☎✡✝�✏✓ ❝❝ ♣�r s�✆✝ ✎☞ ✝✠�

✝✎✝✡✏ �✏�s✝r✄s✄✝✓ ♣r✎✍✂s�✍✑ ✘✎r�✎☛�r✕

☎✂✏✝✄♣✏✓✄✆✌ ✂r✟✡✆ s�✆✝r�✞ ✖✄✝✠ ✏✡r✌� ✡✆✍

✍�✆✞� ♣✎♣✂✏✡✝✄✎✆✞ ✡✆✍ ✂r✟✡✆ ✏✄☞�✞✝✓✏�✞ ✠✡☛�

✆✎✝ ✎✆✏✓ ✡✍✍�✍ ✝✎ ✖✡✝�r ✡✆✍ �✆�r✌✓

According to Falken Mark, a Swedish expert,water stress occurs when water availabilityis less than 1,000 cubic metre per personper day.

India’s rivers, especially the smaller ones,have all turned into toxic streams. And eventhe big ones like the Ganga and Yamunaare far from being pure. The assault onIndia’s rivers – from population growth,agricultural modernisation, urbanisation andindustrialisation – is enormous and growingby the day….. This entire life standsthreatened.

✛✜✢✣✤✥✦ ✧★✩ ✪✫✬✫✮✩✯✰✱ ✴✫✵✬★ ✶✩✷✸✹✬✺ ✪✻✼✺ ✽✾✾✾✿

✙✎✂ ☎✡✓ ✠✡☛� ✡✏r�✡✍✓ r�✡✏✄✞�✍ ✝✠✡✝ ✝✠�

✆��✍ ✎☞ ✝✠� ✠✎✂r ✄✞ ✝✎ s✎✆✞�r☛� ✡✆✍ ☎✡✆✡✌�

✎✂r ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞✕ ✝✎ ✞✡☞�✌✂✡r✍ ✎✂r✞�✏☛�✞

☞r✎☎ ✠�✡✏✝✠ ✠✡❤✡r✍✞✕ ✝✎ �✆✞✂r� ☞✎✎✍ ✞�s✂r✄✝✓✕

s✎✆✝✄✆✂✡✝✄✎✆ ✎☞ ✎✂r ✏✄☛� ✏✄✠✎✎✍✞ ✡✆✍

♣r✎✍✂s✝✄☛� ✡s✝✄☛✄✝✄�✞ ✡✆✍ ✡✏✞✎ ✝✎ ♣r�☛�✆✝

✍�✌r✡✍✡✝✄✎✆ ✎☞ ✎✂r ✆✡✝✂r✡✏ �s✎✞✓✞✝�☎✞✑ ❞☛�r

�❡♣✏✎✄✝✡✝✄✎✆ ✡✆✍ ☎✄✞☎✡✆✡✌�☎�✆✝ ✎☞ ✖✡✝�r

r�✞✎✂rs�✞ ✖✄✏✏ ✄☎♣✎☛�r✄✞✠ ✝✠✄✞ r�✞✎✂rs� ✡✆✍

s✡✂✞� �s✎✏✎✌✄s✡✏ sr✄✞✄✞ ✝✠✡✝ ☎✡✓ ✠✡☛�

♣r✎☞✎✂✆✍ ✄☎♣✡s✝ ✎✆ ✎✂r ✏✄☛�✞✑

From your everyday experiences, write a shortproposal on how you can conserve water.


▼❯�✁✂✲P❯✄P☎✆✝ ✥✂■✝✄ ✞✄☎❘✝✟✁✆ ❆✠✡

☛✠✁✝◆✄❆✁✝✡ ☞❆✁✝✄ ✥✝✆☎❯✄✟✝✆ ▼❆✠❆◆✝✌✝✠✁

❇✍✎✏ ✑✒✓ ✔✒ ✓✕ ✖✒✗✘✕✙✚✕ ✛✗✔ ✜✛✗✛✢✕ ✓✛✎✕✙✣

✤✙✖✑✛✕✒✦✒✢✧✖✛✦ ✛✗✔ ✑✧✘✎✒✙✧✖✛✦ ✙✕✖✒✙✔✘ ✘✑✒✓ ✎✑✛✎

❢✙✒✜ ✛✗✖✧✕✗✎ ✎✧✜✕✘ ✓✕ ✑✛✚✕ ★✕✕✗ ✖✒✗✘✎✙✍✖✎✧✗✢

✘✒s✑✧✘✎✧✖✛✎✕✔ ✑✩✔✙✛✍✦✧✖ ✘✎✙✍✖✎✍✙✕✘ ✦✧✪✕ ✔✛✜✘

★✍✧✦✎ ✒❢ ✘✎✒✗✕ ✙✍★★✦✕✏ ✙✕✘✕✙✚✒✧✙✘ ✒✙ ✦✛✪✕✘✏

✕✜★✛✗✪✜✕✗✎✘ ✛✗✔ ✖✛✗✛✦✘ ❢✒✙ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✧✒✗❡ ✫✒✎

✘✍✙s✙✧✘✧✗✢✦✩✏ ✓✕ ✑✛✚✕ ✖✒✗✎✧✗✍✕✔ ✎✑✧✘ ✎✙✛✔✧✎✧✒✗

✧✗ ✜✒✔✕✙✗ ✐✗✔✧✛ ★✩ ★✍✧✦✔✧✗✢ ✔✛✜✘ ✧✗ ✜✒✘✎ ✒❢

✒✍✙ ✙✧✚✕✙ ★✛✘✧✗✘❡

❲✑✛✎ ✛✙✕ ✔✛✜✘ ✛✗✔ ✑✒✓ ✔✒ ✎✑✕✩ ✑✕✦s ✍✘

✧✗ ✖✒✗✘✕✙✚✧✗✢ ✛✗✔ ✜✛✗✛✢✧✗✢ ✓✛✎✕✙✣ ✬✛✜✘

✓✕✙✕ ✎✙✛✔✧✎✧✒✗✛✦✦✩ ★✍✧✦✎ ✎✒ ✧✜s✒✍✗✔ ✙✧✚✕✙✘ ✛✗✔

✙✛✧✗✓✛✎✕✙ ✎✑✛✎ ✖✒✍✦✔ ★✕ ✍✘✕✔ ✦✛✎✕✙ ✎✒ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✕

✛✢✙✧✖✍✦✎✍✙✛✦ ❢✧✕✦✔✘❡ ❛✒✔✛✩✏ ✔✛✜✘ ✛✙✕ ★✍✧✦✎ ✗✒✎

❥✍✘✎ ❢✒✙ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✧✒✗ ★✍✎ ❢✒✙ ✕✦✕✖✎✙✧✖✧✎✩ ✢✕✗✕✙✛✎✧✒✗✏

✓✛✎✕✙ ✘✍ss✦✩ ❢✒✙ ✔✒✜✕✘✎✧✖ ✛✗✔ ✧✗✔✍✘✎✙✧✛✦

✍✘✕✘✏ ❢✦✒✒✔ ✖✒✗✎✙✒✦ ✏ ✙✕✖✙✕✛✎✧✒✗✏ ✧✗✦✛✗✔

✗✛✚✧✢✛✎✧✒✗ ✛✗✔ ❢✧✘✑ ★✙✕✕✔✧✗✢❡ ♥✕✗✖✕✏ ✔✛✜✘ ✛✙✕

✗✒✓ ✙✕❢✕✙✙✕✔ ✎✒ ✛✘ ✜✍✦✎✧✭s✍✙s✒✘✕ s✙✒❥✕✖✎✘

✓✑✕✙✕ ✎✑✕✜✛✗✩ ✍✘✕✘ ✒❢ ✎✑✕ ✧✜s✒✍✗✔✕✔ ✓✛✎✕✙

✛✙✕ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕✔ ✓✧✎✑ ✒✗✕ ✛✗✒✎✑✕✙❡ ✮✒✙ ✕✯✛✜s✦✕✏

✧✗ ✎✑✕ ✰✍✎✦✍❥✭❇✕✛✘ ✙✧✚✕✙ ★✛✘✧✗✏ ✎✑✕ ❇✑✛✪✙✛ ✱

✫✛✗✢✛✦ s✙✒❥✕✖✎ ✓✛✎✕✙ ✧✘ ★✕✧✗✢ ✍✘✕✔ ★✒✎✑ ❢✒✙

✑✩✔✕✦ s✒✓✕✙ s✙✒✔✍✖✎✧✒✗ ✛✗✔ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✧✒✗❡

✰✧✜✧✦✛✙✦✩✏ ✎✑✕ ♥✧✙✛✪✍✔ s✙✒❥✕✖✎ ✧✗ ✎✑✕

✳✛✑✛✗✛✔✧ ★✛✘✧✗ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕✘ ✖✒✗✘✕✙✚✛✎✧✒✗ ✒❢

✓✛✎✕✙ ✓✧✎✑ ❢✦✒✒✔ ✖✒✗✎✙✒✦❡

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India

� In the first century B.C., Sringaverapuranear Allahabad had sophisticated waterharvesting system channelling the floodwater of the river Ganga.

� During the time of Chandragupta Maurya,dams, lakes and irrigation systems wereextensively built.

� Evidences of sophisticated irrigation workshave also been found in Kalinga, (Orissa),Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh),Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur(Maharashtra), etc.

� In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of thelargest artificial lakes of its time was built.

� In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas,Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish forsupplying water to Siri Fort area.

❙✴✵✶✷✸✹ ❉✺✻✼✽ ✾✻✿❀❁❂❃ ❄❅❈❃ ❊❋❋●❍

❏❑▲❖ ◗❖❚✹ ❱✻❳❨❩❬❀ ❉❨❂

A dam is a barrier across flowing water thatobstructs, directs or retards the flow, oftencreating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.“Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than thestructure. Most dams have a section called aspillway or weir over which or through whichit is intended that water will flow eitherintermittently or continuously. Dams areclassified according to structure, intendedpurpose or height. Based on structure andthe materials used, dams are classified astimber dams, embankment dams or masonrydams, with several subtypes. According tothe height, dams can be categorised as largedams and major dams or alternatively as lowdams, medium height dams and high dams.

✳✍✦✎✧✭s✍✙s✒✘✕ s✙✒❥✕✖✎✘✏ ✦✛✍✗✖✑✕✔ ✛❢✎✕✙

✐✗✔✕s✕✗✔✕✗✖✕ ✓✧✎✑ ✎✑✕✧✙ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕✔ ✓✛✎✕✙

✙✕✘✒✍✙✖✕✘ ✜✛✗✛✢✕✜✕✗✎ ✛ss✙✒✛✖✑✏ ✓✕✙✕

✎✑✒✍✢✑✎ ✒❢ ✛✘ ✎✑✕ ✚✕✑✧✖✦✕ ✎✑✛✎ ✓✒✍✦✔ ✦✕✛✔ ✎✑✕

✗✛✎✧✒✗ ✎✒ ✔✕✚✕✦✒s✜✕✗✎ ✛✗✔ s✙✒✢✙✕✘✘✏

✒✚✕✙✖✒✜✧✗✢ ✎✑✕ ✑✛✗✔✧✖✛s ✒❢ ✧✎✘ ✖✒✦✒✗✧✛✦ s✛✘✎❡

❭✛✓✛✑✛✙✦✛✦ ✫✕✑✙✍ s✙✒✍✔✦✩ s✙✒✖✦✛✧✜✕✔ ✎✑✕

✔✛✜✘ ✛✘ ✎✑✕ ❞✎✕✜s✦✕✘ ✒❢ ✜✒✔✕✙✗ ✐✗✔✧✛❪❫ ✎✑✕

✙✕✛✘✒✗ ★✕✧✗✢ ✎✑✛✎ ✧✎ ✓✒✍✦✔ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕

✔✕✚✕✦✒s✜✕✗✎ ✒❢ ✛✢✙✧✖✍✦✎✍✙✕ ✛✗✔ ✎✑✕ ✚✧✦✦✛✢✕

✕✖✒✗✒✜✩ ✓✧✎✑ ✙✛s✧✔ ✧✗✔✍✘✎✙✧✛✦✧✘✛✎✧✒✗ ✛✗✔

✢✙✒✓✎✑ ✒❢ ✎✑✕ ✍✙★✛✗ ✕✖✒✗✒✜✩❡

27WATER RESOURCES

■� ✁✂✄✂�☎ ✆✂✝✁✞✟ ✠✡☛☎☞✌✍✡✁✍✎✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ✝�✑

☛✝✁❧✂ ✑✝✠✞ ✒✝✓✂ ✄✎✠✂ ✡�✑✂✁ ❧✁✂✝☎ ✞✄✁✡☎☞�✆

✝�✑ ✎✍✍✎✞☞☎☞✎� ❛✎✁ ✝ ✓✝✁☞✂☎✆ ✎❛ ✁✂✝✞✎�✞✔

❘✂❧✡☛✝☎☞�❧ ✝�✑ ✑✝✠✠☞�❧ ✎❛ ✁☞✓✂✁✞ ✝❛❛✂✄☎ ☎✒✂☞✁

�✝☎✡✁✝☛ ❛☛✎♥ ✄✝✡✞☞�❧ ✍✎✎✁ ✞✂✑☞✠✂�☎ ❛☛✎♥ ✝�✑

✂❡✄✂✞✞☞✓✂ ✞✂✑☞✠✂�☎✝☎☞✎� ✝☎ ☎✒✂ ✕✎☎☎✎✠ ✎❛ ☎✒✂

✁✂✞✂✁✓✎☞✁✟ ✁✂✞✡☛☎☞�❧ ☞� ✁✎✄♦☞✂✁ ✞☎✁✂✝✠ ✕✂✑✞ ✝�✑

✍✎✎✁✂✁ ✒✝✕☞☎✝☎✞ ❛✎✁ ☎✒✂ ✁☞✓✂✁✞♣ ✝✖✡✝☎☞✄ ☛☞❛✂✔ ✗✝✠✞

✝☛✞✎ ❛✁✝❧✠✂�☎ ✁☞✓✂✁✞ ✠✝♦☞�❧ ☞☎ ✑☞❛❛☞✄✡☛☎ ❛✎✁

✝✖✡✝☎☞✄ ❛✝✡�✝ ☎✎ ✠☞❧✁✝☎✂✟ ✂✞✍✂✄☞✝☛☛✆ ❛✎✁

✞✍✝♥�☞�❧✔ s✒✂ ✁✂✞✂✁✓✎☞✁✞ ☎✒✝☎ ✝✁✂ ✄✁✂✝☎✂✑ ✎�

☎✒✂ ❛☛✎✎✑✍☛✝☞�✞ ✝☛✞✎ ✞✡✕✠✂✁❧✂ ☎✒✂ ✂❡☞✞☎☞�❧

✓✂❧✂☎✝☎☞✎� ✝�✑ ✞✎☞☛ ☛✂✝✑☞�❧ ☎✎ ☞☎✞ ✑✂✄✎✠✍✎✞☞☎☞✎�

✎✓✂✁ ✝ ✍✂✁☞✎✑ ✎❛ ☎☞✠✂✔

▼✡☛☎☞✌✍✡✁✍✎✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ✝�✑ ☛✝✁❧✂ ✑✝✠✞

✒✝✓✂ ✝☛✞✎ ✕✂✂� ☎✒✂ ✄✝✡✞✂ ✎❛ ✠✝�✆ �✂♥ ✞✎✄☞✝☛

✠✎✓✂✠✂�☎✞ ☛☞♦✂ ☎✒✂ ♠✘✝✁✠✝✑✝ ✙✝✄✒✝✎ ✚�✑✎☛✝�♣

✝�✑ ☎✒✂ ♠s✂✒✁☞ ✗✝✠ ✚�✑✎☛✝�♣ ✂☎✄✔ ❘✂✞☞✞☎✝�✄✂

☎✎ ☎✒✂✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ✒✝✞ ✍✁☞✠✝✁☞☛✆ ✕✂✂� ✑✡✂ ☎✎ ☎✒✂

☛✝✁❧✂✌✞✄✝☛✂ ✑☞✞✍☛✝✄✂✠✂�☎ ✎❛ ☛✎✄✝☛ ✄✎✠✠✡�☞☎☞✂✞✔

▲✎✄✝☛ ✍✂✎✍☛✂ ✎❛☎✂� ✒✝✑ ☎✎ ❧☞✓✂ ✡✍ ☎✒✂☞✁ ☛✝�✑✟

☛☞✓✂☛☞✒✎✎✑ ✝�✑ ☎✒✂☞✁ ✠✂✝❧✁✂ ✝✄✄✂✞✞ ✝�✑ ✄✎�☎✁✎☛

✎✓✂✁ ✁✂✞✎✡✁✄✂✞ ❛✎✁ ☎✒✂ ❧✁✂✝☎✂✁ ❧✎✎✑ ✎❛ ☎✒✂

�✝☎☞✎�✔ ✛✎✟ ☞❛ ☎✒✂ ☛✎✄✝☛ ✍✂✎✍☛✂ ✝✁✂ �✎☎ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎☞�❧

❛✁✎✠ ✞✡✄✒ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ☎✒✂� ♥✒✎ ☞✞ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎✂✑❢

P✂✁✒✝✍✞✟ ☎✒✂ ☛✝�✑✎♥�✂✁✞ ✝�✑ ☛✝✁❧✂ ❛✝✁✠✂✁✞✟

☞�✑✡✞☎✁☞✝☛☞✞☎✞ ✝�✑ ❛✂♥ ✡✁✕✝� ✄✂�☎✁✂✞✔ s✝♦✂ ☎✒✂

✄✝✞✂ ✎❛ ☎✒✂ ☛✝�✑☛✂✞✞ ☞� ✝ ✓☞☛☛✝❧✂ ❝ ✑✎✂✞ ✒✂ ✁✂✝☛☛✆

❧✝☞� ❛✁✎✠ ✞✡✄✒ ✝ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎❢

■✁✁☞❧✝☎☞✎� ✒✝✞ ✝☛✞✎ ✄✒✝�❧✂✑ ☎✒✂ ✄✁✎✍✍☞�❧

✍✝☎☎✂✁� ✎❛ ✠✝�✆ ✁✂❧☞✎�✞ ♥☞☎✒ ❛✝✁✠✂✁✞ ✞✒☞❛☎☞�❧

☎✎ ♥✝☎✂✁ ☞�☎✂�✞☞✓✂ ✝�✑ ✄✎✠✠✂✁✄☞✝☛ ✄✁✎✍✞✔ s✒☞✞

✒✝✞ ❧✁✂✝☎ ✂✄✎☛✎❧☞✄✝☛ ✄✎�✞✂✖✡✂�✄✂✞ ☛☞♦✂

✞✝☛☞�☞✞✝☎☞✎� ✎❛ ☎✒✂ ✞✎☞☛✔ ✚☎ ☎✒✂ ✞✝✠✂ ☎☞✠✂✟ ☞☎ ✒✝✞

☎✁✝�✞❛✎✁✠✂✑ ☎✒✂ ✞✎✄☞✝☛ ☛✝�✑✞✄✝✍✂ ☞✔✂✔

☞�✄✁✂✝✞☞�❧ ☎✒✂ ✞✎✄☞✝☛ ❧✝✍ ✕✂☎♥✂✂� ☎✒✂ ✁☞✄✒✂✁

☛✝�✑✎♥�✂✁✞ ✝�✑ ☎✒✂ ☛✝�✑☛✂✞✞ ✍✎✎✁✔ ✚✞ ♥✂ ✄✝�

✞✂✂✟ ☎✒✂ ✑✝✠✞ ✑☞✑ ✄✁✂✝☎✂ ✄✎�❛☛☞✄☎✞ ✕✂☎♥✂✂�

✍✂✎✍☛✂♥✝�☎☞�❧ ✑☞❛❛✂✁✂�☎ ✡✞✂✞ ✝�✑ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎✞ ❛✁✎✠

☎✒✂ ✞✝✠✂ ♥✝☎✂✁ ✁✂✞✎✡✁✄✂✞✔ ■� t✡✏✝✁✝☎✟ ☎✒✂

✛✝✕✝✁✠✝☎☞✌✕✝✞☞� ❛✝✁✠✂✁✞ ♥✂✁✂ ✝❧☞☎✝☎✂✑ ✝�✑

✝☛✠✎✞☎ ✄✝✡✞✂✑ ✝ ✁☞✎☎ ✎✓✂✁ ☎✒✂ ✒☞❧✒✂✁ ✍✁☞✎✁☞☎✆

❧☞✓✂� ☎✎ ♥✝☎✂✁ ✞✡✍✍☛✆ ☞� ✡✁✕✝� ✝✁✂✝✞✟

✍✝✁☎☞✄✡☛✝✁☛✆ ✑✡✁☞�❧ ✑✁✎✡❧✒☎✞✔ ■�☎✂✁✌✞☎✝☎✂♥✝☎✂✁

✑☞✞✍✡☎✂✞ ✝✁✂ ✝☛✞✎ ✕✂✄✎✠☞�❧ ✄✎✠✠✎� ♥☞☎✒

✁✂❧✝✁✑ ☎✎ ✞✒✝✁☞�❧ ☎✒✂ ✄✎✞☎✞ ✝�✑ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎✞ ✎❛ ☎✒✂

✠✡☛☎☞✌✍✡✁✍✎✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✔

Find out more about any one traditionalmethod of building dams and irrigation works.

We have sown the crops in Asar

We will bring Bhadu in Bhadra

Floods have swollen the Damodar

The sailing boats cannot sail

Oh! Damodar, we fall at your feet

Reduce the floods a little

Bhadu will come a year later

Let the boats sail on your surface

✭✜✢✣✤ ✥✦✥✧★✩✪ ✫✢✩✬✧ ✤✦✮✯ ✣✮ ✰✢✱ ✲✩✳✦✬✩✪ ✴✩★★✱✵

✪✱✯✣✦✮ ✮✩✪✪✩✰✱✤ ✰✢✱ ✰✪✦✧r★✱✤ ✶✩✷✱✬ r✵ ✥✱✦✥★✱

✦✸✣✮✯ ✰✦ ✰✢✱ ✶★✦✦✬✣✮✯ ✦✶ ✲✩✳✦✬✩✪ ✪✣✴✱✪ ✹✮✦✸✮

✩✤ ✰✢✱ ✪✣✴✱✪ ✦✶ ✤✦✪✪✦✸✺✻

Narmada Bachao Andolan or SaveNarmada Movement is a NonGovernmental Organisation (NGO) thatmobil ised tr ibal people, farmers,environmentalists and human rightsactivists against the Sardar Sarovar Dambeing built across the Narmada river inGujarat. It originally focused on theenvironmental issues related to trees thatwould be submerged under the damwater. Recently it has re-focused theaim to enable poor citizens, especiallythe oustees (displaced people) to getfull rehabil i tation faci l i t ies fromthe government.

People felt that their suffering would notbe in vain… accepted the trauma ofdisplacement believing in the promise ofirrigated fields and plentiful harvests. So,often the survivors of Rihand told us that theyaccepted their sufferings as sacrifice for thesake of their nation. But now, after thirty bitteryears of being adrift, their livelihood havingeven being more precarious, they keepasking: “Are we the only ones chosen tomake sacrifices for the nation?”

❙✼✽✾✿❀❁ ❂❃ ❂❄❅❆❇❅❈ ❉❊❋●❍❏ ❑◆ ❖◆ ●❄❍ ◗❍❚❚❯ ❋❱ ●❄❍

❲❑❳❍❆❃ ❨❆❑❩❅❚ ❬❋◆❱❚❑❬●❭ ❋❳❍❆ ❏❍❳❍❚❋❪❇❍◆● ❑◆❫❅❆❇❅❏❅

❳❅❚❚❍❯❈ ✈❃ ◗❅❳❑❭❴❅❆❈ ❵❜❜❞❃


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☞✟✌ ✆✍✎ ✏✆✑✌

29WATER RESOURCES

▼�✁✂ �✄ ✂☎✆ �✝✞✆✟✂✠�✡✁ ✂� ✂☎✆ ☛☞�✞✆✟✂✁ ✌☞�✁✆

❞✍✆ ✂� ✂☎✆✠☞ ✄✌✠✎✍☞✆ ✂� ✌✟☎✠✆✏✆ ✂☎✆ ☛✍☞☛�✁✆✁ ✄�☞

✇☎✠✟☎ ✂☎✆✑ ✇✆☞✆ ✝✍✠✎✂✒ ✓☞�✡✠✟✌✎✎✑✔ ✂☎✆ ❞✌✕✁ ✂☎✌✂

✇✆☞✆ ✟�✡✁✂☞✍✟✂✆❞ ✂� ✟�✡✂☞�✎ ✄✎��❞✁ ☎✌✏✆

Make a list of inter-state water disputes.

❉� ✑�✍ ✖✡�✇ ✂☎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ✗☞✠✁☎✡✌✘✙�❞✌✏✌☞✠

❞✠✁☛✍✂✆ ✠✁ ❞✍✆ ✂� ✂☎✆ �✝✞✆✟✂✠�✡✁ ☞✌✠✁✆❞ ✝✑

✗✌☞✡✌✂✌✖✌ ✌✡❞ ❑✡❞☎☞✌ ✚☞✌❞✆✁☎

❣�✏✆☞✡✕✆✡✂✁✛ ✓✂ ✠✁ ☞✆❣✌☞❞✠✡❣ ✂☎✆ ❞✠✏✆☞✁✠�✡

�✄✕�☞✆✇✌✂✆☞ ✌✂✗�✑✡✌✝✑ ✂☎✆▼✌☎✌☞✌✁☎✂☞✌

❣�✏✆☞✡✕✆✡✂ ✄�☞✌✕✍✎✂✠☛✍☞☛�✁✆☛☞�✞✆✟✂✒ ✜☎✠✁

✇�✍✎❞ ☞✆❞✍✟✆ ❞�✇✡✁✂☞✆✌✕ ✄✎�✇ ✠✡ ✂☎✆✠☞

✁✂✌✂✆✁ ✇✠✂☎ ✌❞✏✆☞✁✆ ✟�✡✁✆s✍✆✡✟✆✁ ✄�☞

✌❣☞✠✟✍✎✂✍☞✆ ✌✡❞ ✠✡❞✍✁✂☞✑✒

✂☞✠❣❣✆☞✆❞ ✄✎��❞✁ ❞✍✆ ✂� ✁✆❞✠✕✆✡✂✌✂✠�✡ ✠✡ ✂☎✆

☞✆✁✆☞✏�✠☞✒ ▼�☞✆�✏✆☞✔ ✂☎✆ ✝✠❣ ❞✌✕✁ ☎✌✏✆ ✕�✁✂✎✑

✝✆✆✡ ✍✡✁✍✟✟✆✁✁✄✍✎ ✠✡ ✟�✡✂☞�✎✎✠✡❣ ✄✎��❞✁ ✌✂ ✂☎✆

✂✠✕✆ �✄ ✆t✟✆✁✁✠✏✆ ☞✌✠✡✄✌✎✎✒ ✢�✍ ✕✌✑ ☎✌✏✆ ✁✆✆✡

�☞ ☞✆✌❞ ☎�✇ ✂☎✆ ☞✆✎✆✌✁✆ �✄ ✇✌✂✆☞ ✄☞�✕ ❞✌✕✁

❞✍☞✠✡❣ ☎✆✌✏✑ ☞✌✠✡✁ ✌❣❣☞✌✏✌✂✆❞ ✂☎✆ ✄✎��❞

✁✠✂✍✌✂✠�✡ ✠✡▼✌☎✌☞✌✁☎✂☞✌ ✌✡❞✙✍✞✌☞✌✂ ✠✡ ✣✤✤✥✳

✜☎✆ ✄✎��❞✁ ☎✌✏✆ ✡�✂ �✡✎✑ ❞✆✏✌✁✂✌✂✆❞ ✎✠✄✆ ✌✡❞

☛☞�☛✆☞✂✑ ✝✍✂ ✌✎✁� ✟✌✍✁✆❞ ✆t✂✆✡✁✠✏✆ ✁�✠✎ ✆☞�✁✠�✡✒

❙✆❞✠✕✆✡✂✌✂✠�✡ ✌✎✁� ✕✆✌✡✂ ✂☎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ✄✎��❞ ☛✎✌✠✡✁

✇✆☞✆ ❞✆☛☞✠✏✆❞ �✄ ✁✠✎✂✔ ✌ ✡✌✂✍☞✌✎ ✄✆☞✂✠✎✠✁✆☞✔ ✄✍☞✂☎✆☞

✌❞❞✠✡❣ �✡ ✂� ✂☎✆ ☛☞�✝✎✆✕ �✄ ✎✌✡❞ ❞✆❣☞✌❞✌✂✠�✡✒

✓✂ ✇✌✁ ✌✎✁� �✝✁✆☞✏✆❞ ✂☎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ✕✍✎✂✠✘☛✍☞☛�✁✆

☛☞�✞✆✟✂✁ ✠✡❞✍✟✆❞ ✆✌☞✂☎s✍✌✖✆✁✔ ✟✌✍✁✆❞ ✇✌✂✆☞✘

✝�☞✡✆ ❞✠✁✆✌✁✆✁ ✌✡❞ ☛✆✁✂✁ ✌✡❞ ☛�✎✎✍✂✠�✡

☞✆✁✍✎✂✠✡❣ ✄☞�✕ ✆t✟✆✁✁✠✏✆ ✍✁✆ �✄ ✇✌✂✆☞✒

❘❆✦✧★❆❚✩✪ ✫❆✪❱✩✬❚✦✧✭

▼✌✡✑ ✂☎�✍❣☎✂ ✂☎✌✂ ❣✠✏✆✡ ✂☎✆ ❞✠✁✌❞✏✌✡✂✌❣✆✁

✌✡❞ ☞✠✁✠✡❣ ☞✆✁✠✁✂✌✡✟✆ ✌❣✌✠✡✁✂ ✂☎✆ ✕✍✎✂✠✘

❈✮✯✯✰✱✲ ✴✵✶✮✷✸✹✲✴✮✵ ✹✺✮✻✲ ✶✯✮✮✼ ✽✷✮✵✰ ✹✷✰✹✾ ✮✶ ✲✿✰ ✱✮✻✵✲✷❀


⑩ ❘��✁ ✂�✄ ☎✆✝✞ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✝✡ ☛�☞☞✠☛✂✠✌ ✍✡✝✞✎ ✆ ✏✑✒ ✄✝✄✠

⑩ ❋✝☞✂✠☎✠✌ ✍✡✝✞✎ ✡✆✞✌ ✆✞✌ ✓☎✝☛✔✡

⑩ ❯✞✌✠☎✎☎�✍✞✌ ✄✝✄✠ ✂✆✔✠✡ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✂� ✡✍✕✄ ✁�☎

✝✕✕✠✌✝✆✂✠ ✍✡✆✎✠

⑩ ❊✖☛✠✡✡ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✁☎�✕ ✂✗✠ ✡✍✕✄ ✝✡ ✂✆✔✠✞ ✂� ✂✗✠ ✟✠☞☞

⑩ ❲✆✂✠☎ ✁☎�✕ ✂✗✠ ✟✠☞☞ ☎✠☛✗✆☎✎✠✡ ✂✗✠ ✍✞✌✠☎✎☎�✍✞✌

⑩ ❚✆✔✠ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✁☎�✕ ✂✗✠ ✟✠☞☞ ✘☞✆✂✠☎✙

✘✓✙ ❘✠☛✗✆☎✎✠ ✂✗☎�✍✎✗ ✭✓✆✞✌�✞✠✌ ✚✍✎✟✠☞☞

✛✜✢ ✣✤✥✦ ✧★★✩✪★✫ ✧✬✮✯✰✬✪✱✲ ✳✬✲✴✱✵✪✮✯✶

♣✷✸♣✹✺✻ ♣✸✹✼✻✽✾✺✿ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❂❁✸❃✻✺✾❄❅❆ ✺❇✺✾✻❈

❀❁✺ ❁ ❃❄❁✇❉✻ ❁❉ ✾✻✸❅❁✾❄❃✻✿ ✇✹✾❂ ✺✹✽❄✹●

✻✽✹❅✹❈❄✽❁❉❉❇ ❁❅❡ ✻❅❃❄✸✹❅❈✻❅✾❁❉❉❇❍ ■❅ ❁❅✽❄✻❅✾

■❅❡❄❁✿ ❁❉✹❅❆ ❀❄✾❂ ✾❂✻ ✺✹♣❂❄✺✾❄✽❁✾✻❡ ❂❇❡✸❁✷❉❄✽

✺✾✸✷✽✾✷✸✻✺✿ ✾❂✻✸✻ ✻s❄✺✾✻❡ ❁❅ ✻s✾✸❁✹✸❡❄❅❁✸❇

✾✸❁❡❄✾❄✹❅ ✹t ❀❁✾✻✸●❂❁✸❃✻✺✾❄❅❆ ✺❇✺✾✻❈❍ ❏✻✹♣❉✻

❂❁❡ ❄❅●❡✻♣✾❂ ❤❅✹❀❉✻❡❆✻ ✹t ✸❁❄❅t❁❉❉ ✸✻❆❄❈✻✺

❁❅❡ ✺✹❄❉ ✾❇♣✻✺ ❁❅❡ ❡✻❃✻❉✹♣✻❡ ❀❄❡✻ ✸❁❅❆❄❅❆

✾✻✽❂❅❄❑✷✻✺ ✾✹ ❂❁✸❃✻✺✾ ✸❁❄❅❀❁✾✻✸✿ ❆✸✹✷❅❡❀❁✾✻✸✿

✸❄❃✻✸ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❁❅❡ t❉✹✹❡ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❄❅ ❤✻✻♣❄❅❆ ❀❄✾❂

✾❂✻ ❉✹✽❁❉ ✻✽✹❉✹❆❄✽❁❉ ✽✹❅❡❄✾❄✹❅✺ ❁❅❡ ✾❂✻❄✸ ❀❁✾✻✸

❅✻✻❡✺❍ ■❅ ❂❄❉❉ ❁❅❡ ❈✹✷❅✾❁❄❅✹✷✺ ✸✻❆❄✹❅✺✿

♣✻✹♣❉✻ ✇✷❄❉✾ ❡❄❃✻✸✺❄✹❅ ✽❂❁❅❅✻❉✺ ❉❄❤✻ ✾❂✻ ▲❆✷❉✺▼

✹✸ ▲❤✷❉✺▼ ✹t ✾❂✻ ♦✻✺✾✻✸❅ ♥❄❈❁❉❁❇❁✺ t✹✸

❁❆✸❄✽✷❉✾✷✸✻❍ ▲❛✹✹t✾✹♣ ✸❁❄❅ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❂❁✸❃✻✺✾❄❅❆▼

❀❁✺ ✽✹❈❈✹❅❉❇ ♣✸❁✽✾❄✺✻❡ ✾✹ ✺✾✹✸✻ ❡✸❄❅❤❄❅❆

❀❁✾✻✸✿ ♣❁✸✾❄✽✷❉❁✸❉❇ ❄❅ ❛❁✼❁✺✾❂❁❅❍ ■❅ ✾❂✻ t❉✹✹❡

♣❉❁❄❅✺ ✹t ◆✻❅❆❁❉✿ ♣✻✹♣❉✻ ❡✻❃✻❉✹♣✻❡ ❄❅✷❅❡❁✾❄✹❅

✽❂❁❅❅✻❉✺ ✾✹ ❄✸✸❄❆❁✾✻ ✾❂✻❄✸ t❄✻❉❡✺❍ ■❅ ❁✸❄❡ ❁❅❡

✺✻❈❄●❁✸❄❡ ✸✻❆❄✹❅✺✿ ❁❆✸❄✽✷❉✾✷✸❁❉ t❄✻❉❡✺ ❀✻✸✻

✽✹❅❃✻✸✾✻❡ ❄❅✾✹ ✸❁❄❅ t✻❡ ✺✾✹✸❁❆✻ ✺✾✸✷✽✾✷✸✻✺ ✾❂❁✾

❁❉❉✹❀✻❡ ✾❂✻ ❀❁✾✻✸ ✾✹ ✺✾❁❅❡ ❁❅❡ ❈✹❄✺✾✻❅ ✾❂✻

✺✹❄❉ ❉❄❤✻ ✾❂✻ ▲❤❂❁❡❄❅✺▼ ❄❅ ❖❁❄✺❁❉❈✻✸ ❁❅❡ ▲❖✹❂❁❡✺▼

❄❅ ✹✾❂✻✸ ♣❁✸✾✺ ✹t ❛❁✼❁✺✾❂❁❅❍

✛✜✢✤ ✣✤✣

✘✆✙ ❘✠☛✗✆☎✎✠ ✂✗☎�✍✎✗ P✆✞✌ ✏✍✕✄

31WATER RESOURCES

❋�✁ ✂✄☎✆ ❚r✝✞✟✠✟✡☛✝☞ ✌✍✠✎✡✞ ✡✏ r✝✟☛ ✑✝✠✍r ✎✝r✒✍✓✠✟☛✔

❆ ✕✖✗ ✗✘✙✚✛ ✜✢ ✙ ✣✤✥✣✖✗✙✥ ✦✤✗✗✙✧✘ ✜✙★✕✩ ✙✛ ✜✪✘ ✙✫✢✦✘

✤★ ✜✪✘ ✐✙✬✙ ✦✤✗✗✙✧✘✩ ✭✥✢✮ ✯✪✤✣✪ ✯✙✜✘✥ ✤✛ ✥✘✗✘✙✛✘✚ ✙✛

✙★✚ ✯✪✘★ ✥✘❛✖✤✥✘✚✰

■✱ ✲✳✴ ✵✴✶✷✸✹✺✷✻ ✹✱✻ ✹✺✷✻ ✺✴✼✷✽✱✵ ✽✾

❘✹✿✹✵✲✳✹✱❀ ❁✹✺✲✷❂❃❄✹✺❄❅ ✷✱❇✷❈✹✱✴✺❀ ❉✳✹❄✽✻✷ ✹✱✻

❇✹✺✶✴✺❀ ✹❄✶✽✵✲ ✹❄❄ ✲✳✴ ✳✽❃✵✴✵ ✲✺✹✻✷✲✷✽✱✹❄❄❅ ✳✹✻

❃✱✻✴✺✼✺✽❃✱✻ ✲✹✱❈✵ ✽✺ t❊●❍❊❏ ✾✽✺ ✵✲✽✺✷✱✼

✻✺✷✱❈✷✱✼ ❞✹✲✴✺❑ ▲✳✴ ✲✹✱❈✵ ❂✽❃❄✻ ▼✴ ✹✵ ❄✹✺✼✴ ✹✵

✹▼✷✼ ✺✽✽✶◆✽✱✴✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻ ✷✱❉✳✹❄✽✻✷✳✹✻ ✹ ✲✹✱❈

✲✳✹✲❞✹✵ ❖❑P✶✴✲✺✴✵ ✻✴✴❁❀ ◗❑❙❯✶✴✲✺✴✵ ❄✽✱✼ ✹✱✻

❙❑◗◗ ✶✴✲✺✴✵ ❞✷✻✴❑ ▲✳✴ ✲✹✱❈✹✵ ❞✴✺✴ ❁✹✺✲ ✽✾ ✲✳✴

❞✴❄❄✸✻✴✇✴❄✽❁✴✻ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼

✵❅✵✲✴✶ ✹✱✻❞✴✺✴ ▼❃✷❄✲ ✷✱✵✷✻✴ ✲✳✴✶✹✷✱ ✳✽❃✵✴ ✽✺

✲✳✴ ❂✽❃✺✲❅✹✺✻❑ ▲✳✴❅ ❞✴✺✴ ❂✽✱✱✴❂✲✴✻ ✲✽ ✲✳✴

✵❄✽❁✷✱✼ ✺✽✽✾✵ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✳✽❃✵✴✵ ✲✳✺✽❃✼✳ ✹ ❁✷❁✴❑ ❘✹✷✱

✾✹❄❄✷✱✼ ✽✱ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁✵ ❞✽❃❄✻ ✲✺✹✇✴❄ ✻✽❞✱ ✲✳✴

❁✷❁✴ ✹✱✻ ❞✹✵ ✵✲✽✺✴✻ ✷✱ ✲✳✴✵✴ ❃✱✻✴✺✼✺✽❃✱✻

➅✲✹✱❈✹✵❱❑ ▲✳✴ ✾✷✺✵✲ ✵❁✴❄❄ ✽✾ ✺✹✷✱ ❞✹✵ ❃✵❃✹❄❄❅ ✱✽✲

❂✽❄❄✴❂✲✴✻ ✹✵ ✲✳✷✵ ❞✽❃❄✻ ❂❄✴✹✱ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✾✵ ✹✱✻ ✲✳✴

❁✷❁✴✵❑ ▲✳✴ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✾✺✽✶ ✲✳✴ ✵❃▼✵✴♣❃✴✱✲

✵✳✽❞✴✺✵❞✹✵ ✲✳✴✱ ❂✽❄❄✴❂✲✴✻❑

▲✳✴ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ❂✹✱ ▼✴ ✵✲✽✺✴✻ ✷✱ ✲✳✴ ❲❳❨❩❳❬

✲✷❄❄ ✲✳✴ ✱✴❭✲ ✺✹✷✱✾✹❄❄ ✶✹❈✷✱✼ ✷✲ ✹✱ ✴❭✲✺✴✶✴❄❅

✺✴❄✷✹▼❄✴ ✵✽❃✺❂✴ ✽✾ ✻✺✷✱❈✷✱✼ ❞✹✲✴✺ ❞✳✴✱ ✹❄❄ ✽✲✳✴✺

✵✽❃✺❂✴✵ ✹✺✴ ✻✺✷✴✻ ❃❁❀ ❁✹✺✲✷❂❃❄✹✺❄❅ ✷✱ ✲✳✴

✵❃✶✶✴✺✵❑ ❘✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺❀ ✽✺ ❪❳❫❳❴ ❪❳❨❵❀ ✹✵

❂✽✶✶✽✱❄❅ ✺✴✾✴✺✺✴✻ ✲✽ ✷✱ ✲✳✴✵✴ ❁✹✺✲✵❀ ✷✵

❂✽✱✵✷✻✴✺✴✻ ✲✳✴ ❁❃✺✴✵✲ ✾✽✺✶ ✽✾ ✱✹✲❃✺✹❄ ❞✹✲✴✺❑

❜✹✱❅ ✳✽❃✵✴✵ ❂✽✱✵✲✺❃❂✲✴✻❃✱✻✴✺✼✺✽❃✱✻ ✺✽✽✶✵

✹✻✿✽✷✱✷✱✼ ✲✳✴ ➅✲✹✱❈✹❱ ✲✽ ▼✴✹✲ ✲✳✴ ✵❃✶✶✴✺ ✳✴✹✲

✹✵ ✷✲ ❞✽❃❄✻ ❈✴✴❁ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✶ ❂✽✽❄❑

❘✽✽✾ ✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✷✵ ✲✳✴ ✶✽✵✲

❂✽✶✶✽✱ ❁✺✹❂✲✷❂✴ ✷✱ ❝✳✷❄❄✽✱✼❀ ❜✴✼✳✹❄✹❅✹❑

■✲ ✷✵ ✷✱✲✴✺✴✵✲✷✱✼ ▼✴❂✹❃✵✴ ❡✳✴✺✹❁❃✱✿✴✴ ✹✱✻

❜✹❞✵❅✱✺✹✶ ✵✷✲❃✹✲✴✻ ✹✲ ✹ ✻✷✵✲✹✱❂✴ ✽✾ ❢❢

❈✶❑ ✾✺✽✶ ❝✳✷❄❄✽✱✼ ✺✴❂✴✷✇✴ ✲✳✴ ✳✷✼✳✴✵✲

✺✹✷✱✾✹❄❄ ✷✱ ✲✳✴ ❞✽✺❄✻❀ ❅✴✲ ✲✳✴ ✵✲✹✲✴ ❂✹❁✷✲✹❄

❝✳✷❄❄✽✱✼ ✾✹❂✴✵ ✹❂❃✲✴ ✵✳✽✺✲✹✼✴ ✽✾ ❞✹✲✴✺❑

❣✴✹✺❄❅ ✴✇✴✺❅ ✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻ ✷✱ ✲✳✴ ❂✷✲❅ ✳✹✵ ✹

✺✽✽✾ ✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✵✲✺❃❂✲❃✺✴❑

❣✴✹✺❄❅ P❢✸❙❢ ❁✴✺ ❂✴✱✲ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✲✽✲✹❄ ❞✹✲✴✺

✺✴♣❃✷✺✴✶✴✱✲ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻ ❂✽✶✴✵ ✾✺✽✶

✺✽✽✾ ✲✽❁ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼❑

▲✽✻✹❅❀ ✷✱ ❞✴✵✲✴✺✱ ❘✹✿✹✵✲✳✹✱❀ ✵✹✻❄❅ ✲✳✴

❁✺✹❂✲✷❂✴ ✽✾ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✷✵ ✽✱ ✲✳✴

✻✴❂❄✷✱✴ ✹✵ ❁❄✴✱✲❅ ✽✾ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✷✵ ✹✇✹✷❄✹▼❄✴ ✻❃✴ ✲✽ ✲✳✴

❁✴✺✴✱✱✷✹❄ ❘✹✿✹✵✲✳✹✱❡✹✱✹❄❀ ✲✳✽❃✼✳ ✵✽✶✴✳✽❃✵✴✵

✵✲✷❄❄ ✶✹✷✱✲✹✷✱ ✲✳✴ ✲✹✱❈✹✵ ✵✷✱❂✴ ✲✳✴❅ ✻✽ ✱✽✲ ❄✷❈✴

✲✳✴ ✲✹✵✲✴ ✽✾ ✲✹❁❞✹✲✴✺❑ ❤✽✺✲❃✱✹✲✴❄❅❀ ✷✱✶✹✱❅❁✹✺✲✵

✽✾ ✺❃✺✹❄ ✹✱✻ ❃✺▼✹✱ ■✱✻✷✹❀ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺

✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✷✵ ▼✴✷✱✼ ✵❃❂❂✴✵✵✾❃❄❄❅ ✹✻✹❁✲✴✻ ✲✽ ✵✲✽✺✴

✹✱✻ ❂✽✱✵✴✺✇✴ ❞✹✲✴✺❑ ■✱ ❥✴✱✻✹✲✳❃✺❀ ✹ ✺✴✶✽✲✴

▼✹❂❈❞✹✺✻ ✇✷❄❄✹✼✴ ✷✱❜❅✵✽✺✴❀ ❦✹✺✱✹✲✹❈✹❀ ✇✷❄❄✹✼✴✺✵

✳✹✇✴ ✷✱✵✲✹❄❄✴✻❀ ✷✱ ✲✳✴✷✺ ✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻❱✵ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁❀

✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✵❅✵✲✴✶ ✲✽ ✶✴✴✲ ✲✳✴✷✺ ❞✹✲✴✺

✱✴✴✻✵❑❣✴✹✺❄❅❙♥♥✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻✵✳✹✇✴ ✷✱✵✲✹❄❄✴✻ ✲✳✷✵

✵❅✵✲✴✶ ✹✱✻ ✲✳✴ ✇✷❄❄✹✼✴ ✳✹✵ ✴✹✺✱✴✻ ✲✳✴ ✺✹✺✴

✻✷✵✲✷✱❂✲✷✽✱✽✾ ▼✴✷✱✼ ✺✷❂✳ ✷✱✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺❑❝✴✴ ❤✷✼❑ ❧❑❖

✾✽✺ ✹ ▼✴✲✲✴✺ ❃✱✻✴✺✵✲✹✱✻✷✱✼ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁

Find out other rainwater harvesting systemsexisting in and around your locality.

❋�✁✄ ✂✄♠

♦✢✢✭✜✢q ✪✙✥✦✘✛✜✤★✧ ✯✙✛ ✣✢✮✮✢★ ✙✣✥✢✛✛ ✜✪✘ ✜✢✯★✛

✙★✚ ✦✤✗✗✙✧✘✛ ✢✭ ✜✪✘ s✪✙✥✰ ♦✙✤★✯✙✜✘✥ ✜✪✙✜ ✭✙✗✗✛ ✢★

✜✪✘ ✛✗✢q✤★✧ ✥✢✢✭✛ ✢✭ ✪✢✖✛✘✛ ✤✛ ✜✙✕✘★ ✜✪✥✢✖✧✪ ✙ q✤q✘

✤★✜✢ ✙★ ✖★✚✘✥✧✥✢✖★✚ ✠✝☛✉✝ ✈✣✤✥✣✖✗✙✥ ✪✢✗✘✛ ✤★ ✜✪✘

✧✥✢✖★✚①✰ ✫✖✤✗✜ ✤★ ✜✪✘ ✮✙✤★ ✪✢✖✛✘ ✢✥ ✤★ ✜✪✘ ✣✢✖✥✜②✙✥✚✰

s✪✘ q✤✣✜✖✥✘ ✙✫✢✦✘ ✛✪✢✯✛ ✯✙✜✘✥ ✫✘✤★✧ ✭✢✥✮ ✙

★✘✤✧✪✫✢✖✥③✛ ✥✢✢✭ ✜✪✥✢✖✧✪ ✙ ✗✢★✧ q✤q✘✰ ④✘✥✘ ✜✪✘

★✘✤✧✪✫✢✖✥③✛ ✥✢✢✭✜✢q ✪✙✛ ✫✘✘★ ✖✛✘✚ ✭✢✥ ✣✢✗✗✘✣✜✤✢★ ✢✭

✥✙✤★✯✙✜✘✥✰ s✪✘ q✤✣✜✖✥✘ ✛✪✢✯✛ ✙ ✪✢✗✘ ✜✪✥✢✖✧✪ ✯✪✤✣✪

✥✙✤★✯✙✜✘✥ ✭✗✢✯✛ ✚✢✯★ ✤★✜✢ ✙★ ✖★✚✘✥✧✥✢✖★✚ ✠✝☛✉✝✰


❋�✁ ✂✄☎

❇❆✆✝✞✞ ✥❘✟✠ ✡❘❘✟☛❆☞✟✞✌ ✍❨✎☞✏✆

■✑ ✒✓✔✕✖✗✖✘✖✙ ✖ ✚✛✛✜✘✓✖✢✜✲✗✣ ✤✘✤✦✓✧ ✲★ ✦✖✩✩✪✑✔ ✤✦✢✓✖✧

✖✑✣ ✤✩✢✪✑✔ ❛✖✦✓ ✫✘ ✬✤✪✑✔ ✫✖✧✫✲✲ ✩✪✩✓✤✙ ✪✤ ✩✢✓✭✖✗✓✑✦✮ ✯✫✲✬✦

✶✰✜✚✛ ✗✪✦✢✓✤ ✲★ ❛✖✦✓✢ ✓✑✦✓✢✤ ✦✕✓ ✫✖✧✫✲✲ ✩✪✩✓ ✤✘✤✦✓✧✙ ✔✓✦✤

✦✢✖✑✤✩✲✢✦✓✣ ✲✭✓✢ ✕✬✑✣✢✓✣✤ ✲★ ✧✓✦✢✓✤✙ ✖✑✣ ★✪✑✖✗✗✘ ✢✓✣✬t✓✤

✦✲ ✚✛✜✰✛ ✣✢✲✩✤ ✩✓✢ ✧✪✑✬✦✓ ✖✦✓ ✦✕✓ ✤✪✦✓ ✲★ ✦✕✓ ✩✗✖✑✦✮

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ✸ ✹✺✻✂✼ ❚✽✾ ✿✽❀❁❁✾❂ ❃✾✿❄❅❈❁❃❉❊❀●✾❈❍ ❏❀❊❏❈❈❉●❅❑✾▲❄▼❀❄✾▲❄❈ ❄✽✾ ◆❂❀❁❄ ❃❅❄✾▼✽✾▲✾ ❅❄ ❅❃ ●❅❃❄▲❅❏❖❄✾● ❅❁❄❈ ❏▲❀❁✿✽✾❃❉❀◗❀❅❁❊❀●✾❀❁●❂❀❅● ❈❖❄ ▼❅❄✽ ●❅❍❍✾▲✾❁❄ ❍❈▲❊❃ ❈❍ ❏❀❊❏❈❈ ◆❅◆✾❃❧ ❚✽✾ ❍❂❈▼ ❈❍ ▼❀❄✾▲ ❅❁❄❈

❄✽✾ ◆❅◆✾❃ ❅❃ ✿❈❁❄▲❈❂❂✾● ❏❙ ❊❀❁❅◆❖❂❀❄❅❁◗ ❄✽✾ ◆❅◆✾ ◆❈❃❅❄❅❈❁❃❧

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ❯✼ ❱❀❊❏❈❈ ◆❅◆✾❃ ❀▲✾ ❖❃✾● ❄❈ ●❅❑✾▲❄ ◆✾▲✾❁❁❅❀❂ ❃◆▲❅❁◗❃ ❈❁❄✽✾ ✽❅❂❂❄❈◆❃ ❄❈ ❄✽✾ ❂❈▼✾▲ ▲✾❀✿✽✾❃ ❏❙ ◗▲❀❑❅❄❙❧

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ❲ ✹✺✻ ❳

❩✾●❖✿✾● ✿✽❀❁❁✾❂ ❃✾✿❄❅❈❁❃

❀❁● ●❅❑✾▲❃❅❈❁ ❖❁❅❄❃ ❀▲✾❖❃✾● ❀❄ ❄✽✾ ❂❀❃❄ ❃❄❀◗✾ ❈❍▼❀❄✾▲❀◆◆❂❅✿❀❄❅❈❁❧ ❚✽✾ ❂❀❃❄✿✽❀❁❁✾❂ ❃✾✿❄❅❈❁ ✾❁❀❏❂✾❃

▼❀❄✾▲ ❄❈ ❏✾ ●▲❈◆◆✾● ❁✾❀▲❄✽✾ ▲❈❈❄❃ ❈❍ ❄✽✾ ◆❂❀❁❄❧

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ❬✼ ❭❍ ❄✽✾ ◆❅◆✾❃ ◆❀❃❃ ❀ ▲❈❀●❉❄✽✾❙ ❀▲✾ ❄❀❪✾❁ ✽❅◗✽ ❀❏❈❑✾ ❄✽✾ ❂❀❁●❧

❫❴❵❜❝ ❞❴❡❢ ❜❣ ❤✐❥ ❦❜♠❣❤ ❴♥❡ ❤✐❥ ♦♥❝♣ ❣❤❴❤❥

❜♥ q♥❡❜❴r✐❜s✐✐❴❣❵❴❡❥ ♠♦♦❦ ❤♦✉ ♠❴❜♥r❴❤❥♠

✐❴♠✈❥❣❤❜♥✇ ❣❤♠❢s❤❢♠❥ s♦❵✉❢❝❣♦♠♣ ❤♦ ❴❝❝ ❤✐❥

✐♦❢❣❥❣ ❴s♠♦❣❣ ❤✐❥ ❣❤❴❤❥① ❫✐❥♠❥ ❴♠❥ ❝❥✇❴❝

✉♠♦✈❜❣❜♦♥❣ ❤♦ ✉❢♥❜❣✐ ❤✐❥ ❡❥❦❴❢❝❤❥♠❣①

♠❴❜♥r❴❤❥♠ ✐❴♠✈❥❣❤❜♥✇ ❣♣❣❤❥❵ r✐❜s✐ ❜❣ ❴❡❴✉❤❥❡

✐❥♠❥①②❥♥❡❴❤✐❢♠ ♠❥s❥❜✈❥❣ ❴♥ ❴♥♥❢❴❝✉♠❥s❜✉❜❤❴❤❜♦♥

♦❦ ③④⑤⑤⑤ ❵❵④ ❴♥❡ r❜❤✐ ⑥⑤ ✉❥♠ s❥♥❤ ♦❦ s♦❝❝❥s❤❜♦♥

❥❦❦❜s❜❥♥s♣ ❴♥❡ ♦❦ ❴⑦♦❢❤ ③⑤ ❦❜❝❝❜♥✇❣④ ❥✈❥♠♣ ✐♦❢❣❥

s❴♥ s♦❝❝❥s❤ ❴♥❡ ❢❣❥ ❴⑦♦❢❤ ⑧⑤④⑤⑤⑤ ❝❜❤♠❥❣ ♦❦ r❴❤❥♠

❴♥♥❢❴❝❝♣① ⑨♠♦❵ ❤✐❥ ⑩⑤ ✐♦❢❣❥❣④ ❤✐❥ ♥❥❤ ❴❵♦❢♥❤

♦❦ ♠❴❜♥r❴❤❥♠ ✐❴♠✈❥❣❤❥❡ ❴♥♥❢❴❝❝♣ ❴❵♦❢♥❤❣ ❤♦

③④⑤⑤④⑤⑤⑤ ❝❜❤♠❥❣①

33WATER RESOURCES


✶� ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✝ ✞✟✠☎✞✝ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛✌

✭✍✎ ❇✏☛✝✑ ✠☞ ✄✟✝ ☎☞✒✠✓✔✏✄☎✠☞ ✕☎✖✝☞ ✗✝✂✠✘ ✞✂✏☛☛☎✒✙ ✝✏✞✟ ✠✒ ✄✟✝ ☛☎✄✁✏✄☎✠☞☛ ✏☛

➅☛✁✒✒✝✓☎☞✕ ✒✓✠✔ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙✚ ✠✓ ➅☞✠✄ ☛✁✒✒✝✓☎☞✕ ✒✓✠✔ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙✚✌

✭✛✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✘☎✄✟ ✟☎✕✟ ✏☞☞✁✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂✌

✭✜✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✟✏✖☎☞✕ ✟☎✕✟ ✏☞☞✁✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂ ✏☞✑ ✂✏✓✕✝ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✄☎✠☞✌

✭✢✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✟✏✖☎☞✕ ✟☎✕✟ ✏☞☞✁✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂ ✗✁✄ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☎☛ ✟☎✕✟✂✙ ✆✠✂✂✁✄✝✑✌

✭✣✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✟✏✖☎☞✕ ✂✠✘ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂ ✏☞✑ ✂✠✘ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✄☎✠☞✌

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✒ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✂✂✠✘☎☞✕ ☛✄✏✄✝✔✝☞✄☛ ☎☛ ☞✠✄ ✏☞ ✏✓✕✁✔✝☞✄ ☎☞ ✒✏✖✠✁✓ ✠✒ ✔✁✂✄☎✤

✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✓☎✖✝✓ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛✥

✭✛✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✗✓☎☞✕ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✄✠ ✄✟✠☛✝ ✏✓✝✏☛ ✘✟☎✞✟ ☛✁✒✒✝✓ ✒✓✠✔

✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙✌

✭✜✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✗✙ ✓✝✕✁✂✏✄☎☞✕ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✒✂✠✘ ✟✝✂✆☛ ✄✠ ✞✠☞✄✓✠✂ ✒✂✠✠✑☛✌

✭✢✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✂✝✏✑ ✄✠ ✂✏✓✕✝ ☛✞✏✂✝ ✑☎☛✆✂✏✞✝✔✝☞✄☛ ✏☞✑ ✂✠☛☛ ✠✒

✂☎✖✝✂☎✟✠✠✑✌

✭✣✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✕✝☞✝✓✏✄✝ ✝✂✝✞✄✓☎✞☎✄✙ ✒✠✓ ✠✁✓ ☎☞✑✁☛✄✓☎✝☛ ✏☞✑ ✠✁✓

✟✠✔✝☛✌

✭✍✍✍✎ ❍✝✓✝ ✏✓✝ ☛✠✔✝ ✒✏✂☛✝ ☛✄✏✄✝✔✝☞✄☛✌ ✦✑✝☞✄☎✒✙ ✄✟✝ ✔☎☛✄✏✧✝☛ ✏☞✑ ✓✝✘✓☎✄✝ ✄✟✝✔

✞✠✓✓✝✞✄✂✙✌

✭✛✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✙☎☞✕ ✁✓✗✏☞ ✞✝☞✄✓✝☛ ✘☎✄✟ ✂✏✓✕✝ ✏☞✑ ✑✝☞☛✝ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✄☎✠☞☛ ✏☞✑ ✁✓✗✏☞

✂☎✒✝☛✄✙✂✝☛ ✟✏✖✝ ✟✝✂✆✝✑ ☎☞ ✆✓✠✆✝✓ ✁✄☎✂☎☛✏✄☎✠☞ ✠✒ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✓✝☛✠✁✓✞✝☛✌

✭✜✎ ❘✝✕✁✂✏✄☎☞✕ ✏☞✑ ✑✏✔✔☎☞✕ ✠✒ ✓☎✖✝✓☛ ✑✠✝☛ ☞✠✄ ✏✒✒✝✞✄ ✄✟✝ ✓☎✖✝✓✚☛ ☞✏✄✁✓✏✂

✒✂✠✘ ✏☞✑ ☎✄☛ ☛✝✑☎✔✝☞✄ ✒✂✠✘✌

✭✢✎ ✦☞ ■✁♣✏✓✏✄★ ✄✟✝ ✩✏✗✏✓✔✏✄☎ ✗✏☛☎☞ ✒✏✓✔✝✓☛ ✘✝✓✝ ☞✠✄ ✏✕☎✄✏✄✝✑ ✘✟✝☞ ✟☎✕✟✝✓

✆✓☎✠✓☎✄✙ ✘✏☛ ✕☎✖✝☞ ✄✠ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✁✆✆✂✙ ☎☞ ✁✓✗✏☞ ✏✓✝✏☛★ ✆✏✓✄☎✞✁✂✏✓✂✙ ✑✁✓☎☞✕

✑✓✠✁✕✟✄☛✌

✭✣✎ ❚✠✑✏✙ ☎☞ ❘✏♣✏☛✄✟✏☞★ ✄✟✝ ✆✓✏✞✄☎✞✝ ✠✒ ✓✠✠✒✄✠✆ ✓✏☎☞✘✏✄✝✓ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✟✏✓✖✝☛✄☎☞✕

✟✏☛ ✕✏☎☞✝✑ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✓☎✄✙ ✑✝☛✆☎✄✝ ✟☎✕✟ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✏✖✏☎✂✏✗☎✂☎✄✙ ✑✁✝ ✄✠ ✄✟✝

❘✏♣✏☛✄✟✏☞ ✪✏☞✏✂✌

✷✫ ❆☞☛✘✝✓ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✂✂✠✘☎☞✕ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✏✗✠✁✄ ✬✮ ✘✠✓✑☛✌

✭✍✎ ❊✯✆✂✏☎☞ ✟✠✘ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✗✝✞✠✔✝☛ ✏ ✓✝☞✝✘✏✗✂✝ ✓✝☛✠✁✓✞✝✌

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟✏✄ ☎☛ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙ ✏☞✑ ✘✟✏✄ ✏✓✝ ☎✄☛ ✔✏☎☞ ✞✏✁☛✝☛✥

✭✍✍✍✎ ✪✠✔✆✏✓✝ ✄✟✝ ✏✑✖✏☞✄✏✕✝☛ ✏☞✑ ✑☎☛✏✑✖✏☞✄✏✕✝☛ ✠✒ ✔✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✓☎✖✝✓ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛✌

✸✫ ❆☞☛✘✝✓ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✂✂✠✘☎☞✕ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✏✗✠✁✄ ✰✱✮ ✘✠✓✑☛✌

✭✍✎ ❉☎☛✞✁☛☛ ✟✠✘ ✓✏☎☞✘✏✄✝✓ ✟✏✓✖✝☛✄☎☞✕ ☎☞ ☛✝✔☎✤✏✓☎✑ ✓✝✕☎✠☞☛ ✠✒ ❘✏♣✏☛✄✟✏☞ ☎☛

✞✏✓✓☎✝✑ ✠✁✄✌

✭✍✍✎ ❉✝☛✞✓☎✗✝ ✟✠✘ ✔✠✑✝✓☞ ✏✑✏✆✄✏✄☎✠☞☛ ✠✒ ✄✓✏✑☎✄☎✠☞✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✘✏✄✝✓ ✟✏✓✖✝☛✄☎☞✕

✔✝✄✟✠✑☛ ✏✓✝ ✗✝☎☞✕ ✞✏✓✓☎✝✑ ✠✁✄ ✄✠ ✞✠☞☛✝✓✖✝ ✏☞✑ ☛✄✠✓✝ ✘✏✄✝✓✌

1. Collect information on how industries are polluting our water resources.2. Enact with your classmates a scene of water dispute in your locality.

■�✁✂✄ ✂☎ ✄� ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠✠☛ ✂☞✌✍✝✡✄�✡ ✞✍✟�✡✝☛✎

❚✏✍✑✡✒✂✝✁☎ ✍✓ ✂✡☎ ✌✍✌✟✠✄✡✂✍� ✂☎ ✔�✆✄✆✔✁ ✂�

✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠ ✄✞✡✂❛✂✡✂✔☎✎ ✕✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✄ ✌✝✂☞✄✝☛

✄✞✡✂❛✂✡☛✖ ✏✒✂✞✒ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✔☎ ☞✍☎✡ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ✓✍✍✁ ✡✒✄✡

✏✔ ✞✍�☎✟☞✔✎ ✇✔☎✂✁✔☎ ✓✍✍✁ ✆✝✄✂�☎✖ ✂✡ ✄✠☎✍

✌✝✍✁✟✞✔☎ ✝✄✏ ☞✄✡✔✝✂✄✠ ✓✍✝ ❛✄✝✂✍✟☎ ✂�✁✟☎✡✝✂✔☎✎

❈✗✘ ✙✚✛ ✘✗✜✢ ✣✚✜✢ ✤✘✥✛✣✦✧✤✢✣ ★✗✣✢✥ ✚✘

✗✩✧✤✪✛✫✦✛✧✗✫ ✧✗✬ ✜✗✦✢✧✤✗✫✭

▼✍✝✔✍❛✔✝✖ ☎✍☞✔ ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✡☎ ✠✂♦✔

✡✔✄✖ ✞✍✓✓✔✔✖ ☎✌✂✞✔☎✖ ✔✡✞✎ ✄✝✔ ✄✠☎✍ ✔t✌✍✝✡✔✁✎

✮❨✯✰✱ ❖✲ ✳❆✴✵✶✷✸

✕✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✄� ✄✆✔✑✍✠✁ ✔✞✍�✍☞✂✞ ✄✞✡✂❛✂✡☛ ✂�

✍✟✝ ✞✍✟�✡✝☛✎ ✹❛✔✝ ✡✒✔☎✔ ☛✔✄✝☎✖ ✞✟✠✡✂❛✄✡✂✍�

☞✔✡✒✍✁☎ ✒✄❛✔ ✞✒✄�✆✔✁ ☎✂✆�✂✓✂✞✄�✡✠☛ ✁✔✌✔�✁✂�✆

✟✌✍� ✡✒✔ ✞✒✄✝✄✞✡✔✝✂☎✡✂✞☎ ✍✓ ✌✒☛☎✂✞✄✠

✔�❛✂✝✍�☞✔�✡✖ ✡✔✞✒�✍✠✍✆✂✞✄✠ ♦�✍✏✑✒✍✏ ✄�✁

☎✍✞✂✍✑✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠ ✌✝✄✞✡✂✞✔☎✎ s✄✝☞✂�✆ ❛✄✝✂✔☎ ✓✝✍☞

☎✟✺☎✂☎✡✔�✞✔ ✡✍ ✞✍☞☞✔✝✞✂✄✠ ✡☛✌✔✎ ✕✡ ✌✝✔☎✔�✡✖ ✂�

✁✂✓✓✔✝✔�✡ ✌✄✝✡☎ ✍✓ ■�✁✂✄✖ ✡✒✔ ✓✍✠✠✍✏✂�✆ ✓✄✝☞✂�✆

☎☛☎✡✔☞☎ ✄✝✔ ✌✝✄✞✡✂☎✔✁✎

P✻✼✽✼✾✼✿❀ ❁❂❃❄✼❄✾❀❅❇❀ ❉❊✻✽✼❅❋

❚✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ✓✄✝☞✂�✆ ✂☎ ☎✡✂✠✠ ✌✝✄✞✡✂☎✔✁ ✂� ✓✔✏

✌✍✞♦✔✡☎ ✍✓ ■�✁✂✄✎ ♣✝✂☞✂✡✂❛✔ ☎✟✺☎✂☎✡✔�✞✔

✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✌✝✄✞✡✂☎✔✁ ✍� ☎☞✄✠✠ ✌✄✡✞✒✔☎ ✍✓

✠✄�✁ ✏✂✡✒ ✡✒✔ ✒✔✠✌ ✍✓ ✌✝✂☞✂✡✂❛✔ ✡✍✍✠☎ ✠✂♦✔ ✒✍✔✖

✁✄✍ ✄�✁ ✁✂✆✆✂�✆ ☎✡✂✞♦☎✖ ✄�✁ ✓✄☞✂✠☛❞✞✍☞☞✟�✂✡☛

✠✄✺✍✟✝✎ ❚✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ✓✄✝☞✂�✆ ✁✔✌✔�✁☎ ✟✌✍�

☞✍�☎✍✍�✖ �✄✡✟✝✄✠ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂✡☛ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ☎✍✂✠ ✄�✁

☎✟✂✡✄✺✂✠✂✡☛ ✍✓ ✍✡✒✔✝ ✔�❛✂✝✍�☞✔�✡✄✠ ✞✍�✁✂✡✂✍�☎

✡✍ ✡✒✔ ✞✝✍✌☎ ✆✝✍✏�✎

■✡ ✂☎ ✄ ●☎✠✄☎✒ ✄�✁ ✺✟✝�❍ ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔✎

s✄✝☞✔✝☎ ✞✠✔✄✝ ✄ ✌✄✡✞✒ ✍✓ ✠✄�✁ ✄�✁ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✔

✞✔✝✔✄✠☎ ✄�✁ ✍✡✒✔✝ ✓✍✍✁ ✞✝✍✌☎ ✡✍ ☎✟☎✡✄✂� ✡✒✔✂✝

✓✄☞✂✠☛✎ ❢✒✔� ✡✒✔ ☎✍✂✠ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂✡☛ ✁✔✞✝✔✄☎✔☎✖ ✡✒✔

✓✄✝☞✔✝☎ ☎✒✂✓✡ ✄�✁ ✞✠✔✄✝ ✄ ✓✝✔☎✒ ✌✄✡✞✒ ✍✓ ✠✄�✁

✓✍✝ ✞✟✠✡✂❛✄✡✂✍�✎ ❚✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ☎✒✂✓✡✂�✆ ✄✠✠✍✏☎

◆✄✡✟✝✔ ✡✍ ✝✔✌✠✔�✂☎✒ ✡✒✔ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂✡☛ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ☎✍✂✠

✡✒✝✍✟✆✒ �✄✡✟✝✄✠ ✌✝✍✞✔☎☎✔☎❏ ✠✄�✁ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✡✂❛✂✡☛

✂� ✡✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✠✍✏ ✄☎ ✡✒✔ ✓✄✝☞✔✝

✁✍✔☎ �✍✡ ✟☎✔ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂☎✔✝☎ ✍✝ ✍✡✒✔✝ ☞✍✁✔✝�

✂�✌✟✡☎✎ ■✡ ✂☎ ♦�✍✏� ✺☛ ✁✂✓✓✔✝✔�✡ �✄☞✔☎ ✂�

✁✂✓✓✔✝✔�✡ ✌✄✝✡☎ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ✞✍✟�✡✝☛✎

❈✗✘ ✙✚✛ ✘✗✜✢ ✣✚✜✢ ✣✛✪❑ ✦✙▲✢✣ ✚◗ ◗✗✧✜✤✘✩✣✭

■✡ ✂☎ ❥❘❙❯❯❱❲❳ ✂� �✍✝✡✒✑✔✄☎✡✔✝� ☎✡✄✡✔☎ ✠✂♦✔

✕☎☎✄☞✖ ▼✔✆✒✄✠✄☛✄✖ ▼✂❩✍✝✄☞ ✄�✁ ◆✄✆✄✠✄�✁❏

♣✄☞✠✍✟ ✂� ▼✄�✂✌✟✝✖ ❬✂✌✄ ✂� ✇✄☎✡✄✝ ✁✂☎✡✝✂✞✡ ✍✓

❭✒✄✡✡✂☎✒✆✄✝✒✖ ✄�✁ ✂� ✕�✁✄☞✄� ✄�✁ ◆✂✞✍✺✄✝

■☎✠✄�✁☎✎

Jhumming: The ‘slash and burn’ agricultureis known as ‘Milpa’ in Mexico and CentralAmerica, ‘Conuco’ in Venzuela, ‘Roca’ inBrazil, ‘Masole’ in Central Africa, ‘Ladang’in Indonesia, ‘Ray’ in Vietnam.

In India, this primitive form of cultivationis called ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ in MadhyaPradesh, ‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra Pradesh,‘Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Orissa,‘Kumari’ in Western Ghats, ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’in South-eastern Rajasthan, ‘Khil’ in theHimalayan belt, ‘Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand, and‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region.

❪❫❴❵ ❜❵❝

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆ ✥✝✞✝✞✝ ✟✠✝✞✡✝✡☛☞✞ ☛✞ ✌☞✍✡✎✏✑✞

✟✝✑✡ ☞♣ ✒✞✓☛✝

❋�✁✂ ✄✂✔✆ ✥✝✕✖☞☞ ✟✠✝✞✡✝✡☛☞✞ ☛✞ ✗☞✑✡✎✘✏✝✙✡

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✛✚✤✦ ✧★✦ ✧✜✩✦ ✢✪ ✪✚✫✤♠✛✬ ✭♠✛✮★✚✯✰

✪✚✤♠❢✜ ♠✰ ✦✛✬✚✬✦✱ ♠✛✲

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✦✛❢♠✰✧ ✰✢✤✦ ✳✫✢✩✰ ✴★♠✳★ ✚✫✦ ✬✫✢✴✛

♠✛ ✰✣✳★ ✪✚✫✤♠✛✬✲

■✵✶✷✵✸✹✺✷ ✻✼✽✸✹✸✶✷✵✾✷ ✿❀❁❂✹✵❃

❚❄❅❆ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖ ❅❆ ❊▲❑P❇❅❆●◗ ❅◆ ❑▲●❑❆ ❍❏

❄❅❖❄ ❊❍❊❤❘❑❇❅❍◆ ❊▲●❆❆❤▲● ❍◆ ❘❑◆◗❡ ❙❇ ❅❆ ❘❑❯❍❤▲❱

❅◆❇●◆❆❅✐● ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖❲ ❳❄●▲● ❄❅❖❄ ◗❍❆●❆ ❍❏

❯❅❍P❄●▼❅P❑❘ ❅◆❊❤❇❆ ❑◆◗ ❅▲▲❅❖❑❇❅❍◆ ❑▲● ❤❆●◗ ❏❍▲

❍❯❇❑❅◆❅◆❖ ❄❅❖❄●▲ ❊▲❍◗❤P❇❅❍◆❡

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✛✚✤✦ ✰✢✤✦ ✢✪ ✧★✦ ✰✧✚✧✦✰ ✢✪ ❨✛✱♠✚

✴★✦✫✦ ✰✣✳★ ✪✚✫✤♠✛✬ ♠✰ ✩✫✚✳✧♠✰✦✱✲

❚❄❍❤❖❄ ❇❄● ❩▲❅❖❄❇ ❍❏ ❅◆❄●▲❅❇❑◆P●❬ ❘●❑◗❅◆❖ ❇❍

❇❄● ◗❅✐❅❆❅❍◆ ❍❏ ❘❑◆◗ ❑▼❍◆❖ ❆❤PP●❆❆❅✐●

❖●◆●▲❑❇❅❍◆❆ ❄❑❆ ▲●◆◗●▲●◗ ❘❑◆◗❱❄❍❘◗❅◆❖ ❆❅❣●

❤◆●P❍◆❍▼❅P❑❘❲ ❇❄● ❏❑▲▼●▲❆ P❍◆❇❅◆❤● ❇❍ ❇❑✉●

▼❑❭❅▼❤▼ ❍❤❇❊❤❇ ❏▲❍▼ ❇❄● ❘❅▼❅❇●◗ ❘❑◆◗ ❅◆ ❇❄●

❑❯❆●◆P● ❍❏ ❑❘❇●▲◆❑❇❅✐● ❆❍❤▲P● ❍❏ ❘❅✐●❘❅❄❍❍◗❡

❚❄❤❆❲ ❇❄●▲● ❅❆ ●◆❍▲▼❍❤❆ ❊▲●❆❆❤▲● ❍◆

❑❖▲❅P❤❘❇❤▲❑❘ ❘❑◆◗❡

❪❫❂❂✷❁✾✹❀❴ ✿❀❁❂✹✵❃

❚❄●▼❑❅◆ P❄❑▲❑P❇●▲❅❆❇❅P ❍❏ ❇❄❅❆ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖

❅❆ ❇❄● ❤❆● ❍❏ ❄❅❖❄●▲ ◗❍❆●❆ ❍❏ ▼❍◗●▲◆ ❅◆❊❤❇❆❲

●❡❖❡ ❄❅❖❄ ❉❅●❘◗❅◆❖ ✐❑▲❅●❇❉ ❵❛❜❝❞ ❆●●◗❆❲ P❄●▼❅P❑❘

❏●▲❇❅❘❅❆●▲❆❲ ❅◆❆●P❇❅P❅◗●❆ ❑◆◗ ❊●❆❇❅P❅◗●❆ ❅◆ ❍▲◗●▲

❇❍ ❍❯❇❑❅◆ ❄❅❖❄●▲ ❊▲❍◗❤P❇❅✐❅❇❉❡ ❚❄● ◗●❖▲●● ❍❏

P❍▼▼●▲P❅❑❘❅❆❑❇❅❍◆ ❍❏ ❑❖▲❅P❤❘❇❤▲● ✐❑▲❅●❆ ❏▲❍▼

❍◆● ▲●❖❅❍◆ ❇❍ ❑◆❍❇❄●▲❡ ❥❍▲ ●❭❑▼❊❘●❲ ▲❅P● ❅❆ ❑

P❍▼▼●▲P❅❑❘ P▲❍❊ ❅◆ ❛❑▲❉❑◆❑ ❑◆◗ ❦❤◆❧❑❯❲ ❯❤❇

❅◆ ♥▲❅❆❆❑❲ ❅❇ ❅❆ ❑ ❆❤❯❆❅❆❇●◆P● P▲❍❊❡

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✬♠♦✦ ✰✢✤✦ ✤✢✫✦ ✦q✚✤✩❢✦✰ ✢✪ ✳✫✢✩✰

✴★♠✳★ ✤✚✜ ✇✦ ✳✢✤✤✦✫✳♠✚❢ ♠✛ ✢✛✦ ✫✦✬♠✢✛ ✚✛✱

✤✚✜ ✩✫✢♦♠✱✦ ✰✣✇✰♠✰✧✦✛✳✦ ♠✛ ✚✛✢✧★✦✫ ✫✦✬♠✢✛✲

❦❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆ ❅❆ ❑❘❆❍ ❑ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ P❍▼▼●▲P❅❑❘

❏❑▲▼❅◆❖❡ ❙◆ ❇❄❅❆ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖❲ ❑ ❆❅◆❖❘● P▲❍❊

❅❆ ❖▲❍❳◆ ❍◆ ❑ ❘❑▲❖● ❑▲●❑❡ ❚❄● ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆ ❄❑❆

❑◆ ❅◆❇●▲❏❑P● ❍❏ ❑❖▲❅P❤❘❇❤▲● ❑◆◗ ❅◆◗❤❆❇▲❉❡

❦❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆❆ P❍✐●▲ ❘❑▲❖● ❇▲❑P❇❆ ❍❏ ❘❑◆◗❲ ❤❆❅◆❖

P❑❊❅❇❑❘ ❅◆❇●◆❆❅✐● ❅◆❊❤❇❆❲ ❳❅❇❄ ❇❄● ❄●❘❊ ❍❏

▼❅❖▲❑◆❇ ❘❑❯❍❤▲●▲❆❡ r❘❘ ❇❄● ❊▲❍◗❤P● ❅❆ ❤❆●◗ ❑❆

▲❑❳▼❑❇●▲❅❑❘ ❅◆ ▲●❆❊●P❇❅✐● ❅◆◗❤❆❇▲❅●❆❡

❙◆ ❙◆◗❅❑❲ ❇●❑❲ P❍❏❏●●❲ ▲❤❯❯●▲❲ ❆❤❖❑▲P❑◆●❲

❯❑◆❑◆❑❲ ●❇P❡❡ ❑▲● ❅▼❊❍▲❇❑◆❇ ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆ P▲❍❊❆❡

❚●❑ ❅◆ r❆❆❑▼ ❑◆◗ s❍▲❇❄ t●◆❖❑❘ P❍❏❏●● ❅◆

Rinjha lived with her family in a small villageat the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoyswatching her family members clearing,slashing and burning a patch of land forcultivation. She often helps them in irrigatingthe fields with water running through abamboo canal from the nearby spring. Sheloves the surroundings and wants to stayhere as long as she can, but this little girlhas no idea about the declining fertility ofthe soil and her family’s search for fresh apatch of land in the next season.

✈❑▲◆❑❇❑✉❑❑▲● ❆❍▼●❍❏ ❇❄● ❅▼❊❍▲❇❑◆❇ ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆

P▲❍❊❆ ❖▲❍❳◆ ❅◆ ❇❄●❆● ❆❇❑❇●❆❡ ①❅◆P● ❇❄●

❊▲❍◗❤P❇❅❍◆ ❅❆ ▼❑❅◆❘❉ ❏❍▲ ▼❑▲✉●❇❲ ❑ ❳●❘❘❱

◗●✐●❘❍❊●◗ ◆●❇❳❍▲✉ ❍❏ ❇▲❑◆❆❊❍▲❇ ❑◆◗

P❍▼▼❤◆❅P❑❇❅❍◆ P❍◆◆●P❇❅◆❖ ❇❄● ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆

❑▲●❑❆❲ ❊▲❍P●❆❆❅◆❖ ❅◆◗❤❆❇▲❅●❆ ❑◆◗▼❑▲✉●❇❆ ❊❘❑❉❆

❑◆ ❅▼❊❍▲❇❑◆❇ ▲❍❘● ❅◆ ❇❄● ◗●✐●❘❍❊▼●◆❇ ❍❏

❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆❆❡

35AGRICULTURE


❈❘�✁✁✂✄☎ ✥❆✆✆✝❘✄

❨♦✞ ✟✠✡☛ ☞✌✞✍✎☛✍ ✌✟☛ ✏✟✑☞✎✒✠✓ ✍✎✡☛✔☞✎✌✎☛☞ ✠✕✍

✏✓✞✔✠✓✎✌✑ ♦♣ ✒✞✓✌✞✔☛☞ ✎✕ ✖✕✍✎✠✗ ✘✟☛☞☛ ✠✔☛ ✠✓☞♦

✔☛♣✓☛✒✌☛✍ ✎✕ ✠r✔✎✒✞✓✌✞✔✠✓ ✏✔✠✒✌✎✒☛☞ ✠✕✍

✒✔♦✏✏✎✕r ✏✠✌✌☛✔✕☞ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑✗ ♥✠✔✎♦✞☞

✌✑✏☛☞ ♦♣ ♣♦♦✍ ✠✕✍ ♣✎t✔☛ ✒✔♦✏☞✙ ✡☛r☛✌✠t✓☛☞ ✠✕✍

♣✔✞✎✌☞✙ ☞✏✎✒☛☞ ✠✕✍ ✒♦✕✍✎❢☛✕✌☞✙ ☛✌✒✗✗ ✒♦✕☞✌✎✌✞✌☛

☞♦❢☛ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✒✔♦✏☞ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✌✟☛

✒♦✞✕✌✔✑✗ ✖✕✍✎✠ ✟✠☞ ✌✟✔☛☛ ✒✔♦✏✏✎✕r ☞☛✠☞♦✕☞ ❝

✚✛✜✢✙ ❦✣✛✚✢✤ ✠✕✍ ③✛✢✦✗

✧✠t✎ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ ☞♦s✕ ✎✕ s✎✕✌☛✔ ♣✔♦❢★✒✌♦t☛✔

✌♦ ✩☛✒☛❢t☛✔ ✠✕✍ ✟✠✔✡☛☞✌☛✍ ✎✕ ☞✞❢❢☛✔ ♣✔♦❢

✪✏✔✎✓ ✌♦ ✫✞✕☛✗ ✬♦❢☛ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✔✠t✎ ✒✔♦✏☞

✠✔☛ s✟☛✠✌✙ t✠✔✓☛✑✙ ✏☛✠☞✙ r✔✠❢ ✠✕✍ ❢✞☞✌✠✔✍✗

✘✟♦✞r✟✙ ✌✟☛☞☛ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✓✠✔r☛ ✏✠✔✌☞

♦♣ ✖✕✍✎✠✙ ☞✌✠✌☛☞ ♣✔♦❢ ✌✟☛ ✕♦✔✌✟ ✠✕✍ ✕♦✔✌✟✭

s☛☞✌☛✔✕ ✏✠✔✌☞ ☞✞✒✟ ✠☞ ✇✞✕✮✠t✙ ✯✠✔✑✠✕✠✙

✯✎❢✠✒✟✠✓ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟✙ ✫✠❢❢✞ ✠✕✍ ❍✠☞✟❢✎✔✙

❯✌✌✠✔✠✕✒✟✠✓ ✠✕✍ ❯✌✌✠✔ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟ ✠✔☛ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌

♣♦✔ ✌✟☛ ✏✔♦✍✞✒✌✎♦✕ ♦♣ s✟☛✠✌ ✠✕✍ ♦✌✟☛✔ ✔✠t✎

✒✔♦✏☞✗ ✪✡✠✎✓✠t✎✓✎✌✑ ♦♣ ✏✔☛✒✎✏✎✌✠✌✎♦✕ ✍✞✔✎✕r

s✎✕✌☛✔ ❢♦✕✌✟☞ ✍✞☛ ✌♦ ✌✟☛ s☛☞✌☛✔✕ ✌☛❢✏☛✔✠✌☛

✒✑✒✓♦✕☛☞ ✟☛✓✏☞ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ ☞✞✒✒☛☞☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛☞☛ ✒✔♦✏☞✗

✯♦s☛✡☛✔✙ ✌✟☛ ☞✞✒✒☛☞☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ r✔☛☛✕ ✔☛✡♦✓✞✌✎♦✕

✎✕ ✇✞✕✮✠t✙ ✯✠✔✑✠✕✠✙ s☛☞✌☛✔✕ ❯✌✌✠✔ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟

✠✕✍ ✏✠✔✌☞ ♦♣ ✧✠✮✠☞✌✟✠✕ ✟✠☞ ✠✓☞♦ t☛☛✕ ✠✕

✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ♣✠✒✌♦✔ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ r✔♦s✌✟ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✠t♦✡☛✭

❢☛✕✌✎♦✕☛✍ ✔✠t✎ ✒✔♦✏☞✗

❍✟✠✔✎♣ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕ s✎✌✟ ✌✟☛ ♦✕☞☛✌ ♦♣

❢♦✕☞♦♦✕ ✎✕ ✍✎♣♣☛✔☛✕✌ ✏✠✔✌☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑ ✠✕✍

✌✟☛☞☛ ✠✔☛ ✟✠✔✡☛☞✌☛✍ ✎✕ ✬☛✏✌☛❢t☛✔✭★✒✌♦t☛✔✗

✖❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✒✔♦✏☞ r✔♦s✕ ✍✞✔✎✕r ✌✟✎☞ ☞☛✠☞♦✕ ✠✔☛

✏✠✍✍✑✙ ❢✠✎✰☛✙ ✮♦s✠✔✙ t✠✮✔✠✙ ✌✞✔ ✱✠✔✟✠✔❤✙ ❢♦♦✕r✙

✞✔✠✍✙ ✒♦✌✌♦✕✙ ✮✞✌☛✙ r✔♦✞✕✍✕✞✌ ✠✕✍ ☞♦✑✠t☛✠✕✗

✬♦❢☛ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ❢♦☞✌ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✔✎✒☛✭r✔♦s✎✕r

✔☛r✎♦✕☞✠✔☛✪☞☞✠❢✙❡☛☞✌ ✲☛✕r✠✓✙ ✒♦✠☞✌✠✓ ✔☛r✎♦✕☞

♦♣★✔✎☞☞✠✙ ✪✕✍✟✔✠ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟✙ ✘✠❢✎✓ ✳✠✍✞✙ ❍☛✔✠✓✠

✠✕✍ ❛✠✟✠✔✠☞✟✌✔✠✙ ✏✠✔✌✎✒✞✓✠✔✓✑ ✌✟☛ ✱❍♦✕✴✠✕

✒♦✠☞✌❤ ✠✓♦✕r s✎✌✟ ❯✌✌✠✔ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟ ✠✕✍ ✲✎✟✠✔✗

✧☛✒☛✕✌✓✑✙ ✏✠✍✍✑ ✟✠☞ ✠✓☞♦ t☛✒♦❢☛ ✠✕ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌

✒✔♦✏ ♦♣ ✇✞✕✮✠t ✠✕✍ ✯✠✔✑✠✕✠✗ ✖✕ ☞✌✠✌☛☞ ✓✎✴☛

✪☞☞✠❢✙❡☛☞✌ ✲☛✕r✠✓ ✠✕✍★✔✎☞☞✠✙ ✌✟✔☛☛ ✒✔♦✏☞ ♦♣

✏✠✍✍✑ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✠ ✑☛✠✔✗ ✘✟☛☞☛ ✠✔☛ ✵✶✷✙

✵✸✹✺ ✠✕✍ ❇✻✼✻✗

✖✕ t☛✌s☛☛✕ ✌✟☛ ✔✠t✎ ✠✕✍ ✌✟☛ ✴✟✠✔✎♣ ☞☛✠☞♦✕☞✙

✌✟☛✔☛ ✎☞ ✠ ☞✟♦✔✌ ☞☛✠☞♦✕ ✍✞✔✎✕r ✌✟☛ ☞✞❢❢☛✔

❢♦✕✌✟☞ ✴✕♦s✕ ✠☞ ✌✟☛ ❩✛✢✦ ☞☛✠☞♦✕✗ ✬♦❢☛ ♦♣

✌✟☛ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✏✔♦✍✞✒☛✍ ✍✞✔✎✕r ✽✰✠✎✍✾ ✠✔☛

s✠✌☛✔❢☛✓♦✕✙ ❢✞☞✴❢☛✓♦✕✙ ✒✞✒✞❢t☛✔✙

✡☛r☛✌✠t✓☛☞ ✠✕✍ ♣♦✍✍☛✔ ✒✔♦✏☞✗ ✬✞r✠✔✒✠✕☛ ✌✠✴☛☞

✠✓❢♦☞✌ ✠ ✑☛✠✔ ✌♦ r✔♦s✗

▼✛✿❀✚ ❁✚❀❂❃

✪ ✡✠✔✎☛✌✑ ♦♣ ♣♦♦✍ ✠✕✍ ✕♦✕ ♣♦♦✍ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕

✎✕ ✍✎♣♣☛✔☛✕✌ ✏✠✔✌☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑ ✍☛✏☛✕✍✎✕r

✞✏♦✕ ✌✟☛ ✡✠✔✎✠✌✎♦✕☞ ✎✕ ☞♦✎✓✙ ✒✓✎❢✠✌☛ ✠✕✍

✒✞✓✌✎✡✠✌✎♦✕ ✏✔✠✒✌✎✒☛☞✗ ❛✠✮♦✔ ✒✔♦✏☞ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕

✖✕✍✎✠ ✠✔☛ ✔✎✒☛✙ s✟☛✠✌✙❢✎✓✓☛✌☞✙ ✏✞✓☞☛☞✙ ✌☛✠✙ ✒♦♣♣☛☛✙

☞✞r✠✔✒✠✕☛✙ ♦✎✓ ☞☛☛✍☞✙ ✒♦✌✌♦✕ ✠✕✍ ✮✞✌☛✙ ☛✌✒✗

❄❅❉❊❋ ✖✌ ✎☞ ✌✟☛ ☞✌✠✏✓☛ ♣♦♦✍ ✒✔♦✏ ♦♣ ✠ ❢✠✮♦✔✎✌✑ ♦♣

✌✟☛ ✏☛♦✏✓☛ ✎✕ ✖✕✍✎✠✗ ★✞✔ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑ ✎☞ ✌✟☛ ☞☛✒♦✕✍

✓✠✔r☛☞✌ ✏✔♦✍✞✒☛✔ ♦♣ ✔✎✒☛ ✎✕ ✌✟☛s♦✔✓✍ ✠♣✌☛✔ ❧✟✎✕✠✗

✖✌ ✎☞ ✠ ✴✟✠✔✎♣ ✒✔♦✏ s✟✎✒✟ ✔☛■✞✎✔☛☞ ✟✎r✟

✌☛❢✏☛✔✠✌✞✔☛✙ ✱✠t♦✡☛ ●❏❑❧❤ ✠✕✍ ✟✎r✟ ✟✞❢✎✍✎✌✑

s✎✌✟ ✠✕✕✞✠✓ ✔✠✎✕♣✠✓✓ ✠t♦✡☛ ▲◆◆ ✒❢✗ ✖✕ ✌✟☛ ✠✔☛✠☞

♦♣ ✓☛☞☞ ✔✠✎✕♣✠✓✓✙ ✎✌ r✔♦s☞s✎✌✟ ✌✟☛ ✟☛✓✏♦♣ ✎✔✔✎r✠✌✎♦✕✗

✧✎✒☛ ✎☞ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ ✏✓✠✎✕☞ ♦♣ ✕♦✔✌✟ ✠✕✍

✕♦✔✌✟✭☛✠☞✌☛✔✕ ✖✕✍✎✠✙ ✒♦✠☞✌✠✓ ✠✔☛✠☞ ✠✕✍ ✌✟☛

✍☛✓✌✠✎✒ ✔☛r✎♦✕☞✗ ✩☛✡☛✓♦✏❢☛✕✌ ♦♣ ✍☛✕☞☛ ✕☛✌s♦✔✴

❖P◗❙ ❚❙❚ ❱❲❳❬ ❭❪❫❴ ❪❵ ❜❴❞❣✐ ❥♠ q❴ ✉❞❜✈❴❵❥❴❣ ❪① ❥✉❴ ②❪❴④❣

❖P◗❙ ❚❙❚ ❱⑤❳❬ ❭❪❫❴ ⑥⑦④❥❪✈❞❥❪♠①

37AGRICULTURE

■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✆✎✏


♦� ✁✂✄✂☎ ✆✝✝✆✞✂✟✆♦✄ ✂✄✠ ✟✡☛☞✌☞☎☎✍ ✎✂✏☞ ✑✂✠☞ ✆✟

♣♦✍✍✆☛☎☞ ✟♦ ✞✝♦✌ ✝✆✁☞ ✆✄ ✂✝☞✂✍ ♦� ☎☞✍✍ ✝✂✆✄�✂☎☎

✍✡✁✎ ✂✍ s✡✄✒✂☛✓ ✔✂✝✕✂✄✂ ✂✄✠ ✌☞✍✟☞✝✄ ✖✟✟✂✝

s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✄✠ ♣✂✝✟✍ ♦� P✂✒✂✍✟✎✂✄✗

❲✘✙✚✛✜ ✥✎✆✍ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ✍☞✁♦✄✠ ✑♦✍✟ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟

✁☞✝☞✂☎ ✁✝♦♣✗ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ✑✂✆✄ �♦♦✠ ✁✝♦♣✓ ✆✄ ✄♦✝✟✎

✂✄✠ ✄♦✝✟✎❛✌☞✍✟☞✝✄ ♣✂✝✟ ♦� ✟✎☞ ✁♦✡✄✟✝✕✗ ✥✎✆✍

✝✂☛✆ ✁✝♦♣ ✝☞r✡✆✝☞✍ ✂ ✁♦♦☎ ✞✝♦✌✆✄✞ ✍☞✂✍♦✄ ✂✄✠

✂ ☛✝✆✞✎✟ ✍✡✄✍✎✆✄☞ ✂✟ ✟✎☞ ✟✆✑☞ ♦� ✝✆♣☞✄✆✄✞✗ ❝✟

✝☞r✡✆✝☞✍ ✢✣ ✟♦ ✤✢ ✁✑ ♦� ✂✄✄✡✂☎ ✝✂✆✄�✂☎☎ ☞✏☞✄☎✕❛

✠✆✍✟✝✆☛✡✟☞✠ ♦✏☞✝ ✟✎☞ ✞✝♦✌✆✄✞ ✍☞✂✍♦✄✗ ✥✎☞✝☞ ✂✝☞

✟✌♦ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ ✌✎☞✂✟❛✞✝♦✌✆✄✞ t♦✄☞✍ ✆✄ ✟✎☞

✁♦✡✄✟✝✕ ✦ ✟✎☞ ✧✂✄✞✂❛★✂✟☎✡✒ ♣☎✂✆✄✍ ✆✄ ✟✎☞ ✄♦✝✟✎❛

✌☞✍✟ ✂✄✠ ☛☎✂✁✇ ✍♦✆☎ ✝☞✞✆♦✄ ♦� ✟✎☞ ✩☞✁✁✂✄✗ ✥✎☞

✑✂✒♦✝ ✌✎☞✂✟❛♣✝♦✠✡✁✆✄✞ ✍✟✂✟☞✍ ✂✝☞ s✡✄✒✂☛✓

✔✂✝✕✂✄✂✓✖✟✟✂✝ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓ ❍✆✎✂✝✓ P✂✒✂✍✟✎✂✄ ✂✄✠

♣✂✝✟✍ ♦� ✪✂✠✎✕✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✗

❋✫✬✭ ✮✭✯✰ ✱✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✵✹✺✴✵✹✻✼

▼✽✾✾✙✛✿✜ ❀♦✌✂✝✓ ☛✂✒✝✂ ✂✄✠ ✝✂✞✆ ✂✝☞ ✟✎☞

✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ ✑✆☎☎☞✟✍ ✞✝♦✌✄ ✆✄ ❝✄✠✆✂✗ ✥✎♦✡✞✎✓

✟✎☞✍☞ ✂✝☞ ✇✄♦✌✄ ✂✍ ✁♦✂✝✍☞ ✞✝✂✆✄✍✓ ✟✎☞✕ ✎✂✏☞

✏☞✝✕ ✎✆✞✎ ✄✡✟✝✆✟✆♦✄✂☎ ✏✂☎✡☞✗ ✈♦✝ ☞❁✂✑♣☎☞✓ ✝✂✞✆

✆✍ ✏☞✝✕ ✝✆✁✎ ✆✄ ✆✝♦✄✓ ✁✂☎✁✆✡✑✓ ♦✟✎☞✝ ✑✆✁✝♦

✄✡✟✝✆☞✄✟✍ ✂✄✠ ✝♦✡✞✎✂✞☞✗ ❀♦✌✂✝ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ✟✎✆✝✠

✑♦✍✟ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ �♦♦✠ ✁✝♦♣ ✌✆✟✎ ✝☞✍♣☞✁✟ ✟♦ ✂✝☞✂

✂✄✠ ♣✝♦✠✡✁✟✆♦✄✗ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✂ ✝✂✆✄❛�☞✠ ✁✝♦♣ ✑♦✍✟☎✕

✞✝♦✌✄ ✆✄ ✟✎☞ ✑♦✆✍✟ ✂✝☞✂✍ ✌✎✆✁✎ ✎✂✝✠☎✕ ✄☞☞✠✍

✆✝✝✆✞✂✟✆♦✄✗✪✂✎✂✝✂✍✎✟✝✂ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝

♦� ✒♦✌✂✝ �♦☎☎♦✌☞✠ ☛✕ ❂✂✝✄✂✟✂✇✂✓ ❃✄✠✎✝✂

s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✄✠ ✪✂✠✎✕✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✗

❍✂✒✝✂ ✞✝♦✌✍ ✌☞☎☎ ♦✄ ✍✂✄✠✕ ✍♦✆☎✍ ✂✄✠ ✍✎✂☎☎♦✌

☛☎✂✁✇ ✍♦✆☎✗ P✂✒✂✍✟✎✂✄ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝ ♦�

☛✂✒✝✂ �♦☎☎♦✌☞✠ ☛✕ ✖✟✟✂✝ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓✪✂✎✂✝✂✍✎✟✝✂✓

✧✡✒✂✝✂✟ ✂✄✠ ✔✂✝✕✂✄✂✗ P✂✞✆ ✆✍ ✂ ✁✝♦♣ ♦� ✠✝✕

❋✫✬✭ ✮✭❄✰ ❅✴❆❇✴ ✶✷✸✵✹✺✴✵✹✻✼

✝☞✞✆♦✄✍ ✂✄✠ ✞✝♦✌✍ ✌☞☎☎ ♦✄ ✝☞✠✓ ☛☎✂✁✇✓ ✍✂✄✠✕✓

☎♦✂✑✕ ✂✄✠ ✍✎✂☎☎♦✌ ☛☎✂✁✇ ✍♦✆☎✍✗ ❂✂✝✄✂✟✂✇✂ ✆✍

✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝ ♦� ✝✂✞✆ �♦☎☎♦✌☞✠ ☛✕ ✥✂✑✆☎

◆✂✠✡✗ ❃♣✂✝✟ �✝♦✑ ✟✎☞✍☞ ✍✟✂✟☞✍✓ ✔✆✑✂✁✎✂☎

s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓✖✟✟✂✝✂✄✁✎✂☎✓ ★✆✇✇✆✑✓ ❀✎✂✝✇✎✂✄✠ ✂✄✠

❃✝✡✄✂✁✎✂☎ s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✝☞ ✂☎✍♦ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ �♦✝ ✟✎☞

♣✝♦✠✡✁✟✆♦✄ ♦� ✝✂✞✆✗

▼✚✽❈✙✜ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✂ ✁✝♦♣ ✌✎✆✁✎ ✆✍ ✡✍☞✠ ☛♦✟✎ ✂✍ �♦♦✠

✂✄✠ �♦✠✠☞✝✗ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✂ ✇✎✂✝✆� ✁✝♦♣ ✌✎✆✁✎ ✝☞r✡✆✝☞✍

❋✫✬✭ ✮✭❉✰ ❊✴✹●✳ ✶✷✸✵✹✺✴✵✹✻✼

✟☞✑♣☞✝✂✟✡✝☞ ☛☞✟✌☞☞✄ ■❏❑▲ ✟♦ ■✤❑▲ ✂✄✠ ✞✝♦✌✍

✌☞☎☎ ✆✄ ♦☎✠ ✂☎☎✡✏✆✂☎ ✍♦✆☎✗ ❝✄ ✍♦✑☞ ✍✟✂✟☞✍ ☎✆✇☞ ❍✆✎✂✝

✑✂✆t☞ ✆✍ ✞✝♦✌✄ ✆✄ ✝✂☛✆ ✍☞✂✍♦✄ ✂☎✍♦✗ ✖✍☞ ♦�

✑♦✠☞✝✄ ✆✄♣✡✟✍ ✍✡✁✎ ✂✍ ✔♠❖ ✍☞☞✠✍✓ �☞✝✟✆☎✆✍☞✝✍

✂✄✠ ✆✝✝✆✞✂✟✆♦✄ ✎✂✏☞ ✁♦✄✟✝✆☛✡✟☞✠ ✟♦ ✟✎☞ ✆✄✁✝☞✂✍✆✄✞

♣✝♦✠✡✁✟✆♦✄ ♦� ✑✂✆t☞✗ ✪✂✒♦✝ ✑✂✆t☞❛♣✝♦✠✡✁✆✄✞

✍✟✂✟☞✍ ✂✝☞ ❂✂✝✄✂✟✂✇✂✓ ✖✟✟✂✝ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓ ❍✆✎✂✝✓

❃✄✠✎✝✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✄✠ ✪✂✠✎✕✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✗

◗❘✾✿✙✿✜ ❝✄✠✆✂ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝ ✂✍ ✌☞☎☎

✂✍ ✟✎☞ ✁♦✄✍✡✑☞✝ ♦� ♣✡☎✍☞✍ ✆✄ ✟✎☞ ✌♦✝☎✠✗ ✥✎☞✍☞

✂✝☞ ✟✎☞✑✂✒♦✝ ✍♦✡✝✁☞ ♦� ♣✝♦✟☞✆✄ ✆✄ ✂ ✏☞✞☞✟✂✝✆✂✄

39AGRICULTURE

■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✎✏✑✞


s�✁✂❝✄ �☎ s✁✆✝✂✱ ✆✁✂ ✞✟✝✆✆✝✂✠✡✱ ☛☞✝✌✍s✝✂✎ ✝✌✍

♠�✏✝ss✄s✑ ✒☞✄ ♠✝✟�✂ s✁✆✝✂❝✝✌✄✓✔✂�✍✁❝✎✌✆

s✕✝✕✄s ✝✂✄ ✖✕✕✝✂ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱ ✘✝☞✝✂✝s☞✕✂✝✱

❑✝✂✌✝✕✝☛✝✱ ✒✝♠✎✏ ✙✝✍✁✱ ✚✌✍☞✂✝ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱

❇✎☞✝✂✱ ✗✁✌✟✝✛ ✝✌✍ ✜✝✂✠✝✌✝✑

❖✢✣ ✤✥✥✦✧★ ■✌✍✎✝ ✎s ✕☞✄ ✏✝✂✆✄s✕ ✔✂�✍✁❝✄✂ �☎ �✎✏✓

s✄✄✍s ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✩�✂✏✍✑ ✪✎☎☎✄✂✄✌✕ �✎✏ s✄✄✍s ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌

❝�✫✄✂✎✌✆ ✝✔✔✂�✬✎♠✝✕✄✏✠ ✭✮ ✔✄✂ ❝✄✌✕ �☎ ✕☞✄ ✕�✕✝✏

❝✂�✔✔✄✍ ✝✂✄✝ �☎ ✕☞✄ ❝�✁✌✕✂✠✑ ✘✝✎✌ �✎✏✓s✄✄✍s

✔✂�✍✁❝✄✍ ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✁✌✍✌✁✕✱ ♠✁s✕✝✂✍✱

❝�❝�✌✁✕✱ s✄s✝♠✁♠ ✞✕✎✏✡✱ s�✠✝✛✄✝✌✱ ❝✝s✕�✂ s✄✄✍s✱

❝�✕✕�✌ s✄✄✍s✱ ✏✎✌s✄✄✍ ✝✌✍ s✁✌☎✏�✩✄✂✑ ✘�s✕ �☎

✕☞✄s✄ ✝✂✄ ✄✍✎✛✏✄ ✝✌✍ ✁s✄✍ ✝s ❝��☛✎✌✆♠✄✍✎✁♠s✑

✜�✩✄✫✄✂✱ s�♠✄ �☎ ✕☞✄s✄ ✝✂✄ ✝✏s� ✁s✄✍ ✝s ✂✝✩

♠✝✕✄✂✎✝✏ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✔✂�✍✁❝✕✎�✌ �☎ s�✝✔✱ ❝�s♠✄✕✎❝s

✝✌✍ �✎✌✕♠✄✌✕s✑

●✂�✁✌✍✌✁✕ ✎s ✝ ☛☞✝✂✎☎ ❝✂�✔ ✝✌✍ ✝❝❝�✁✌✕s

☎�✂ ✝✛�✁✕ ☞✝✏☎ �☎ ✕☞✄ ♠✝✟�✂ �✎✏s✄✄✍s ✔✂�✍✁❝✄✍

✎✌ ✕☞✄ ❝�✁✌✕✂✠✑ ✚✌✍☞✂✝ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞ ✎s ✕☞✄ ✏✝✂✆✄s✕

✔✂�✍✁❝✄✂ �☎ ✆✂�✁✌✍✌✁✕ ☎�✏✏�✩✄✍ ✛✠ ✒✝♠✎✏

✙✝✍✁✱ ❑✝✂✌✝✕✝☛✝✱ ●✁✟✝✂✝✕ ✝✌✍✘✝☞✝✂✝s☞✕✂✝ ◆

✏✎✌s✄✄✍ ✝✌✍♠✁s✕✝✂✍ ✝✂✄ ✂✝✛✎ ❝✂�✔s✑ ❧✄s✝♠✁♠

✎s ✝ ☛☞✝✂✎☎ ❝✂�✔ ✎✌ ✌�✂✕☞ ✝✌✍ ✂✝✛✎ ❝✂�✔ ✎✌ s�✁✕☞

■✌✍✎✝✑ ✯✝s✕�✂ s✄✄✍ ✎s ✆✂�✩✌ ✛�✕☞ ✝s ✂✝✛✎ ✝✌✍

☛☞✝✂✎☎ ❝✂�✔✑

❚✥✰★ ✒✄✝ ❝✁✏✕✎✫✝✕✎�✌ ✎s ✝✌ ✄✬✝♠✔✏✄ �☎

✔✏✝✌✕✝✕✎�✌ ✝✆✂✎❝✁✏✕✁✂✄✑ ■✕ ✎s ✝✏s� ✝✌ ✎♠✔�✂✕✝✌✕

✛✄✫✄✂✝✆✄ ❝✂�✔ ✎✌✕✂�✍✁❝✄✍ ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✎✌✎✕✎✝✏✏✠ ✛✠

✕☞✄ ❇✂✎✕✎s☞✑ ✒�✍✝✠✱ ♠�s✕ �☎ ✕☞✄ ✕✄✝ ✔✏✝✌✕✝✕✎�✌s

✝✂✄ �✩✌✄✍ ✛✠ ■✌✍✎✝✌s✑ ✒☞✄ ✕✄✝ ✔✏✝✌✕ ✆✂�✩s ✩✄✏✏

✎✌ ✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ✝✌✍ s✁✛✓✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ❝✏✎♠✝✕✄s ✄✌✍�✩✄✍

✩✎✕☞ ✍✄✄✔ ✝✌✍ ☎✄✂✕✎✏✄ ✩✄✏✏✓✍✂✝✎✌✄✍ s�✎✏✱ ✂✎❝☞ ✎✌

☞✁♠✁s ✝✌✍ �✂✆✝✌✎❝ ♠✝✕✕✄✂✑ ✒✄✝ ✛✁s☞✄s

✂✄r✁✎✂✄ ✩✝✂♠ ✝✌✍ ♠�✎s✕ ☎✂�s✕✓☎✂✄✄ ❝✏✎♠✝✕✄ ✝✏✏

✕☞✂�✁✆☞ ✕☞✄ ✠✄✝✂✑ ✳✂✄r✁✄✌✕ s☞�✩✄✂s ✄✫✄✌✏✠

✍✎s✕✂✎✛✁✕✄✍ �✫✄✂ ✕☞✄ ✠✄✝✂ ✄✌s✁✂✄ ❝�✌✕✎✌✁�✁s

✆✂�✩✕☞ �☎ ✕✄✌✍✄✂ ✏✄✝✫✄s✑ ✒✄✝ ✎s ✝ ✏✝✛�✁✂✓

✎✌✕✄✌s✎✫✄ ✎✌✍✁s✕✂✠✑ ■✕ ✂✄r✁✎✂✄s ✝✛✁✌✍✝✌✕✱

❋✲✴✵ ✶✵✷✸ ✹✺✻✼✽✾✼✿❀ ❁✺❂❃❄❅✼❃❄❆✿

❋✲✴✵ ✶✵❈✸ ❉✽❆✺✿❊✿✺❃❍ ❏✺✿▲❂❆▼❀✽ ✼✿❊ P✺❏❃✼✽❊ ✼✽❀ ✽❀✼❊◗ ❃❆ ❘❀ ❙✼✽❅❀❏❃❀❊ ❄✿ ❃❙❀ ▲❄❀❂❊

✍✎✄✕✑ ✘✝✟�✂ ✔✁✏s✄s ✕☞✝✕ ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✝✂✄

✕✁✂ ✞✝✂☞✝✂✡✱ ✁✂✝✍✱ ♠��✌✆✱ ♠✝s✁✂✱ ✔✄✝s ✝✌✍

✆✂✝♠✑ ✯✝✌ ✠�✁ ✍✎s✕✎✌✆✁✎s☞ ✩☞✎❝☞ �☎ ✕☞✄s✄

✔✁✏s✄s ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ☛☞✝✂✎☎ s✄✝s�✌ ✝✌✍

✩☞✎❝☞ ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✂✝✛✎ s✄✝s�✌✇ ✗✁✏s✄s

✌✄✄✍ ✏✄ss ♠�✎s✕✁✂✄ ✝✌✍ s✁✂✫✎✫✄ ✄✫✄✌ ✎✌ ✍✂✠

❝�✌✍✎✕✎�✌s✑ ❇✄✎✌✆ ✏✄✆✁♠✎✌�✁s ❝✂�✔s✱ ✝✏✏ ✕☞✄s✄

❝✂�✔s ✄✬❝✄✔✕ ✝✂☞✝✂ ☞✄✏✔ ✎✌ ✂✄s✕�✂✎✌✆ s�✎✏ ☎✄✂✕✎✏✎✕✠

✛✠ ☎✎✬✎✌✆ ✌✎✕✂�✆✄✌ ☎✂�♠ ✕☞✄ ✝✎✂✑ ✒☞✄✂✄☎�✂✄✱ ✕☞✄s✄

✝✂✄ ♠�s✕✏✠ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ✂�✕✝✕✎�✌ ✩✎✕☞ �✕☞✄✂ ❝✂�✔s✑

✘✝✟�✂ ✔✁✏s✄ ✔✂�✍✁❝✎✌✆ s✕✝✕✄s ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✝✂✄

✘✝✍☞✠✝ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱ ✖✕✕✝✂ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱ ❯✝✟✝s✕☞✝✌✱

✘✝☞✝✂✝s☞✕✂✝ ✝✌✍ ❑✝✂✌✝✕✝☛✝✑

❱❲❲❳ ❨❩❲❬❭ ❲❪❫❴❩ ❪❫❵❛ ❜❩❵❞❛❭

✤❡❢✰❣❤✰✐✥★ ■✕ ✎s ✝ ✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ✝s ✩✄✏✏ ✝s ✝

s✁✛✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ❝✂�✔✑ ■✕ ✆✂�✩s ✩✄✏✏ ✎✌ ☞�✕ ✝✌✍

☞✁♠✎✍ ❝✏✎♠✝✕✄ ✩✎✕☞ ✝ ✕✄♠✔✄✂✝✕✁✂✄ �☎ ✮✭❥✯ ✕�

✮❦❥✯ ✝✌✍ ✝✌ ✝✌✌✁✝✏ ✂✝✎✌☎✝✏✏ ✛✄✕✩✄✄✌ ❦♥❝♠✑

✝✌✍ ✭♦♦❝♠✑ ■✂✂✎✆✝✕✎�✌ ✎s ✂✄r✁✎✂✄✍ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✂✄✆✎�✌s

�☎ ✏�✩ ✂✝✎✌☎✝✏✏✑ ■✕ ❝✝✌ ✛✄ ✆✂�✩✌ �✌ ✝ ✫✝✂✎✄✕✠ �☎

s�✎✏s ✝✌✍ ✌✄✄✍s ♠✝✌✁✝✏ ✏✝✛�✁✂ ☎✂�♠ s�✩✎✌✆ ✕�

☞✝✂✫✄s✕✎✌✆✑ ■✌✍✎✝ ✎s ✕☞✄ s✄❝�✌✍ ✏✝✂✆✄s✕ ✔✂�✍✁❝✄✂

�☎ s✁✆✝✂❝✝✌✄ �✌✏✠ ✝☎✕✄✂ ❇✂✝♣✎✏✑ ■✕ ✎s ✕☞✄ ♠✝✎✌

41AGRICULTURE

❝�✁✂✄ ✂☎✆ ✝✞✟✠✠✁✆ ✠✂✡☛☞✌✳

❚✁✂ ✟✝ ✄✌☛❝✁✝✝✁✆ ✍✟✎�✟☎

✎�✁ ✎✁✂ t✂✌✆✁☎ ✎☛ ✌✁✝✎☛✌✁

✟✎✝ ✐✌✁✝�☎✁✝✝✳ ✏✂✑☛✌ ✎✁✂✒

✄✌☛✆☞❝✟☎t ✝✎✂✎✁✝ ✂✌✁

❆✝✝✂✓✔ �✟✠✠✝ ☛✐ ✕✂✌✑✁✁✠✟☎t

✂☎✆ ❛✂✠✄✂✟t☞✌✟ ✆✟✝✎✌✟❝✎✝✔

❲✁✝✎ ❡✁☎t✂✠✔ ❚✂✓✟✠ ✖✂✆☞

✂☎✆ ✗✁✌✂✠✂✳ ❆✄✂✌✎ ✐✌☛✓

✎�✁✝✁✔ ✘✟✓✂❝�✂✠ ✙✌✂✆✁✝�✔

❯✎✎✂✌✂☎❝�✂✠✔ ✏✁t�✂✠✂✚✂✔

❆☎✆�✌✂ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆

❚✌✟✄☞✌✂ ✂✌✁ ✂✠✝☛ ✎✁✂✒✄✌☛✆☞❝✟☎t ✝✎✂✎✁✝ ✟☎ ✎�✁

❝☛☞☎✎✌✚✳ ✛☎✆✟✂ ✟✝ ✎�✁ ✠✁✂✆✟☎t ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ✂✝ ✍✁✠✠

✂✝ ✁✜✄☛✌✎✁✌ ☛✐ ✎✁✂ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✳

❈✢✣✣✤✤✥ ✛☎✆✟✂ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✝ ✂✡☛☞✎ ✐☛☞✌ ✄✁✌ ❝✁☎✎ ☛✐

✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✦✝ ❝☛✐✐✁✁ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✎✟☛☎✳ ✛☎✆✟✂☎ ❝☛✐✐✁✁ ✟✝

✞☎☛✍☎ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆ ✐☛✌ ✟✎✝ t☛☛✆ ❦☞✂✠✟✎✚✳ ❚�✁

❆✌✂✡✟❝✂ ✧✂✌✟✁✎✚ ✟☎✟✎✟✂✠✠✚ ✡✌☛☞t�✎ ✐✌☛✓ ♦✁✓✁☎ ✟✝

✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✆ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ❝☛☞☎✎✌✚✳ ❚�✟✝ ✧✂✌✟✁✎✚ ✟✝ ✟☎ t✌✁✂✎

✆✁✓✂☎✆ ✂✠✠ ☛✧✁✌ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✳ ✛☎✎✟✂✠✠✚ ✟✎✝❝☞✠✎✟✧✂✎✟☛☎

✍✂✝ ✟☎✎✌☛✆☞❝✁✆ ☛☎ ✎�✁ ❡✂✡✂ ❡☞✆✂☎ ✘✟✠✠✝ ✂☎✆

✛☎✆✟✂ ✟✝ ✂ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ☛✐ ✎✌☛✄✟❝✂✠ ✂✝ ✍✁✠✠ ✂✝

✎✁✓✄✁✌✂✎✁ ✐✌☞✟✎✝✳ ✏✂☎t☛✁✝ ☛✐ ✏✂�✂✌✂✝�✎✌✂✔

❆☎✆�✌✂ ✙✌✂✆✁✝�✔ ❯✎✎✂✌ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆ ❲✁✝✎

❡✁☎t✂✠✔ ☛✌✂☎t✁✝ ☛✐ ✖✂t✄☞✌ ✂☎✆ ❇�✁✌✌✂✄☞☎✑✁✁

✭✏✁t�✂✠✂✚✂★✔ ✡✂☎✂☎✂✝ ☛✐ ✗✁✌✂✠✂✔ ✏✟✩☛✌✂✓✔

✏✂�✂✌✂✝�✎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ❚✂✓✟✠ ✖✂✆☞✔ ✠✟❝�✟ ✂☎✆ t☞✂✧✂

☛✐ ❯✎✎✂✌ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆ ❡✟�✂✌✔ ✄✟☎✁✂✄✄✠✁✝ ☛✐

✏✁t�✂✠✂✚✂✔ t✌✂✄✁✝ ☛✐ ❆☎✆�✌✂ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆

✏✂�✂✌✂✝�✎✌✂✔ ✂✄✄✠✁✝✔ ✄✁✂✌✝✔ ✂✄✌✟❝☛✎✝ ✂☎✆

✍✂✠☎☞✎✝ ☛✐ ❛✂✓✓☞ ✂☎✆ ✗✂✝�✓✟✌ ✂☎✆ ✘✟✓✂❝�✂✠

✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂✌✁ ✟☎ t✌✁✂✎ ✆✁✓✂☎✆ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆ ☛✧✁✌✳

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯✰✱ ✲✴✵✶✷✸✹✺✻ ✼✴✴✽✾ ✼✿❀ ✴✸❁✾❂✵✼✿✼✹✾

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯❃✱ ❄❅✽✹✶❉✼✹✶✸✿ ✸❊ ❉✾❂✾✹✼●✽✾✺ ➊ ✴✾✼✺✻ ✷✼❅✽✶❊✽✸❍✾✵✻ ✹✸❁✼✹✸ ✼✿❀ ●✵✶✿❂✼✽

✁✧✁☎ ✎☛✆✂✚ ✟✎✝❝☞✠✎✟✧✂✎✟☛☎ ✟✝❝☛☎✐✟☎✁✆ ✎☛ ✎�✁✖✟✠t✟✌✟

✟☎ ✗✂✌☎✂✎✂✞✂✔ ✗✁✌✂✠✂ ✂☎✆ ❚✂✓✟✠ ✖✂✆☞✳

■✢❏❑▲▼◆❖❑◆❏✤ ❈❏✢P◗✥ ✛☎✆✟✂ ✟✝ ✎�✁ ✠✂✌t✁✝✎

✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ☛✐ ✐✌☞✟✎✝ ✂☎✆ ✧✁t✁✎✂✡✠✁✝ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✳

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯❘✱ ❙✾✼ ❄❅✽✹✶❉✼✹✶✸✿

✛☎✆✟✂ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✝ ✂✡☛☞✎ ❱❳ ✄✁✌ ❝✁☎✎ ☛✐ ✎�✁

✍☛✌✠✆ ✦✝ ✧✁t✁✎✂✡✠✁✝✳ ✛✎ ✟✝ ✂☎ ✟✓✄☛✌✎✂☎✎

✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ☛✐ ✄✁✂✔ ❝✂☞✠✟✐✠☛✍✁✌✔ ☛☎✟☛☎✔ ❝✂✡✡✂t✁✔

✎☛✓✂✎☛✔ ✡✌✟☎✑✂✠ ✂☎✆ ✄☛✎✂✎☛✳

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯✯✱ ❙✾✼❨✽✾✼❉✾✺ ❩✼✵❉✾✺✹✶✿❂


❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✄✆ ✥✝✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✝✞ ✝✍ ✞✎☞✠✏✎✑ ✏✠✒✒✓✏

◆✔✕✖✗✔✔✘ ✙✚✔✛✜

❘✢✣✣✤✦✧ ■★ ✩✪ ✫✬ ✭✮✯✫★✰✱✩✫✲ ✳✱✰✴✵ ✶✯★ ✯✬✷✭✱

✪✴✭✳✩✫✲ ✳✰✬✷✩★✩✰✬✪✵ ✩★ ✩✪ ✫✲✪✰ s✱✰✸✬ ✩✬ ★✱✰✴✩✳✫✲

✫✬✷ ✪✯✶❛★✱✰✴✩✳✫✲ ✫✱✭✫✪✹ ■★ ✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✪ ✺✰✩✪★ ✫✬✷

❤✯✺✩✷ ✳✲✩✺✫★✭ ✸✩★❤ ✱✫✩✬✻✫✲✲ ✰✻ ✺✰✱✭ ★❤✫✬ ✼✽✽

✳✺✹ ✫✬✷ ★✭✺✴✭✱✫★✯✱✭ ✫✶✰❝✭ ✼✾✿❀✹

❁✯✶✶✭✱ ✩✪ ✫✬ ✩✺✴✰✱★✫✬★ ✩✬✷✯✪★✱✩✫✲ ✱✫✸

✺✫★✭✱✩✫✲✹ ■★ ✩✪ ✺✫✩✬✲♠ s✱✰✸✬ ✩✬ ❂✭✱✫✲✫✵ ❃✫✺✩✲

❄✫✷✯✵ ❂✫✱✬✫★✫❅✫ ✫✬✷ ❆✬✷✫✺✫✬ ✫✬✷ ❄✩✳✫✶✫✱

✩✪✲✫✬✷✪✫✬✷✐✫✱✰❤✩✲✲✪✰✻❇✭s❤✫✲✫♠✫✹ ■✬✷✩✫✱✫✬❅✪

✻✩✻★❤✫✺✰✬s★❤✭✸✰✱✲✷❢✪✬✫★✯✱✫✲✱✯✶✶✭✱✴✱✰✷✯✳✭✱✪✹

✩✱✱✩s✫★✩✰✬✵ ✼❈✽ ✻✱✰✪★❛✻✱✭✭ ✷✫♠✪ ✫✬✷ ✶✱✩s❤★ ✪✯✬❛

✪❤✩✬✭ ✻✰✱ ✩★✪ s✱✰✸★❤✹ ■★ ✩✪ ✫ ❅❤✫✱✩✻ ✳✱✰✴ ✫✬✷

✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✪ r ★✰ ❉ ✺✰✬★❤✪ ★✰ ✺✫★✯✱✭✹ ❇✫❊✰✱

✳✰★★✰✬❛✴✱✰✷✯✳✩✬s ✪★✫★✭✪ ✫✱✭ ➊ ❇✫❤✫✱✫✪❤★✱✫✵

✐✯❊✫✱✫★✵ ❇✫✷❤♠✫ ●✱✫✷✭✪❤✵ ❂✫✱✬✫★✫❅✫✵

❆✬✷❤✱✫ ●✱✫✷✭✪❤✵ ❃✫✺✩✲ ❄✫✷✯✵ ●✯✬❊✫✶✵

❍✫✱♠✫✬✫ ✫✬✷ ❏★★✫✱ ●✱✫✷✭✪❤✹

❑✢▲✤✧ ■★ ✩✪ ❅✬✰✸✬ ✫✪ ★❤✭ s✰✲✷✭✬ ✻✩✶✱✭✹ ▼✯★✭

s✱✰✸✪ ✸✭✲✲ ✰✬ ✸✭✲✲❛✷✱✫✩✬✭✷ ✻✭✱★✩✲✭ ✪✰✩✲✪ ✩✬ ★❤✭

✻✲✰✰✷ ✴✲✫✩✬✪ ✸❤✭✱✭ ✪✰✩✲✪ ✫✱✭ ✱✭✬✭✸✭✷ ✭❝✭✱♠

♠✭✫✱✹ ❍✩s❤ ★✭✺✴✭✱✫★✯✱✭ ✩✪ ✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✷ ✷✯✱✩✬s ★❤✭

★✩✺✭ ✰✻ s✱✰✸★❤✹ ♦✭✪★ ❡✭✬s✫✲✵ ❡✩❤✫✱✵ ❆✪✪✫✺✵

❖✱✩✪✪✫ ✫✬✷ ❇✭s❤✫✲✫♠✫ ✫✱✭ ★❤✭ ✺✫❊✰✱ ❊✯★✭

✴✱✰✷✯✳✩✬s ✪★✫★✭✪✹ ■★ ✩✪ ✯✪✭✷ ✩✬ ✺✫❅✩✬s s✯✬✬♠

✶✫s✪✵ ✺✫★✪✵ ✱✰✴✭✪✵ ♠✫✱✬✵ ✳✫✱✴✭★✪ ✫✬✷ ✰★❤✭✱

✫✱★✭✻✫✳★✪✹ P✯✭ ★✰ ✩★✪ ❤✩s❤ ✳✰✪★✵ ✩★ ✩✪ ✲✰✪✩✬s

✺✫✱❅✭★ ★✰ ✪♠✬★❤✭★✩✳ ✻✩✶✱✭✪ ✫✬✷ ✴✫✳❅✩✬s

✺✫★✭✱✩✫✲✪✵ ✴✫✱★✩✳✯✲✫✱✲♠ ★❤✭ ✬♠✲✰✬✹

❚◗❙❯✕✔❱✔❲❳❙❨❱ ❨✕✘ ❩✕✜❬❳❬❭❬❳✔✕❨❱ ❪◗❫✔✚❴✜

■★ ✸✫✪ ✺✭✬★✩✰✬✭✷ ✩✬ ★❤✭ ✴✱✭❝✩✰✯✪ ✴✫s✭✪ ★❤✫★

✫s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✭ ❤✫✪ ✶✭✭✬ ✴✱✫✳★✩✪✭✷ ✩✬ ■✬✷✩✫ ✻✰✱

★❤✰✯✪✫✬✷✪ ✰✻ ♠✭✫✱✪✹ t✯✪★✫✩✬✭✷ ✯✪✭✪ ✰✻ ✲✫✬✷

✸✩★❤✰✯★ ✳✰✺✴✫★✩✶✲✭ ★✭✳❤✬✰❛✩✬✪★✩★✯★✩✰✬✫✲

✳❤✫✬s✭✪ ❤✫❝✭ ❤✩✬✷✭✱✭✷ ★❤✭ ✴✫✳✭ ✰✻

✫s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✫✲ ✷✭❝✭✲✰✴✺✭✬★✹ ■✬✪✴✩★✭ ✰✻

✷✭❝✭✲✰✴✺✭✬★ ✰✻ ✪✰✯✱✳✭✪ ✰✻ ✩✱✱✩s✫★✩✰✬ ✺✰✪★ ✰✻

★❤✭ ✻✫✱✺✭✱✪ ✩✬ ✲✫✱s✭ ✴✫✱★✪ ✰✻ ★❤✭ ✳✰✯✬★✱♠ ✪★✩✲✲

✷✭✴✭✬✷ ✯✴✰✬ ✺✰✬✪✰✰✬ ✫✬✷ ✬✫★✯✱✫✲ ✻✭✱★✩✲✩★♠

✩✬ ✰✱✷✭✱ ★✰ ✳✫✱✱♠ ✰✬ ★❤✭✩✱ ✫s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✭✹ ❵✰✱ ✫

s✱✰✸✩✬s ✴✰✴✯✲✫★✩✰✬✵ ★❤✩✪ ✴✰✪✭✪ ✫ ✪✭✱✩✰✯✪

✳❤✫✲✲✭✬s✭✹ ❆s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✭ ✸❤✩✳❤ ✴✱✰❝✩✷✭✪

✲✩❝✭✲✩❤✰✰✷ ✻✰✱ ✺✰✱✭ ★❤✫✬ r✽ ✴✭✱ ✳✭✬★ ✰✻ ✩★✪

✴✰✴✯✲✫★✩✰✬✵ ✬✭✭✷✪ ✪✰✺✭ ✪✭✱✩✰✯✪ ★✭✳❤✬✩✳✫✲ ✫✬✷

✩✬✪★✩★✯★✩✰✬✫✲ ✱✭✻✰✱✺✪✹ ❃❤✯✪✵ ✳✰✲✲✭✳★✩❝✩✪✫★✩✰✬✵

List the items which are made of rubber andare used by us.

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎❜✆ ✥✝☞☞✝✞ ✥✠✑☞✌❞✎☞✌✝✞

❣❥✣✦✤ ❦✦❧♥♣✧ ❀✰★★✰✬✵ ❊✯★✭✵ ❤✭✺✴ ✫✬✷ ✬✫★✯✱✫✲

✪✩✲❅ ✫✱✭ ★❤✭ ✻✰✯✱✺✫❊✰✱ ✻✩✶✱✭ ✳✱✰✴✪s✱✰✸✬ ✩✬ ■✬✷✩✫✹

❃❤✭ ✻✩✱✪★ ★❤✱✭✭ ✫✱✭✷✭✱✩❝✭✷ ✻✱✰✺★❤✭ ✳✱✰✴✪ s✱✰✸✬

✩✬ ★❤✭ ✪✰✩✲✵ ★❤✭ ✲✫★★✭✱ ✩✪ ✰✶★✫✩✬✭✷ ✻✱✰✺✳✰✳✰✰✬✪ ✰✻

★❤✭ ✪✩✲❅✸✰✱✺✪ ✻✭✷ ✰✬ s✱✭✭✬ ✲✭✫❝✭✪ ✪✴✭✳✩✫✲✲♠

✺✯✲✶✭✱✱♠✹ ❁✭✫✱✩✬s ✰✻ ✪✩✲❅ ✸✰✱✺✪ ✻✰✱ ★❤✭

✴✱✰✷✯✳★✩✰✬ ✰✻ ✪✩✲❅ ✻✩✶✱✭ ✩✪ ❅✬✰✸✬ ✫✪ ✜◗✚❳❙❭❱❬❭✚◗✹

❦❧▲▲❧q✧ ■✬✷✩✫ ✩✪ ✶✭✲✩✭❝✭✷ ★✰ ✶✭ ★❤✭ ✰✱✩s✩✬✫✲

❤✰✺✭ ✰✻ ★❤✭ ✳✰★★✰✬ ✴✲✫✬★✹ ❀✰★★✰✬ ✩✪ ✰✬✭ ✰✻ ★❤✭

✺✫✩✬ ✱✫✸ ✺✫★✭✱✩✫✲✪ ✻✰✱ ✳✰★★✰✬ ★✭✉★✩✲✭ ✩✬✷✯✪★✱♠✹

■✬✷✩✫ ✩✪ ★❤✭ ★❤✩✱✷❛✲✫✱s✭✪★ ✴✱✰✷✯✳✭✱ ✰✻ ✳✰★★✰✬

✩✬ ★❤✭ ✸✰✱✲✷✹ ❀✰★★✰✬ s✱✰✸✪ ✸✭✲✲ ✩✬ ✷✱✩✭✱ ✴✫✱★✪

✰✻ ★❤✭ ✶✲✫✳❅ ✳✰★★✰✬ ✪✰✩✲ ✰✻ ★❤✭ P✭✳✳✫✬ ✴✲✫★✭✫✯✹

■★ ✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✪ ❤✩s❤ ★✭✺✴✭✱✫★✯✱✭✵ ✲✩s❤★ ✱✫✩✬✻✫✲✲ ✰✱

43AGRICULTURE

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆✝ ✥✞✟✠✡☛ ☞✠✌✍☛✞✎✞✏✑✌✒✎ ✠✓✔✑✕✖✠☛☞✗ ✔✗✠✟ ✑☛ ✒✏✡✑✌✔✎☞✔✡✠

Bhoodan – Gramdan

Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave ashis spiritual heir. He also participated inSatyagraha as one of the foremostsatyagrahis. He was one of the votaries ofGandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. AfterGandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinobha Bhaveundertook padyatra to spread Gandhiji’smessage covered almost the entire country.Once, when he was delivering a lecture atPochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poorlandless villagers demanded some land fortheir economic well-being. Vinoba Bhavecould not promise it to them immediatelybut assured them to talk to the Governmentof India regarding provision of land for themif they undertook cooperative farming.Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stoodup and offered 80 acres of land to bedistributed among 80 land-less villagers.This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Later hetravelled and introduced his ideas widely allover India. Some zamindars, owners ofmany villages offered to distribute somevillages among the landless. It was knownas Gramdan. However, many land-ownerschose to provide some part of their land to

❝✘✙✚✘✛✜✢✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✧✘✛✢✜✙★✚✩ ❝✘✘✪✫✬✣✤✜✘✙ ✣✙✢

✣❛✘✛✜✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✭✣✮✜✙✢✣✬✜✩ ✫✤❝✯ ✰✫✬✫ ★✜✱✫✙ ✪✬✜✘✬✜✤✲

✤✘ ❛✬✜✙★ ✣❛✘t✤ ✜✙✚✤✜✤t✤✜✘✙✣✛ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✚ ✜✙ ✤✧✫

❝✘t✙✤✬✲ ✣✦✤✫✬ ✳✙✢✫✪✫✙✢✫✙❝✫✯ ✴✵✣✙✢ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✶ ✰✣✚

✤✧✫ ✮✣✜✙ ✦✘❝t✚ ✘✦ ✘t✬ ✷✜✬✚✤ ✷✜✱✫ ✸✫✣✬ ❡✛✣✙✯ ✹✧✫

✬✜★✧✤ ✘✦ ✜✙✧✫✬✜✤✣✙❝✫ ✧✣✢ ✣✛✬✫✣✢✲ ✛✫✣✢ ✤✘

✦✬✣★✮✫✙✤✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✛✣✙✢ ✧✘✛✢✜✙★✚ ✙✫❝✫✚✚✜✤✣✤✜✙★

❝✘✙✚✘✛✜✢✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✧✘✛✢✜✙★✚✯

✹✧✫ ✛✣✰✚ ✘✦ ✛✣✙✢ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✚✰✫✬✫ ✫✙✣❝✤✫✢ ❛t✤

✤✧✫ ✛✣✰✚ ✘✦ ✜✮✪✛✫✮✫✙✤✣✤✜✘✙ ✰✣✚ ✛✣❝✺✜✙★ ✘✬

✛t✺✫✰✣✬✮✯ ✹✧✫ ❧✘✱✫✬✙✮✫✙✤ ✘✦ ✳✙✢✜✣

✫✮❛✣✬✺✫✢ t✪✘✙ ✜✙✤✬✘✢t❝✜✙★ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✣✛

✬✫✦✘✬✮✚ ✤✘ ✜✮✪✬✘✱✫ ✳✙✢✜✣✙ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✫ ✜✙ ✤✧✫

✻✼✽✾✚ ✣✙✢ ✻✼✿✾✚✯ ✹✧✫ ❧✬✫✫✙ ❀✫✱✘✛t✤✜✘✙

❛✣✚✫✢ ✘✙ ✤✧✫ t✚✫ ✘✦ ✪✣❝✺✣★✫ ✤✫❝✧✙✘✛✘★✲ ✣✙✢

✤✧✫ ❁✧✜✤✫ ❀✫✱✘✛t✤✜✘✙ ❂❃✪✫✬✣✤✜✘✙ ✷✛✘✘✢❄ ✰✫✬✫

✚✘✮✫ ✘✦ ✤✧✫ ✚✤✬✣✤✫★✜✫✚ ✜✙✜✤✜✣✤✫✢ ✤✘ ✜✮✪✬✘✱✫ ✤✧✫

✛✘✤ ✘✦ ✳✙✢✜✣✙ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✫✯ ❅t✤✩ ✤✧✜✚ ✤✘✘ ✛✫✢ ✤✘

✤✧✫ ❝✘✙❝✫✙✤✬✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✢✫✱✫✛✘✪✮✫✙✤ ✜✙ ✦✫✰

✚✫✛✫❝✤✫✢ ✣✬✫✣✚✯ ✹✧✫✬✫✦✘✬✫✩ ✜✙ ✤✧✫ ✻✼s✾✚ ✣✙✢

✻✼✼✾✚✩ ✣ ❝✘✮✪✬✫✧✫✙✚✜✱✫ ✛✣✙✢ ✢✫✱✫✛✘✪✮✫✙✤

✪✬✘★✬✣✮✮✫✰✣✚ ✜✙✜✤✜✣✤✫✢✩ ✰✧✜❝✧ ✜✙❝✛t✢✫✢ ❛✘✤✧

✜✙✚✤✜✤t✤✜✘✙✣✛ ✣✙✢ ✤✫❝✧✙✜❝✣✛ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✚✯ ❡✬✘✱✜✚✜✘✙

✦✘✬ ❝✬✘✪ ✜✙✚t✬✣✙❝✫ ✣★✣✜✙✚✤ ✢✬✘t★✧✤✩ ✦✛✘✘✢✩

❝✲❝✛✘✙✫✩ ✦✜✬✫ ✣✙✢ ✢✜✚✫✣✚✫✩ ✫✚✤✣❛✛✜✚✧✮✫✙✤ ✘✦

❧✬✣✮✫✫✙ ❛✣✙✺✚✩ ❝✘✘✪✫✬✣✤✜✱✫ ✚✘❝✜✫✤✜✫✚ ✣✙✢

❛✣✙✺✚ ✦✘✬ ✪✬✘✱✜✢✜✙★ ✛✘✣✙ ✦✣❝✜✛✜✤✜✫✚ ✤✘ ✤✧✫

✦✣✬✮✫✬✚ ✣✤ ✛✘✰✫✬ ✬✣✤✫✚ ✘✦ ✜✙✤✫✬✫✚✤ ✰✫✬✫ ✚✘✮✫

✜✮✪✘✬✤✣✙✤ ✚✤✫✪✚ ✜✙ ✤✧✜✚ ✢✜✬✫❝✤✜✘✙✯

❑✜✚✚✣✙ ❆✬✫✢✜✤ ❆✣✬✢ ❂❑❆❆❄✩ ❡✫✬✚✘✙✣✛

❇❝❝✜✢✫✙✤ ✳✙✚t✬✣✙❝✫ ❈❝✧✫✮✫ ❂❡❇✳❈❄ ✣✬✫ ✚✘✮✫

✘✤✧✫✬ ✚❝✧✫✮✫✚ ✜✙✤✬✘✢t❝✫✢ ❛✲ ✤✧✫ ❧✘✱✫✬✙✮✫✙✤

✘✦ ✳✙✢✜✣ ✦✘✬ ✤✧✫ ❛✫✙✫✦✜✤ ✘✦ ✤✧✫ ✦✣✬✮✫✬✚✯ ♠✘✬✫✘✱✫✬✩

✚✪✫❝✜✣✛ ✰✫✣✤✧✫✬ ❛t✛✛✫✤✜✙✚ ✣✙✢ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✣✛

✪✬✘★✬✣✮✮✫✚ ✦✘✬ ✦✣✬✮✫✬✚ ✰✫✬✫ ✜✙✤✬✘✢t❝✫✢ ✘✙

✤✧✫ ✬✣✢✜✘ ✣✙✢ ✤✫✛✫✱✜✚✜✘✙✯ ✹✧✫ ★✘✱✫✬✙✮✫✙✤ ✣✛✚✘

✣✙✙✘t✙❝✫✚ ✮✜✙✜✮t✮ ✚t✪✪✘✬✤ ✪✬✜❝✫✩

✬✫✮t✙✫✬✣✤✜✱✫ ✣✙✢ ✪✬✘❝t✬✫✮✫✙✤ ✪✬✜❝✫✚ ✦✘✬

✜✮✪✘✬✤✣✙✤ ❝✬✘✪✚ ✤✘ ❝✧✫❝✺ ✤✧✫ ✫✐✪✛✘✜✤✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦

✦✣✬✮✫✬✚ ❛✲ ✚✪✫❝t✛✣✤✘✬✚ ✣✙✢ ✮✜✢✢✛✫✮✫✙✯


❋�✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✝✞✁✟✆ ✄✝✞✠✆✡ ☛✄ ☛☞ ✌✠✆✝� ✄☎✝✄ ✄☎✁✍✎☎

✄☎✆ t✏✑ ✎�✁✒✄☎ �✝✄✆ ☛☞ ☛✓✌�✆✝☞☛✓✎ ✁✟✆� ✄☎✆

②✆✝�☞✡ ☛✄ ☛☞ ✓✁✄ ✎✆✓✆�✝✄ ☛✓✎ ☞✍✔✔☛✌ ☛✆✓✄

✆✂❡✠✁②✂✆✓✄ ✁❡❡✁�✄✍✓☛✄☛✆☞ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�②✕ ✖☎✆

✎�✁✒✄☎ �✝✄✆ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☛☞ ❣✆✌✆✠✆�✝✄☛✓✎

✒☎☛✌☎ ☛☞ ✝✓ ✝✠✝�✂☛✓✎ ☞☛✄✍✝✄☛✁✓✕ ✖✁❣✝②✡ ✇✓❣☛✝✓

✔✝�✂✆�☞ ✝�✆ ✔✝✌☛✓✎ ✝ ✞☛✎ ✌☎✝✠✠✆✓✎✆ ✔�✁✂

☛✓✄✆�✓✝✄☛✁✓✝✠ ✌✁✂❡✆✄☛✄☛✁✓ ✝✓❣ ✁✍� ✎✁✟✆�✓✂✆✓✄

☛☞ ✎✁☛✓✎ ✝☎✆✝❣ ✒☛✄☎ �✆❣✍✌✄☛✁✓ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ❡✍✞✠☛✌

☛✓✟✆☞✄✂✆✓✄ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☞✆✌✄✁� ❡✝�✄☛✌✍✠✝�✠②

☛✓ ☛��☛✎✝✄☛✁✓✡ ❡✁✒✆�✡ �✍�✝✠ �✁✝❣☞✡ ✂✝�♦✆✄ ✝✓❣

✂✆✌☎✝✓☛☞✝✄☛✁✓✕ ♠✍✞☞☛❣② ✁✓ ✔✆�✄☛✠☛☞✆�☞ ☛☞

❣✆✌�✆✝☞✆❣ ✠✆✝❣☛✓✎ ✄✁ ☛✓✌�✆✝☞✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✌✁☞✄ ✁✔

❡�✁❣✍✌✄☛✁✓✕ ✗✁�✆✁✟✆�✡ �✆❣✍✌✄☛✁✓ ☛✓ ☛✂❡✁�✄

❣✍✄☛✆☞ ✁✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✝✠ ❡�✁❣✍✌✄☞ ☎✝✟✆ ❡�✁✟✆❣

❣✆✄�☛✂✆✓✄✝✠ ✄✁ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�②✕

❋✝�✂✆�☞ ✝�✆ ✒☛✄☎❣�✝✒☛✓✎ ✄☎✆☛� ☛✓✟✆☞✄✂✆✓✄

✔�✁✂ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ✌✝✍☞☛✓✎ ✝ ❣✁✒✓✔✝✠✠ ☛✓ ✄☎✆

✆✂❡✠✁②✂✆✓✄ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆✕

❲✘✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✚✛✣✜✛✤ ✥✦✣✣✧★★✧✩✪ ✤✫✧✥✧✬✜✤ ✧✩

✤✜s✜✛✚✭ ✤★✚★✜✤ ✦✢ ★✘✜ ✥✦✫✩★✛✙✮

❈✯✰✱✲✳✴✵✱✳✯✰ ✯✶ ✷✸✲✳✹✵✺✱✵✲✻ ✱✯ ✱✼✻ ✰✷✱✳✯✰✷✺

✻✹✯✰✯✽✾✿ ✻✽❀✺✯✾✽✻✰✱ ✷✰❁ ✯✵✱❀✵✱

❆✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☎✝☞ ✞✆✆✓ ✄☎✆ ✞✝✌♦✞✁✓✆ ✁✔ ✄☎✆

✇✓❣☛✝✓ ✆✌✁✓✁✂② ✄☎✁✍✎☎ ☛✄☞ ☞☎✝�✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ t�✁☞☞

✏✁✂✆☞✄☛✌ ✑�✁❣✍✌✄ ❉t✏✑❂ ☎✝☞ �✆✎☛☞✄✆�✆❣ ✝

❣✆✌✠☛✓☛✓✎ ✄�✆✓❣ ✔�✁✂ ❞❃❄❞ ✁✓✒✝�❣☞❅ ②✆✄ ☛✄☞

☞☎✝�✆ ☛✓ ❡�✁✟☛❣☛✓✎ ✆✂❡✠✁②✂✆✓✄ ✝✓❣ ✠☛✟✆✠☛☎✁✁❣

✄✁ ✄☎✆ ❡✁❡✍✠✝✄☛✁✓ ✌✁✓✄☛✓✍✆☞ ✄✁ ✞✆ ✝☞ ☎☛✎☎ ✝☞

❇❊ ❡✆� ✌✆✓✄ ☛✓ ●❍❍❞✕

✖☎✆ ❣✆✌✠☛✓☛✓✎ ☞☎✝�✆ ✁✔ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆

t✏✑ ☛☞ ✝ ✂✝✄✄✆� ✁✔ ☞✆�☛✁✍☞ ✌✁✓✌✆�✓ ✞✆✌✝✍☞✆

✝✓② ❣✆✌✠☛✓✆ ✝✓❣ ☞✄✝✎✓✝✄☛✁✓ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ✒☛✠✠

✠✆✝❣ ✄✁ ✝ ❣✆✌✠☛✓✆ ☛✓ ✁✄☎✆� ☞❡☎✆�✆☞ ✁✔ ✄☎✆

✆✌✁✓✁✂②☎✝✟☛✓✎ ✒☛❣✆� ☛✂❡✠☛✌✝✄☛✁✓☞ ✔✁� ☞✁✌☛✆✄②✕

■✁✓☞☛❣✆�☛✓✎ ✄☎✆ ☛✂❡✁�✄✝✓✌✆ ✁✔ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆

☛✓ ✇✓❣☛✝✡ ✄☎✆ t✁✟✆�✓✂✆✓✄ ✁✔ ✇✓❣☛✝ ✂✝❣✆

✌✁✓✌✆�✄✆❣ ✆✔✔✁�✄☞ ✄✁ ✂✁❣✆�✓☛☞✆ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆✕

❏☞✄✝✞✠☛☞☎✂✆✓✄ ✁✔ ✇✓❣☛✝✓ ■✁✍✓✌☛✠ ✁✔ ❆✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✝✠

❘✆☞✆✝�✌☎ ❉✇■❆❘❂✡ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✝✠ ✍✓☛✟✆�☞☛✄☛✆☞✡

✟✆✄✆�☛✓✝�② ☞✆�✟☛✌✆☞ ✝✓❣ ✝✓☛✂✝✠ ✞�✆✆❣☛✓✎

✌✆✓✄�✆☞✡ ☎✁�✄☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ❣✆✟✆✠✁❡✂✆✓✄✡ �✆☞✆✝�✌☎

✝✓❣❣✆✟✆✠✁❡✂✆✓✄ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✔☛✆✠❣ ✁✔✂✆✄✆✁�✁✠✁✎② ✝✓❣

✒✆✝✄☎✆� ✔✁�✆✌✝☞✄✡ ✆✄✌✕ ✒✆�✆ ✎☛✟✆✓ ❡�☛✁�☛✄② ✔✁�

☛✂❡�✁✟☛✓✎ ✇✓❣☛✝✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆✕ ❆❡✝�✄ ✔�✁✂ ✄☎☛☞✡

☛✂❡�✁✟☛✓✎ ✄☎✆ �✍�✝✠ ☛✓✔�✝☞✄�✍✌✄✍�✆ ✒✝☞ ✝✠☞✁

✌✁✓☞☛❣✆�✆❣ ✆☞☞✆✓✄☛✝✠ ✔✁� ✄☎✆ ☞✝✂✆✕

Find out why an Indian farmer does not wanthis son to become a farmer.

❚❑▲▼◆ ❖P◗❙ ❯❱❳❨❑❙ ❩❬❭❪❫❴ ❭❵ ❩❛❜ ❑❱❳

❝❑❢❭❬ ❤◆✐❫❭❬❤ ❥❨❱ ❦❧

♥◆✐❫❭❬ ◗♣qr✉ ◗♣♣✈✉ ✈rr✈✉r①

♣◗ ✈rr◗ ❥❚◆❱❫❴ ③▼❑❱

③❬❭❢◆✐❫◆❳❧

④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩❶⑨⑥❷ ❸❹❺ ❸❹❸ ❻❹❼

❽❾❿⑨➀❶⑥⑦❷➀ ➁❹➂ ❺❹➃ ➄❹➃

➅❷⑥➆⑦⑧❷➀ ❺❹➁ ➇❹➈ ➄❹➂

➉➊➋ ➃❹❺ ❺❹❻ ➇❹❼

➌✦✫✛✥✜➍ ➎➏➐➑➒ ➓➔→➏ ➣➏↔↕ ➙➛↔➐➜ ➝➞➞➝➟➞➠

When farmers have been facing so manyproblems and land under agriculture isdecreasing, can we think of alternativeemployment opportunities in the agriculturesector?

➡➢➢➤ ➥➦➧➨➩➫➭➯

➲✁✍ ♦✓✁✒ ✄☎✝✄ ✔✁✁❣ ☛☞ ✝ ✞✝☞☛✌ ✓✆✆❣ ✝✓❣ ✆✟✆�②

✌☛✄☛➳✆✓ ✁✔ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�② ☞☎✁✍✠❣ ☎✝✟✆ ✝✌✌✆☞☞ ✄✁

✔✁✁❣ ✒☎☛✌☎ ❡�✁✟☛❣✆☞ ✂☛✓☛✂✍✂ ✓✍✄�☛✄☛✁✓✝✠

✠✆✟✆✠✕ ✇✔ ✝✓② ☞✆✎✂✆✓✄ ✁✔ ✁✍� ❡✁❡✍✠✝✄☛✁✓ ❣✁✆☞

✓✁✄ ☎✝✟✆ ✄☎☛☞ ✝✌✌✆☞☞✡ ✄☎✝✄ ☞✆✎✂✆✓✄ ☞✍✔✔✆�☞ ✔�✁✂

✠✝✌♦ ✁✔ ✔✁✁❣ ☞✆✌✍�☛✄②✕ ✖☎✆ ✓✍✂✞✆� ✁✔ ❡✆✁❡✠✆

✒☎✁ ❣✁ ✓✁✄ ☎✝✟✆ ✔✁✁❣ ☞✆✌✍�☛✄② ☛☞

❣☛☞❡�✁❡✁�✄☛✁✓✝✄✆✠② ✠✝�✎✆ ☛✓ ☞✁✂✆ �✆✎☛✁✓☞ ✁✔

✁✍� ✌✁✍✓✄�②✡ ❡✝�✄☛✌✍✠✝�✠② ☛✓ ✆✌✁✓✁✂☛✌✝✠✠② ✠✆☞☞

❣✆✟✆✠✁❡✆❣ ☞✄✝✄✆☞ ✒☛✄☎ ☎☛✎☎✆� ☛✓✌☛❣✆✓✌✆ ✁✔

❡✁✟✆�✄②✕ ✖☎✆ �✆✂✁✄✆ ✝�✆✝☞ ✁✔ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�② ✝�✆

✂✁�✆ ❡�✁✓✆ ✄✁ ✓✝✄✍�✝✠ ❣☛☞✝☞✄✆�☞ ✝✓❣ ✍✓✌✆�✄✝☛✓

✔✁✁❣ ☞✍❡❡✠②✕ ✇✓ ✁�❣✆� ✄✁ ✆✓☞✍�✆ ✝✟✝☛✠✝✞☛✠☛✄② ✁✔

✔✁✁❣ ✄✁ ✝✠✠ ☞✆✌✄☛✁✓☞ ✁✔ ☞✁✌☛✆✄② ✁✍� ✎✁✟✆�✓✂✆✓✄

✌✝�✆✔✍✠✠② ❣✆☞☛✎✓✆❣ ✝ ✓✝✄☛✁✓✝✠ ✔✁✁❣ ☞✆✌✍�☛✄②

☞②☞✄✆✂✕ ✇✄ ✌✁✓☞☛☞✄☞ ✁✔ ✄✒✁ ✌✁✂❡✁✓✆✓✄☞ ❉✝❂

✞✍✔✔✆� ☞✄✁✌♦ ✝✓❣ ❉✞❂ ❡✍✞✠☛✌ ❣☛☞✄�☛✞✍✄☛✁✓

☞②☞✄✆✂ ❉✑✏♠❂✕

the poor farmers due to the fear of landceiling act. This Bhoodan-Gramdanmovement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is alsoknown as the Blood-less Revolution.

45AGRICULTURE

❆� ✁✂✄ ☎✆✂✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛� ☞ ✌✍✂✎✍☞✏✏✑ ✝✒☛✓✒

✌✍✂♣☛✔✑� ✕✂✂✔ ✎✍☞☛✆� ☞✆✔ ✂✖✒✑✍ ✑��✑✆✖☛☞✗

✓✂✏✏✂✔☛✖☛✑� ☞✖ �✄❝�☛✔☛�✑✔ ✌✍☛✓✑� ☛✆ ✍✄✍☞✗ ☞✆✔

✄✍❝☞✆ ☞✍✑☞�✉

■✆✔☛☞✘� ✕✂✂✔ �✑✓✄✍☛✖✁ ✌✂✗☛✓✁ ✒☞� ☞ ✌✍☛✏☞✍✁

✂❝♦✑✓✖☛♣✑ ✖✂ ✑✆�✄✍✑ ☞♣☞☛✗☞❝☛✗☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆�

✖✂ ✖✒✑ ✓✂✏✏✂✆ ✌✑✂✌✗✑ ☞✖ ☞✆ ☞✕✕✂✍✔☞❝✗✑ ✌✍☛✓✑✉

■✖ ✒☞� ✑✆☞❝✗✑✔ ✖✒✑ ✌✂✂✍ ✖✂ ✒☞♣✑ ☞✓✓✑�� ✖✂ ✕✂✂✔✉

❚✒✑ ✕✂✓✄� ✂✕ ✖✒✑ ✌✂✗☛✓✁ ☛� ✂✆ ✎✍✂✝✖✒ ☛✆

☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑ ✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☞✆✔ ✂✆ ✕☛❛☛✆✎ ✖✒✑

�✄✌✌✂✍✖ ✌✍☛✓✑ ✕✂✍ ✌✍✂✓✄✍✑✏✑✆✖ ✂✕ ✝✒✑☞✖ ☞✆✔

✍☛✓✑✞ ✖✂ ✏☞☛✆✖☞☛✆ ✖✒✑☛✍ �✖✂✓☎�✉ r✂✂✔

❈✂✍✌✂✍☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ■✆✔☛☞ ✙r❈■✚ ☛� ✍✑�✌✂✆�☛❝✗✑ ✕✂✍

✌✍✂✓✄✍☛✆✎ ☞✆✔ �✖✂✓☎☛✆✎ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆�✞ ✝✒✑✍✑☞�

✔☛�✖✍☛❝✄✖☛✂✆ ☛� ✑✆�✄✍✑✔ ❝✁ ✌✄❝✗☛✓ ✔☛�✖✍☛❝✄✖☛✂✆

�✁�✖✑✏ ✙✟✠✡✚✉

❚✒✑ r❈■ ✌✍✂✓✄✍✑� ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆� ✕✍✂✏ ✖✒✑

✕☞✍✏✑✍� ☞✖ ✖✒✑ ✎✂♣✑✍✆✏✑✆✖ ☞✆✆✂✄✆✓✑✔

✏☛✆☛✏✄✏ �✄✌✌✂✍✖ ✌✍☛✓✑ ✙♠✡✟✚✉ ❚✒✑

✎✂♣✑✍✆✏✑✆✖ ✄�✑✔ ✖✂ ✌✍✂♣☛✔✑ �✄❝�☛✔☛✑� ✂✆

☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑ ☛✆✌✄✖� �✄✓✒ ☞� ✕✑✍✖☛✗☛✛✑✍�✞ ✌✂✝✑✍

☞✆✔ ✝☞✖✑✍✉ ❚✒✑�✑ �✄❝�☛✔☛✑� ✒☞♣✑ ✆✂✝ ✍✑☞✓✒✑✔

✄✆�✄�✖☞☛✆☞❝✗✑ ✗✑♣✑✗� ☞✆✔ ✒☞♣✑ ☞✗�✂ ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✗☞✍✎✑

�✓☞✗✑ ☛✆✑✕✕☛✓☛✑✆✓☛✑� ☛✆ ✖✒✑ ✄�✑ ✂✕ ✖✒✑�✑ �✓☞✍✓✑

☛✆✌✄✖�✉ ✐❛✓✑��☛♣✑ ☞✆✔ ☛✏✌✍✄✔✑✆✖ ✄�✑ ✂✕

✕✑✍✖☛✗☛✛✑✍� ☞✆✔ ✝☞✖✑✍ ✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✝☞✖✑✍✗✂✎✎☛✆✎✞

�☞✗☛✆☛✖✁ ☞✆✔ ✔✑✌✗✑✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✑��✑✆✖☛☞✗

✏☛✓✍✂✆✄✖✍☛✑✆✖� ☛✆ ✖✒✑ �✂☛✗✉ ❚✒✑ ✒☛✎✒ ♠✡✟✞

�✄❝�☛✔☛✑� ☛✆ ☛✆✌✄✖ ☞✆✔ ✓✂✏✏☛✖✖✑✔ r❈■

✌✄✍✓✒☞�✑� ✒☞♣✑✔☛�✖✂✍✖✑✔ ✖✒✑ ✓✍✂✌✌☛✆✎ ✌☞✖✖✑✍✆✉

❲✒✑☞✖ ☞✆✔ ✌☞✔✔✁ ✓✍✂✌� ☞✍✑ ❝✑☛✆✎ ✎✍✂✝✆ ✏✂✍✑

✕✂✍ ✖✒✑ ♠✡✟ ✖✒✑✁ ✎✑✖✉ ✟✄✆♦☞❝ ☞✆✔ ❢☞✍✁☞✆☞ ☞✍✑

✕✂✍✑✏✂�✖ ✑❛☞✏✌✗✑�✉ ❚✒☛� ✒☞� ☞✗�✂ ✓✍✑☞✖✑✔ ☞

�✑✍☛✂✄� ☛✏❝☞✗☞✆✓✑ ☛✆ ☛✆✖✑✍✲✓✍✂✌ ✌☞✍☛✖☛✑�✉

❨✂✄ ☞✗✍✑☞✔✁ ☎✆✂✝ ✖✒☞✖ ✖✒✑ ✓✂✆�✄✏✑✍� ☞✍✑

✔☛♣☛✔✑✔ ☛✆✖✂ ✖✝✂ ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍☛✑� ❞ ❝✑✗✂✝ ✌✂♣✑✍✖✁ ✗☛✆✑

✙✭✟✜✚ ☞✆✔ ☞❝✂♣✑ ✌✂♣✑✍✖✁ ✗☛✆✑ ✙❆✟✜✚✞ ✝☛✖✒ ✖✒✑

☛��✄✑ ✌✍☛✓✑ ❝✑☛✆✎ ✔☛✕✕✑✍✑✆✖ ✕✂✍ ✑☞✓✒ ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍✁✉

❢✂✝✑♣✑✍✞ ✖✒☛� ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍☛�☞✖☛✂✆ ☛� ✆✂✖ ✌✑✍✕✑✓✖ ☞✆✔

☞ ✆✄✏❝✑✍ ✂✕ ✔✑�✑✍♣☛✆✎ ✌✂✂✍ ✒☞♣✑ ❝✑✑✆

✑❛✓✗✄✔✑✔ ✕✍✂✏ ✖✒✑ ✭✟✜ ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍✁✉ ♠✂✍✑✂♣✑✍✞

�✂✏✑ ✂✕ ✖✒✑ �✂ ✓☞✗✗✑✔ ❆✟✜ �✗☛✌ ❝☞✓☎ ✖✂ ✭✟✜✞

❝✑✓☞✄�✑ ✂✕ ✖✒✑ ✕☞☛✗✄✍✑ ✂✕ ✑♣✑✆ ✂✆✑ ✓✍✂✌ ☞✆✔ ☛✖

☛� ☞✔✏☛✆☛�✖✍☞✖☛♣✑✗✁ ✔☛✕✕☛✓✄✗✖ ✖✂ ☞✓✓✂✏✏✂✔☞✖✑

�✄✓✒ �✒☛✕✖�✉

✐☞✓✒ ✔☛�✖✍☛✓✖ ☞✆✔ ❝✗✂✓☎ ✓☞✆ ❝✑ ✏☞✔✑ �✑✗✕

�✄✕✕☛✓☛✑✆✖ ☛✆ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆ ✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✕ ✎✂♣✑✍✆✏✑✆✖

✌✍✂♣☛✔✑� ✌✍✂✌✑✍ ☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍☞✗ ☛✆✕✍☞�✖✍✄✓✖✄✍✑✞

✓✍✑✔☛✖ ✗☛✆☎☞✎✑� ☞✆✔ ☞✗�✂ ✑✆✓✂✄✍☞✎✑� ✖✒✑ ✄�✑ ✂✕

✗☞✖✑�✖ ✖✑✓✒✆☛❧✄✑�✉ ■✆�✖✑☞✔ ✂✕ ✓✂✆✓✑✆✖✍☞✖☛✆✎ ✂✆✗✁

✂✆ ✍☛✓✑ ✂✍ ✝✒✑☞✖✞ ✖✒✑ ✕✂✂✔ ✓✍✂✌ ✝☛✖✒ ☞ ❝✑✖✖✑✍

✎✍✂✝✖✒ ✌✂✖✑✆✖☛☞✗ ☛✆ ✖✒☞✖ ✌☞✍✖☛✓✄✗☞✍ ☞✍✑☞ ✏✄�✖

❝✑ ✑✆✓✂✄✍☞✎✑✔✉ ❈✍✑☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✆✑✓✑��☞✍✁

☛✆✕✍☞�✖✍✄✓✖✄✍✑ ✗☛☎✑ ☛✍✍☛✎☞✖☛✂✆ ✕☞✓☛✗☛✖☛✑�✞

☞♣☞☛✗☞❝☛✗☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✑✗✑✓✖✍☛✓☛✖✁ ✑✖✓✉ ✏☞✁ ☞✗�✂ ☞✖✖✍☞✓✖

✌✍☛♣☞✖✑ ☛✆♣✑�✖✏✑✆✖� ☛✆ ☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑✉

❚✒✑ ✕✂✓✄� ✂✆ ☛✆✓✍✑☞�☛✆✎ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆

✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ✝✒☛✓✒ �✒✂✄✗✔ ❝✑ ✂✆ ☞ �✄�✖☞☛✆☞❝✗✑

❝☞�☛� ☞✆✔ ☞✗�✂ ✕✍✑✑ ✖✍☞✔✑ ☛✆ ✎✍☞☛✆� ✝☛✗✗ ✓✍✑☞✖✑

✏☞��☛♣✑ ✑✏✌✗✂✁✏✑✆✖ ☞✆✔ ✍✑✔✄✓✑ ✌✂♣✑✍✖✁ ☛✆

✍✄✍☞✗ ☞✍✑☞�✉

❚✒✑✍✑ ✒☞� ❝✑✑✆ ☞ ✎✍☞✔✄☞✗ �✒☛✕✖ ✕✍✂✏

✓✄✗✖☛♣☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✕✂✂✔ ✓✍✂✌� ✖✂ ✓✄✗✖☛♣☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✕✍✄☛✖�✞

♣✑✎✑✖☞❝✗✑�✞ ✂☛✗✲�✑✑✔� ☞✆✔ ☛✆✔✄�✖✍☛☞✗ ✓✍✂✌�✉ ❚✒☛�

✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✖✒✑ ✍✑✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✆ ✆✑✖ �✂✝✆ ☞✍✑☞ ✄✆✔✑✍

✓✑✍✑☞✗� ☞✆✔ ✌✄✗�✑�✉ ❲☛✖✒ ✖✒✑ ✎✍✂✝☛✆✎

✌✂✌✄✗☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ■✆✔☛☞✞ ✖✒✑ ✔✑✓✗☛✆☛✆✎ ✕✂✂✔

✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ✌✄✖� ☞ ❝☛✎ ❧✄✑�✖☛✂✆ ✏☞✍☎ ✂♣✑✍ ✖✒✑

✓✂✄✆✖✍✁✘� ✕✄✖✄✍✑ ✕✂✂✔ �✑✓✄✍☛✖✁✉ ❚✒✑ ✓✂✏✌✑✖☛✖☛✂✆

✕✂✍ ✗☞✆✔ ❝✑✖✝✑✑✆ ✆✂✆✲☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍☞✗ ✄�✑� �✄✓✒

☞� ✒✂✄�☛✆✎ ✑✖✓✉ ☞✆✔ ☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑ ✒☞� ✍✑�✄✗✖✑✔

☛✆ ✍✑✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✆ ✖✒✑ ✆✑✖ �✂✝✆ ☞✍✑☞✉ ❚✒✑

✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛♣☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✗☞✆✔ ✒☞� �✖☞✍✖✑✔ �✒✂✝☛✆✎ ☞

✔✑✓✗☛✆☛✆✎ ✖✍✑✆✔✉ r✑✍✖☛✗☛�✑✍�✞ ✌✑�✖☛✓☛✔✑� ☞✆✔

☛✆�✑✓✖☛✓☛✔✑�✞ ✝✒☛✓✒ ✂✆✓✑ �✒✂✝✑✔ ✔✍☞✏☞✖☛✓

✍✑�✄✗✖�✞ ☞✍✑ ✆✂✝ ❝✑☛✆✎ ✒✑✗✔ ✍✑�✌✂✆�☛❝✗✑ ✕✂✍

✔✑✎✍☞✔☛✆✎ ✖✒✑ �✂☛✗�✉ ✟✑✍☛✂✔☛✓ �✓☞✍✓☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✝☞✖✑✍

✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✍✑✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✆ ☞✍✑☞ ✄✆✔✑✍ ☛✍✍☛✎☞✖☛✂✆✉

■✆✑✕✕☛✓☛✑✆✖ ✝☞✖✑✍ ✏☞✆☞✎✑✏✑✆✖ ✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✝☞✖✑✍

✗✂✎✎☛✆✎ ☞✆✔ �☞✗☛✆☛✖✁✉

❉✢ ✣✢✤ ✥✦✢✧ ✧★✣ ✩✢✢✪✫✬✮✯✦✰ ✱✬✢✪✤✳✴✯✢✦✰

★✮✰ ✬❤✵✮✯✦❤✪ ✰✴✮✫✦✮✦✴ ✢✬ ✩✮✶✶❤✦ ✩✢✬ ✰✯✷

✳✢✦✰❤✳✤✴✯✸❤ ✣❤✮✬✰✹

❖✆✑ ☛✏✌✂✍✖☞✆✖ ✍✑☞�✂✆ ☛� ✗☞✆✔ ✔✑✎✍☞✔☞✖☛✂✆✉

r✍✑✑ ✌✂✝✑✍ ✖✂ ☞ �✑✓✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✕☞✍✏✑✍� ✒☞�

✑✆✓✂✄✍☞✎✑✔ ✖✒✑✏ ✖✂ ✌✄✏✌ ✎✍✂✄✆✔✝☞✖✑✍ ✖✂

✺✻✼✽✾ ✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❅❇✻❂ ❊❋❋❅●❍✻❇❄❏ ❑❍❋❅▲▼◆❇❋❄

P◗❘❙❙❘❯❱ ❳❯❱❩❬

❭❪❫❪❴❵❜ ❡❣❣❣❥ ❦♥♥♥❥ ❦♥♥❡❥ ❦♥♥❦❥ ❦♥♥q❥ ❦♥♥s❥

❦♥♥♥ ❦♥♥❡ ❦♥♥❦ ❦♥♥q ❦♥♥s ❦♥♥t

✈✇①② ③④⑤⑥ ③⑦⑤⑧ ④⑨⑤⑨ ⑥⑩⑤③ ③③⑤⑨ ③⑦⑤⑨

❶❷②❸❹ ⑥❺⑤❻ ❺④⑤⑥ ⑥❼⑤③ ❺⑦⑤③ ⑥❼⑤⑩ ⑥❼⑤⑧

❽❾❸❿➀② ⑨⑧⑤⑨ ⑨⑩⑤⑩ ⑨⑨⑤❻ ❼❺⑤⑩ ⑨③⑤⑩ ⑨⑨⑤④

➁➂➃➀②➀ ⑩⑨⑤❻ ⑩⑩⑤⑩ ⑩⑨⑤❻ ⑩⑩⑤⑩ ⑩❻⑤④ ⑩⑨⑤❻

➄➅➆❴❵ ❦♥❣➇➈ ❡❣➉➇➈ ❦❡❦➇❣ ❡➊s➇➈ ❦❡q➇t ❦♥s➇➉

➋✢✤✬✳❤➌ ➍➎❯❱❯◗❘➎ ➏➐➑➒➓➔→ ➣↔↔↕➙↔➛


❣r♦� �✁✂✄r✲☎✆✂✄✆✝☎✞✄ ✟r♦✠✝ ☎✆ ✡♦�✲r✁☎✆☛✁✡✡

✁r✄✁✝ ❛r☎✟✄ ☎✆ ☞✌✆✍✁✎✏ ✝✌❣✁r✟✁✆✄ ☎✆

▼✁✑✁r✁✝✑✂r✁✒✓ ✔✑☎✝ ✌✆✝✌✝✂✁☎✆✁✎✡✄ ✠✌✕✠☎✆❣

✑✁✝ r✄❤✌✟✄❤ �✁✂✄r ✝✂♦r✁❣✄ ☎✆ ✁✖✌☎☛✄r✝✓

❈♦✆✝✄✖✌✄✆✂✡✗✏ ✕✁✆✗ �✄✡✡✝ ✁✆❤ ✂✌✎✄�✄✡✡✝ ✑✁✞✄

r✌✆ ❤r✗✓ ✔✑☎✝ ✑✁✝ ✠✌✝✑✄❤ ✂✑✄ ✕✁r❣☎✆✁✡ ✁✆❤

✝✕✁✡✡ ☛✁r✕✄r✝ ♦✌✂ ♦☛ ✟✌✡✂☎✞✁✂☎♦✆✓

✔✑✄ ✎☎❣ ☛✁r✕✄r✝ �☎✂✑ ❤✄✄✠✄r ✂✌✎✄�✄✡✡✝ ✝✂☎✡✡

✑✁✞✄ �✁✂✄r✏ ✎✌✂✕✁✆✗ ♦✂✑✄r✝ ☛✁✟✄ ✁�✁✂✄r ✟r☎✝☎✝✓

■✆✁❤✄✖✌✁✂✄ ✝✂♦r✁❣✄ ✁✆❤✕✁r✘✄✂☎✆❣ ☛✁✟☎✡☎✂☎✄✝ ✁✡✝♦

✁✟✂ ✁✝ ✁ ❤☎✝☎✆✟✄✆✂☎✞✄ ✂♦ ✂✑✄ ☛✁r✕✄r✓ ✔✑✌✝✏ ✂✑✄

☛✁r✕✄r✝ ✁r✄ ✎✁❤✡✗ ✁☛☛✄✟✂✄❤ ✎✗ ✂✑✄ ✌✆✟✄r✂✁☎✆✂☎✄✝

♦☛ ✠r♦❤✌✟✂☎♦✆ ✁✆❤ ✕✁r✘✄✂✓ ✔✑✄✗ ✝✌☛☛✄r ☛r♦✕ ✁

❤♦✌✎✡✄ ❤☎✝✁❤✞✁✆✂✁❣✄ ✁✝ ✂✑✄✗ ✠✁✗ ✑☎❣✑ ✠r☎✟✄✝

☛♦r ☎✆✠✌✂✝ ✝✌✟✑ ✁✝❢✙✚ ✝✄✄❤✝✏ ☛✄r✂☎✡☎✝✄r✝ ✄✂✟✓ ✎✌✂

✡✁✟✘ ✂✑✄ ✎✁r❣✁☎✆☎✆❣ ✠♦�✄r ✂♦ ☛☎❧ ✠r☎✟✄✝ ☎✆ ✂✑✄☎r

☛✁✞♦✌r✓ ✳✡✡ ✂✑✄ ✠r♦❤✌✟✂☎♦✆ r✄✁✟✑✄✝ ✂✑✄ ✕✁r✘✄✂

✝☎✕✌✡✂✁✆✄♦✌✝✡✗✓ ✔✑✄ ✑☎❣✑✄r ✂✑✄ ✝✌✠✠✡✗ ✂✑✄

✡♦�✄r ☎✝ ✂✑✄ ❤✄✕✁✆❤✓ ✔✑☎✝ ✟✁✌✝✄✝ ❤☎✝✂r✄✝✝ ✝✁✡✄

✁✡✝♦✓ ✔✑✄r✄☛♦r✄✏ ✂✑✄r✄ ✟✁✆ ✎✄ ✆♦ ☛♦♦❤ ✝✄✟✌r☎✂✗

�☎✂✑♦✌✂ ✂✑✄ ✝✄✟✌r☎✂✗ ♦☛ ✂✑✄ ✝✕✁✡✡ ☛✁r✕✄r✝✓

✛✜✢✣✤✥ ✦✧ ★✩✦✪✣✩✫✬✣✥✫✦✭ ✦✭ ✮✯✰✫✤✱✩✥✱✰✴

●✡♦✎✁✡☎✝✁✂☎♦✆ ☎✝ ✆♦✂ ✁ ✆✄�✠✑✄✆♦✕✄✆♦✆✓ ■✂ �✁✝

✂✑✄r✄ ✁✂ ✂✑✄ ✂☎✕✄ ♦☛ ✟♦✡♦✆☎✝✁✂☎♦✆✓ ■✆ ✂✑✄

✆☎✆✄✂✄✄✆✂✑ ✟✄✆✂✌r✗ �✑✄✆ ♥✌r♦✠✄✁✆ ✂r✁❤✄r✝

✟✁✕✄ ✂♦ ■✆❤☎✁✏ ✁✂ ✂✑✁✂ ✂☎✕✄ ✂♦♦✏ ■✆❤☎✁✆ ✝✠☎✟✄✝

�✄r✄ ✄❧✠♦r✂✄❤ ✂♦ ❤☎☛☛✄r✄✆✂ ✟♦✌✆✂r☎✄✝ ♦☛ ✂✑✄ �♦r✡❤

✁✆❤ ☛✁r✕✄r✝ ♦☛ ✝♦✌✂✑ ■✆❤☎✁ �✄r✄ ✄✆✟♦✌r✁❣✄❤

✂♦ ❣r♦� ✂✑✄✝✄ ✟r♦✠✝✓ ✔☎✡✡ ✂♦❤✁✗ ☎✂ ☎✝ ♦✆✄ ♦☛ ✂✑✄

☎✕✠♦r✂✁✆✂ ☎✂✄✕✝ ♦☛ ✄❧✠♦r✂ ☛r♦✕ ■✆❤☎✁✓

❉✌r☎✆❣ ✂✑✄ ✵r☎✂☎✝✑ ✠✄r☎♦❤ ✟♦✂✂♦✆ ✎✄✡✂✝ ♦☛

■✆❤☎✁ ✁✂✂r✁✟✂✄❤ ✂✑✄ ✵r☎✂☎✝✑ ✁✆❤ ✌✡✂☎✕✁✂✄✡✗

✟♦✂✂♦✆ �✁✝ ✄❧✠♦r✂✄❤ ✂♦ ✵r☎✂✁☎✆ ✁✝ ✁ r✁�✕✁✂✄r☎✁✡

☛♦r ✂✑✄☎r ✂✄❧✂☎✡✄ ☎✆❤✌✝✂r☎✄✝✓ ❈♦✂✂♦✆ ✂✄❧✂☎✡✄

☎✆❤✌✝✂r✗ ☎✆ ▼✁✆✟✑✄✝✂✄r ✁✆❤ ✐☎✞✄r✠♦♦✡

☛✡♦✌r☎✝✑✄❤ ❤✌✄ ✂♦ ✂✑✄ ✁✞✁☎✡✁✎☎✡☎✂✗ ♦☛ ❣♦♦❤

✖✌✁✡☎✂✗ ✟♦✂✂♦✆ ☛r♦✕ ■✆❤☎✁✓ ✙♦✌ ✑✁✞✄ r✄✁❤ ✁✎♦✌✂

Organise a debate on food security of India, its need and efforts

47AGRICULTURE

t�✁ ✂�✄☎✆✄✝✄✞ ☎✟✠✁☎✁✞t ✡�☛☞� ✌t✄✝t✁✍ ☛✞

✶✎✶✏ ☛✞ ✑☛�✄✝✳ ✒�☛✌ ✡✄✌ ✌t✄✝t✁✍ ✓✁☞✄✔✌✁

❢✄✝☎✁✝✌ ✟❢ t�✄t ✝✁✕☛✟✞ ✡✁✝✁ ❢✟✝☞✁✍ t✟ ✕✝✟✡

☛✞✍☛✕✟ ✟✞ t�✁☛✝ ✐✄✞✍ ✓✁☞✄✔✌✁ ☛t ✡✄✌ ✞✁☞✁✌✌✄✝✖

❢✟✝ t�✁ t✁✗t☛✐✁ ☛✞✍✔✌t✝☛✁✌ ✡�☛☞� ✡✁✝✁ ✐✟☞✄t✁✍ ☛✞

✑✝☛t✄☛✞✳ ✒�✁✖ ✡✁✝✁ ✔✞✄✓✐✁ t✟ ✕✝✟✡ ❢✟✟✍✕✝✄☛✞✌

t✟ ✌✔✌t✄☛✞ t�✁☛✝ ❢✄☎☛✐☛✁✌✳

❯✞✍✁✝ ✕✐✟✓✄✐☛✌✄t☛✟✞✘ ✆✄✝t☛☞✔✐✄✝✐✖ ✄❢t✁✝

✶✎✎✙✘ t�✁ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌ ☛✞ ✚✞✍☛✄ �✄✠✁ ✓✁✁✞ ✁✗✆✟✌✁✍

t✟ ✞✁✡ ☞�✄✐✐✁✞✕✁✌✳ ✛✁✌✆☛t✁ ✓✁☛✞✕ ✄✞ ☛☎✆✟✝t✄✞t

✆✝✟✍✔☞✁✝ ✟❢ ✝☛☞✁✘ ☞✟tt✟✞✘ ✝✔✓✓✁✝✘ t✁✄✘ ☞✟❢❢✁✁✘ ✜✔t✁

✄✞✍ ✌✆☛☞✁✌ ✟✔✝ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✄✐ ✆✝✟✍✔☞t✌ ✄✝✁ ✞✟t

✄✓✐✁ t✟ ☞✟☎✆✁t✁ ✡☛t� t�✁ ✍✁✠✁✐✟✆✁✍ ☞✟✔✞t✝☛✁✌

✓✁☞✄✔✌✁ ✟❢ t�✁ �☛✕�✐✖ ✌✔✓✌☛✍☛✌✁✍ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✁

☛✞ t�✟✌✁ ☞✟✔✞t✝☛✁✌✳

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✦✧★ ✩✪✫✫✬✭ ✮✬✯✰✬✱✭ ❡✲ ✰✭✴✵ ✮✯❡✷✭✫

Genetic engineering is recognised as apowerful supplement in inventing newhybrid varieties of seeds.

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✦✸★ ✹✱❡✺✯✭✻✫ ✴✫✫❡✮✪✴✰✭✼✽✪✰✾ ✾✭✴✿❀ ❁✭✫✰✪✮✪✼✭

✬✫✭ ✴✱✭✽✪✼✭✯❀ ✱✭✮❡✉✷✪✫✭✼ ✪✷ ✼✭✿✭✯❡❁✭✼ ✴✷✼

✼✭✿✭✯❡❁✪✷✉ ✮❡✬✷✰✱✪✭✫

Change in cropping pattern for example from cereals to high-value crops willmean that India will have to import food. During 1960’s this would have beenseen as a disaster. But if India imports cereals while exporting high-valuecommodities, it will be following successful economies like Italy, Israel and Chile.These countries exports farm products (fruits, olives, speciality seeds and wine)and import cereals. Are we ready to take this risk? Debate the issue.

✒✟✍✄✖✘ ✚✞✍☛✄✞ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✁ ❢☛✞✍✌ ☛t✌✁✐❢ ✄t t�✁

☞✝✟✌✌✝✟✄✍✌✳ ✒✟☎✄❝✁ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✁ ✌✔☞☞✁✌✌❢✔✐ ✄✞✍

✆✝✟❢☛t✄✓✐✁✘ ✆✝✟✆✁✝ t�✝✔✌t ✌�✟✔✐✍ ✓✁ ✕☛✠✁✞ t✟ t�✁

☛☎✆✝✟✠✁☎✁✞t ✟❢ t�✁ ☞✟✞✍☛t☛✟✞ ✟❢ ☎✄✝✕☛✞✄✐ ✄✞✍

✌☎✄✐✐ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌✳ ✒�✁ ✕✝✁✁✞ ✝✁✠✟✐✔t☛✟✞ ✆✝✟☎☛✌✁✍

☎✔☞�✳ ✑✔t t✟✍✄✖ ☛t♠✌ ✔✞✍✁✝ ☞✟✞t✝✟✠✁✝✌☛✁✌✳ ✚t ☛✌

✓✁☛✞✕ ✄✐✐✁✕✁✍ t�✄t ☛t �✄✌ ☞✄✔✌✁✍ ✐✄✞✍

✍✁✕✝✄✍✄t☛✟✞ ✍✔✁ t✟ ✟✠✁✝✔✌✁ ✟❢ ☞�✁☎☛☞✄✐✌✘ ✍✝✖☛✞✕

✄❛✔☛❢✁✝✌ ✄✞✍ ✠✄✞☛✌�☛✞✕ ✓☛✟✍☛✠✁✝✌☛t✖✳ ✒�✁

❝✁✖✡✟✝✍ t✟✍✄✖ ☛✌ ❦✕✁✞✁ ✝✁✠✟✐✔t☛✟✞❂✳ ❃�☛☞�

☛✞☞✐✔✍✁✌ ✕✁✞✁t☛☞ ✁✞✕☛✞✁✁✝☛✞✕✳

❈❄❅ ❆❇❉ ❅❄❊● ❄❅❆ ❍●❅● ❊❇■❏❑❏●■ ▲●●■ ❉▲●■

✈❄▲▼◆❆ ❏❅ ❖❅■❏❄P

✚✞❢✄☞t ✟✝✕✄✞☛☞ ❢✄✝☎☛✞✕ ☛✌ ☎✔☞� ☛✞ ✠✟✕✔✁

t✟✍✄✖ ✓✁☞✄✔✌✁ ☛t ☛✌ ✆✝✄☞t☛✌✁✍ ✡☛t�✟✔t ❢✄☞t✟✝✖

☎✄✍✁ ☞�✁☎☛☞✄✐✌ ✌✔☞� ✄✌ ❢✁✝t☛✐☛✌✁✝✌ ✄✞✍

✆✁✌t☛☞☛✍✁✌✳ ♣✁✞☞✁✘ ☛t ✍✟✁✌✞✟t ✄❢❢✁☞t ✁✞✠☛✝✟✞☎✁✞t

☛✞ ✄ ✞✁✕✄t☛✠✁ ☎✄✞✞✁✝✳

◗ ❢✁✡ ✁☞✟✞✟☎☛✌t✌ t�☛✞❝ t�✄t ✚✞✍☛✄✞ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌

�✄✠✁ ✄ ✓✐✁✄❝ ❢✔t✔✝✁ ☛❢ t�✁✖ ☞✟✞t☛✞✔✁ ✕✝✟✡☛✞✕

❢✟✟✍✕✝✄☛✞✌ ✟✞ t�✁ �✟✐✍☛✞✕✌ t�✄t ✕✝✟✡ ✌☎✄✐✐✁✝

✄✞✍ ✌☎✄✐✐✁✝ ✄✌ t�✁ ✆✟✆✔✐✄t☛✟✞ ✝☛✌✁✌✳ ✚✞✍☛✄♠✌

✝✔✝✄✐ ✆✟✆✔✐✄t☛✟✞ ☛✌ ✄✓✟✔t r✙✙ ☎☛✐✐☛✟✞ ✡�☛☞�

✍✁✆✁✞✍✌ ✔✆✟✞ ❞❘✙ ☎☛✐✐☛✟✞ ❙✄✆✆✝✟✗☛☎✄t✁❚

�✁☞t✄✝✁✌ ✟❢ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✄✐ ✐✄✞✍✘ ✄✞ ✄✠✁✝✄✕✁ ✟❢ ✐✁✌✌

t�✄✞ �✄✐❢ ✄ �✁☞t✄✝✁ ✆✁✝ ✆✁✝✌✟✞✳

✚✞✍☛✄✞ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌ ✌�✟✔✐✍ ✍☛✠✁✝✌☛❢✖ t�✁☛✝

☞✝✟✆✆☛✞✕ ✆✄tt✁✝✞ ❢✝✟☎ ☞✁✝✁✄✐✌ t✟ �☛✕�❱✠✄✐✔✁

☞✝✟✆✌✳ ✒�☛✌ ✡☛✐✐ ☛✞☞✝✁✄✌✁ ☛✞☞✟☎✁✌ ✄✞✍ ✝✁✍✔☞✁

✁✞✠☛✝✟✞☎✁✞t✄✐ ✍✁✕✝✄✍✄t☛✟✞ ✌☛☎✔✐t✄✞✁✟✔✌✐✖✳

✑✁☞✄✔✌✁ ❢✝✔☛t✌✘ ☎✁✍☛☞☛✞✄✐ �✁✝✓✌✘ ❢✐✟✡✁✝✌✘

✠✁✕✁t✄✓✐✁✌✘ ✓☛✟❱✍☛✁✌✁✐ ☞✝✟✆✌ ✐☛❝✁ ✜✄t✝✟✆�✄

✄✞✍ ✜✟✜✟✓✄ ✞✁✁✍ ☎✔☞� ✐✁✌✌ ☛✝✝☛✕✄t☛✟✞ t�✄✞

✝☛☞✁ ✟✝ ✌✔✕✄✝☞✄✞✁✳ ✚✞✍☛✄♠✌ ✍☛✠✁✝✌✁ ☞✐☛☎✄t✁

☞✄✞ ✓✁ �✄✝✞✁✌✌✁✍ t✟ ✕✝✟✡ ✄ ✡☛✍✁ ✝✄✞✕✁ ✟❢

�☛✕�❱✠✄✐✔✁ ☞✝✟✆✌✳



✶� ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✝ ✞✟✠☎✞✝ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛✌

✭✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ✓✝☛✞✔☎✕✝☛ ✖ ☛✗☛✄✝✘ ✠✏ ✖✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝ ✑✟✝✔✝ ✖ ☛☎☞✒✂✝

✞✔✠✆ ☎☛ ✒✔✠✑☞ ✠☞ ✖ ✂✖✔✒✝ ✖✔✝✖❝

✭✙✎ ❙✟☎✏✄☎☞✒ ✚✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✛✎ P✂✖☞✄✖✄☎✠☞ ✚✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✜✎ ❍✠✔✄☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✢✎ ■☞✄✝☞☛☎✣✝ ✚✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ☎☛ ✖ ✔✖✕☎ ✞✔✠✆❝

✭✙✎ ❘☎✞✝ ✭✜✎ ▼☎✂✂✝✄☛

✭✛✎ ●✔✖✘ ✭✢✎ ❈✠✄✄✠☞

✭✍✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ☎☛ ✖ ✂✝✒✁✘☎☞✠✁☛ ✞✔✠✆❝

✭✙✎ P✁✂☛✝☛ ✭✜✎ ▼☎✂✂✝✄☛

✭✛✎ ❏✖✑✖✔ ✭✢✎ ❙✝☛✖✘✁✘

✭✍✤✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ☎☛ ✖☞☞✠✁☞✞✝✓ ✕✗ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✣✝✔☞✘✝☞✄ ☎☞ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✠✏

✖ ✞✔✠✆❝

✭✙✎ ▼✖✥☎✘✁✘ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✭✛✎ ▼☎☞☎✘✁✘ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✭✜✎ ▼✠✓✝✔✖✄✝ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✭✢✎ ■☞✏✂✁✝☞✄☎✖✂ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✷� ✚☞☛✑✝✔ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ❆✦ ✑✠✔✓☛✌

✭✍✎ ◆✖✘✝ ✠☞✝ ☎✘✆✠✔✄✖☞✄ ✕✝✣✝✔✖✒✝ ✞✔✠✆ ✖☞✓ ☛✆✝✞☎✏✗ ✄✟✝ ✒✝✠✒✔✖✆✟☎✞✖✂ ✞✠☞✓☎✄☎✠☞☛

✔✝✡✁☎✔✝✓ ✏✠✔ ☎✄☛ ✒✔✠✑✄✟✌

✭✍✍✎ ◆✖✘✝ ✠☞✝ ☛✄✖✆✂✝ ✞✔✠✆ ✠✏ ■☞✓☎✖ ✖☞✓ ✄✟✝ ✔✝✒☎✠☞☛ ✑✟✝✔✝ ☎✄ ☎☛ ✆✔✠✓✁✞✝✓✌

✭✍✍✍✎ ❊☞✂☎☛✄ ✄✟✝ ✣✖✔☎✠✁☛ ☎☞☛✄☎✄✁✄☎✠☞✖✂ ✔✝✏✠✔✘ ✆✔✠✒✔✖✘✘✝☛ ☎☞✄✔✠✓✁✞✝✓ ✕✗ ✄✟✝

✒✠✣✝✔☞✘✝☞✄ ☎☞ ✄✟✝ ☎☞✄✝✔✝☛✄ ✠✏ ✏✖✔✘✝✔☛✌

✭✍✤✎ ❚✟✝ ✂✖☞✓ ✁☞✓✝✔ ✞✁✂✄☎✣✖✄☎✠☞ ✟✖☛ ✒✠✄ ✔✝✓✁✞✝✓ ✓✖✗ ✕✗ ✓✖✗✌ ❈✖☞ ✗✠✁ ☎✘✖✒☎☞✝

☎✄☛ ✞✠☞☛✝✡✁✝☞✞✝☛❝

✸✧ ✚☞☛✑✝✔ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✖✕✠✁✄ ★✩✦ ✑✠✔✓☛✌

✭✍✎ ❙✁✒✒✝☛✄ ✄✟✝ ☎☞☎✄☎✖✄☎✣✝ ✄✖✪✝☞ ✕✗ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✣✝✔☞✘✝☞✄ ✄✠ ✝☞☛✁✔✝ ✄✟✝ ☎☞✞✔✝✖☛✝ ☎☞

✖✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✖✂ ✆✔✠✓✁✞✄☎✠☞✌

✭✍✍✎ ❍✠✑ ✓☎✓ ✄✟✝ ✆✖✔✄☎✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✞✠✁☞✄✔✗ ☎☞ ★✫✬✮ ✖✏✏✝✞✄ ✄✟✝ ✯✁✄✝ ☎☞✓✁☛✄✔✗❝

✭✍✍✍✎ ❉✝☛✞✔☎✕✝ ✄✟✝ ☎✘✆✖✞✄ ✠✏ ✒✂✠✕✖✂☎☛✖✄☎✠☞ ✠☞ ■☞✓☎✖☞ ✖✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝✌

✭✍✤✎ ❉✝☛✞✔☎✕✝ ✄✟✝ ✒✝✠✒✔✖✆✟☎✞✖✂ ✞✠☞✓☎✄☎✠☞☛ ✔✝✡✁☎✔✝✓ ✏✠✔ ✄✟✝ ✒✔✠✑✄✟ ✠✏ ✔☎✞✝✌

PROJECT WORK

✶� ●✔✠✁✆ ✓☎☛✞✁☛☛☎✠☞ ✠☞ ✄✟✝ ☞✝✞✝☛☛☎✄✗ ✠✏ ✂☎✄✝✔✖✞✗ ✖✘✠☞✒ ✏✖✔✘✝✔☛✌

✷� ❖☞ ✖☞ ✠✁✄✂☎☞✝ ✘✖✆ ✠✏ ■☞✓☎✖ ☛✟✠✑ ✑✟✝✖✄ ✆✔✠✓✁✞☎☞✒ ✖✔✝✖☛✌

49AGRICULTURE

ACTIVITY

❙�✁✂✄ ☎✆✄ ✝✞✟✟✁✄ ✠✡ ☛�✁✁�☞✌✍✎ ✡�✞✏ ✑✄✒✏✓✆ ✆�✏✌✟�✍☎✒✁✁✡ ✒✍✔ ✂✄✏☎✌✓✒✁✁✡ ☎� ☛✌✍✔ ☎✆✄

✆✌✔✔✄✍ ✒✍✑☞✄✏✑❤

✶✕ ❚✆✄ ☎☞� ✑☎✒✝✁✄ ☛��✔ ✓✏�✝✑ �☛ ✖✍✔✌✒❤

✷✕ ❚✆✌✑ ✌✑ ☎✆✄ ✑✞✗✗✄✏ ✓✏�✝✝✌✍✎ ✑✄✒✑�✍ �☛ ✖✍✔✌✒❤

✸✕ P✞✁✑✄✑ ✁✌✘✄ ✒✏✆✒✏✱ ✗��✍✎✱ ✎✏✒✗✱ ✞✏✒✔ ✓�✍☎✒✌✍✙

✹✕ ✖☎ ✌✑ ✒ ✓�✒✏✑✄ ✎✏✒✌✍❤

✺✕ ❚✆✄ ☎☞� ✌✗✝�✏☎✒✍☎ ✠✄✂✄✏✒✎✄✑ ✌✍ ✖✍✔✌✒ ✒✏✄✙

✻✕ ❖✍✄ �☛ ☎✆✄ ☛�✞✏ ✗✒✚�✏ ☛✌✠✄✏✑ ✎✏�☞✍ �✍ ✠✁✒✓✘ ✑�✌✁✑❤

❆ ❩ ▼ ❳ ◆ ✛ ✜ ❱ ◆ ❳ ❆ ❍ ❉ ◗

❙ ❉ ❊ ❲ ❙ ❘ ❏ ❉ ◗ ❏ ❩ ❱ ❘ ❊

❉ ✢ ❍ ❆ ❘ ✖ ❋ ● ❲ ❋ ▼ ❘ ❋ ❲

❋ ◆ ▲ ❘ ● ✛ ❍ ❍ ❘ ❙ ✜ ❙ ❱ ❚

● ✜ ✛ ❲ ❍ ❊ ❆ ❚ ❨ ❆ ✛ ❍ ✜ ❘

❍ ❘ ❚ ✢ ❆ ❙ ❙ ❊ P ❍ ❳ ❆ ◆ ❲

❏ ✖ ❊ ❙ ❏ ❖ ❲ ❆ ❘ ❏ ❩ ❍ ❉ ❚

✢ ✛ ▲ ❆ ❊ ● ❆ ✛ ❖ ❋ ❋ ❊ ❊ ❨

▲ ❚ ❊ ❋ ❨ ▼ ❚ ❆ ❚ ❙ ❙ ❘ ● ✖

P ❉ ❊ ❏ ❖ ❯ ❨ ❱ ❊ ❏ ● ❋ ❆ ❯

❖ ❯ ▼ ❍ ◗ ❙ ❯ ❉ ✖ ❚ ❙ ❲ ❙ P

❯ ❖ ❆ ✛ ❖ ❚ ❚ ❖ ◆ ❊ ❆ ❍ ❋ ❖

❨ ❖ ▲ ❋ ▲ ❯ ❙ ❘ ◗ ◗ ❉ ❚ ❲ ✖

❚ ▼ ❯ ❆ ❍ ❘ ● ❨ ✢ ❚ ❘ ❆ ✜ ❋

❊ ❆ ✢ ❉ ● ❉ ◗ ❍ ❙ ❯ ❖ ✖ ❲ ❍

❲ ◗ ❩ ✛ ❳ ❱ ✜ ◆ ▼ ✢ ❏ ❆ ❙ ▲

❲❡ ✥�❡ ✁✂✄✄❡❢❡☎✆ ✆✝✂☎✞� ✂☎ ✟✥❢ ✁✠✂✡☛ ✡✂✄❡ ☞✠✁❡

✄❢✟☞ ☞❡✆✠✡✌ ✍✠☎ ☛✟✥ ✡✂�✆ ✠ ☎✥☞✎❡❢ ✟✄ ✂✆❡☞�

✥�❡✁ ✂☎ ☛✟✥❢ ✝✟✥�❡☞✠✁❡ ✟✄ ☞❡✆✠✡�✌ ❲✝❡❢❡ ✁✟

✆✝❡�❡☞❡✆✠✡� t✟☞❡ ✄❢✟☞✏

❨✟✥ ✝✠♦❡ �✆✥✁✂❡✁ ✆✝✠✆ ✆✝❡ ❡✠❢✆✝✑� t❢✥�✆ ✂�

☞✠✁❡ ✥♠ ✟✄ ✁✂✄✄❡❢❡☎✆☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ❡☞✎❡✁✁❡✁ ✂☎ ✆✝❡

❢✟t✒�✌ ✓✠❢✂✟✥�☞❡✆✠✡� ✠❢❡ ❡✔✆❢✠t✆❡✁ ✄❢✟☞ ✆✝❡�❡

☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠✄✆❡❢ ♠❢✟♠❡❢ ❢❡✄✂☎❡☞❡☎✆✌

▼✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠❢❡ ✠☎ ✂☎✁✂�♠❡☎�✠✎✡❡ ♠✠❢✆ ✟✄ ✟✥❢

✡✂♦❡�✌ ❧✡☞✟�✆ ❡♦❡❢☛✆✝✂☎✞ ✕❡ ✥�❡✖ ✄❢✟☞ ✠ ✆✂☎☛ ♠✂☎

✆✟ ✠ ✆✟✕❡❢✂☎✞ ✎✥✂✡✁✂☎✞ ✟❢ ✠ ✎✂✞ �✝✂♠✖ ✠✡✡ ✠❢❡

☞✠✁❡ ✄❢✟☞☞✂☎❡❢✠✡�✌ ✗✝❡ ❢✠✂✡✕✠☛ ✡✂☎❡� ✠☎✁ ✆✝❡

✆✠❢☞✠t ✘♠✠♦✂☎✞✙ ✟✄ ✆✝❡ ❢✟✠✁�✖ ✟✥❢ ✂☞♠✡❡☞❡☎✆�

✠☎✁ ☞✠t✝✂☎❡❢☛ ✆✟✟ ✠❢❡ ☞✠✁❡ ✄❢✟☞ ☞✂☎❡❢✠✡�✌

✍✠❢�✖ ✎✥�❡�✖ ✆❢✠✂☎�✖ ✠❡❢✟♠✡✠☎❡� ✠❢❡

☞✠☎✥✄✠t✆✥❢❡✁ ✄❢✟☞ ☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠☎✁ ❢✥☎ ✟☎

♠✟✕❡❢ ❢❡�✟✥❢t❡� ✁❡❢✂♦❡✁ ✄❢✟☞ ✆✝❡ ❡✠❢✆✝✌ ♣♦❡☎

✆✝❡ ✄✟✟✁ ✆✝✠✆ ✕❡ ❡✠✆ t✟☎✆✠✂☎� ☞✂☎❡❢✠✡�✌ ✚☎ ✠✡✡

�✆✠✞❡� ✟✄ ✁❡♦❡✡✟♠☞❡☎✆✖ ✝✥☞✠☎ ✎❡✂☎✞� ✝✠♦❡

✥�❡✁☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✄✟❢ ✆✝❡✂❢ ✡✂♦❡✡✂✝✟✟✁✖ ✁❡t✟❢✠✆✂✟☎✖

✄❡�✆✂♦✂✆✂❡�✖ ❢❡✡✂✞✂✟✥� ✠☎✁ t❡❢❡☞✟☎✂✠✡ ❢✂✆❡�✌

Haban comes to Guwahati with his fatherfrom a remote village.

He sees people getting into strangehouse like objects which move along theroad. He also sees a “kitchen” dragging anumber of house along with it. He is amazedand asked his father “Why don’t our housesmove like the one we saw in Guwahati, Ba?”

Ba replies, “These are not houses, theyare buses and trains. Unlike our houses theseare not made of bricks and stones, metal likeiron and alluminium are used in makingthese. They do not move on their own. Theyare driven by an engine which needs energyto work.”

A bright smile from toothpasteand minerals

Toothpaste cleans your teeth. Abrasiveminerals like silica, limestone, aluminiumoxide and various phosphate minerals do thecleaning. Fluoride which is used to reducecavities, comes from a mineral fluorite. Mosttoothpaste are made white with titaniumoxide, which comes from minerals calledrutile, ilmenite and anatase. The sparkle insome toothpastes comes from mica. Thetoothbrush and tube containing the paste aremade of plastics from petroleum. Find outwhere these minerals are found?

Dig a little deeper and find out how manyminerals are used to make a light bulb?

All living things need minerals

Life processes cannot occur without minerals.Although our mineral intake represents onlyabout 0.3 per cent of our total intake ofnutrients, they are so potent and so importantthat without them we would not be able toutilise the other 99.7 per cent of foodstuffs.

Dig a little deeper and collect “NutritionalFacts” printed on food labels.

✛✜✢✣ ✤✦ ✢ ✧✤★✩✪✢✫✬

●❡✟✡✟✞✂�✆� ✁❡✄✂☎❡☞✂☎❡❢✠✡ ✠� ✠ ✭✝✟☞✟✞❡☎✟✥�✖

☎✠✆✥❢✠✡✡☛ ✟tt✥❢❢✂☎✞ �✥✎�✆✠☎t❡✕✂✆✝ ✠ ✁❡✄✂☎✠✎✡❡

✂☎✆❡❢☎✠✡ �✆❢✥t✆✥❢❡✌✐ ▼✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠❢❡ ✄✟✥☎✁ ✂☎

♦✠❢✂❡✁ ✄✟❢☞� ✂☎ ☎✠✆✥❢❡✖ ❢✠☎✞✂☎✞ ✄❢✟☞ ✆✝❡

✝✠❢✁❡�✆ ✁✂✠☞✟☎✁ ✆✟ ✆✝❡ �✟✄✆❡�✆ ✆✠✡t✌ ❲✝☛ ✠❢❡

✆✝❡☛ �✟ ♦✠❢✂❡✁✏

❨♦� ✁✂✄☎ ✂✆✝☎✂✞✟ ✆☎✂✝♥✠ ✂✡♦�✠ ✝♦☛☞✌✍ ✎♦☛☞✌

✂✝☎ ☛♦❛✡✏♥✂✠✏♦♥✌ ♦✑ ✁♦❛♦✒☎♥♦�✌ ✌�✡✌✠✂♥☛☎✌

☛✂✆✆☎✞ ♠✓✔✕✖✗✘✙✍ ✳♦❛☎ ✝♦☛☞✌✚ ✑♦✝ ✏♥✌✠✂♥☛☎

✆✏❛☎✌✠♦♥☎✚ ☛♦♥✌✏✌✠ ♦✑ ✂ ✌✏♥✒✆☎ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ♦♥✆✟✚ ✡�✠

❛✂✛♦✝✏✠✟ ♦✑ ✠✁☎ ✝♦☛☞ ☛♦♥✌✏✌✠ ♦✑ ✌☎✄☎✝✂✆ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌

✏♥ ✄✂✝✟✏♥✒ ✐✝♦✐♦✝✠✏♦♥✌✍ ✜✆✠✁♦�✒✁✚ ♦✄☎✝ ✢✣✣✣

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✁✂✄☎ ✡☎☎♥ ✏✞☎♥✠✏✑✏☎✞✚ ♦♥✆✟ ✂ ✑☎✤ ✂✝☎

✂✡�♥✞✂♥✠✆✟ ✑♦�♥✞ ✏♥ ❛♦✌✠ ♦✑ ✠✁☎ ✝♦☛☞✌✍

✜ ✐✂✝✠✏☛�✆✂✝ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ✠✁✂✠ ✤✏✆✆ ✡☎ ✑♦✝❛☎✞

✑✝♦❛ ✂ ☛☎✝✠✂✏♥ ☛♦❛✡✏♥✂✠✏♦♥ ♦✑ ☎✆☎❛☎♥✠✌

✞☎✐☎♥✞✌ �✐♦♥ ✠✁☎ ✐✁✟✌✏☛✂✆ ✂♥✞ ☛✁☎❛✏☛✂✆

☛♦♥✞✏✠✏♦♥✌ �♥✞☎✝ ✤✁✏☛✁ ✠✁☎ ❛✂✠☎✝✏✂✆ ✑♦✝❛✌✍

❚✁✏✌✚ ✏♥ ✠�✝♥✚ ✝☎✌�✆✠✌ ✏♥ ✂✤✏✞☎ ✝✂♥✒☎ ♦✑ ☛♦✆♦�✝✌✚

✁✂✝✞♥☎✌✌✚ ☛✝✟✌✠✂✆ ✑♦✝❛✌✚ ✆�✌✠✝☎ ✂♥✞✞☎♥✌✏✠✟ ✠✁✂✠

✂ ✐✂✝✠✏☛�✆✂✝ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ✐♦✌✌☎✌✌☎✌✍ ✥☎♦✆♦✒✏✌✠✌ �✌☎

✠✁☎✌☎ ✐✝♦✐☎✝✠✏☎✌ ✠♦ ☛✆✂✌✌✏✑✟ ✠✁☎ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌✍

Study of Minerals by Geographersand Geologists

Geographers study minerals as part of theearth’s crust for a better understanding oflandforms. The distribution of mineralresources and associated economic activitiesare of interest to geographers. A geologist,however, is interested in the formation ofminerals, their age and physical andchemical composition.

✦♦✤☎✄☎✝✚ ✑♦✝ ✒☎♥☎✝✂✆ ✂♥✞ ☛♦❛❛☎✝☛✏✂✆

✐�✝✐♦✌☎✌ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ☛✂♥ ✡☎ ☛✆✂✌✌✏✑✏☎✞ ✂✌ �♥✞☎✝✍

▼❖✧★ ❖✩ ✪❈❈✫✬✬★✭❈★ ❖✩ ▼■✭★✬✮✯✰

❲✱✲✴✲ ✵✴✲ ✶✱✲✷✲ ✸✹✺✲✴✵✻✷ ✼✽✾✺✿❀

❁✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✂✝☎ �✌�✂✆✆✟ ✑♦�♥✞ ✏♥ ❂♦✝☎✌❃✍ ❚✁☎

✠☎✝❛ ♦✝☎ ✏✌ �✌☎✞ ✠♦ ✞☎✌☛✝✏✡☎ ✂♥ ✂☛☛�❛�✆✂✠✏♦♥

♦✑ ✂♥✟ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ❛✏❄☎✞ ✤✏✠✁ ♦✠✁☎✝ ☎✆☎❛☎♥✠✌✍ ❚✁☎

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ☛♦♥✠☎♥✠ ♦✑ ✠✁☎ ♦✝☎ ❛�✌✠ ✡☎ ✏♥ ✌�✑✑✏☛✏☎♥✠

☛♦♥☛☎♥✠✝✂✠✏♦♥ ✠♦ ❛✂☞☎ ✏✠✌ ☎❄✠✝✂☛✠✏♦♥

☛♦❛❛☎✝☛✏✂✆✆✟ ✄✏✂✡✆☎✍ ❚✁☎ ✠✟✐☎ ♦✑ ✑♦✝❛✂✠✏♦♥ ♦✝

✌✠✝�☛✠�✝☎ ✏♥ ✤✁✏☛✁ ✠✁☎✟ ✂✝☎ ✑♦�♥✞ ✞☎✠☎✝❛✏♥☎✌

✠✁☎ ✝☎✆✂✠✏✄☎ ☎✂✌☎ ✤✏✠✁ ✤✁✏☛✁ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ♦✝☎✌ ❛✂✟

✡☎ ❛✏♥☎✞✍ ❚✁✏✌ ✂✆✌♦ ✞☎✠☎✝❛✏♥☎✌ ✠✁☎ ☛♦✌✠ ♦✑

☎❄✠✝✂☛✠✏♦♥✍ ❡✠ ✏✌✚ ✠✁☎✝☎✑♦✝☎✚ ✏❛✐♦✝✠✂♥✠ ✑♦✝ �✌ ✠♦

�♥✞☎✝✌✠✂♥✞ ✠✁☎ ❛✂✏♥ ✠✟✐☎✌ ♦✑ ✑♦✝❛✂✠✏♦♥✌ ✏♥

✤✁✏☛✁❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ♦☛☛�✝✍

❁✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✒☎♥☎✝✂✆✆✟ ♦☛☛�✝ ✏♥ ✠✁☎✌☎ ✑♦✝❛✌❅

❆❇❉ ❡♥ ✏✒♥☎♦�✌ ✂♥✞ ❛☎✠✂❛♦✝✐✁✏☛ ✝♦☛☞✌

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ❛✂✟ ♦☛☛�✝ ✏♥ ✠✁☎ ☛✝✂☛☞✌✚

☛✝☎✄✏☛☎✌✚ ✑✂�✆✠✌ ♦✝ ✛♦✏♥✠✌✍ ❚✁☎ ✌❛✂✆✆☎✝

♦☛☛�✝✝☎♥☛☎✌ ✂✝☎ ☛✂✆✆☎✞ ✈✕✓✔✙ ✂♥✞ ✠✁☎

✆✂✝✒☎✝ ✂✝☎ ☛✂✆✆☎✞ ✘❧❊✕✙✍ ❡♥ ❛♦✌✠ ☛✂✌☎✌✚

✠✁☎✟ ✂✝☎ ✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✤✁☎♥ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✏♥ ✆✏t�✏✞❋

❛♦✆✠☎♥ ✂♥✞ ✒✂✌☎♦�✌ ✑♦✝❛✌ ✂✝☎ ✑♦✝☛☎✞

�✐✤✂✝✞ ✠✁✝♦�✒✁ ☛✂✄✏✠✏☎✌ ✠♦✤✂✝✞✌ ✠✁☎

☎✂✝✠✁●✌ ✌�✝✑✂☛☎✍ ❚✁☎✟ ☛♦♦✆ ✂♥✞ ✌♦✆✏✞✏✑✟ ✂✌

✠✁☎✟ ✝✏✌☎✍ ❁✂✛♦✝ ❛☎✠✂✆✆✏☛ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✆✏☞☎ ✠✏♥✚

☛♦✐✐☎✝✚ ❍✏♥☛ ✂♥✞ ✆☎✂✞ ☎✠☛✍ ✂✝☎ ♦✡✠✂✏♥☎✞

✑✝♦❛ ✄☎✏♥✌ ✂♥✞ ✆♦✞☎✌✍

❆❇❇❉ ❡♥ ✌☎✞✏❛☎♥✠✂✝✟ ✝♦☛☞✌ ✂ ♥�❛✡☎✝ ♦✑ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌

♦☛☛�✝ ✏♥ ❜✕❊✙ ♦✝ ✘✗❏✕✖✙✍ ❚✁☎✟ ✁✂✄☎ ✡☎☎♥

✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✂✌ ✂ ✝☎✌�✆✠ ♦✑ ✞☎✐♦✌✏✠✏♦♥✚

✂☛☛�❛�✆✂✠✏♦♥ ✂♥✞ ☛♦♥☛☎♥✠✝✂✠✏♦♥ ✏♥

✁♦✝✏❍♦♥✠✂✆ ✌✠✝✂✠✂✍ ❤♦✂✆ ✂♥✞ ✌♦❛☎ ✑♦✝❛✌ ♦✑

✏✝♦♥ ♦✝☎ ✁✂✄☎ ✡☎☎♥ ☛♦♥☛☎♥✠✝✂✠☎✞ ✂✌ ✂ ✝☎✌�✆✠

♦✑ ✆♦♥✒ ✐☎✝✏♦✞✌ �♥✞☎✝ ✒✝☎✂✠ ✁☎✂✠ ✂♥✞

✐✝☎✌✌�✝☎✍ ✜♥♦✠✁☎✝ ✒✝♦�✐ ♦✑ ✌☎✞✏❛☎♥✠✂✝✟

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✏♥☛✆�✞☎ ✒✟✐✌�❛✚ ✐♦✠✂✌✁ ✌✂✆✠ ✂♥✞

✌♦✞✏�❛ ✌✂✆✠✍ ❚✁☎✌☎ ✂✝☎ ✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✂✌ ✂ ✝☎✌�✆✠

♦✑ ✕✈✗❑❧✖✗▲✓❧✔ ☎✌✐☎☛✏✂✆✆✟ ✏♥ ✂✝✏✞ ✝☎✒✏♦♥✌✍

❆❇❇❇❉ ✜♥♦✠✁☎✝ ❛♦✞☎ ♦✑ ✑♦✝❛✂✠✏♦♥ ✏♥✄♦✆✄☎✌ ✠✁☎

✞☎☛♦❛✐♦✌✏✠✏♦♥ ♦✑ ✌�✝✑✂☛☎ ✝♦☛☞✌✚ ✂♥✞ ✠✁☎

✝☎❛♦✄✂✆ ♦✑ ✌♦✆�✡✆☎ ☛♦♥✌✠✏✠�☎♥✠✌✚ ✆☎✂✄✏♥✒ ✂

✖✕✙✓❊r✗✘ ♠✗✙✙ ❧◆ P✕✗▲◗✕✖✕❊ ♠✗▲✕✖✓✗✘

☛♦♥✠✂✏♥✏♥✒ ♦✝☎✌✍ ❝✂�❄✏✠☎ ✏✌ ✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✠✁✏✌✤✂✟✍

51MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

❘❙❯❱ ❳❱❩


✭�✁✂ ❈✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✠✝☞ ✌✍✍✎☎ ✝☛ ❛✏✏✑✒✓❛✏

❞✔✕✖✗✓✘✗ ✞✟ ☛✝✟✥☛ ✌✙ ✚✝✡✡✄☞ ✙✡✌✌☎☛ ✝✟✥ ✆✛✄

❜✝☛✄ ✌✙ ✛✞✡✡☛✜ ✢✛✄☛✄ ✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛ ✝☎✄ ✍✝✡✡✄✥

➅✣✡✝✍✄☎ ✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛✤ ✝✟✥ ✦✄✟✄☎✝✡✡☞ ✍✌✟✆✝✞✟

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛♠ ✧✛✞✍✛ ✝☎✄ ✟✌✆ ✍✌☎☎✌✥✄✥ ❜☞ ✧✝✆✄☎✜

●✌✡✥♠ ☛✞✡✚✄☎♠ ✆✞✟ ✝✟✥ ✣✡✝✆✞✟✎✠ ✝☎✄ ✠✌☛✆

✞✠✣✌☎✆✝✟✆ ✝✠✌✟✦ ☛✎✍✛✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜

✭✁✂ ✢✛✄ ✌✍✄✝✟ ✧✝✆✄☎☛ ✍✌✟✆✝✞✟ ✚✝☛✆ ❚✎✝✟✆✞✆✞✄☛

✌✙ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛♠ ❜✎✆✠✌☛✆ ✌✙ ✆✛✄☛✄ ✝☎✄ ✆✌✌✧✞✥✄✡☞

✥✞✙✙✎☛✄✥ ✆✌ ❜✄ ✌✙ ✄✍✌✟✌✠✞✍ ☛✞✦✟✞✙✞✍✝✟✍✄✜

❍✌✧✄✚✄☎♠ ✍✌✠✠✌✟ ☛✝✡✆♠ ✠✝✦✟✄☛✞✎✠ ✝✟✥

❜☎✌✠✞✟✄ ✝☎✄ ✡✝☎✦✄✡☞ ✥✄☎✞✚✄✥ ✙☎✌✠ ✌✍✄✝✟

✧✝✆✄☎☛✜ ✢✛✄ ✌✍✄✝✟ ❜✄✥☛♠ ✆✌✌♠ ✝☎✄ ☎✞✍✛ ✞✟

✠✝✟✦✝✟✄☛✄ ✟✌✥✎✡✄☛✜

▲✄✆ ✎☛ ✟✌✧ ☛✆✎✥☞ ✆✛✄ ✥✞☛✆☎✞❜✎✆✞✌✟ ✌✙ ✝ ✙✄✧

✠✝★✌☎✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✞✟ ✩✟✥✞✝✜ ✪✡✧✝☞☛ ☎✄✠✄✠❜✄☎ ✆✛✝✆

✆✛✄ ✍✌✟✍✄✟✆☎✝✆✞✌✟ ✌✙✠✞✟✄☎✝✡ ✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✌☎✄♠ ✆✛✄ ✄✝☛✄

✌✙ ✄♦✆☎✝✍✆✞✌✟ ✝✟✥ ✍✡✌☛✄✟✄☛☛ ✆✌ ✆✛✄✠✝☎✫✄✆ ✣✡✝☞

✝✟ ✞✠✣✌☎✆✝✟✆ ☎✌✡✄ ✞✟ ✝✙✙✄✍✆✞✟✦ ✆✛✄ ✄✍✌✟✌✠✞✍

✚✞✝❜✞✡✞✆☞ ✌✙ ✝ ☎✄☛✄☎✚✄✜ ✢✛✎☛♠ ✆✌✠✄✄✆ ✆✛✄✥✄✠✝✟✥♠

✝ ✍✛✌✞✍✄ ✛✝☛ ✆✌ ❜✄ ✠✝✥✄ ❜✄✆✧✄✄✟ ✝ ✟✎✠❜✄☎ ✌✙

✣✌☛☛✞❜✡✄ ✌✣✆✞✌✟☛✜ ♣✛✄✟ ✆✛✞☛ ✞☛ ✥✌✟✄ ✝✠✞✟✄☎✝✡

➅✥✄✣✌☛✞✆✤ ✌☎ ➅☎✄☛✄☎✚✄✤ ✆✎☎✟☛ ✞✟✆✌ ✝ ✬✓✮✔✜

❋✔✯✯✖✑✗ ✰✓✮✔✯❛✏✗

✱✄☎☎✌✎☛ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✝✍✍✌✎✟✆ ✙✌☎ ✝❜✌✎✆ ✆✛☎✄✄✲

✙✌✎☎✆✛☛ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✆✌✆✝✡ ✚✝✡✎✄ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✣☎✌✥✎✍✆✞✌✟ ✌✙

✠✄✆✝✡✡✞✍ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ✢✛✄☞ ✣☎✌✚✞✥✄ ✝ ☛✆☎✌✟✦ ❜✝☛✄

✙✌☎ ✆✛✄ ✥✄✚✄✡✌✣✠✄✟✆ ✌✙ ✠✄✆✝✡✡✎☎✦✞✍✝✡

✞✟✥✎☛✆☎✞✄☛✜ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✄♦✣✌☎✆☛ ☛✎❜☛✆✝✟✆✞✝✡

❚✎✝✟✆✞✆✞✄☛ ✌✙ ✙✄☎☎✌✎☛ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✝✙✆✄☎ ✠✄✄✆✞✟✦

✛✄☎ ✞✟✆✄☎✟✝✡ ✥✄✠✝✟✥☛✜

■✳✴✵ ✶✳✷

✩☎✌✟ ✌☎✄ ✞☛ ✆✛✄ ❜✝☛✞✍✠✞✟✄☎✝✡ ✝✟✥ ✆✛✄ ❜✝✍✫❜✌✟✄

✌✙ ✞✟✥✎☛✆☎✞✝✡ ✥✄✚✄✡✌✣✠✄✟✆✜ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✞☛ ✄✟✥✌✧✄✥

✧✞✆✛ ✙✝✞☎✡☞ ✝❜✎✟✥✝✟✆ ☎✄☛✌✎☎✍✄☛ ✌✙ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄✜ ✩✟✥✞✝

✞☛ ☎✞✍✛ ✞✟ ✦✌✌✥ ❚✎✝✡✞✆☞ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄☛✜ ✐✝✦✟✄✆✞✆✄ ✞☛

✆✛✄ ✙✞✟✄☛✆ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄ ✧✞✆✛ ✝ ✚✄☎☞ ✛✞✦✛ ✍✌✟✆✄✟✆ ✌✙

✞☎✌✟✎✣ ✆✌ ✸✹ ✣✄☎ ✍✄✟✆✜ ✩✆ ✛✝☛ ✄♦✍✄✡✡✄✟✆✠✝✦✟✄✆✞✍

❚✎✝✡✞✆✞✄☛♠ ✄☛✣✄✍✞✝✡✡☞ ✚✝✡✎✝❜✡✄ ✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✄✡✄✍✆☎✞✍✝✡

✞✟✥✎☛✆☎☞✜ ❍✄✠✝✆✞✆✄ ✌☎✄ ✞☛ ✆✛✄ ✠✌☛✆ ✞✠✣✌☎✆✝✟✆

✞✟✥✎☛✆☎✞✝✡ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄ ✞✟ ✆✄☎✠☛ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ❚✎✝✟✆✞✆☞

✎☛✄✥♠ ❜✎✆ ✛✝☛ ✝ ☛✡✞✦✛✆✡☞ ✡✌✧✄☎ ✞☎✌✟ ✍✌✟✆✄✟✆ ✆✛✝✟

✠✝✦✟✄✆✞✆✄✜ ✺✻✹✲✼✹ ✣✄☎ ✍✄✟✆✽✜

❘✝✆✲❍✌✡✄ ✐✞✟✞✟✦✜ ✾✌ ☞✌✎ ✫✟✌✧ ✆✛✝✆ ✠✌☛✆

✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✞✟ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✝☎✄ ✟✝✆✞✌✟✝✡✞☛✄✥

✝✟✥ ✆✛✄✞☎ ✄♦✆☎✝✍✆✞✌✟ ✞☛ ✣✌☛☛✞❜✡✄ ✌✟✡☞ ✝✙✆✄☎

✌❜✆✝✞✟✞✟✦ ✥✎✄ ✣✄☎✠✞☛☛✞✌✟ ✙☎✌✠ ✆✛✄

✦✌✚✄☎✟✠✄✟✆❣✿✎✆ ✞✟✠✌☛✆✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✆☎✞❜✝✡ ✝☎✄✝☛

✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✟✌☎✆✛✲✄✝☛✆ ✩✟✥✞✝♠ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✝☎✄

✌✧✟✄✥ ❜☞ ✞✟✥✞✚✞✥✎✝✡☛ ✌☎ ✍✌✠✠✎✟✞✆✞✄☛✜ ✩✟

✐✄✦✛✝✡✝☞✝♠ ✆✛✄☎✄ ✝☎✄ ✡✝☎✦✄✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛ ✌✙ ✍✌✝✡♠

✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄♠ ✡✞✠✄☛✆✌✟✄ ✝✟✥ ✥✌✡✌✠✞✆✄ ✄✆✍✜ ❈✌✝✡

✠✞✟✞✟✦ ✞✟ ❀✌✧✝✞ ✝✟✥ ❈✛✄☎✝✣✎✟★✄✄ ✞☛ ✥✌✟✄

❜☞ ✙✝✠✞✡☞ ✠✄✠❜✄☎ ✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✙✌☎✠ ✌✙ ✝ ✡✌✟✦

✟✝☎☎✌✧ ✆✎✟✟✄✡♠✫✟✌✧✟✝☛ ➅❘✝✆✛✌✡✄✤✠✞✟✞✟✦✜

Dig a little deeper: What is the differencebetween an open pit mine, a quarry and an

underground mine with shafts?

✩✟✥✞✝ ✞☛ ✙✌☎✆✎✟✝✆✄ ✆✌✛✝✚✄✙✝✞☎✡☞ ☎✞✍✛✝✟✥ ✚✝☎✞✄✥

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡ ☎✄☛✌✎☎✍✄☛✜❍✌✧✄✚✄☎♠ ✆✛✄☛✄ ✝☎✄✎✟✄✚✄✟✡☞

✥✞☛✆☎✞❜✎✆✄✥✜✿☎✌✝✥✡☞ ☛✣✄✝✫✞✟✦♠ ✣✄✟✞✟☛✎✡✝☎ ☎✌✍✫☛

✍✌✟✆✝✞✟ ✠✌☛✆ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ☎✄☛✄☎✚✄☛ ✌✙ ✍✌✝✡♠ ✠✄✆✝✡✡✞✍

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛♠ ✠✞✍✝ ✝✟✥ ✠✝✟☞ ✌✆✛✄☎ ✟✌✟✲✠✄✆✝✡✡✞✍

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ❁✄✥✞✠✄✟✆✝☎☞ ☎✌✍✫☛✌✟ ✆✛✄✧✄☛✆✄☎✟ ✝✟✥

✄✝☛✆✄☎✟ ✙✡✝✟✫☛ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✣✄✟✞✟☛✎✡✝♠ ✞✟ ●✎★✝☎✝✆ ✝✟✥

✪☛☛✝✠ ✛✝✚✄ ✠✌☛✆ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✣✄✆☎✌✡✄✎✠ ✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛✜

❘✝★✝☛✆✛✝✟✧✞✆✛ ✆✛✄☎✌✍✫☛☞☛✆✄✠☛✌✙ ✆✛✄✣✄✟✞✟☛✎✡✝♠

✛✝☛ ☎✄☛✄☎✚✄☛ ✌✙✠✝✟☞ ✟✌✟✲✙✄☎☎✌✎☛✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ✢✛✄

✚✝☛✆ ✝✡✡✎✚✞✝✡ ✣✡✝✞✟☛ ✌✙ ✟✌☎✆✛ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✝☎✄ ✝✡✠✌☛✆

✥✄✚✌✞✥ ✌✙ ✄✍✌✟✌✠✞✍ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ✢✛✄☛✄ ✚✝☎✞✝✆✞✌✟☛

✄♦✞☛✆ ✡✝☎✦✄✡☞ ❜✄✍✝✎☛✄ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✥✞✙✙✄☎✄✟✍✄☛ ✞✟ ✆✛✄

✦✄✌✡✌✦✞✍✝✡ ☛✆☎✎✍✆✎☎✄♠ ✣☎✌✍✄☛☛✄☛✝✟✥ ✆✞✠✄ ✞✟✚✌✡✚✄✥

✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✙✌☎✠✝✆✞✌✟ ✌✙✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜

❂❃❄❅ ❆❅❇❉ ❊❏❑▼◆❖P◗❑❙ ❑❯ ◗❏❑❙ ❑❏❱ ❲❳❑❨◗❙❩

❲PsP❱❨◗❲❱ ❲❳s❏❱ ◗❙ ❬❱❏ ❖❱❙P❭ ❪❫❫❴❵❫❝


❚�✁ ✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ✠✁✡☛☞ ✞✟ ✌✟✍✞✄ ✄✝✁✎

⑩ ❖✏✑✒✒✓✔✕✖✓✏✗✖✓✘✙ ✚✛✜✢✎ ✌✟ ✿✝✞☞☞✄ �✞✣�

✣✝✄✍✁ �✁✂✄☛✞☛✁ ✆✝✁ ✞☞ ❣✆✤✟✍ ✞✟ ✥✄✍✄✂✦✄�✄✝

✂✞✟✁☞ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ♠✄✧✤✝✠�✄✟☎ ✄✟✍ ★✁✟✍✤☎�✄✝

✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛☞✩ ✌✟ ☛�✁ ✄✍☎✆✞✟✞✟✣ ✪✞✟✣✠�✤✂

✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛ ✆❣ ✫�✄✝✬�✄✟✍ �✄✁✂✄☛✞☛✁ ✞✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ✞☞

✂✞✟✁✍ ✞✟ ✭✤✄ ✄✟✍ ✮✆✄✂✤✟✍✞✩

⑩ ❉✯✏✰✔✱✓✒✢✓✏✔✲✖✓✘✙✏✓✳✯✏ ✚✛✜✢ ✡✞✁☞ ✞✟

❈��✄☛☛✞☞✣✄✝� ✄✟✍♠✄�✄✝✄☞�☛✝✄✩ ❤✁✝✧ �✞✣�

✣✝✄✍✁ �✁✂✄☛✞☛✁☞ ✄✝✁ ❣✆✤✟✍ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ❣✄✂✆✤☞

✥✄✞✡✄✍✞✡✄ ✝✄✟✣✁ ✆❣ �✞✡✡☞ ✞✟ ☛�✁✥✄☞☛✄✝ ✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛

✆❣ ❈�✄☛☛✞☞✣✄✝�✩ ❚�✁ ✝✄✟✣✁ ✆❣ �✞✡✡☞ ❞✆✂✦✝✞☞✁

✆❣ ♦✴ ✍✁✦✆☞✞☛☞ ✆❣ ☞✤✦✁✝ �✞✣� ✣✝✄✍✁ �✁✂✄☛✞☛✁

✞✝✆✟ ✆✝✁✩ ✌☛ �✄☞ ☛�✁ ✠✁☞☛ ✦�✧☞✞❞✄✡ ✦✝✆✦✁✝☛✞✁☞

✟✁✁✍✁✍ ❣✆✝ ☞☛✁✁✡ ✂✄✬✞✟✣✩ ✌✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ❣✝✆✂ ☛�✁☞✁

✂✞✟✁☞ ✞☞ ✁✵✦✆✝☛✁✍ ☛✆ ✫✄✦✄✟ ✄✟✍ ✪✆✤☛�

★✆✝✁✄ ❑✞✄ ❤✞☞�✄✬✄✦✄☛✟✄✂ ✦✆✝☛✩

⑩ ✱✛✜✜✓✏❇✔✲✖✑✢✏✓✙✯✏✰✓✶❈✖✑✗✷✓✰✜✯✏✔✸✯✷✗✯✏

✚✛✜✢ ✞✟ ★✄✝✟✄☛✄✬✄ �✄☞ ✡✄✝✣✁ ✝✁☞✁✝❑✁☞ ✆❣ ✞✝✆✟

✆✝✁✩ ❚�✁ ★✤✍✁✝✂✤✬�✂✞✟✁☞ ✡✆❞✄☛✁✍ ✞✟ ☛�✁

❲✁☞☛✁✝✟ ✭�✄☛☞ ✆❣ ★✄✝✟✄☛✄✬✄ ✄✝✁ ✄ ♦❡❡ ✦✁✝

❞✁✟☛ ✁✵✦✆✝☛ ✤✟✞☛✩ ★✤✍✝✁✂✤✬� ✍✁✦✆☞✞☛☞ ✄✝✁

✬✟✆❦✟ ☛✆ ✠✁ ✆✟✁ ✆❣ ☛�✁ ✡✄✝✣✁☞☛ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ❦✆✝✡✍✩

❚�✁ ✆✝✁ ✞☞ ☛✝✄✟☞✦✆✝☛✁✍ ✄☞ ☞✡✤✝✝✧ ☛�✝✆✤✣� ✄

✦✞✦✁✡✞✟✁ ☛✆ ✄ ✦✆✝☛ ✟✁✄✝ ♠✄✟✣✄✡✆✝✁✩

⑩ ▼✓✖✓✏✓✒✖✢✏✓✔✹✺✓ ✚✛✜✢ ✞✟❞✡✤✍✁☞ ☛�✁ ☞☛✄☛✁

✆❣ ✭✆✄ ✄✟✍ ✻✄☛✟✄✣✞✝✞ ✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛ ✆❣

♠✄�✄✝✄☞�☛✝✄✩ ❚�✆✤✣�✼ ☛�✁ ✆✝✁☞ ✄✝✁ ✟✆☛ ✆❣

❑✁✝✧ �✞✣� ✈✤✄✡✞☛✧✼ ✧✁☛ ☛�✁✧ ✄✝✁ ✁❣❣✞❞✞✁✟☛✡✧

✁✵✦✡✆✞☛✁✍✩ ✌✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ✞☞ ✁✵✦✆✝☛✁✍ ☛�✝✆✤✣�

♠✄✝✂✄✣✄✆ ✦✆✝☛✩

✽✾❀❁✾❀❂❃❂

♠✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁ ✞☞ ✂✄✞✟✡✧ ✤☞✁✍ ✞✟ ☛�✁

✂✄✟✤❣✄❞☛✤✝✞✟✣ ✆❣ ☞☛✁✁✡ ✄✟✍ ❣✁✝✝✆✶✂✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁

✄✡✡✆✧✩ ✮✁✄✝✡✧ ♦❡ ✬✣ ✆❣ ✂✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁ ✞☞ ✝✁✈✤✞✝✁✍

☛✆ ✂✄✟✤❣✄❞☛✤✝✁ ✆✟✁ ☛✆✟✟✁ ✆❣ ☞☛✁✁✡✩ ✌☛ ✞☞ ✄✡☞✆

✤☞✁✍ ✞✟ ✂✄✟✤❣✄❞☛✤✝✞✟✣ ✠✡✁✄❞�✞✟✣ ✦✆❦✍✁✝✼

✞✟☞✁❞☛✞❞✞✍✁☞ ✄✟✍ ✦✄✞✟☛☞✩

❋❄❅❆ ❊❆●❍ ■❏▲◆ ▲❏P ◗❘◆P

❋❄❅❆ ❊❆❙❍ ❯❏▲❱❳❨❩❘▲◆ ▲❬ ❭❪◆❫❪◆P❴P ❴❵▲❛❘◆❫

❴❩❪❩P❛❘❴P ❴❵❪❏P ❘◆ sP❏ ❨P◆❩❜ ❝❢❢✐❥❝❢❢❧

✿✝✞☞☞✄ ✞☞ ☛�✁ ✡✄✝✣✁☞☛ ✦✝✆✍✤❞✁✝ ✆❣✂✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁

✆✝✁☞ ✞✟ ✌✟✍✞✄✩ ✌☛ ✄❞❞✆✤✟☛✁✍ ❣✆✝ ✆✟✁✶☛�✞✝✍ ✆❣ ☛�✁

❞✆✤✟☛✝✧♥☞ ☛✆☛✄✡ ✦✝✆✍✤❞☛✞✆✟ ✞✟ ♣❡❡❡✶❡♦✩

Dig a little deeper: Superimpose the mapsshowing distribution of iron ore, manganese,coal and iron and steel industry. Do you see

any correlation. Why?

qrt✉✇①②②r③④ ⑤⑥t①②⑦⑧④

✌✟✍✞✄♥☞ ✝✁☞✁✝❑✁☞ ✄✟✍ ✦✝✆✍✤❞☛✞✆✟ ✆❣ ✟✆✟✶ ❣✁✝✝✆✤☞

✂✞✟✁✝✄✡☞ ✞☞ ✟✆☛ ❑✁✝✧☞✄☛✞☞❣✄❞☛✆✝✧✩ ⑨✆❦✁❑✁✝✼ ☛�✁☞✁

✂✞✟✁✝✄✡☞✼ ❦�✞❞� ✞✟❞✡✤✍✁ ❞✆✦✦✁✝✼ ✠✄✤✵✞☛✁✼ ✡✁✄✍✼

❶✞✟❞ ✄✟✍ ✣✆✡✍ ✦✡✄✧ ✄ ❑✞☛✄✡ ✝✆✡✁ ✞✟ ✄ ✟✤✂✠✁✝ ✆❣

✂✁☛✄✡✡✤✝✣✞❞✄✡✼ ✁✟✣✞✟✁✁✝✞✟✣ ✄✟✍ ✁✡✁❞☛✝✞❞✄✡

✞✟✍✤☞☛✝✞✁☞✩ ❷✁☛ ✤☞ ☞☛✤✍✧ ☛�✁ ✍✞☞☛✝✞✠✤☛✞✆✟ ✆❣

❞✆✦✦✁✝ ✄✟✍ ✠✄✤✵✞☛✁✩

★✤✍✝✁ ✞✟ ★✄✟✟✄✍✄ ✂✁✄✟☞ �✆✝☞✁✩ ❚�✁

�✞✣�✁☞☛ ✦✁✄✬ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ❦✁☞☛✁✝✟ ✣�✄☛☞ ✆❣

★✄✝✟✄☛✄✬✄ ✝✁☞✁✂✠✡✁☞ ☛�✁ ❣✄❞✁ ✆❣ ✄ �✆✝☞✁✩

❚�✁ ✥✄✞✡✄✍✞✡✄ �✞✡✡☞ ✡✆✆✬ ✡✞✬✁ ☛�✁ �✤✂✦ ✆❣

✄✟ ✆✵✼ ✄✟✍ �✁✟❞✁ ✞☛☞ ✟✄✂✁✩


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✟☛☞ ✎✟✏✑ ✒✓☞✔✓☞✏✝✏✑ ✕✓✡✖✆✞✏ ✓☞✗ ✒✆✘✓


❈�✁✁✂✄

■☎✆✝✞ ✝✟ ✠✡✝☛✝✠✞☞☞✌ ✆✍✎✝✠✝✍☎☛ ✝☎ ☛✏✍ ✡✍✟✍✡✑✍ ✞☎✆

♣✡♦✆✒✠☛✝♦☎ ♦✎ ✠♦♣♣✍✡✳ ✓✍✝☎✔✕✞☞☞✍✞✖☞✍✗ ✆✒✠☛✝☞✍

✞☎✆ ✞ ✔♦♦✆ ✠♦☎✆✒✠☛♦✡✗ ✠♦♣♣✍✡ ✝✟ ✕✞✝☎☞✌ ✒✟✍✆

✝☎ ✍☞✍✠☛✡✝✠✞☞ ✠✞✖☞✍✟✗ ✍☞✍✠☛✡♦☎✝✠✟ ✞☎✆ ✠✏✍✕✝✠✞☞

❋✘✙✚ ✛✚✛✜ ✥✢✣✣✤✦ ✧★✩✤✪ ✫✬ ✭✫✮✫✩✯✰✱✫✩✲

❋✘✙✚ ✛✚✴✜ ✵✦✢✲✶✷✬★✢✩ ✢✸ ✥✢✣✣✤✦ ✪✱✢✹★✩✺ ✪✬✫✬✤✻✹★✪✤

✪✱✫✦✤ ★✩ ✣✤✦ ✷✤✩✬s ✼✽✽✾✻✽✿

❇❀❁❂❃❄✂

❚✏♦✒✔✏✗ ✟✍✑✍✡✞☞ ♦✡✍✟ ✠♦☎☛✞✝☎ ✞☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕✗ ✝☛ ✝✟

✎✡♦✕ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍✗ ✞ ✠☞✞✌❅☞✝❆✍ ✟✒✖✟☛✞☎✠✍ ☛✏✞☛

✞☞✒✕✝☎✞ ✞☎✆ ☞✞☛✍✡ ✞☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕ ✝✟ ♦✖☛✞✝☎✍✆✳

✓✞✒❢✝☛✍ ✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✞✡✍ ✎♦✡✕✍✆ ✖✌ ☛✏✍

✆✍✠♦✕♣♦✟✝☛✝♦☎ ♦✎ ✞ ❞✝✆✍ ✑✞✡✝✍☛✌ ♦✎ ✡♦✠❆✟ ✡✝✠✏

✝☎ ✞☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕ ✟✝☞✝✠✞☛✍✟✳

❋✘✙✚ ✛✚❉✜ ✵✦✢✲✶✷✬★✢✩ ✢✸ ❊✫✶●★✬✤ ✪✱✢✹★✩✺ ✪✬✫✬✤✻✹★✪✤

✪✱✫✦✤ ★✩ ✣✤✦ ✷✤✩✬s ✼✽✽✾✻✽✿

❋✘✙✚✛✚❍✜ ❊✫✶●★✬✤ ✭★✩✤

✝☎✆✒✟☛✡✝✍✟✳ ❚✏✍ ✓✞☞✞✔✏✞☛ ✕✝☎✍✟ ✝☎ ✐✞✆✏✌✞

P✡✞✆✍✟✏ ♣✡♦✆✒✠✍ ❏❑ ♣✍✡ ✠✍☎☛ ♦✎ ■☎✆✝✞▲✟ ✠♦♣♣✍✡✳

❚✏✍ ▼✝☎✔✖✏✒✕ ✆✝✟☛✡✝✠☛ ♦✎ ◆✏✞✡❆✏✞☎✆ ✝✟ ✞☞✟♦ ✞

☞✍✞✆✝☎✔ ♣✡♦✆✒✠✍✡ ♦✎ ✠♦♣♣✍✡✳ ❚✏✍ ❖✏✍☛✡✝ ✕✝☎✍✟

✝☎ ◗✞❘✞✟☛✏✞☎ ✞✡✍ ✞☞✟♦ ✎✞✕♦✒✟✳

❙☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕ ✝✟ ✞☎ ✝✕♣♦✡☛✞☎☛✕✍☛✞☞ ✖✍✠✞✒✟✍

✝☛ ✠♦✕✖✝☎✍✟ ☛✏✍ ✟☛✡✍☎✔☛✏ ♦✎✕✍☛✞☞✟ ✟✒✠✏ ✞✟ ✝✡♦☎✗

❞✝☛✏ ✍❢☛✡✍✕✍ ☞✝✔✏☛☎✍✟✟ ✞☎✆ ✞☞✟♦ ❞✝☛✏ ✔♦♦✆

✠♦☎✆✒✠☛✝✑✝☛✌ ✞☎✆ ✔✡✍✞☛ ✕✞☞☞✍✞✖✝☞✝☛✌✳

■☎✆✝✞▲✟ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍ ✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✞✡✍ ✕✞✝☎☞✌ ✎♦✒☎✆

✝☎ ☛✏✍ ❙✕✞✡❆✞☎☛✞❆ ♣☞✞☛✍✞✒✗ ✐✞✝❆✞☞ ✏✝☞☞✟ ✞☎✆

☛✏✍ ♣☞✞☛✍✞✒ ✡✍✔✝♦☎ ♦✎ ✓✝☞✞✟♣✒✡❅ ❖✞☛☎✝✳

❯✡✝✟✟✞ ✝✟ ☛✏✍ ☞✞✡✔✍✟☛ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍ ♣✡♦✆✒✠✝☎✔

✟☛✞☛✍ ✝☎ ■☎✆✝✞ ❞✝☛✏ ❱❏ ♣✍✡ ✠✍☎☛ ♦✎ ☛✏✍ ✠♦✒☎☛✡✌▲✟

☛♦☛✞☞ ♣✡♦✆✒✠☛✝♦☎ ✝☎ ❑ttt❅t❲✳ P✞☎✠✏♣✞☛✕✞☞✝

✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✝☎ ❖♦✡✞♣✒☛ ✆✝✟☛✡✝✠☛ ✞✡✍ ☛✏✍ ✕♦✟☛

✝✕♣♦✡☛✞☎☛ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍ ✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✝☎ ☛✏✍ ✟☛✞☛✍✳

Dig a little deeper: Locate the mines ofBauxite on the physical map of India.


◆�✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✞✟✠ ✄✟✁☎✡✝✞☛

▼☞✌✍ ✥✎ ✏ ✑✥✒✓✔✏✕ ✑✏✖✓ ✗✘ ✙✚ ✏ ✎✓✔✥✓✎ ✙✚ ✘✕✏✛✓✎

✙✔ ✕✓✏♦✓✎✜ ✢✛ ✎✘✕✥✛✎ ✓✏✎✥✕✣ ✥✒✛✙ ✛✤✥✒ ✎✤✓✓✛✎✜ ✦✤✓✎✓

✎✤✓✓✛✎ s✏✒ ✧✓ ✎✙ ✛✤✥✒ ✛✤✏✛ ✏ ✛✤✙✗✎✏✒✖ s✏✒ ✧✓

✕✏✣✓✔✓✖ ✥✒✛✙ ✏ ✑✥s✏ ✎✤✓✓✛ ✙✚ ✏ ✚✓❧ s✓✒✛✥✑✓✛✓✔✎

✤✥❤✤✜ ★✥s✏ s✏✒ ✧✓ s✕✓✏✔✱ ✧✕✏s✩✱ ❤✔✓✓✒✱ ✔✓✖ ✣✓✕✕✙❧

✙✔ ✧✔✙❧✒✜ ✪✗✓ ✛✙ ✥✛✎ ✓✫s✓✕✕✓✒✛ ✖✥✬✓✕✓s✛✔✥s

✎✛✔✓✒❤✛✤✱ ✕✙❧ ✘✙❧✓✔ ✕✙✎✎ ✚✏s✛✙✔✱ ✥✒✎✗✕✏✛✥✒❤

✘✔✙✘✓✔✛✥✓✎ ✏✒✖ ✔✓✎✥✎✛✏✒s✓ ✛✙ ✤✥❤✤ ♦✙✕✛✏❤✓✱ ✑✥s✏

✥✎ ✙✒✓ ✙✚ ✛✤✓ ✑✙✎✛ ✥✒✖✥✎✘✓✒✎✏✧✕✓ ✑✥✒✓✔✏✕✎ ✗✎✓✖

✥✒ ✓✕✓s✛✔✥s ✏✒✖ ✓✕✓s✛✔✙✒✥s ✥✒✖✗✎✛✔✥✓✎✜

★✥s✏ ✖✓✘✙✎✥✛✎ ✏✔✓ ✚✙✗✒✖ ✥✒ ✛✤✓ ✒✙✔✛✤✓✔✒

✓✖❤✓ ✙✚ ✛✤✓ ❡✤✙✛✏ ✭✏❤✘✗✔ ✘✕✏✛✓✏✗✜ ✮✙✖✓✔✑✏

●✏✣✏ ✯ ✰✏✲✏✔✥✧✏❤✤ ✧✓✕✛ ✙✚ ✳✤✏✔✩✤✏✒✖ ✥✎ ✛✤✓

✕✓✏✖✥✒❤ ✘✔✙✖✗s✓✔✜

✢✒ ■✏✴✏✎✛✤✏✒✱ ✛✤✓ ✑✏✴✙✔ ✑✥s✏ ✘✔✙✖✗s✥✒❤

✏✔✓✏ ✥✎ ✏✔✙✗✒✖ ✵✴✑✓✔✜ ✭✓✕✕✙✔✓ ✑✥s✏ ✧✓✕✛ ✙✚

✵✒✖✤✔✏ ❆✔✏✖✓✎✤ ✥✎ ✏✕✎✙ ✏✒ ✥✑✘✙✔✛✏✒✛ ✘✔✙✖✗s✓✔

✥✒ ✛✤✓ s✙✗✒✛✔✣✜

✵✚✛✓✔ ✛✤✓ ✖✥✎s✙♦✓✔✣ ✙✚ ✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✶✑✘✓✔✙✔

✭✏✘✙✕✓✙✒ ✢✢✢ ❧✙✔✓ ✧✗✛✛✙✒✎ ✏✒✖ ✤✙✙✩✎ ✙✒

✤✥✎ s✕✙✛✤✓✎ ✑✏✖✓ ✙✚ ✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✏✒✖ ✎✓✔♦✓✖

✚✙✙✖ ✛✙ ✤✥✎ ✑✙✔✓ ✥✕✕✗✎✛✔✥✙✗✎ ❤✗✓✎✛✎ ✥✒

✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✗✛✓✒✎✥✕✎ ✏✒✖ ✛✤✓ ✕✓✎✎

✤✙✒✙✗✔✏✧✕✓ ✙✒✓✎ ❧✓✔✓ ✎✓✔♦✓✖ ✥✒ ❤✙✕✖ ✏✒✖

✎✥✕♦✓✔ ✗✛✓✒✎✥✕✎✜ ✦✤✥✔✛✣ ✣✓✏✔✎ ✏✚✛✓✔ ✛✤✥✎

✥✒s✥✖✓✒✛ ✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✧✙❧✕✎ ❧✓✔✓ ✑✙✎✛

s✙✑✑✙✒ ❧✥✛✤ ✛✤✓ ✧✓❤❤✏✔✎ ✥✒ ❆✏✔✥✎✜

❋✷✸✹ ✺✹✻✼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂❃❄✿❅ ✿❇ ❈❄❉❊❍❃✿❅❊ ❍❏✿❑❄❅▲ ❍❃❖❃❊P

❑❄❍❊ ❍❏❖✾❊ ❄❅ ✇❊✾ ❂❊❅❃◗ ❘❙❙❚P❙❯

❱�✠❲ ✄✟✁☎✡✝✞☛

❳☞❨❩❬❭❪❫❩ ✥✎ ✚✙✗✒✖ ✥✒ ✏✎✎✙s✥✏✛✥✙✒ ❧✥✛✤ ✔✙s✩✎

s✙✑✘✙✎✓✖ ✙✚ s✏✕s✥✗✑ s✏✔✧✙✒✏✛✓✎ ✙✔ s✏✕s✥✗✑

✏✒✖ ✑✏❤✒✓✎✥✗✑ s✏✔✧✙✒✏✛✓✎✜ ✢✛ ✥✎ ✚✙✗✒✖ ✥✒

✎✓✖✥✑✓✒✛✏✔✣ ✔✙s✩✎ ✙✚ ✑✙✎✛ ❤✓✙✕✙❤✥s✏✕

✚✙✔✑✏✛✥✙✒✎✜ ❢✥✑✓✎✛✙✒✓ ✥✎ ✛✤✓ ✧✏✎✥s ✔✏❧ ✑✏✛✓✔✥✏✕

✚✙✔ ✛✤✓ s✓✑✓✒✛ ✥✒✖✗✎✛✔✣ ✏✒✖ ✓✎✎✓✒✛✥✏✕ ✚✙✔

✎✑✓✕✛✥✒❤ ✥✔✙✒ ✙✔✓ ✥✒ ✛✤✓ ✧✕✏✎✛ ✚✗✔✒✏s✓✜

Dig a little deeper: Study the maps to explainwhy Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals.

Hazards of Mining

Have you ever wondered about the efforts the miners make in making life comfortablefor you? What are the impacts of mining onthe health of the miners and the environment?

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled byminers make them vulnerable to pulmonarydiseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs,inundation and fires in coalmines are aconstant threat to miners.

The water sources in the region getcontaminated due to mining. Dumping of wasteand slurry leads to degradation of land, soil,and increase in stream and river pollution.

❋✷✸✹ ✺✹❴❵✼ ❛❄✾ ✇✿❜❜❁❃❄✿❅ ❀❁❊ ❃✿

▲❊❅❊✾❖❃❄✿❅ ✿❇ ❀❁❍❃ ❄❅ ❉❄❅❄❅▲ ❖✾❊❖❍


❙�✁✂✄�☎✁ ✆✝✞☎�✟ ✁☎✠✡☛✝�✂☞✌✆ ✝✌✍

✂✐✎☛☎✐☎✌�✝�✂☞✌ ☞✞ ☎✌✏✂✁☞✌✐☎✌�✝☛ ☛✝✑✆ ✝✁☎

☎✆✆☎✌�✂✝☛ �☞ ✎✁☎✏☎✌� ✐✂✌✂✌✠ ✞✁☞✐ ❡☎✄☞✐✂✌✠ ✝

➇✒✂☛☛☎✁ ✂✌✍✡✆�✁✟✓✔

❈❖✕✖✗✘❱❆❚✙❖✕ ❖✚ ✥✙✕✗✘❆■✖

❲☎ ✝☛☛ ✝✎✎✁☎✄✂✝�☎ �✛☎ ✆�✁☞✌✠ ✍☎✎☎✌✍☎✌✄☎ ☞✞

✂✌✍✡✆�✁✟ ✝✌✍ ✝✠✁✂✄✡☛�✡✁☎ ✡✎☞✌ ✐✂✌☎✁✝☛

✍☎✎☞✆✂�✆ ✝✌✍ �✛☎ ✆✡❡✆�✝✌✄☎✆ ✐✝✌✡✞✝✄�✡✁☎✍

✞✁☞✐ �✛☎✐✔ ❢✛☎ �☞�✝☛ ✏☞☛✡✐☎ ☞✞ ✑☞✁✒✝❡☛☎

✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✍☎✎☞✆✂�✆ ✂✆ ✝✌ ✂✌✆✂✠✌✂✞✂✄✝✌� ✞✁✝✄�✂☞✌

✂✔☎✔ ☞✌☎ ✎☎✁ ✄☎✌� ☞✞ �✛☎ ☎✝✁�✛✜✆ ✄✁✡✆�✔ ❲☎ ✝✁☎

✁✝✎✂✍☛✟ ✄☞✌✆✡✐✂✌✠ ✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✁☎✆☞✡✁✄☎✆ �✛✝�

✁☎r✡✂✁☎✍ ✐✂☛☛✂☞✌✆ ☞✞ ✟☎✝✁✆ �☞ ❡☎ ✄✁☎✝�☎✍ ✝✌✍

✄☞✌✄☎✌�✁✝�☎✍✔ ❢✛☎ ✠☎☞☛☞✠✂✄✝☛ ✎✁☞✄☎✆✆☎✆ ☞✞

✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✞☞✁✐✝�✂☞✌ ✝✁☎ ✆☞ ✆☛☞✑ �✛✝� �✛☎ ✁✝�☎✆

☞✞ ✁☎✎☛☎✌✂✆✛✐☎✌� ✝✁☎ ✂✌✞✂✌✂�☎☛✟ ✆✐✝☛☛ ✂✌

✄☞✐✎✝✁✂✆☞✌ �☞ �✛☎ ✎✁☎✆☎✌� ✁✝�☎✆ ☞✞

✄☞✌✆✡✐✎�✂☞✌✔ ❝✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✁☎✆☞✡✁✄☎✆ ✝✁☎✢

�✛☎✁☎✞☞✁☎✢ ✞✂✌✂�☎ ✝✌✍ ✌☞✌t✁☎✌☎✑✝❡☛☎✔ ✣✂✄✛

✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✍☎✎☞✆✂�✆ ✝✁☎ ☞✡✁ ✄☞✡✌�✁✟✜✆ ☎♠�✁☎✐☎☛✟

✏✝☛✡✝❡☛☎ ❡✡� ✆✛☞✁�t☛✂✏☎✍ ✎☞✆✆☎✆✆✂☞✌✆✔

✤☞✌�✂✌✡☎✍ ☎♠�✁✝✄�✂☞✌ ☞✞ ☞✁☎✆ ☛☎✝✍✆ �☞

✂✌✄✁☎✝✆✂✌✠ ✄☞✆�✆ ✝✆ ✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ☎♠�✁✝✄�✂☞✌ ✄☞✐☎✆

✞✁☞✐ ✠✁☎✝�☎✁ ✍☎✎�✛✆ ✝☛☞✌✠ ✑✂�✛ ✍☎✄✁☎✝✆☎

✂✌ r✡✝☛✂�✟✔


❆ �✁✂�✄☎✆✄✝ ✄✞✞✁☎✆ ✟✠✡ ✆✁ ☛✄ ☞✠✝✄ ✌✂ ✁☎✝✄☎

✆✁ t✡✄ ✁t☎☞✌✂✄☎✠✍ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ ✌✂ ✠ ✎✍✠✂✂✄✝ ✠✂✝

✡t✡✆✠✌✂✠☛✍✄ ☞✠✂✂✄☎✳ ✏☞✎☎✁✑✄✝ ✆✄�✟✂✁✍✁✒✌✄✡

✂✄✄✝ ✆✁ ☛✄ �✁✂✡✆✠✂✆✍♥ ✄✑✁✍✑✄✝ ✆✁ ✠✍✍✁✓ t✡✄ ✁✞

✍✁✓ ✒☎✠✝✄ ✁☎✄✡ ✠✆ ✍✁✓ �✁✡✆✡✳ ❧✄�♥�✍✌✂✒ ✁✞☞✄✆✠✍✡✔

t✡✌✂✒ ✡�☎✠✎ ☞✄✆✠✍✡ ✠✂✝ ✁✆✟✄☎ ✡t☛✡✆✌✆t✆✄✡ ✠☎✄

✡✆✄✎✡ ✌✂ �✁✂✡✄☎✑✌✂✒ ✁t☎ ☞✌✂✄☎✠✍ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ ✞✁☎

✆✟✄ ✞t✆t☎✄✳

Dig a little deeper: Make a list of items wheresubstitutes are being used instead of minerals.

Where are these substitutes obtained from?

❊✕✖✗✘✙ ✚✖✛✜✢✗✣✖✛

✤✂✄☎✒♥ ✌✡ ☎✄✥t✌☎✄✝ ✞✁☎ ✠✍✍ ✠�✆✌✑✌✆✌✄✡✳ ✏✆ ✌✡ ✂✄✄✝✄✝

✆✁ �✁✁✦✔ ✆✁ ✎☎✁✑✌✝✄ ✍✌✒✟✆ ✠✂✝ ✟✄✠✆✔ ✆✁ ✎☎✁✎✄✍

✑✄✟✌�✍✄✡ ✠✂✝ ✆✁ ✝☎✌✑✄ ☞✠�✟✌✂✄☎♥ ✌✂ ✌✂✝t✡✆☎✌✄✡✳

✤✂✄☎✒♥ �✠✂ ☛✄ ✒✄✂✄☎✠✆✄✝ ✞☎✁☞ ✞t✄✍☞✌✂✄☎✠✍✡

✍✌✦✄ �✁✠✍✔ ✎✄✆☎✁✍✄t☞✔ ✂✠✆t☎✠✍ ✒✠✡✔ t☎✠✂✌t☞ ✠✂✝

✞☎✁☞ ✄✍✄�✆☎✌�✌✆♥✳ ✤✂✄☎✒♥ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ �✠✂ ☛✄

�✍✠✡✡✌✞✌✄✝ ✠✡ �✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✠✂✝ ✂✁✂❝

�✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✡✁t☎�✄✡✳ ✧✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✡✁t☎�✄✡

✌✂�✍t✝✄✐ ✞✌☎✄✓✁✁✝✔ �✠✆✆✍✄ ✝t✂✒ �✠✦✄✔ �✁✠✍✔

✎✄✆☎✁✍✄t☞✔ ✂✠✆t☎✠✍ ✒✠✡ ✠✂✝ ✄✍✄�✆☎✌�✌✆♥ ♣☛✁✆✟

✟♥✝✄✍ ✠✂✝ ✆✟✄☎☞✠✍❤✳ ★✁✂❝�✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✡✁t☎�✄✡

✌✂�✍t✝✄ ✡✁✍✠☎✔ ✓✌✂✝✔ ✆✌✝✠✍✔ ✒✄✁✆✟✄☎☞✠✍✔ ☛✌✁✒✠✡

✠✂✝ ✠✆✁☞✌� ✄✂✄☎✒♥✳ ❛✌☎✄✓✁✁✝ ✠✂✝ �✠✆✆✍✄ ✝t✂✒

�✠✦✄ ✠☎✄ ☞✁✡✆ �✁☞☞✁✂ ✌✂ ☎t☎✠✍ ✏✂✝✌✠✳

❆��✁☎✝✌✂✒ ✆✁ ✁✂✄ ✄✡✆✌☞✠✆✄ ☞✁☎✄ ✆✟✠✂ ✩✪ ✎✄☎

�✄✂✆ ✄✂✄☎✒♥ ☎✄✥t✌☎✄☞✄✂✆ ✌✂ ☎t☎✠✍ ✟✁t✡✄✟✁✍✝✡

✌✡ ☞✄✆ ☛♥ ✆✟✄✡✄ ✆✓✁ ✫ �✁✂✆✌✂t✠✆✌✁✂ ✁✞ ✆✟✄✡✄ ✌✡

✌✂�☎✄✠✡✌✂✒✍♥ ☛✄�✁☞✌✂✒ ✝✌✞✞✌�t✍✆ ✝t✄ ✆✁

✝✄�☎✄✠✡✌✂✒ ✞✁☎✄✡✆ ✠☎✄✠✳ ❞✁☎✄✁✑✄☎✔ t✡✌✂✒ ✝t✂✒

�✠✦✄ ✆✁✁ ✌✡ ☛✄✌✂✒ ✝✌✡�✁t☎✠✒✄✝ ☛✄�✠t✡✄ ✌✆

�✁✂✡t☞✄✡☞✁✡✆ ✑✠✍t✠☛✍✄ ☞✠✂t☎✄ ✓✟✌�✟ �✁t✍✝

☛✄ t✡✄✝ ✌✂ ✠✒☎✌�t✍✆t☎✄✳

❈✜✕✬✖✕✭✮✜✕✯✰ ✱✜✢✗✣✖✛ ✜✲ ❊✕✖✗✘✙

✴✵✶✷✸ ✏✂ ✏✂✝✌✠✔ �✁✠✍ ✌✡ ✆✟✄ ☞✁✡✆ ✠☛t✂✝✠✂✆✍♥

✠✑✠✌✍✠☛✍✄ ✞✁✡✡✌✍ ✞t✄✍✳ ✏✆ ✎☎✁✑✌✝✄✡ ✠ ✡t☛✡✆✠✂✆✌✠✍

✎✠☎✆ ✁✞ ✆✟✄ ✂✠✆✌✁✂✹✡ ✄✂✄☎✒♥ ✂✄✄✝✡✳ ✏✆ ✌✡ t✡✄✝ ✞✁☎

✎✁✓✄☎ ✒✄✂✄☎✠✆✌✁✂✔ ✆✁ ✡t✎✎✍♥ ✄✂✄☎✒♥ ✆✁ ✌✂✝t✡✆☎♥

✠✡ ✓✄✍✍ ✠✡ ✞✁☎ ✝✁☞✄✡✆✌� ✂✄✄✝✡✳ ✏✂✝✌✠ ✌✡ ✟✌✒✟✍♥

✝✄✎✄✂✝✄✂✆ ✁✂ �✁✠✍ ✞✁☎☞✄✄✆✌✂✒ ✌✆✡ �✁☞☞✄☎�✌✠✍

✄✂✄☎✒♥ ☎✄✥t✌☎✄☞✄✂✆✡✳

❆✡ ♥✁t ✠☎✄ ✠✍☎✄✠✝♥ ✠✓✠☎✄ ✆✟✠✆ �✁✠✍ ✌✡

✞✁☎☞✄✝ ✝t✄ ✆✟✄ �✁☞✎☎✄✡✡✌✁✂ ✁✞ ✎✍✠✂✆

☞✠✆✄☎✌✠✍ ✁✑✄☎ ☞✌✍✍✌✁✂✡ ✁✞ ♥✄✠☎✡✳ ✧✁✠✍✔

✆✟✄☎✄✞✁☎✄✔ ✌✡ ✞✁t✂✝ ✌✂ ✠ ✑✠☎✌✄✆♥ ✁✞ ✞✁☎☞✡

✝✄✎✄✂✝✌✂✒ ✁✂ ✆✟✄ ✝✄✒☎✄✄✡ ✁✞ �✁☞✎☎✄✡✡✌✁✂

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✾✾ ✿❀❁❂ ❃ ❄❅❇❉ ●❍■❏ ❅❑▲❅▼❇ ■● ◆ ❖■◆P ❏❅❑❇

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✾✾ ✿◗❁❂ ❃ ❄❅❇❉ ●❍■❏ ■❘❙▲❅▼❇ ■● ◆ ❖■◆P ❏❅❑❇

✠✂✝ ✆✟✄ ✝✄✎✆✟ ✠✂✝ ✆✌☞✄ ✁✞ ☛t☎✌✠✍✳ ❚✄�✠♥✌✂✒

✎✍✠✂✆✡ ✌✂ ✡✓✠☞✎✡ ✎☎✁✝t�✄ ✎✄✠✆✳ ❲✟✌�✟ ✟✠✡

✠ ✍✁✓ �✠☎☛✁✂ ✠✂✝ ✟✌✒✟ ☞✁✌✡✆t☎✄ �✁✂✆✄✂✆✡

✠✂✝ ✍✁✓ ✟✄✠✆✌✂✒ �✠✎✠�✌✆♥✳ ❯✮✘✕✮✭✖ ✌✡ ✠ ✍✁✓

✒☎✠✝✄ ☛☎✁✓✂ �✁✠✍✔ ✓✟✌�✟ ✌✡ ✡✁✞✆ ✓✌✆✟ ✟✌✒✟

☞✁✌✡✆t☎✄ �✁✂✆✄✂✆✳ ♠✟✄ ✎☎✌✂�✌✎✠✍ ✍✌✒✂✌✆✄

☎✄✡✄☎✑✄✡ ✠☎✄ ✌✂ ★✄♥✑✄✍✌ ✌✂ ♠✠☞✌✍ ★✠✝t ✠✂✝

✠☎✄ t✡✄✝ ✞✁☎ ✒✄✂✄☎✠✆✌✁✂ ✁✞ ✄✍✄�✆☎✌�✌✆♥✳ ✧✁✠✍

✆✟✠✆ ✟✠✡ ☛✄✄✂ ☛t☎✌✄✝ ✝✄✄✎ ✠✂✝ ✡t☛❱✄�✆✄✝ ✆✁

✌✂�☎✄✠✡✄✝ ✆✄☞✎✄☎✠✆t☎✄✡ ✌✡ ❜✮✭✢❳✮✕✜✢✛ �✁✠✍✳

✏✆ ✌✡ ✆✟✄ ☞✁✡✆ ✎✁✎t✍✠☎ �✁✠✍ ✌✂ �✁☞☞✄☎�✌✠✍

t✡✄✳ ❞✄✆✠✍✍t☎✒ ✌�✠✍ �✁✠✍ ✌✡ ✟✌✒✟ ✒☎✠✝✄

☛✌✆t☞✌✂✁t✡ �✁✠✍ ✓✟✌�✟ ✟✠✡ ✠ ✡✎✄�✌✠✍ ✑✠✍t✄

✞✁☎ ✡☞✄✍✆ ✌✂✒ ✌☎✁✂ ✌✂ ☛✍✠✡✆ ✞t☎✂✠�✄✡✳

❨✕✭❩✗✯✣✮✭✖ ✌✡ ✆✟✄ ✟✌✒✟✄✡✆ ✥t✠✍✌✆♥ ✟✠☎✝ �✁✠✍✳

✏✂ ✏✂✝✌✠ �✁✠✍ ✁��t☎✡ ✌✂ ☎✁�✦ ✡✄☎✌✄✡ ✁✞ ✆✓✁

☞✠✌✂ ✒✄✁✍✁✒✌�✠✍ ✠✒✄✡✔ ✂✠☞✄✍♥❬✁✂✝✓✠✂✠✔ ✠ ✍✌✆✆✍✄

✁✑✄☎ ♦✪✪ ☞✌✍✍✌✁✂ ♥✄✠☎✡ ✌✂ ✠✒✄ ✠✂✝ ✌✂ ✆✄☎✆✌✠☎♥

✝✄✎✁✡✌✆✡ ✓✟✌�✟ ✠☎✄ ✁✂✍♥ ✠☛✁t✆ ❭❭☞✌✍✍✌✁✂ ♥✄✠☎✡

✁✍✝✳ ♠✟✄ ☞✠❱✁☎ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ ✁✞ ❬✁✂✝✓✠✂✠ �✁✠✍✔

✓✟✌�✟ ✠☎✄ ☞✄✆✠✍✍t☎✒✌�✠✍ �✁✠✍✔ ✠☎✄ ✍✁�✠✆✄✝ ✌✂


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍☛✎✏✑ ✒✆✏ ✎☞✓ ✔✎✞✡✟✎✏ ✕✎✝


❉�✁✂✄�☎ ✆�✝✝✞✟ ✠✡✞❡☛ ☞✞✌✍�✝✎✏✑�☎✒✑�✌✄✓✔

✏✑�☎❏�✕ ✖�✌❏✍�✌✗✕ ☞✂✒�☎✂ �☎✞ ❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛

❝✂�✝✙❏✞✝✄❡✔ ✚✑✞ ✛✂✄�✆�☎❏✕ ✜�✑�✌�✄❏✕ ✢✂✌ �✌✄

✡�☎✄✑� ✆�✝✝✞✟❡ �✝❡✂ ❝✂✌☛�❏✌ ❝✂�✝ ✄✞✘✂❡❏☛❡✔

✚✞☎☛❏�☎✟ ❝✂�✝❡ ✂❝❝❚☎ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ✌✂☎☛✑ ✞�❡☛✞☎✌

❡☛�☛✞❡ ✂✙ ✜✞✍✑�✝�✟�✕ s❡❡�✁✕ s☎❚✌�❝✑�✝

P☎�✄✞❡✑ �✌✄ ✣�✍�✝�✌✄✔

✖✞✁✞✁❘✞☎ ❝✂�✝ ❏❡ � ❘❚✝✒✟ ✁�☛✞☎❏�✝✕ ✤✑❏❝✑

✝✂❡✞❡ ✤✞❏✍✑☛ ✂✌ ❚❡✞ �❡ ❏☛ ❏❡ ☎✞✄❚❝✞✄ ☛✂ �❡✑✔

❍✞✌❝✞✕ ✑✞�✆✟ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡ �✌✄ ☛✑✞☎✁�✝ ✘✂✤✞☎

❡☛�☛❏✂✌ �☎✞ ✝✂❝�☛✞✄ ✂✌ ✂☎ ✌✞�☎ ☛✑✞ ❝✂�✝✙❏✞✝✄❡✔

✥✦✧★✩✪✦✫✬

P✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ ✂☎ ✁❏✌✞☎�✝ ✂❏✝ ❏❡ ☛✑✞ ✌✞✭☛ ✁�✗✂☎

✞✌✞☎✍✟ ❡✂❚☎❝✞ ❏✌ ✮✌✄❏� �✙☛✞☎ ❝✂�✝✔ ✮☛ ✘☎✂✆❏✄✞❡

✙❚✞✝ ✙✂☎ ✑✞�☛ �✌✄ ✝❏✍✑☛❏✌✍✕ ✝❚❘☎❏❝�✌☛❡ ✙✂☎

✁�❝✑❏✌✞☎✟ �✌✄ ☎�✤ ✁�☛✞☎❏�✝❡ ✙✂☎ � ✌❚✁❘✞☎ ✂✙

✁�✌❚✙�❝☛❚☎❏✌✍ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡✔ P✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁

☎✞✙❏✌✞☎❏✞❡ �❝☛ �❡ � r✌✂✄�✝ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎✟✯ ✙✂☎

❡✟✌☛✑✞☛❏❝ ☛✞✭☛❏✝✞✕ ✙✞☎☛❏✝❏❡✞☎ �✌✄ ✌❚✁✞☎✂❚❡

❝✑✞✁❏❝�✝ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡✔

✜✂❡☛ ✂✙ ☛✑✞ ✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ ✂❝❝❚☎☎✞✌❝✞❡ ❏✌ ✮✌✄❏�

�☎✞ �❡❡✂❝❏�☛✞✄ ✤❏☛✑ �✌☛❏❝✝❏✌✞❡ �✌✄ ✙�❚✝☛ ☛☎�✘❡

❏✌ ☛✑✞ ☎✂❝✒ ✙✂☎✁�☛❏✂✌❡ ✂✙ ☛✑✞ ☛✞☎☛❏�☎✟ �✍✞✔ ✮✌

☎✞✍❏✂✌❡ ✂✙ ✙✂✝✄❏✌✍✕ �✌☛❏❝✝❏✌✞❡ ✂☎ ✄✂✁✞❡✕ ❏☛ ✂❝❝❚☎❡

✤✑✞☎✞ ✂❏✝ ❏❡ ☛☎�✘✘✞✄ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❝☎✞❡☛ ✂✙ ☛✑✞ ❚✘✙✂✝✄✔

✚✑✞ ✂❏✝ ❘✞�☎❏✌✍ ✝�✟✞☎ ❏❡ � ✘✂☎✂❚❡ ✝❏✁✞❡☛✂✌✞ ✂☎

❡�✌✄❡☛✂✌✞ ☛✑☎✂❚✍✑ ✤✑❏❝✑ ✂❏✝ ✁�✟ ✙✝✂✤✔ ✚✑✞ ✂❏✝

❏❡ ✘☎✞✆✞✌☛✞✄ ✙☎✂✁ ☎❏❡❏✌✍ ✂☎ ❡❏✌✒❏✌✍ ❘✟

❏✌☛✞☎✆✞✌❏✌✍ ✌✂✌✎✘✂☎✂❚❡ ✝�✟✞☎❡✔

P✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ ❏❡ �✝❡✂ ✙✂❚✌✄ ❏✌ ✙�❚✝☛ ☛☎�✘❡

❘✞☛✤✞✞✌ ✘✂☎✂❚❡ �✌✄ ✌✂✌✎✘✂☎✂❚❡ ☎✂❝✒❡✔ ✛�❡✕

❘✞❏✌✍ ✝❏✍✑☛✞☎ ❚❡❚�✝✝✟ ✂❝❝❚☎❡ �❘✂✆✞ ☛✑✞ ✂❏✝✔

s❘✂❚☛ ❆✰ ✘✞☎ ❝✞✌☛ ✂✙ ✮✌✄❏�✱❡ ✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁

✘☎✂✄❚❝☛❏✂✌ ❏❡ ✙☎✂✁ ✜❚✁❘�❏ ❍❏✍✑✕ ♣✲ ✘✞☎ ❝✞✌☛

✙☎✂✁ ✛❚✗�☎�☛ �✌✄ ♣❆ ✘✞☎ ❝✞✌☛ ✙☎✂✁ s❡❡�✁✔

❋☎✂✁ ☛✑✞✁�✘ ✝✂❝�☛✞ ☛✑✞✰✁�✗✂☎ ✂✙✙ ❡✑✂☎✞ ✙❏✞✝✄❡

✂✙ ✤✞❡☛✞☎✌ ✮✌✄❏�✔ s✌✒✞✝✞❡✑✤�☎ ❏❡ ☛✑✞ ✁✂❡☛

❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ ✙❏✞✝✄ ✂✙ ✛❚✗�☎�☛✔ s❡❡�✁ ❏❡ ☛✑✞ ✂✝✄✞❡☛

✂❏✝ ✘☎✂✄❚❝❏✌✍ ❡☛�☛✞ ✂✙ ✮✌✄❏�✔ ❉❏✍❘✂❏✕

✣�✑�☎✒�☛❏✟� �✌✄ ✜✂☎�✌✎❍❚✍☎❏✗�✌ �☎✞ ☛✑✞

❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ ✂❏✝ ✙❏✞✝✄❡ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❡☛�☛✞✔

◆✳✧✫★✳✪ ✴✳✵

✣�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ❏❡ �✌ ❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ ❝✝✞�✌ ✞✌✞☎✍✟

☎✞❡✂❚☎❝✞ ✙✂❚✌✄ ❏✌ �❡❡✂❝❏�☛❏✂✌ ✤❏☛✑ ✂☎ ✤❏☛✑✂❚☛

✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁✔ ✮☛ ❏❡ ❚❡✞✄ �❡ � ❡✂❚☎❝✞ ✂✙ ✞✌✞☎✍✟ �❡

✤✞✝✝ �❡ �✌ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏�✝ ☎�✤ ✁�☛✞☎❏�✝ ❏✌ ☛✑✞

✘✞☛☎✂❝✑✞✁❏❝�✝ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎✟✔

✣�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ❏❡ ❝✂✌❡❏✄✞☎✞✄ �✌ ✞✌✆❏☎✂✌✁✞✌☛

✙☎❏✞✌✄✝✟ ✙❚✞✝ ❘✞❝�❚❡✞ ✂✙ ✝✂✤ ❝�☎❘✂✌ ✄❏✂✭❏✄✞

✞✁❏❡❡❏✂✌❡ �✌✄ ❏❡✕ ☛✑✞☎✞✙✂☎✞✕ ☛✑✞ ✙❚✞✝ ✙✂☎ ☛✑✞

✘☎✞❡✞✌☛ ❝✞✌☛❚☎✟✔

▲�☎✍✞ ☎✞❡✞☎✆✞❡ ✂✙ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ✑�✆✞ ❘✞✞✌

✄❏❡❝✂✆✞☎✞✄ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❞☎❏❡✑✌�✎ ✛✂✄�✆�☎❏ ❘�❡❏✌✔

s✝✂✌✍ ☛✑✞✤✞❡☛ ❝✂�❡☛ ☛✑✞ ☎✞❡✞☎✆✞❡ ✂✙ ☛✑✞✜❚✁❘�❏

❍❏✍✑ �✌✄ �✝✝❏✞✄ ✙❏✞✝✄❡ �☎✞ ❡❚✘✘✝✞✁✞✌☛✞✄ ❘✟

✙❏✌✄❡ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ✛❚✝✙ ✂✙ ❢�✁❘�✟✔ s✌✄�✁�✌ �✌✄

✣❏❝✂❘�☎ ❏❡✝�✌✄❡ �☎✞ �✝❡✂ ❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ �☎✞�❡

✑�✆❏✌✍ ✝�☎✍✞ ☎✞❡✞☎✆✞❡ ✂✙ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡✔

✚✑✞ ♣✶✷✷ ✒✁ ✝✂✌✍ ❍�✸❏☎�✎☞❏✗�❏✘❚☎ ✎

✏�✍✄❏❡✑✘❚☎ ❝☎✂❡❡ ❝✂❚✌☛☎✟ ✍�❡ ✘❏✘✞✝❏✌✞ ✝❏✌✒❡

✜❚✁❘�❏ ❍❏✍✑ �✌✄ ☞�❡❡❏✞✌ ✤❏☛✑ ☛✑✞ ✙✞☎☛❏✝❏✸✞☎✕

✘✂✤✞☎ �✌✄ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏�✝ ❝✂✁✘✝✞✭✞❡ ❏✌ ✤✞❡☛✞☎✌ �✌✄

✌✂☎☛✑✞☎✌ ✮✌✄❏�✔ ✚✑❏❡ �☎☛✞☎✟ ✑�❡ ✘☎✂✆❏✄✞✄ �✌

❏✁✘✞☛❚❡ ☛✂ ✮✌✄❏�✱❡ ✍�❡ ✘☎✂✄❚❝☛❏✂✌✔ ✚✑✞ ✘✂✤✞☎

�✌✄ ✙✞☎☛❏✝❏✸✞☎ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡ �☎✞ ☛✑✞ ✒✞✟ ❚❡✞☎❡ ✂✙

✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡✔ ♥❡✞ ✂✙ ❢✂✁✘☎✞❡❡✞✄ ✣�☛❚☎�✝ ✛�❡

✠❢✣✛ ✓ ✙✂☎ ✆✞✑❏❝✝✞❡ ☛✂ ☎✞✘✝�❝✞ ✝❏✹❚❏✄ ✙❚✞✝❡ ❏❡

✍�❏✌❏✌✍ ✤❏✄✞ ✘✂✘❚✝�☎❏☛✟ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❝✂❚✌☛☎✟✔

❊✪✦✺✧★✻✺✻✧✼

✽✝✞❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟ ✑�❡ ❡❚❝✑ � ✤❏✄✞ ☎�✌✍✞ ✂✙

�✘✘✝❏❝�☛❏✂✌❡ ❏✌ ☛✂✄�✟✱❡ ✤✂☎✝✄ ☛✑�☛✕ ❏☛❡ ✘✞☎✎

❝�✘❏☛� ❝✂✌❡❚✁✘☛❏✂✌ ❏❡ ❝✂✌❡❏✄✞☎✞✄ �❡ �✌ ❏✌✄✞✭

✂✙ ✄✞✆✞✝✂✘✁✞✌☛✔ ✽✝✞❝❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟ ❏❡ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄✁�❏✌✝✟

❏✌ ☛✤✂ ✤�✟❡✐ ❘✟ ☎❚✌✌❏✌✍ ✤�☛✞☎ ✤✑❏❝✑ ✄☎❏✆✞❡

✑✟✄☎✂ ☛❚☎❘❏✌✞❡ ☛✂ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞ ❤✾✿❀❁ ❂❃❂❄❅❀❇❄❇❅✾❈

�✌✄ ❘✟ ❘❚☎✌❏✌✍ ✂☛✑✞☎ ✙❚✞✝❡ ❡❚❝✑ �❡ ❝✂�✝✕

✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ �✌✄ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ☛✂ ✄☎❏✆✞ ☛❚☎❘❏✌✞❡

☛✂ ✘☎✂✄❚❝✞ ❅❤❂❀♠●❃ ■❁❑❂❀▼ ❖✌❝✞ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄ ☛✑✞

✞✝✞❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟ ❏❡ ✞✭�❝☛✝✟ ☛✑✞ ❡�✁✞✔

Name some river valley projects and writethe names of the dams built on these rivers.

◗✾✿❀❁ ❂❃❂❄❅❀❇❄❇❅✾ ❏❡ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄ ❘✟ ✙�❡☛

✙✝✂✤❏✌✍ ✤�☛✞☎✕ ✤✑❏❝✑ ❏❡ � ☎✞✌✞✤�❘✝✞ ☎✞❡✂❚☎❝✞✔

✮✌✄❏� ✑�❡ � ✌❚✁❘✞☎ ✂✙ ✁❚✝☛❏✎✘❚☎✘✂❡✞ ✘☎✂✗✞❝☛❡

✝❏✒✞ ☛✑✞ ☞✑�✒☎� ✣�✌✍�✝✕ ❉�✁✂✄�☎ ❧�✝✝✞✟

❝✂☎✘✂☎�☛❏✂✌✕ ☛✑✞ ❞✂✘❏✝❏ ❍✟✄✞✝ P☎✂✗✞❝☛ ✞☛❝✔

✘☎✂✄❚❝❏✌✍ ✑✟✄☎✂✞✝✞❝☛☎❏❝ ✘✂✤✞☎✔

❙❤❂❀♠●❃ ❂❃❂❄❅❀❇❄❇❅✾ ❏❡ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄ ❘✟ ❚❡❏✌✍

❝✂�✝✕ ✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ �✌✄ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡✔ ✚✑✞ ☛✑✞☎✁�✝

✘✂✤✞☎ ❡☛�☛❏✂✌❡ ❚❡✞ ✌✂✌✎☎✞✌✞✤�❘✝✞ ✙✂❡❡❏✝ ✙❚✞✝❡

✙✂☎ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛❏✌✍ ✞✝✞❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟✔ ✚✑✞☎✞ �☎✞ ✂✆✞☎ ✰♣✷

☛✑✞☎✁�✝ ✘✂✤✞☎ ✘✝�✌☛❡ ❏✌ ✮✌✄❏�✔


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✡✎✏✑✒✟ ✒☞✓ ✔✕✑✟✖✒✏ ✗☛✘✑✟ ✗✏✒☞✞✝

Rawat Bhata


❋�✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✂✝✞ ✟✠✆✡✄✟☛☞ ✝ ✄☎✆�✂✝♠ ✞✁✌✆�

s✄✝✄✟✁✡ ✟✡ ☞✁✍� s✄✝✄✆ ✝✡✠ ✝♠s✁ ✡✝✂✆ ✄☎✆ ☛✍✆♠

✄☎✝✄ ✟s ✍s✆✠ ✄☎✆�✆t

◆✎✏✑✒✓✔ ✕✔ ✖✗✕✘✙✏ ✚✛✒✔✜✢ ✐✣ ✤✥✦✧✐★✩✪ ✥✫

✧❛✦✩✬✐★✭ ✦✮✩ ✣✦✬✯✰✦✯✬✩ ✤✱ ✧✦✤✲✣✳ ✴✮✩★ ✣✯✰✮ ✧★

✧❛✦✩✬✧✦✐✤★ ✐✣✲✧✪✩✵ ✲✯✰✮ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐✣ ✬✩❛✩✧✣✩✪ ✐★

✦✮✩ ✱✤✬✲ ✤✱ ✮✩✧✦ ✧★✪ ✦✮✐✣ ✐✣ ✯✣✩✪ ✦✤ ✭✩★✩✬✧✦✩

✩❛✩✰✦✬✐✰ ❡✤✶✩✬✳ ✷✬✧★✐✯✲ ✧★✪ ✦✮✤✬✐✯✲✵ ✶✮✐✰✮

✧✬✩ ✧✸✧✐❛✧✥❛✩ ✐★ ✹✮✧✬✺✮✧★✪ ✧★✪ ✦✮✩ ✻✬✧✸✧❛❛✐

✬✧★✭✩✣ ✤✱ r✧✼✧✣✦✮✧★ ✧✬✩ ✯✣✩✪ ✱✤✬ ✭✩★✩✬✧✦✐★✭

✧✦✤✲✐✰ ✤✬ ★✯✰❛✩✧✬ ❡✤✶✩✬✳ ✽✮✩ ✾✤★✧✿✐✦✩ ✣✧★✪✣

✤✱ ♦✩✬✧❛✧ ✐✣ ✧❛✣✤ ✬✐✰✮ ✐★ ✦✮✤✬✐✯✲✳

▲✁❀✝✄✆ ✄☎✆ ❁ ✡✍❀♠✆✝� ✞✁✌✆� s✄✝✄✟✁✡s ✝✡✠ ☛✟✡✠

✁✍✄ ✄☎✆ s✄✝✄✆ ✟✡ ✌☎✟❀☎ ✄☎✆☞ ✝�✆ ♠✁❀✝✄✆✠t

❂❃❄❅❆❃❄❇❈❄❉❊❃❄●❍ ■❃❏❑▼❈❖ ❃P ◗❄❈❑❘❙

✽✮✩ ✭✬✤✶✐★✭ ✰✤★✣✯✲❡✦✐✤★ ✤✱ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✮✧✣

✬✩✣✯❛✦✩✪ ✐★ ✦✮✩ ✰✤✯★✦✬✫ ✥✩✰✤✲✐★✭

✐★✰✬✩✧✣✐★✭❛✫ ✪✩❡✩★✪✩★✦ ✤★ ✱✤✣✣✐❛ ✱✯✩❛✣ ✣✯✰✮

✧✣ ✰✤✧❛✵ ✤✐❛ ✧★✪ ✭✧✣✳ r✐✣✐★✭ ❡✬✐✰✩✣ ✤✱ ✤✐❛ ✧★✪

✭✧✣ ✧★✪ ✦✮✩✐✬ ❡✤✦✩★✦✐✧❛ ✣✮✤✬✦✧✭✩✣ ✮✧✸✩ ✬✧✐✣✩✪

✯★✰✩✬✦✧✐★✦✐✩✣ ✧✥✤✯✦ ✦✮✩ ✣✩✰✯✬✐✦✫ ✤✱ ✩★✩✬✭✫

✣✯❡❡❛✫ ✐★ ✱✯✦✯✬✩✵ ✶✮✐✰✮ ✐★ ✦✯✬★ ✮✧✣ ✣✩✬✐✤✯✣

✬✩❡✩✬✰✯✣✣✐✤★✣ ✤★ ✦✮✩ ✭✬✤✶✦✮ ✤✱ ✦✮✩ ★✧✦✐✤★✧❛

✩✰✤★✤✲✫✳ ✾✤✬✩✤✸✩✬✵ ✐★✰✬✩✧✣✐★✭ ✯✣✩ ✤✱ ✱✤✣✣✐❛

✱✯✩❛✣ ✧❛✣✤ ✰✧✯✣✩✣ ✣✩✬✐✤✯✣ ✩★✸✐✬✤★✲✩★✦✧❛

❡✬✤✥❛✩✲✣✳ ♣✩★✰✩✵ ✦✮✩✬✩ ✐✣ ✧ ❡✬✩✣✣✐★✭ ★✩✩✪ ✦✤

✯✣✩ ✬✩★✩✶✧✥❛✩ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✣✤✯✬✰✩✣ ❛✐✺✩ ✣✤❛✧✬

✩★✩✬✭✫✵ ✶✐★✪✵ ✦✐✪✩✵ ✥✐✤✲✧✣✣ ✧★✪ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✱✬✤✲

✶✧✣✦✩ ✲✧✦✩✬✐✧❛✳ ✽✮✩✣✩ ✧✬✩ ✰✧❛❛✩✪ ★✤★✇

✰✤★✸✩★✦✐✤★✧❛ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✣✤✯✬✰✩✣✳

❚★✪✐✧ ✐✣ ✥❛✩✣✣✩✪ ✶✐✦✮ ✧★ ✧✥✯★✪✧★✰✩ ✤✱

✣✯★❛✐✭✮✦✵ ✶✧✦✩✬✵ ✶✐★✪ ✧★✪ ✥✐✤✲✧✣✣✳ ❚✦ ✮✧✣ ✦✮✩

❛✧✬✭✩✣✦ ❡✬✤✭✬✧✲✲✩✣ ✱✤✬ ✦✮✩ ✪✩✸✩❛✤❡✲✩★✦ ✤✱

✦✮✩✣✩ ✬✩★✩✶✧✥❛✩ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✬✩✣✤✯✬✰✩✣✳

❯❱❲❳❨ ❩❬❭❨❪❫

❚★✪✐✧ ✐✣ ✧ ✦✬✤❡✐✰✧❛ ✰✤✯★✦✬✫✳ ❚✦ ✮✧✣ ✩★✤✬✲✤✯✣

❡✤✣✣✐✥✐❛✐✦ ✐✩✣ ✤✱ ✦✧❡❡✐★✭ ✣✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫✳

❴✮✤✦✤✸✤❛✦✧✐✰ ✦✩✰✮★✤❛✤✭✫ ✰✤★✸✩✬✦✣ ✣✯★❛✐✭✮✦

✪✐✬✩✰✦❛✫ ✐★✦✤ ✩❛✩✰✦✬✐✰✐✦✫✳ ❞✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐✣ ✱✧✣✦

✥✩✰✤✲✐★✭ ❡✤❡✯❛✧✬ ✐★ ✬✯✬✧❛ ✧★✪ ✬✩✲✤✦✩ ✧✬✩✧✣✳

✽✮✩ ❛✧✬✭✩✣✦ ✣✤❛✧✬ ❡❛✧★✦ ✤✱ ❚★✪✐✧ ✐✣ ❛✤✰✧✦✩✪ ✧✦

✾✧✪✮✧❡✯✬✵ ★✩✧✬ ❵✮✯✼✵ ✶✮✩✬✩ ✣✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐✣

✯✣✩✪ ✦✤ ✣✦✩✬❛✐✣✩ ✲✐❛✺ ✰✧★✣✳ ❚✦ ✐✣ ✩✉❡✩✰✦✩✪ ✦✮✧✦

✯✣✩ ✤✱ ✣✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✶✐❛❛ ✥✩ ✧✥❛✩ ✦✤✲✐★✐✲✐✣✩ ✦✮✩

✪✩❡✩★✪✩★✰✩ ✤✱ ✬✯✬✧❛ ✮✤✯✣✩✮✤❛✪✣ ✤★ ✱✐✬✩✶✤✤✪

✧★✪ ✪✯★✭ ✰✧✺✩✣✵ ✶✮✐✰✮ ✐★ ✦✯✬★ ✶✐❛❛ ✰✤★✦✬✐✥✯✦✩

✦✤ ✩★✸✐✬✤★✲✩★✦✧❛ ✰✤★✣✩✬✸✧✦✐✤★ ✧★✪ ✧✪✩❜✯✧✦✩

✣✯❡❡❛✫ ✤✱ ✲✧★✯✬✩ ✐★ ✧✭✬✐✰✯❛✦✯✬✩✳

❝❢❣❤ ❥❤❦❧♥ q✈①②③ ✈④⑤③②⑥⑤⑦ ⑤①⑤⑧⑥③✈⑨⑩⑧ ❶⑩①❷

⑥⑤❸⑥⑩⑨❹ ⑤❺❻⑩④❶⑤⑨⑥

❝❢❣❤ ❥❤❦❼♥ ❽⑩⑨⑦ ❶⑩①①❸ ❾ ❿②❹②③⑧✈⑩①

➀➁❬➂ ➃❱➄❭❨

❚★✪✐✧ ★✤✶ ✬✧★✺✣ ✧✣ ✧ ➅✶✐★✪ ✣✯❡✩✬ ❡✤✶✩✬➆ ✐★

✦✮✩ ✶✤✬❛✪✳ ✽✮✩ ❛✧✬✭✩✣✦ ✶✐★✪ ✱✧✬✲ ✰❛✯✣✦✩✬ ✐✣

❛✤✰✧✦✩✪ ✐★ ✽✧✲✐❛ ➇✧✪✯ ✱✬✤✲ ➇✧✭✧✬✰✤✐❛ ✦✤

✾✧✪✯✬✧✐✳ ✻❡✧✬✦ ✱✬✤✲ ✦✮✩✣✩✵ ✻★✪✮✬✧ ❴✬✧✪✩✣✮✵

♦✧✬★✧✦✧✺✧✵ ➈✯✼✧✬✧✦✵ ♦✩✬✧❛✧✵ ✾✧✮✧✬✧✣✮✦✬✧ ✧★✪

➉✧✺✣✮✧✪✶✩✩❡ ✮✧✸✩ ✐✲❡✤✬✦✧★✦ ✶✐★✪ ✱✧✬✲✣✳

➇✧✭✧✬✰✤✐❛ ✧★✪ ✹✧✐✣✧❛✲✩✬ ✧✬✩ ✶✩❛❛ ✺★✤✶★ ✱✤✬

✩✱✱✩✰✦✐✸✩ ✯✣✩ ✤✱ ✶✐★✪ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐★ ✦✮✩ ✰✤✯★✦✬✫✳

➊➁❱❪❳➋

❞✮✬✯✥✣✵ ✱✧✬✲✶✧✣✦✩✵ ✧★✐✲✧❛ ✧★✪ ✮✯✲✧★✶✧✣✦✩

✧✬✩ ✯✣✩✪ ✦✤ ❡✬✤✪✯✰✩ ✥✐✤✭✧✣ ✱✤✬ ✪✤✲✩✣✦✐✰

✰✤★✣✯✲❡✦✐✤★ ✐★ ✬✯✬✧❛ ✧✬✩✧✣✳ ➌✩✰✤✲❡✤✣✐✦✐✤★ ✤✱

✤✬✭✧★✐✰ ✲✧✦✦✩✬ ✫✐✩❛✪✣ ✭✧✣✵ ✶✮✐✰✮ ✮✧✣ ✮✐✭✮✩✬

✦✮✩✬✲✧❛ ✩✱✱✐✰✐✩★✰✫ ✐★ ✰✤✲❡✧✬✐✣✤★ ✦✤ ✺✩✬✤✣✩★✩✵

✪✯★✭ ✰✧✺✩ ✧★✪ ✰✮✧✬✰✤✧❛✳ ❵✐✤✭✧✣ ❡❛✧★✦✣ ✧✬✩ ✣✩✦

✯❡ ✧✦ ✲✯★✐✰✐❡✧❛✵ ✰✤✤❡✩✬✧✦✐✸✩ ✧★✪ ✐★✪✐✸✐✪✯✧❛

❛✩✸✩❛✣✳ ✽✮✩ ❡❛✧★✦✣ ✯✣✐★✭ ✰✧✦✦❛✩ ✪✯★✭ ✧✬✩ ✺★✤✶

✧✣ ➍➎✕➏✓✔ ✜✓➐ ➑✑✓✛✗➐➒ ✐★ ✬✯✬✧❛ ❚★✪✐✧✳ ✽✮✩✣✩

❡✬✤✸✐✪✩ ✦✶✐★ ✥✩★✩✱✐✦✣ ✦✤ ✦✮✩ ✱✧✬✲✩✬ ✐★ ✦✮✩ ✱✤✬✲

✤✱ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✧★✪ ✐✲❡✬✤✸✩✪ ❜✯✧❛✐✦✫ ✤✱ ✲✧★✯✬✩✳


❇�✁✂✄☎ �☎ ✆✝ ✞✄✟ ✠✡☛ ☞✁☎✠ ☛✞✞�✌�☛✍✠ ✎☎☛ ✁✞ ✌✄✠✠✏☛

❞✎✍✂✑ ✒✠ �☞✓✟✁✔☛☎ ✠✡☛ ✕✎✄✏�✠✝ ✁✞ ☞✄✍✎✟☛ ✄✍❞

✄✏☎✁ ✓✟☛✔☛✍✠☎ ✠✡☛ ✏✁☎☎ ✁✞ ✠✟☛☛☎ ✄✍❞ ☞✄✍✎✟☛ ❞✎☛

✠✁ ✆✎✟✍�✍✂ ✁✞ ✞✎☛✏ t✁✁❞ ✄✍❞ ✌✁t ❞✎✍✂ ✌✄✖☛☎✑

✄✠ ☎✡✄✏✏✁t ❞☛✓✠✡☎✑ ❛✟✁✎✍❞t✄✠☛✟ �✍ ☎✎✌✡ ✄✟☛✄☎

✄✆☎✁✟✆☎ ✡☛✄✠ ✞✟✁☞ ✠✡☛ ✟✁✌✖☎ ✄✍❞ ✆☛✌✁☞☛☎ ✡✁✠✑

✒✠ �☎ ☎✁ ✡✁✠ ✠✡✄✠ t✡☛✍ �✠ ✟�☎☛☎ ✠✁ ✠✡☛ ☛✄✟✠✡■☎

☎✎✟✞✄✌☛s �✠ ✠✎✟✍☎ �✍✠✁ ☎✠☛✄☞✑ ✗✡�☎ ☎✠☛✄☞ �☎ ✎☎☛❞

✠✁ ❞✟�✔☛ ✠✎✟✆�✍☛☎ ✄✍❞ ✂☛✍☛✟✄✠☛ ☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝✑

✗✡☛✟☛ ✄✟☛ ☎☛✔☛✟✄✏ ✡✎✍❞✟☛❞ ✡✁✠ ☎✓✟�✍✂☎ �✍

✒✍❞�✄s t✡�✌✡ ✌✁✎✏❞ ✆☛ ✎☎☛❞ ✠✁ ✂☛✍☛✟✄✠☛

☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝✑ ✗t✁ ☛❡✓☛✟�☞☛✍✠✄✏ ✓✟✁✘☛✌✠☎ ✡✄✔☛✆☛☛✍

☎☛✠ ✎✓ �✍ ✒✍❞�✄ ✠✁ ✡✄✟✍☛☎☎ ✂☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑

❖✍☛ �☎ ✏✁✌✄✠☛❞ �✍ ✠✡☛ ✙✄✟✔✄✠� ✔✄✏✏☛✝ ✍☛✄✟

▼✄✍�✖✄✟✍ �✍ ✚�☞✄✌✡✄✏ ✙✟✄❞☛☎✡ ✄✍❞ ✠✡☛ ✁✠✡☛✟

�☎ ✏✁✌✄✠☛❞ �✍ ✠✡☛ ✙✎✂✄ ✐✄✏✏☛✝s ✛✄❞✄✖✡✑

❈✜✢✣✤✥✦✧★✩✜✢ ✜✪ ✫✢✤✥✬✭ ✮✤✣✜✯✥✰✤✣

❊✍☛✟✂✝ �☎ ✄ ✆✄☎�✌ ✟☛✕✎�✟☛☞☛✍✠ ✞✁✟ ☛✌✁✍✁☞�✌

❞☛✔☛✏✁✓☞☛✍✠✑ ❊✔☛✟✝ ☎☛✌✠✁✟ ✁✞ ✠✡☛ ✍✄✠�✁✍✄✏

☛✌✁✍✁☞✝ ✱ ✄✂✟�✌✎✏✠✎✟☛s �✍❞✎☎✠✟✝s ✠✟✄✍☎✓✁✟✠s

✌✁☞☞☛✟✌�✄✏ ✄✍❞ ❞✁☞☛☎✠�✌ ✱ ✍☛☛❞☎ �✍✓✎✠☎ ✁✞

☛✍☛✟✂✝✑ ✗✡☛ ☛✌✁✍✁☞�✌ ❞☛✔☛✏✁✓☞☛✍✠ ✓✏✄✍☎

�☞✓✏☛☞☛✍✠☛❞ ☎�✍✌☛ ✒✍❞☛✓☛✍❞☛✍✌☛ ✍☛✌☛☎☎✄✟�✏✝

✟☛✕✎�✟☛❞ �✍✌✟☛✄☎�✍✂ ✄☞✁✎✍✠☎ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✠✁

✟☛☞✄�✍ ✁✓☛✟✄✠�✁✍✄✏✑ ✲☎ ✄ ✟☛☎✎✏✠s ✌✁✍☎✎☞✓✠�✁✍

✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ �✍ ✄✏✏ ✞✁✟☞☎ ✡✄☎ ✆☛☛✍ ☎✠☛✄❞�✏✝ ✟�☎�✍✂

✄✏✏ ✁✔☛✟ ✠✡☛ ✌✁✎✍✠✟✝✑

✒✍ ✠✡�☎ ✆✄✌✖✂✟✁✎✍❞s ✠✡☛✟☛ �☎ ✄✍✎✟✂☛✍✠ ✍☛☛❞

✠✁ ❞☛✔☛✏✁✓ ✄ ☎✎☎✠✄�✍✄✆✏☛ ✓✄✠✡ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝

❞☛✔☛✏✁✓☞☛✍✠✑ ✙✟✁☞✁✠�✁✍ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✌✁✍☎☛✟✔✄✠�✁✍

✄✍❞ �✍✌✟☛✄☎☛❞ ✎☎☛ ✁✞ ✟☛✍☛t✄✆✏☛ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ☎✁✎✟✌☛☎

✄✟☛ ✠✡☛ ✠t�✍ ✓✏✄✍✖☎ ✁✞ ☎✎☎✠✄�✍✄✆✏☛ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑

✒✍❞�✄ �☎ ✓✟☛☎☛✍✠✏✝ ✁✍☛ ✁✞ ✠✡☛ ✏☛✄☎✠ ☛✍☛✟✂✝

☛✞✞�✌�☛✍✠ ✌✁✎✍✠✟�☛☎ �✍ ✠✡☛ t✁✟✏❞✑ ❢☛ ✡✄✔☛ ✠✁

✄❞✁✓✠ ✄ ✌✄✎✠�✁✎☎ ✄✓✓✟✁✄✌✡ ✞✁✟ ✠✡☛ ✘✎❞�✌�✁✎☎

✎☎☛ ✁✞ ✁✎✟ ✏�☞�✠☛❞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✟☛☎✁✎✟✌☛☎✑ ✉✁✟

☛❡✄☞✓✏☛s ✄☎ ✌✁✍✌☛✟✍☛❞ ✌�✠�✳☛✍☎ t☛ ✌✄✍ ❞✁ ✁✎✟

✆�✠ ✆✝ ✎☎�✍✂ ✓✎✆✏�✌ ✠✟✄✍☎✓✁✟✠ ☎✝☎✠☛☞☎ �✍☎✠☛✄❞

✁✞ �✍❞�✔�❞✎✄✏ ✔☛✡�✌✏☛☎♦ ☎t�✠✌✡�✍✂ ✁✞✞ ☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝

t✡☛✍ ✍✁✠ �✍ ✎☎☛s ✎☎�✍✂ ✓✁t☛✟✴☎✄✔�✍✂ ❞☛✔�✌☛☎

✄✍❞ ✎☎�✍✂ ✍✁✍✴✌✁✍✔☛✍✠�✁✍✄✏ ☎✁✎✟✌☛☎ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑

✲✞✠☛✟ ✄✏✏s ❆☛✍☛✟✂✝ ☎✄✔☛❞ �☎ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✓✟✁❞✎✌☛❞✵✑

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✺✻✼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❁❅❉

❚●❍❏❑ ▲◆P◗❘②

❖✌☛✄✍�✌ ✠�❞☛☎ ✌✄✍ ✆☛ ✎☎☛❞ ✠✁ ✂☛✍☛✟✄✠☛

☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝✑ ✉✏✁✁❞✂✄✠☛ ❞✄☞☎ ✄✟☛ ✆✎�✏✠ ✄✌✟✁☎☎

�✍✏☛✠☎✑ ❙✎✟�✍✂ ✡�✂✡ ✠�❞☛ t✄✠☛✟ ✞✏✁t☎ �✍✠✁ ✠✡☛

�✍✏☛✠ ✄✍❞ ✂☛✠☎ ✠✟✄✓✓☛❞ t✡☛✍ ✠✡☛ ✂✄✠☛ �☎ ✌✏✁☎☛❞✑

✲✞✠☛✟ ✠✡☛ ✠�❞☛ ✞✄✏✏☎ ✁✎✠☎�❞☛ ✠✡☛ ✞✏✁✁❞ ✂✄✠☛s ✠✡☛

t✄✠☛✟ ✟☛✠✄�✍☛❞ ✆✝ ✠✡☛ ✞✏✁✁❞✂✄✠☛ ✞✏✁t☎ ✆✄✌✖ ✠✁

✠✡☛ ☎☛✄ ✔�✄ ✄ ✓�✓☛ ✠✡✄✠ ✌✄✟✟�☛☎ �✠ ✠✡✟✁✎✂✡ ✄

✓✁t☛✟✴✂☛✍☛✟✄✠�✍✂ ✠✎✟✆�✍☛✑

✒✍ ✒✍❞�✄s ✠✡☛❛✎✏✞ ✁✞ ❯✎✌✡✌✡✡s✓✟✁✔�❞☛☎ �❞☛✄✏

✌✁✍❞�✠�✁✍☎ ✞✁✟ ✎✠�✏�☎�✍✂ ✠�❞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑ ✲ ❝❱❱☞t

✠�❞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✓✁t☛✟ ✓✏✄✍✠ �☎ ☎☛✠ ✎✓ ✡☛✟☛ ✆✝ ✠✡☛

❲✄✠�✁✍✄✏ ✚✝❞✟✁✓✁t☛✟ ❳✁✟✓✁✟✄✠�✁✍✑

❨P❩ ❚❬P◗♠❏❑ ▲◆P◗❘②

❛☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✟☛✞☛✟☎ ✠✁ ✠✡☛ ✡☛✄✠ ✄✍❞

☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝ ✓✟✁❞✎✌☛❞ ✆✝ ✎☎�✍✂ ✠✡☛ ✡☛✄✠ ✞✟✁☞ ✠✡☛

�✍✠☛✟�✁✟ ✁✞ ✠✡☛ ❊✄✟✠✡✑❛☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ☛❡�☎✠☎

✆☛✌✄✎☎☛s ✠✡☛ ❊✄✟✠✡ ✂✟✁t☎ ✓✟✁✂✟☛☎☎�✔☛✏✝ ✡✁✠✠☛✟

t�✠✡ �✍✌✟☛✄☎�✍✂ ❞☛✓✠✡✑ ❢✡☛✟☛ ✠✡☛ ✂☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏

✂✟✄❞�☛✍✠ �☎ ✡�✂✡s ✡�✂✡ ✠☛☞✓☛✟✄✠✎✟☛☎ ✄✟☛ ✞✁✎✍❞


❭❪ ❫❴❵❜❣❤❵❥ ❦❧♥❣❦❥ ♣❴❥q❜❣♥rq✈

✇①③ ④❧❣❦❧ ♥r❥ ♥⑤ ❜❧❥ ⑤♥❵❵♥⑥❣r⑦ ⑧❣r❥⑨⑩❵q ❣q ⑤♥⑨⑧❥❶ ❷❸ ❶❥❦♥⑧❤♥q❣❜❣♥r ♥⑤ ⑨♥❦❹q❺

❵❥⑩❻❣r⑦ ⑩ ⑨❥q❣❶❴⑩❵ ⑧⑩qq ♥⑤ ⑥❥⑩❜❧❥⑨❥❶ ⑧⑩❜❥⑨❣⑩❵❼

✇❽③ ❦♥⑩❵ ✇❾③ ❷⑩❴❿❣❜❥ ✇➀③ ⑦♥❵❶ ✇➁③ ➂❣r❦

✇①①③ ➃♥❶❥⑨⑧⑩❺ ❣r ➄❧⑩⑨❹❧⑩r❶ ❣q ❜❧❥ ❵❥⑩❶❣r⑦ ❤⑨♥❶❴❦❥⑨ ♥⑤ ⑥❧❣❦❧ ♥r❥ ♥⑤ ❜❧❥ ⑤♥❵❵♥⑥❣r⑦

⑧❣r❥⑨⑩❵q❼

✇❽③ ❷⑩❴❿❣❜❥ ✇❾③ ⑧❣❦⑩ ✇➀③ ❣⑨♥r ♥⑨❥ ✇➁③ ❦♥❤❤❥⑨


✭��✁ ▼✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✝✆☎ ✠☎✡☛✟✂☞☎✠ ✝✄✠ ✝✌✌✍✎✍✞✝☞☎✠ ✂✄ ☞✏☎ ✟☞✆✝☞✝✟ ☛✑ ✒✏✂✌✏ ☛✑ ☞✏☎

✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✆☛✌✓✟✔

✕✝✮ ✟☎✠✂✎☎✄☞✝✆s ✆☛✌✓✟ ✕✌✮ ✂❢✄☎☛✍✟ ✆☛✌✓✟

✕❜✮ ✎☎☞✝✎☛✆✡✏✂✌ ✆☛✌✓✟ ✕✠✮ ✄☛✄☎ ☛✑ ☞✏☎ ✝❜☛♥☎

✭�✖✁ ❲✏✂✌✏ ☛✄☎ ☛✑ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✂✟ ✌☛✄☞✝✂✄☎✠ ✂✄ ☞✏☎ ▼☛✄✝✗✂☞☎ ✟✝✄✠✔

✭✘✁ ☛✂✞ ✭✙✁ ✍✆✝✄✂✍✎ ✭✚✁ ☞✏☛✆✂✍✎ ✭✛✁ ✌☛✝✞

✷✜ ❆✄✟✒☎✆ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✢✍☎✟☞✂☛✄✟ ✂✄ ✝❜☛✍☞ ✣✤ ✒☛✆✠✟✥

✭�✁ ❉✂✟☞✂✄❢✍✂✟✏ ❜☎☞✒☎☎✄ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✂✄ ✄☛☞ ✎☛✆☎ ☞✏✝✄ ✣✤ ✒☛✆✠✟✥

✭✘✁ ✑☎✆✆☛✍✟ ✝✄✠ ✄☛✄✦✑☎✆✆☛✍✟ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✟

✭✙✁ ✌☛✄♥☎✄☞✂☛✄✝✞ ✝✄✠ ✄☛✄✦✌☛✄♥☎✄☞✂☛✄✝✞ ✟☛✍✆✌☎✟ ☛✑ ☎✄☎✆❢s

✭��✁ ❲✏✝☞ ✂✟ ✝ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✔

✭��✁ ❍☛✒ ✝✆☎ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✑☛✆✎☎✠ ✂✄ ✂❢✄☎☛✍✟ ✝✄✠ ✎☎☞✝✎☛✆✡✏✂✌ ✆☛✌✓✟✔

✭�✖✁ ❲✏s ✠☛ ✒☎ ✄☎☎✠ ☞☛ ✌☛✄✟☎✆♥☎ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✆☎✟☛✍✆✌☎✟ ✔

✸✜ ❆✄✟✒☎✆ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✢✍☎✟☞✂☛✄✟ ✂✄ ✝❜☛✍☞ ✧★✤ ✒☛✆✠✟✥

✭�✁ ❉☎✟✌✆✂❜☎ ☞✏☎ ✠✂✟☞✆✂❜✍☞✂☛✄ ☛✑ ✌☛✝✞ ✂✄ ✩✄✠✂✝✥

✕✂✂✮ ❲✏s ✠☛ s☛✍ ☞✏✂✄✓ ☞✏✝☞ ✟☛✞✝✆ ☎✄☎✆❢s ✏✝✟ ✝ ❜✆✂❢✏☞ ✑✍☞✍✆☎ ✂✄ ✩✄✠✂✝✔

ACTIVITY

❋✂✞✞ ☞✏☎ ✄✝✎☎ ☛✑ ☞✏☎ ✌☛✆✆☎✌☞ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✂✄ ☞✏☎ ✌✆☛✟✟✒☛✆✠ ❜☎✞☛✒✪

✫❖✬✯

✶✜ ❋☛✍✄✠ ✂✄ ✡✞✝✌☎✆ ✠☎✡☛✟✂☞ ✕✰✮

✷✜ ✩✆☛✄ ☛✆☎ ✎✂✄☎✠ ✂✄ ■✝✂✞✝✠✂✞✝ ✕✱✮

✸✜ ✩✄✠✂✟✡☎✄✟✝❜✞☎ ✑☛✆ ☎✞☎✌☞✆✂✌✝✞ ✂✄✠✍✟☞✆s ✕✰✮

✹✜ ●☎☛✞☛❢✂✌✝✞ ❆❢☎ ☛✑ ✌☛✝✞ ✑☛✍✄✠ ✂✄ ✄☛✆☞✏ ☎✝✟☞

✩✄✠✂✝ ✕✱✮

✺✜ ❋☛✆✎☎✠ ✂✄ ♥☎✂✄✟ ✝✄✠ ✞☛✠☎✟ ✕✣✮

✲❈✳❖✴✴

✶✜ ❆ ✑☎✆✆☛✍✟ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✕✵✮

✷✜ ❘✝✒ ✎✝☞☎✆✂✝✞ ✑☛✆ ✌☎✎☎✄☞ ✂✄✠✍✟☞✆s ✕✵✮

✸✜ ❋✂✄☎✟☞ ✂✆☛✄ ☛✆☎ ✒✂☞✏ ✎✝❢✄☎☞✂✌ ✡✆☛✡☎✆☞✂☎✟ ✕✵✮

✹✜ ❍✂❢✏☎✟☞ ✢✍✝✞✂☞s ✏✝✆✠ ✌☛✝✞ ✕✧✤✮

✺✜ ❆✞✍✎✂✄✂✍✎ ✂✟ ☛❜☞✝✂✄☎✠ ✑✆☛✎ ☞✏✂✟ ☛✆☎ ✕✻✮

✼✜ ❑✏☎☞✆✂ ✎✂✄☎✟ ✝✆☎ ✑✝✎☛✍✟ ✑☛✆ ☞✏✂✟ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✕✽✮

✾✜ ❋☛✆✎☎✠ ✠✍☎ ☞☛ ☎♥✝✡☛✆✝☞✂☛✄ ✕✽✮

✿ ❀▼

❁▼

❂

▼✿

❂❚

❃

❀

☛

❄s

❅ ❅❚

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✠✁✁✂✡ ✝✞ ☛☞�✠✌ ✍✄☞✞✆✝✆✝✌✡ ☞✟✆✌�

♣�✁☎✌✡✡✝✞✠ ✟�✁✎ �☞✏ ✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ✆✁ ✎✁�✌

✈☞☛✄☞✑☛✌ ♣�✁✂✄☎✆✡ ✝✡ ☎☞☛☛✌✂✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠✒ ✓✁

②✁✄ ✔✞✁✏ ✆✕☞✆ ♣☞♣✌� ✝✡ ✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌✂ ✟�✁✎

✏✁✁✂✇ ✡✄✠☞� ✟�✁✎ ✡✄✠☞�☎☞✞✌✇ ✝�✁✞ ☞✞✂ ✡✆✌✌☛

✟�✁✎ ✝�✁✞ ✁�✌ ☞✞✂ ☞☛✄✎✝✞✝✄✎ ✟�✁✎ ✑☞✄❢✝✆✌✖

✓✁ ②✁✄ ☞☛✡✁ ✔✞✁✏ ✆✕☞✆ ✡✁✎✌ ✆②♣✌✡ ✁✟ ☎☛✁✆✕✌✡

☞�✌ ✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌✂ ✟�✁✎ ②☞�✞ ✏✕✝☎✕ ✝✆✡✌☛✟ ✝✡ ☞✞

✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝☞☛ ♣�✁✂✄☎✆✖

P✌✁♣☛✌ ✌✎♣☛✁②✌✂ ✝✞ ✆✕✌ ✡✌☎✁✞✂☞�② ☞☎✆✝✈✝✆✝✌✡

✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌ ✆✕✌ ♣�✝✎☞�② ✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ✝✞✆✁

✟✝✞✝✡✕✌✂ ✠✁✁✂✡✒ ✗✕✌ ✏✁�✔✌�✡ ✌✎♣☛✁②✌✂ ✝✞ ✡✆✌✌☛

✟☞☎✆✁�✝✌✡✇ ☎☞�✇ ✑�✌✏✌�✝✌✡✇ ✆✌❢✆✝☛✌ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡✇

✑☞✔✌�✝✌✡ ✌✆☎✒ ✟☞☛☛ ✝✞✆✁ ✆✕✝✡ ☎☞✆✌✠✁�②✒ ❜✁✎✌♣✌✁♣☛✌

☞�✌ ✌✎♣☛✁②✌✂ ✝✞ ♣�✁✈✝✂✝✞✠ ✡✌�✈✝☎✌✡✒ ❛✞ ✆✕✝✡

☎✕☞♣✆✌�✇ ✏✌ ☞�✌ ✎☞✝✞☛② ☎✁✞☎✌�✞✌✂ ✏✝✆✕

✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✏✕✝☎✕ ✟☞☛☛ ✝✞ ✆✕✌

✡✌☎✁✞✂☞�② ✡✌☎✆✁�✒

✗✕✌ ✌☎✁✞✁✎✝☎ ✡✆�✌✞✠✆✕ ✁✟ ☞ ☎✁✄✞✆�② ✝✡

✎✌☞✡✄�✌✂ ✑② ✆✕✌ ✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✁✟

✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡✒

■▼✘✙✚❚❆✛✜✢ ✙❖ ✥❆✛✣❖❆✜❚✣✚✤✛✦

✧☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠✡✌☎✆✁� ✝✡☎✁✞✡✝✂✌�✌✂ ✆✕✌✑☞☎✔✑✁✞✌

✁✟ ✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✝✞ ✠✌✞✌�☞☛ ☞✞✂ ✌☎✁✞✁✎✝☎

✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✝✞ ♣☞�✆✝☎✄☛☞�✎☞✝✞☛② ✑✌☎☞✄✡✌❞

⑩ ✧☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✞✁✆ ✁✞☛② ✕✌☛♣ ✝✞

✎✁✂✌�✞✝✡✝✞✠ ☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✌✇ ✏✕✝☎✕ ✟✁�✎✡ ✆✕✌

✑☞☎✔✑✁✞✌ ✁✟ ✁✄� ✌☎✁✞✁✎②✇ ✆✕✌② ☞☛✡✁ �✌✂✄☎✌

✆✕✌ ✕✌☞✈② ✂✌♣✌✞✂✌✞☎✌ ✁✟ ♣✌✁♣☛✌ ✁✞

☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�☞☛ ✝✞☎✁✎✌ ✑② ♣�✁✈✝✂✝✞✠ ✆✕✌✎ ★✁✑✡

✝✞ ✡✌☎✁✞✂☞�② ☞✞✂ ✆✌�✆✝☞�② ✡✌☎✆✁�✡✒

⑩ ❛✞✂✄✡✆�✝☞☛ ✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✝✡ ☞ ♣�✌☎✁✞✂✝✆✝✁✞ ✟✁�

✌�☞✂✝☎☞✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✄✞✌✎♣☛✁②✎✌✞✆ ☞✞✂ ♣✁✈✌�✆②

✟�✁✎ ✁✄� ☎✁✄✞✆�②✒ ✗✕✝✡ ✏☞✡ ✆✕✌ ✎☞✝✞

♣✕✝☛✁✡✁♣✕② ✑✌✕✝✞✂ ♣✄✑☛✝☎ ✡✌☎✆✁� ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡

☞✞✂ ★✁✝✞✆ ✡✌☎✆✁� ✈✌✞✆✄�✌✡ ✝✞ ❛✞✂✝☞✒ ❛✆ ✏☞✡ ☞☛✡✁

☞✝✎✌✂ ☞✆ ✑�✝✞✠✝✞✠ ✂✁✏✞ �✌✠✝✁✞☞☛ ✂✝✡♣☞�✝✆✝✌✡

✑② ✌✡✆☞✑☛✝✡✕✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✝✞ ✆�✝✑☞☛ ☞✞✂

✑☞☎✔✏☞�✂ ☞�✌☞✡✒

⑩ ❊❢♣✁�✆ ✁✟ ✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌✂ ✠✁✁✂✡ ✌❢♣☞✞✂✡

✆�☞✂✌ ☞✞✂ ☎✁✎✎✌�☎✌✇ ☞✞✂ ✑�✝✞✠✡ ✝✞ ✎✄☎✕

✞✌✌✂✌✂ ✟✁�✌✝✠✞ ✌❢☎✕☞✞✠✌✒

⑩ ❈✁✄✞✆�✝✌✡ ✆✕☞✆ ✆�☞✞✡✟✁�✎ ✆✕✌✝� �☞✏

✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ✝✞✆✁ ☞ ✏✝✂✌ ✈☞�✝✌✆② ✁✟ ✟✄�✞✝✡✕✌✂

✠✁✁✂✡ ✁✟ ✕✝✠✕✌� ✈☞☛✄✌ ☞�✌ ♣�✁✡♣✌�✁✄✡✒

❛✞✂✝☞✩✡ ♣�✁✡♣✌�✝✆② ☛✝✌✡ ✝✞ ✝✞☎�✌☞✡✝✞✠ ☞✞✂

✂✝✈✌�✡✝✟②✝✞✠ ✝✆✡✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ☞✡

✍✄✝☎✔☛② ☞✡ ♣✁✡✡✝✑☛✌✒

✪✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✌ ☞✞✂ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�② ☞�✌ ✞✁✆ ✌❢☎☛✄✡✝✈✌

✁✟ ✌☞☎✕ ✁✆✕✌�✒ ✗✕✌② ✎✁✈✌ ✕☞✞✂ ✝✞ ✕☞✞✂✒ ✳✁�

✝✞✡✆☞✞☎✌✇ ✆✕✌ ☞✠�✁✐✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✝✞ ❛✞✂✝☞✕☞✈✌ ✠✝✈✌✞

☞ ✎☞★✁� ✑✁✁✡✆ ✆✁ ☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✌ ✑② �☞✝✡✝✞✠ ✝✆✡

♣�✁✂✄☎✆✝✈✝✆②✒ ✗✕✌② ✂✌♣✌✞✂ ✁✞ ✆✕✌ ☛☞✆✆✌� ✟✁� �☞✏

✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ☞✞✂ ✡✌☛☛ ✆✕✌✝� ♣�✁✂✄☎✆✡ ✡✄☎✕ ☞✡

✝��✝✠☞✆✝✁✞ ♣✄✎♣✡✇ ✟✌�✆✝☛✝✡✌�✡✇ ✝✞✡✌☎✆✝☎✝✂✌✡✇

♣✌✡✆✝☎✝✂✌✡✇ ♣☛☞✡✆✝☎ ☞✞✂P✫❈♣✝♣✌✡✇✎☞☎✕✝✞✌✡ ☞✞✂

✆✁✁☛✡✇✌✆☎✒ ✆✁✆✕✌ ✟☞�✎✌�✡✒ ✗✕✄✡✇✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ☞✞✂

☎✁✎♣✌✆✝✆✝✈✌✞✌✡✡ ✁✟✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�② ✕☞✡

✞✁✆ ✁✞☛② ☞✡✡✝✡✆✌✂ ☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✝✡✆✡ ✝✞ ✝✞☎�✌☞✡✝✞✠

On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went toa market with his parents. They purchasedshoes and clothes for him. His motherpurchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas(earthen lamps). Harish observed that theshops in the market were flooded withitems for sale. He wondered how so manyitems could be made in such largequantities. His father explained that shoes,clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured bymachines in large industries, some utensilsare manufactured in small industries, whileitems like diyas are made by individualartisans in household industry.

❉✬ ✭✬✮ ✯✰✱✲ ✴✬✵✲ ✶✷✲✰✴ ✰✸✬✮✹ ✹✯✲✴✲

✶✺✷✮✴✹✻✶✲✴✼


t�✁✂✄ ☎✄✆✝✞✟t✂✆✠ ✡✞t ☛☞✌✆✍☛✝✁ t�✁ ☎✄✆✝✞✟t✂✆✠

☎✄✆✟✁✌✌✁✌ ♣✁✄✎ ✁✏✏✂✟✂✁✠t✑

■✠ t�✁ ☎✄✁✌✁✠t ✝☛✎ ✒✆✄☞✝ ✆✏ ✓☞✆✡☛☞✂✌☛t✂✆✠✔

✆✞✄ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎ ✠✁✁✝✌ t✆ ✡✁ ✍✆✄✁ ✁✏✏✂✟✂✁✠t ☛✠✝

✟✆✍☎✁t✂t✂♣✁✑ ❝✁☞✏✕✌✞✏✏✂✟✂✁✠✟✎ ☛☞✆✠✁ ✂✌ ✠✆t

✁✠✆✞✓�✑ ❡✞✄✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✁✝ ✓✆✆✝✌ ✍✞✌t ✡✁ ☛t

☎☛✄ ✂✠ ✖✞☛☞✂t✎ ✒✂t� t�✆✌✁ ✂✠ t�✁ ✂✠t✁✄✠☛t✂✆✠☛☞

✍☛✄♠✁t✑ ❡✠☞✎ t�✁✠✔ ✒✂☞☞ ✒✁ ✡✁ ☛✡☞✁ t✆ ✟✆✍☎✁t✁

✂✠ t�✁ ✂✠t✁✄✠☛t✂✆✠☛☞✍☛✄♠✁t✑

❈✗✘✙✚✛✜✢✙✛✗✘ ✗✣ ✤✘✥✢✦✙✚✧ ✙✗ ★✩✙✛✗✘✩✪

❊✫✗✘✗✬✧

❡♣✁✄ t�✁ ☞☛✌t t✒✆ ✝✁✟☛✝✁✌✔ t�✁ ✌�☛✄✁ ✆✏

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✌✁✟t✆✄ �☛✌ ✌t☛✓✠☛t✁✝ ☛t ✭✮ ☎✁✄

✟✁✠t ✆✏ ✯✰✱ ✲ ✆✞t ✆✏ ☛ t✆t☛☞ ✆✏ ✳✮ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t ✏✆✄

t�✁ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎ ✒�✂✟� ✂✠✟☞✞✝✁✌ ✭✴ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t ✏✆✄

✍✂✠✂✠✓✔ ✖✞☛✄✄✎✂✠✓✔ ✁☞✁✟t✄✂✟✂t✎ ☛✠✝ ✓☛✌✑

❚�✂✌ ✂✌ ✍✞✟� ☞✆✒✁✄ ✂✠ ✟✆✍☎☛✄✂✌✆✠ t✆ ✌✆✍✁

✵☛✌t ✶✌✂☛✠ ✁✟✆✠✆✍✂✁✌✔ ✒�✁✄✁ ✂t ✂✌ ✳✷ t✆ ✸✷ ☎✁✄

✟✁✠t✑ ❚�✁ t✄✁✠✝ ✆✏ ✓✄✆✒t� ✄☛t✁ ✂✠✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓

✆♣✁✄ t�✁ ☞☛✌t ✝✁✟☛✝✁ �☛✌ ✡✁✁✠ ☛✄✆✞✠✝ ✮ ☎✁✄

✟✁✠t ☎✁✄ ☛✠✠✞✍✑ ❚�✁ ✝✁✌✂✄✁✝ ✓✄✆✒t� ✄☛t✁ ✆♣✁✄

t�✁ ✠✁✹t ✝✁✟☛✝✁ ✂✌ ✭✳ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t✑ ❝✂✠✟✁ ✳✴✴✸✔

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✂✌ ✆✠✟✁ ☛✓☛✂✠ ✓✄✆✒✂✠✓ ☛t t�✁

✄☛t✁ ✆✏ r t✆ ✭✴ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t ☎✁✄ ☛✠✠✞✍✑ ✺✂t�

☛☎☎✄✆☎✄✂☛t✁ ☎✆☞✂✟✎ ✂✠t✁✄♣✁✠t✂✆✠✌ ✡✎ t�✁

✓✆♣✁✄✠✍✁✠t ☛✠✝ ✄✁✠✁✒✁✝ ✁✏✏✆✄t✌ ✡✎ t�✁

✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎ t✆ ✂✍☎✄✆♣✁ ☎✄✆✝✞✟t✂♣✂t✎✔ ✁✟✆✠✆✍✂✌t✌

☎✄✁✝✂✟t t�☛t ✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✟☛✠ ☛✟�✂✁♣✁ ✂t✌

t☛✄✓✁t ✆♣✁✄ t�✁ ✠✁✹t ✝✁✟☛✝✁✑ ❚�✁ ✻☛t✂✆✠☛☞

▼☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✼✆✍☎✁t✂t✂♣✁✠✁✌✌ ✼✆✞✠✟✂☞

✽✻▼✼✼✾ �☛✌ ✡✁✁✠ ✌✁t ✞☎ ✒✂t� t�✂✌ ✆✡✿✁✟t✂♣✁✑

✤✘✥✢✦✙✚✛✩✪ ❀✗✫✩✙✛✗✘

■✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠✌ ☛✄✁ ✟✆✍☎☞✁✹ ✂✠ ✠☛t✞✄✁✑

❚�✁✌✁ ☛✄✁ ✂✠✏☞✞✁✠✟✁✝ ✡✎ ☛♣☛✂☞☛✡✂☞✂t✎ ✆✏ ✄☛✒

✍☛t✁✄✂☛☞✔ ☞☛✡✆✞✄✔ ✟☛☎✂t☛☞✔ ☎✆✒✁✄ ☛✠✝ ✍☛✄♠✁t✔

✁t✟✑ ■t ✂✌ ✄☛✄✁☞✎ ☎✆✌✌✂✡☞✁ t✆ ✏✂✠✝ ☛☞☞ t�✁✌✁ ✏☛✟t✆✄✌

☛♣☛✂ ☞☛✡☞✁ ☛t ✆✠✁ ☎☞☛✟✁✑ ✼✆✠✌✁✖✞✁✠t☞✎✔

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ☛✟t✂♣✂t✎ t✁✠✝✌ t✆ ☞✆✟☛t✁ ☛t t�✁

✍✆✌t ☛☎☎✄✆☎✄✂☛t✁ ☎☞☛✟✁✒�✁✄✁ ☛☞☞ t�✁ ✏☛✟t✆✄✌ ✆✏

✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠ ☛✄✁ ✁✂t�✁✄ ☛♣☛✂☞☛✡☞✁ ✆✄ ✟☛✠

✡✁ ☛✄✄☛✠✓✁✝ ☛t ☞✆✒✁✄ ✟✆✌t✑ ✶✏t✁✄ ☛✠ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞

☛✟t✂♣✂t✎✌t☛✄t✌✔ ✞✄✡☛✠✂✌☛t✂✆✠ ✏✆☞☞✆✒✌✑❝✆✍✁t✂✍✁✌✔

✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂✁✌ ☛✄✁ ☞✆✟☛t✁✝ ✂✠ ✆✄ ✠✁☛✄ t�✁ ✟✂t✂✁✌✑

❚�✞✌✔ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞✂✌☛t✂✆✠ ☛✠✝ ✞✄✡☛✠✂✌☛t✂✆✠ ✓✆

�☛✠✝ ✂✠ �☛✠✝✑ ✼✂t✂✁✌ ☎✄✆♣✂✝✁✍☛✄♠✁t✌ ☛✠✝ ☛☞✌✆

☎✄✆♣✂✝✁ ✌✁✄♣✂✟✁✌ ✌✞✟� ☛✌ ✡☛✠♠✂✠✓✔ ✂✠✌✞✄☛✠✟✁✔

t✄☛✠✌☎✆✄t✔ ☞☛✡✆✞✄✔ ✟✆✠✌✞☞t☛✠t✌ ☛✠✝ ✏✂✠☛✠✟✂☛☞

☛✝♣✂✟✁✔ ✁t✟✑ t✆ t�✁ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎✑ ▼☛✠✎ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂✁✌

t✁✠✝ t✆ ✟✆✍✁ t✆✓✁t�✁✄ t✆ ✍☛♠✁ ✞✌✁ ✆✏ t�✁

☛✝♣☛✠t☛✓✁✌ ✆✏✏✁✄✁✝ ✡✎ t�✁ ✞✄✡☛✠✟✁✠t✄✁✌ ♠✠✆✒✠

☛✌ ✩❛❛✪✗✬❁✚✩✙✛✗✘ ❁✫✗✘✗✬✛❁✦✑ ✯✄☛✝✞☛☞☞✎✔ ☛

☞☛✄✓✁ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞ ☛✓✓☞✆✍✁✄☛t✂✆✠ t☛♠✁✌ ☎☞☛✟✁✑

■✠ t�✁ ☎✄✁✕■✠✝✁☎✁✠✝✁✠✟✁ ☎✁✄✂✆✝✔ ✍✆✌t

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✞✠✂t✌ ✒✁✄✁ ☞✆✟☛t✁✝ ✂✠ ☎☞☛✟✁✌

✏✄✆✍ t�✁ ☎✆✂✠t ✆✏ ♣✂✁✒ ✆✏ ✆♣✁✄✌✁☛✌ t✄☛✝✁ ✌✞✟� ☛✌

▼✞✍✡☛✂✔ ❂✆☞♠☛t☛✔ ✼�✁✠✠☛✂✔ ✁t✟✑ ✼✆✠✌✁✖✞✁✠t☞✎✔

t�✁✄✁ ✁✍✁✄✓✁✝ ✟✁✄t☛✂✠ ☎✆✟♠✁t✌ ✆✏ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞☞✎

✝✁♣✁☞✆☎✁✝ ✞✄✡☛✠✟✁✠t✄✁✌ ✌✞✄✄✆✞✠✝✁✝ ✡✎☛ �✞✓✁

☛✓✄✂✟✞☞t✞✄☛☞ ✄✞✄☛☞ �✂✠t✁✄☞☛✠✝✑

✤✘✥✢✦✙✚✧ ❃ ❄✩✚❅❁✙ ❀✛✘❅✩❛❁

❚�✁ ♠✁✎ t✆ ✝✁✟✂✌✂✆✠ ✆✏ t�✁ ✏☛✟t✆✄✎ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠

✂✌ t�✁ ☞✁☛✌t ✟✆✌t✑ ✯✆♣✁✄✠✍✁✠t ☎✆☞✂✟✂✁✌ ☛✠✝

✌☎✁✟✂☛☞✂✌✁✝ ☞☛✡✆✞✄ ☛☞✌✆ ✂✠✏☞✞✁✠✟✁ t�✁ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠

✆✏ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎✑

❋❆❇❉ ●❉❍

❋❆❇❉ ●❉❏

67MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Classification of Industries

List the various manufactured products youuse in your daily life such as – transistors,electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement,glassware, petrol, matches, scooters,automobiles, medicines and so on. If weclassify the various industries based on aparticular criterion then we would be ableto understand their manufacturing better.Industries may be classified as follows:

On the basis of source of raw materialsused:

� Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silktextile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee,edible oil.

� Mineral based: iron and steel, cement,aluminium, machine tools,petrochemicals.

According to their main role:

� Basic or key industries which supply theirproducts or raw materials to manufactureother goods e.g. iron and steel and coppersmelting, aluminum smelting.

� Consumer industries that produce goodsfor direct use by consumers – sugar,toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment:

� A small scale industry is defined withreference to the maximum investmentallowed on the assets of a unit. This limithas changed over a period of time. Atpresent the maximum investment allowedis rupees one crore. If investment is morethan one crore on any industry then it isknown as a large scale industry.

On the basis of ownership:

� Public sector, owned and operated bygovernment agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.

� Private sector industries owned andoperated by individuals or a group ofindividuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,Dabur Industries.

� Joint sector industries which are jointly run

by the state and individuals or a group ofindividuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointlyowned by public and private sector.

� Cooperative sector industries are ownedand operated by the producers orsuppliers of raw materials, workers orboth. They pool in the resources and sharethe profits or losses proportionately suchas the sugar industry in Maharashtra, thecoir industry in Kerala.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw materialand finished goods:

� Heavy industries such as iron and steel

� Light industries that use light rawmaterials and produce light goods suchas electrical industries.

Classify the following into two groups on thebasis of bulk and weight of raw material andfinished goods.

(i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines

(ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding

(iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs

(iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes

(v) Watches (x) Automobiles

❆�✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✞ ✟✠✞✡✆☛✁☞✝✆

❈✌✍✍✌✎✏ ✑✒✍✓✏ ✔✕✖✗✏ ✘✌✌✖✖✓✎ ✍✓✙✍✕✖✓✔✏ ✔✒✚✛✜ ✛✎✢

✓✢✕❡✖✓ ✌✕✖✏ ✓✍✣✤ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✥ ✛✜✓ ❡✛✔✓✢ ✌✎

✛✚✜✕✣✒✖✍✒✜✛✖ ✜✛✘❛✛✍✓✜✕✛✖✔✤

❚✦✧★✩✪✦ ✫✬✭✮✯★✰✱✲ ✳✴✓ ✍✓✙✍✕✖✓ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✥

✌✣✣✒♦✕✓✔ ✒✎✕✵✒✓ ♦✌✔✕✍✕✌✎ ✕✎ ✍✴✓ ✶✎✢✕✛✎

✓✣✌✎✌❛✥✏ ❡✓✣✛✒✔✓ ✕✍ ✣✌✎✍✜✕❡✒✍✓✔ ✔✕✚✎✕✷✕✣✛✎✍✖✥

✍✌ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✕✛✖ ♦✜✌✢✒✣✍✕✌✎ t✸✹ ♦✓✜ ✣✓✎✍✺✏

✓❛♦✖✌✥❛✓✎✍ ✚✓✎✓✜✛✍✕✌✎ t✻✼ ❛✕✖✖✕✌✎ ♦✓✜✔✌✎✔

✢✕✜✓✣✍✖✥ ❞ ✍✴✓ ✔✓✣✌✎✢ ✖✛✜✚✓✔✍ ✛✷✍✓✜ ✛✚✜✕✣✒✖✍✒✜✓✺

✛✎✢ ✷✌✜✓✕✚✎ ✓✙✣✴✛✎✚✓ ✓✛✜✎✕✎✚✔ t✛❡✌✒✍ ✽✹✤✾

♦✓✜ ✣✓✎✍✺✤ ✶✍ ✣✌✎✍✜✕❡✒✍✓✔ ✹ ♦✓✜ ✣✓✎✍ ✍✌✘✛✜✢✔

●✿❀✤ ✶✍ ✕✔ ✍✴✓ ✌✎✖✥ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✥ ✕✎ ✍✴✓ ✣✌✒✎✍✜✥✏

✘✴✕✣✴ ✕✔ ✔✓✖✷✇✜✓✖✕✛✎✍ ✛✎✢ ✣✌❛♦✖✓✍✓ ✕✎ ✍✴✓ ❁✛✖✒✓

✣✴✛✕✎ ✕✤✓✤✏ ✷✜✌❛ ✜✛✘ ❛✛✍✓✜✕✛✖ ✍✌ ✍✴✓ ✴✕✚✴✓✔✍

❁✛✖✒✓ ✛✢✢✓✢ ♦✜✌✢✒✣✍✔✤


❈�✁✁�✂ ✄☎✆✁✝✞☎✟✠ ✥✡ ☛✡☞✌✍✡✎ ✥✡✏✌☛✑ ☞✒✎✎✒✡

✎✍t✎✌✓✍✔ ✕✍✖✍ ✗✖✒✏✘☞✍✏ ✕✌✎✙ ✙☛✡✏ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚

☛✡✏ ✙☛✡✏✓✒✒❛ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✎✍☞✙✡✌✜✘✍✔✢ ✣✤✎✍✖ ✎✙✍

✶✦✧★ ☞✍✡✎✘✖✩✑ ✗✒✕✍✖✲✓✒✒❛✔ ☞☛❛✍ ✌✡✎✒ ✘✔✍✢

❖✘✖ ✎✖☛✏✌✎✌✒✡☛✓ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✌✍✔ ✔✘✤✤✍✖✍✏ ☛ ✔✍✎✪☛☞✫

✏✘✖✌✡✚ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✓✒✡✌☛✓ ✗✍✖✌✒✏ ✪✍☞☛✘✔✍ ✎✙✍✩

☞✒✘✓✏ ✡✒✎ ☞✒❛✗✍✎✍ ✕✌✎✙ ✎✙✍ ❛✌✓✓✲❛☛✏✍ ☞✓✒✎✙

✤✖✒❛ ❢✡✚✓☛✡✏✢

❲✙✌✓✍ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚ ☞✒✡✎✌✡✘✍✔ ✎✒ ✪✍ ☞✍✡✎✖☛✓✌✔✍✏

✌✡ ✐☛✙☛✖☛✔✙✎✖☛✑ ✬✘✭☛✖☛✎ ☛✡✏ ✮☛❛✌✓ ✯☛✏✘✑

✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✌✔ ✙✌✚✙✓✩ ✏✍☞✍✡✎✖☛✓✌✔✍✏ ✎✒ ✗✖✒✛✌✏✍

✔☞✒✗✍ ✤✒✖ ✌✡☞✒✖✗✒✖☛✎✌✡✚ ✎✖☛✏✌✎✌✒✡☛✓ ✔✫✌✓✓✔ ☛✡✏

✏✍✔✌✚✡✔ ✒✤ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✌✡ ☞✒✎✎✒✡✑ ✔✌✓✫✑ ❞☛✖✌✑

✍❛✪✖✒✌✏✍✖✩✑ ✍✎☞✢ ✥✡✏✌☛ ✙☛✔ ✕✒✖✓✏ ☞✓☛✔✔

✗✖✒✏✘☞✎✌✒✡ ✌✡ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚✑ ✪✘✎ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✔✘✗✗✓✌✍✔

✓✒✕ ✜✘☛✓✌✎✩ ✒✤ ✤☛✪✖✌☞ ☛✔ ✌✎ ☞☛✡✡✒✎ ✘✔✍ ❛✘☞✙ ✒✤

✎✙✍ ✙✌✚✙ ✜✘☛✓✌✎✩ ✩☛✖✡ ✗✖✒✏✘☞✍✏ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✘✡✎✖✩✢

❲✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✌✔ ✏✒✡✍ ✪✩ ✙☛✡✏✓✒✒❛✑ ✗✒✕✍✖✓✒✒❛ ☛✡✏

✌✡ ❛✌✓✓✔✢

✮✙✍ ✙☛✡✏✔✗✘✡ ✫✙☛✏✌ ✗✖✒✛✌✏✍✔ ✓☛✖✚✍ ✔☞☛✓✍

✍❛✗✓✒✩❛✍✡✎ ✎✒ ✕✍☛✛✍✖✔ ✌✡ ✎✙✍✌✖ ✙✒❛✍✔ ☛✔ ☛

☞✒✎✎☛✚✍ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩✢

✰✱✳ ✴✵✴ ✷✸✱✸✹✺✸ ✻✸✼✴✱✵ ✽✸✳ ✾✺✿✱✸❀✵❀ ❁✼

❀✿✵✼✼✵✼s ✳✸❂✼ ✸✼✴ ♥✾✸❃✵✼s ❄✱✸✴✵❅

❋❆❇❉ ❊❉●❍ ■❏❑▲▼ ❏◆◆P◗P❘❙ P❙ ◗❚▼ ◗▼❯◗P❑▼ P❙◆▲❱◗❳❨

� The first successful textile mill wasestablished in Mumbai in 1854.

� The two world wars were fought in Europe,India was a British colony. There was ademand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gavea boost to the development of the cottontextile industry.

✮✒✏☛✩✑ ✎✙✍✖✍ ☛✖✍ ✡✍☛✖✓✩ ✶❩❬❬ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ☛✡✏

✙✘❛☛✡ ❛☛✏✍ ✤✌✪✖✍ ✎✍t✎✌✓✍ ❛✌✓✓✔ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✘✡✎✖✩✢

✣✪✒✘✎ ✦❬ ✗✍✖ ☞✍✡✎ ✒✤ ✎✙✍✔✍ ☛✖✍ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ✗✖✌✛☛✎✍

✔✍☞✎✒✖ ☛✡✏ ✎✙✍ ✖✍✔✎ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ✗✘✪✓✌☞ ☛✡✏

☞✒✒✗✍✖☛✎✌✛✍ ✔✍☞✎✒✖✔✢ ✣✗☛✖✎ ✤✖✒❛ ✎✙✍✔✍✑ ✎✙✍✖✍

☛✖✍ ✔✍✛✍✖☛✓ ✎✙✒✘✔☛✡✏ ✔❛☛✓✓ ✤☛☞✎✒✖✌✍✔ ✕✌✎✙ ✤✒✘✖

✎✒ ✎✍✡ ✓✒✒❛✔✢

✥✡ ✎✙✍ ✍☛✖✓✩ ✩✍☛✖✔✑ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ✎✍t✎✌✓✍

✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩ ✕☛✔ ☞✒✡☞✍✡✎✖☛✎✍✏ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✎✎✒✡

✚✖✒✕✌✡✚ ✪✍✓✎ ✒✤ ✐☛✙☛✖☛✔✙✎✖☛ ☛✡✏ ✬✘✭☛✖☛✎✢

✣✛☛✌✓☛✪✌✓✌✎✩ ✒✤ ✖☛✕ ☞✒✎✎✒✡✑ ❛☛✖✫✍✎✑ ✎✖☛✡✔✗✒✖✎

✌✡☞✓✘✏✌✡✚ ☛☞☞✍✔✔✌✪✓✍ ✗✒✖✎ ✤☛☞✌✓✌✎✌✍✔✑ ✓☛✪✒✘✖✑

❛✒✌✔✎ ☞✓✌❛☛✎✍✑ ✍✎☞✢ ☞✒✡✎✖✌✪✘✎✍✏ ✎✒✕☛✖✏✔ ✌✎✔

✓✒☞☛✓✌✔☛✎✌✒✡✢ ✮✙✌✔ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩ ✙☛✔ ☞✓✒✔✍ ✓✌✡✫✔

✕✌✎✙ ☛✚✖✌☞✘✓✎✘✖✍ ☛✡✏ ✗✖✒✛✌✏✍✔ ☛ ✓✌✛✌✡✚ ✎✒

✤☛✖❛✍✖✔✑ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ✪✒✓✓ ✗✓✘☞✫✍✖✔ ☛✡✏ ✕✒✖✫✍✖✔

✍✡✚☛✚✍✏ ✌✡ ✚✌✡✡✌✡✚✑ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚✑ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚✑

✏✩✍✌✡✚✑ ✏✍✔✌✚✡✌✡✚✑ ✗☛☞✫☛✚✌✡✚✑ ✎☛✌✓✒✖✌✡✚ ☛✡✏

✔✍✕✌✡✚✢ ✮✙✍ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩ ✪✩ ☞✖✍☛✎✌✡✚ ✏✍❛☛✡✏✔

✔✘✗✗✒✖✎✔ ❛☛✡✩ ✒✎✙✍✖ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✌✍✔✑ ✔✘☞✙ ☛✔✑

☞✙✍❛✌☞☛✓✔ ☛✡✏ ✏✩✍✔✑ ❛✌✓✓ ✔✎✒✖✍✔✑ ✗☛☞✫☛✚✌✡✚

❛☛✎✍✖✌☛✓✔ ☛✡✏ ✍✡✚✌✡✍✍✖✌✡✚ ✕✒✖✫✔✢

❭❪❫❴❵ ❜❝❡❣ ❤❥❦❧♠♦♣q❦r ❦✉ ✈❪❫❥q♦ qr ✇r❧q❪

❫① ②❪❥q❦♠③ ③❵♦♣❦❥③

④❵♦♣❦❥ ④⑤❪❥❵ ❦✉ ⑥❦❦⑦❪⑧❵

❤❥❦❧♠♦♣q❦r

⑨⑩❶❶❷ ❸❹❺❺ ❻❼❽ ❾❼❿➀ ➁❹➂➂ ❶➃➄➅

➆➇➈❼❽ ❶➇➇➉ ➊➋❹➁➌ ❻❼❽ ❾❼❿➀ ➁➋ ❶➃➄➅

➍➃❿➎ ❶➇➇➉ ➏➂❹❺❺❺ ❻❼❽ ❾❼❿➀ ➐➑

➒❁✹✾➓ ➔→ ➣↔↕ ➙↔➛➜ ➝➞ ➜➟↔ ➠↔➡➢➤➛➥➦ ➙➧➜➜➤➛➥ ➡➛➨

➣↕➝➙↔➩➩➤➛➥ ➤➩ ➤➛ ➨↔➙↔➛➜↕➡➫➤➩↔➨ ➩↔➙➜➝↕➭

➯✎✘✏✩ ✎✙✍ ✤✌✚✘✖✍✔ ☛✪✒✛✍ ☛✡✏ ✡✒✎✍ ✎✙✍ ✔✙☛✖✍

✒✤ ❛✌✓✓✔ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ✗✖✒✏✘☞✎✌✒✡ ✒✤ ✤☛✪✖✌☞✢

➲➳➵ ✝✟ ✝✁ ✝➸➺�➻✁➼✂✁ ➽�➻ �➾➻ ➚�➾✂✁➻➵ ✁� ➪☎☎➺

✁➳☎ ➸✝✞✞ ✟☎➚✁�➻ ✞��➸➼➶☎ ✞�➹☎➻ ✁➳➼✂ ➺�➹☎➻

✞��➸ ➼✂➘ ➳➼✂➘✞��➸➴

✥✡✏✌☛ ✍t✗✒✖✎✔ ✩☛✖✡ ✎✒ ➷☛✗☛✡✢ ❖✎✙✍✖

✌❛✗✒✖✎✍✖✔ ✒✤ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ✚✒✒✏✔ ✤✖✒❛ ✥✡✏✌☛ ☛✖✍

➬✢➯✢✣✢✑ ➬✢➮✢✑ ➱✘✔✔✌☛✑ ✃✖☛✡☞✍✑ ❢☛✔✎ ❢✘✖✒✗✍☛✡

☞✒✘✡✎✖✌✍✔✑ ✯✍✗☛✓✑ ➯✌✡✚☛✗✒✖✍✑ ➯✖✌ ❐☛✡✫☛✑ ☛✡✏

✣✤✖✌☞☛✡ ☞✒✘✡✎✖✌✍✔✢


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍☛✞✞☛☞✎ ✏☛☛✑✑✒☞ ✓☞✔ ✝✆✑✕ ✆☞✔✡✝✞✟✆✒✝


■�✁✂✄ ☎✄✆ ✝☎✞ ✆✞✟✠�✁ ✡✄☛☞✞✆✝ ✂�✆✝✄✡✡✞✁

✟✄❝✄✟✂✝✌ ✠✍ ✆❝✂�✁✡✞✆ ✂� ✝☎✞ ✎✠☛✡✁✏ �✞✑✝ ✝✠ ✒☎✂�✄✏

✄✝ ✄☛✠❛�✁ ✓✔✕✂✡✡✂✠� ✖✗✘✘✓✙✘✔✚✛ ✜✂�✟✞ ✝☎✞ ✕✂✁✙

✞✂☞☎✝✂✞✆✏ ✝☎✞ ✆❝✂��✂�☞ ✆✞✟✝✠☛ ☎✄✆ ☛✞✟✞✂❡✞✁ ✄ ✡✠✝

✠✍ ✄✝✝✞�✝✂✠�✛

❲✞ ☎✄❡✞ ✄ ✡✄☛☞✞ ✆☎✄☛✞ ✂� ✝☎✞ ✎✠☛✡✁ ✝☛✄✁✞

✠✍ ✟✠✝✝✠� ✌✄☛�✏ ✄✟✟✠❛�✝✂�☞ ✍✠☛ ✠�✞ ✍✠❛☛✝☎ ✠✍

✝☎✞ ✝✠✝✄✡ ✝☛✄✁✞✛ t✠✎✞❡✞☛✏ ✠❛☛ ✝☛✄✁✞ ✂�

☞✄☛✕✞�✝✆ ✂✆ ✠�✡✌ ✔ ❝✞☛ ✟✞�✝ ✠✍ ✝☎✞ ✎✠☛✡✁❣✆

✝✠✝✄✡✛ ✢❛☛ ✆❝✂��✂�☞ ✕✂✡✡✆ ✄☛✞ ✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✂❡✞ ✄✝

✝☎✞ ☞✡✠✣✄✡ ✡✞❡✞✡ ✄�✁ ✟✄❝✄✣✡✞ ✠✍ ❛✆✂�☞ ✄✡✡ ✝☎✞

✍✂✣☛✞✆ ✎✞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞✛ ❢☎✞ ✎✞✄❡✂�☞✏ ✤�✂✝✝✂�☞ ✄�✁

❝☛✠✟✞✆✆✂�☞ ❛�✂✝✆ ✟✄��✠✝ ❛✆✞ ✕❛✟☎ ✠✍ ✝☎✞ ☎✂☞☎

q❛✄✡✂✝✌ ✌✄☛� ✝☎✄✝ ✂✆ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞✁ ✂� ✝☎✞ ✟✠❛�✝☛✌✛

❢☎✞☛✞ ✄☛✞ ✆✠✕✞ ✡✄☛☞✞ ✄�✁ ✕✠✁✞☛� ✍✄✟✝✠☛✂✞✆

✂� ✝☎✞✆✞ ✆✞☞✕✞�✝✆✏ ✣❛✝ ✕✠✆✝ ✠✍ ✝☎✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂✠� ✂✆ ✂� ✍☛✄☞✕✞�✝✞✁ ✆✕✄✡✡ ❛�✂✝✆✏

✎☎✂✟☎ ✟✄✝✞☛ ✝✠ ✝☎✞ ✡✠✟✄✡ ✕✄☛✤✞✝✛ ❢☎✂✆

✕✂✆✕✄✝✟☎ ✂✆ ✄ ✕✄♠✠☛ ✁☛✄✎✣✄✟✤ ✍✠☛ ✝☎✞

✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌✛ ✐✆ ✄ ☛✞✆❛✡✝✏ ✕✄�✌ ✠✍ ✠❛☛ ✆❝✂��✞☛✆

✞✑❝✠☛✝ ✟✠✝✝✠� ✌✄☛� ✎☎✂✡✞ ✄❝❝✄☛✞✡✥☞✄☛✕✞�✝

✕✄�❛✍✄✟✝❛☛✞✆ ☎✄❡✞ ✝✠ ✂✕❝✠☛✝ ✍✄✣☛✂✟✛

t❛☞✡✂ ☛✂❡✞☛✏ ✂� ✄ �✄☛☛✠✎ ✣✞✡✝ ✖✦✧ ✤✕ ✡✠�☞ ✄�✁

✓ ✤✕ ✎✂✁✞✚✛

Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it is sold as a

trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg. Value is

added at every stage from fibre to yarn to

fabric and to garment.

★✩✪ ✫✬ ✫✭ ✫✮✯✰✱✭✲✳✭ ✴✰✱ ✵✬ ✭✰ ✫✮✯✱✰✶✷ ✰✵✱

✇✷✲✶✫✳✸ ✬✷✹✭✰✱ ✫✳✬✭✷✲✺ ✰✴ ✷✻✯✰✱✭✫✳✸ ✪✲✱✳ ✫✳

❧✲✱✸✷ ✼✵✲✳✭✫✭✫✷✬✽

✐✡✝☎✠❛☞☎✏ ✎✞ ☎✄❡✞ ✕✄✁✞ ✆✂☞�✂✍✂✟✄�✝

✂�✟☛✞✄✆✞ ✂� ✝☎✞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂✠� ✠✍ ☞✠✠✁ q❛✄✡✂✝✌ ✡✠�☞

✆✝✄❝✡✞ ✟✠✝✝✠� ✖✦✗✓✗ ✡✄✤☎ ✣✄✡✞✆ ✂� ✗✘✘✔✙✘s✚✏

✝☎✞ �✞✞✁ ✝✠ ✂✕❝✠☛✝ ✂✆ ✆✝✂✡✡ ✍✞✡✝✛ ✾✠✎✞☛ ✆❛❝❝✡✌ ✂✆

✞☛☛✄✝✂✟ ✄�✁ ✕✄✟☎✂�✞☛✌ �✞✞✁✆ ✝✠ ✣✞ ❛❝☞☛✄✁✞✁

✂� ✝☎✞ ✎✞✄❡✂�☞ ✄�✁ ❝☛✠✟✞✆✆✂�☞ ✆✞✟✝✠☛✆ ✂�

❝✄☛✝✂✟❛✡✄☛✛ ✢✝☎✞☛ ❝☛✠✣✡✞✕✆ ✄☛✞ ✝☎✞ ✡✠✎ ✠❛✝❝❛✝

✠✍ ✡✄✣✠❛☛ ✄�✁ ✆✝✂✍✍ ✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✂✠� ✎✂✝☎ ✝☎✞

✆✌�✝☎✞✝✂✟ ✍✂✣☛✞ ✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌✛

❏✵✭✷ ✿✷✻✭✫❧✷✬

■�✁✂✄ ✂✆ ✝☎✞ ✡✄☛☞✞✆✝ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞☛ ✠✍ ☛✄✎ ♠❛✝✞ ✄�✁

♠❛✝✞ ☞✠✠✁✆ ✄�✁ ✆✝✄�✁✆ ✄✝ ✆✞✟✠�✁ ❝✡✄✟✞ ✄✆ ✄�

✞✑❝✠☛✝✞☛ ✄✍✝✞☛ ❀✄�☞✡✄✁✞✆☎✛ ❢☎✞☛✞ ✄☛✞ ✄✣✠❛✝ ❁✘

♠❛✝✞ ✕✂✡✡✆ ✂� ■�✁✂✄✛ ❥✠✆✝ ✠✍ ✝☎✞✆✞ ✄☛✞ ✡✠✟✄✝✞✁ ✂�

❲✞✆✝ ❀✞�☞✄✡✏ ✕✄✂�✡✌ ✄✡✠�☞ ✝☎✞ ✣✄�✤✆ ✠✍ ✝☎✞

The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, thejute mills remained in India but three-fourthof the jute producing area went toBangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

❋✄✟✝✠☛✆ ☛✞✆❝✠�✆✂✣✡✞ ✍✠☛ ✝☎✞✂☛ ✡✠✟✄✝✂✠� ✂�

✝☎✞ t❛☞✡✂ ✣✄✆✂� ✄☛✞❂ ❝☛✠✑✂✕✂✝✌ ✠✍ ✝☎✞ ♠❛✝✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✂�☞ ✄☛✞✄✆✏ ✂�✞✑❝✞�✆✂❡✞ ✎✄✝✞☛

✝☛✄�✆❝✠☛✝✏ ✆❛❝❝✠☛✝✞✁ ✣✌ ✄ ☞✠✠✁ �✞✝✎✠☛✤ ✠✍

☛✄✂✡✎✄✌✆✏ ☛✠✄✁✎✄✌✆ ✄�✁ ✎✄✝✞☛✎✄✌✆ ✝✠

✍✄✟✂✡✂✝✄✝✞ ✕✠❡✞✕✞�✝ ✠✍ ☛✄✎ ✕✄✝✞☛✂✄✡ ✝✠ ✝☎✞

✕✂✡✡✆✏ ✄✣❛�✁✄�✝ ✎✄✝✞☛ ✍✠☛ ❝☛✠✟✞✆✆✂�☞ ☛✄✎

♠❛✝✞✏ ✟☎✞✄❝ ✡✄✣✠❛☛ ✍☛✠✕ ❲✞✆✝ ❀✞�☞✄✡ ✄�✁

✄✁♠✠✂�✂�☞ ✆✝✄✝✞✆ ✠✍ ❀✂☎✄☛✏ ✢☛✂✆✆✄ ✄�✁ ❃✝✝✄☛

✾☛✄✁✞✆☎✛ P✠✡✤✄✝✄ ✄✆ ✄ ✡✄☛☞✞ ❛☛✣✄� ✟✞�✝☛✞

❝☛✠❡✂✁✞✆ ✣✄�✤✂�☞✏ ✂�✆❛☛✄�✟✞ ✄�✁ ❝✠☛✝

✍✄✟✂✡✂✝✂✞✆ ✍✠☛ ✞✑❝✠☛✝ ✠✍ ♠❛✝✞ ☞✠✠✁✆✛

❢☎✞ ♠❛✝✞ ✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌ ✆❛❝❝✠☛✝✆ ✗✛❚❄ ✡✄✤☎

✎✠☛✤✞☛✆ ✁✂☛✞✟✝✡✌ ✄�✁ ✄�✠✝☎✞☛ ✔✘ ✡✄✤☎✆ ✆✕✄✡✡

✄�✁ ✕✄☛☞✂�✄✡ ✍✄☛✕✞☛✆ ✎☎✠ ✄☛✞ ✞�☞✄☞✞✁ ✂�

✟❛✡✝✂❡✄✝✂✠� ✠✍ ♠❛✝✞ ✄�✁ ✕✞✆✝✄✛ ❥✄�✌ ✕✠☛✞

❝✞✠❝✡✞ ✄☛✞ ✄✆✆✠✟✂✄✝✞✁ ✂�✁✂☛✞✟✝✡✌✛

✒☎✄✡✡✞�☞✞✆ ✍✄✟✞✁ ✣✌ ✝☎✞ ✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌ ✂�✟✡❛✁✞

✆✝✂✍✍ ✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✂✠� ✂� ✝☎✞ ✂�✝✞☛�✄✝✂✠�✄✡✕✄☛✤✞✝ ✍☛✠✕

✆✌�✝☎✞✝✂✟ ✆❛✣✆✝✂✝❛✝✞✆ ✄�✁ ✍☛✠✕ ✠✝☎✞☛

✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✠☛✆ ✡✂✤✞ ❀✄�☞✡✄✁✞✆☎✏ ❀☛✄❅✂✡✏

✾☎✂✡✂❝❝✂�✞✆✏ ❆☞✌❝✝ ✄�✁ ❢☎✄✂✡✄�✁✛ t✠✎✞❡✞☛✏ ✝☎✞

✂�✝✞☛�✄✡ ✁✞✕✄�✁ ☎✄✆ ✣✞✞� ✠� ✝☎✞ ✂�✟☛✞✄✆✞ ✁❛✞

✝✠ ✝☎✞ ❇✠❡✞☛�✕✞�✝ ❝✠✡✂✟✌ ✠✍ ✕✄�✁✄✝✠☛✌ ❛✆✞ ✠✍

♠❛✝✞ ❝✄✟✤✄☞✂�☞✛ ❢✠ ✆✝✂✕❛✡✄✝✞ ✁✞✕✄�✁✏ ✝☎✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✆ �✞✞✁ ✝✠ ✣✞ ✁✂❡✞☛✆✂✍✂✞✁✛ ■� ✗✘✘s✏

◆✄✝✂✠�✄✡ ❈❛✝✞ ✾✠✡✂✟✌ ✎✄✆ ✍✠☛✕❛✡✄✝✞✁ ✎✂✝☎ ✝☎✞

✠✣♠✞✟✝✂❡✞ ✠✍ ✂�✟☛✞✄✆✂�☞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂❡✂✝✌✏ ✂✕❝☛✠❡✂�☞

q❛✄✡✂✝✌✏ ✞�✆❛☛✂�☞ ☞✠✠✁ ❝☛✂✟✞✆ ✝✠ ✝☎✞ ♠❛✝✞ ✍✄☛✕✞☛✆

✄�✁ ✞�☎✄�✟✂�☞ ✝☎✞ ✌✂✞✡✁ ❝✞☛ ☎✞✟✝✄☛✞✛ ❢☎✞ ✕✄✂�

✕✄☛✤✞✝✆ ✄☛✞ ❃✛✜✛✐✛✏ ✒✄�✄✁✄✏ ❉❛✆✆✂✄✏ ❃�✂✝✞✁

✐☛✄✣❉✞❝❛✣✡✂✟✏ ❃✛P✛ ✄�✁ ✐❛✆✝☛✄✡✂✄✛ ❢☎✞ ☞☛✠✎✂�☞

☞✡✠✣✄✡ ✟✠�✟✞☛� ✍✠☛ ✞�❡✂☛✠�✕✞�✝ ✍☛✂✞�✁✡✌✏

✣✂✠✁✞☞☛✄✁✄✣✡✞✕✄✝✞☛✂✄✡✆✏ ☎✄✆ ✠�✟✞ ✄☞✄✂� ✠❝✞�✞✁

✝☎✞ ✠❝❝✠☛✝❛�✂✝✌ ✍✠☛ ♠❛✝✞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✆✛

❙✵✸✲✱ ❊✳✺✵✬✭✱✪

■�✁✂✄ ✆✝✄�✁✆ ✆✞✟✠�✁ ✄✆ ✄ ✎✠☛✡✁ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞☛ ✠✍

✆❛☞✄☛ ✣❛✝ ✠✟✟❛❝✂✞✆ ✝☎✞ ✍✂☛✆✝ ❝✡✄✟✞ ✂� ✝☎✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂✠� ✠✍ ●❍❑ ✄�✁ ❦▲▼❖◗❘▼❑❯❱ ❢☎✞ ☛✄✎


♠�✁✂✄☎�❛ ✆✝✂✞ ☎✟ ✁✠☎✝ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ☎✝ ☛✆❛☞✡✌ �✟✞

☎✟ ✠�✆❛�✐✂ ☎✁✝ ✝✆✍✄✎✝✂ ✍✎✟✁✂✟✁ ✄✂✞✆✍✂✝✏ ✑✠✂✄✂

✝✠✎✆❛✞ ✁✠✂ ♠☎❛❛✝ ☛✂ ☎✞✂�❛❛✡ ❛✎✍�✁✂✞s ✒✠✂✄✂ �✄✂

✎♦✂✄ ✓✔✕ ✝✆✐�✄ ♠☎❛❛✝ ☎✟ ✁✠✂ ✍✎✆✟✁✄✡ ✝✖✄✂�✞

✎♦✂✄ ✗✁✁�✄ ✘✄�✞✂✝✠✌ ✙☎✠�✄✌ ✱�✠�✄�✝✠✁✄�✌

❑�✄✟�✁�☞�✌ ✒�♠☎❛ ✚�✞✆✌ ✛✟✞✠✄� ✘✄�✞✂✝✠ �✟✞

●✆✜�✄�✁ �❛✎✟✐ ✢☎✁✠ ✘✆✟✜�☛✌ ✣�✄✡�✟� �✟✞

✱�✞✠✡� ✘✄�✞✂✝✠✏ ▼☎✤✁✡ ✖✂✄ ✍✂✟✁ ♠☎❛❛✝ �✄✂ ☎✟

✗✁✁�✄ ✘✄�✞✂✝✠ �✟✞ ✙☎✠�✄✏ ✒✠☎✝ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ☎✝

✝✂�✝✎✟�❛ ☎✟ ✟�✁✆✄✂ ✝✎✌ ☎✁ ☎✝ ☎✞✂�❛❛✡ ✝✆☎✁✂✞ ✁✎

✁✠✂ ✍✎✎✖✂✄�✁☎♦✂ ✝✂✍✁✎✄✏ ✳�✟ ✡✎✆ ✂✤✖❛�☎✟ ✢✠✡

✁✠☎✝ ☎✝ ✝✎s

■✟ ✄✂✍✂✟✁ ✡✂�✄✝✌ ✁✠✂✄✂ ☎✝ � ✁✂✟✞✂✟✍✡ ✥✎✄ ✁✠✂

♠☎❛❛✝ ✁✎ ✝✠☎✥✁ �✟✞ ✍✎✟✍✂✟✁✄�✁✂ ☎✟ ✁✠✂ ✝✎✆✁✠✂✄✟

�✟✞ ✢✂✝✁✂✄✟ ✝✁�✁✂✝✌ ✂✝✖✂✍☎�❛❛✡ ☎✟ ✱�✠�✄�✝✠✁✄�✌

✒✠☎✝ ☎✝ ☛✂✍�✆✝✂ ✁✠✂ ✍�✟✂ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✂✞ ✠✂✄✂ ✠�✝ �

✠☎✐✠✂✄ ✝✆✍✄✎✝✂ ✍✎✟✁✂✟✁✏ ✒✠✂ ✍✎✎❛✂✄ ✍❛☎♠�✁✂

�❛✝✎ ✂✟✝✆✄✂✝ � ❛✎✟✐✂✄ ✍✄✆✝✠☎✟✐ ✝✂�✝✎✟✏

✱✎✄✂✎♦✂✄✌ ✁✠✂ ✍✎✎✖✂✄�✁☎♦✂✝ �✄✂ ♠✎✄✂

✝✆✍✍✂✝✝✥✆❛ ☎✟ ✁✠✂✝✂ ✝✁�✁✂✝✏

✱�✜✎✄ ✍✠�❛❛✂✟✐✂✝ ☎✟✍❛✆✞✂ ✁✠✂ ✝✂�✝✎✟�❛

✟�✁✆✄✂ ✎✥ ✁✠✂ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡✌ ✎❛✞ �✟✞ ☎✟✂✥✥☎✍☎✂✟✁

♠✂✁✠✎✞✝ ✎✥ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟✌ ✁✄�✟✝✖✎✄✁ ✞✂❛�✡ ☎✟

✄✂�✍✠☎✟✐ ✍�✟✂ ✁✎ ✥�✍✁✎✄☎✂✝ �✟✞ ✁✠✂ ✟✂✂✞ ✁✎

♠�✤☎♠☎✝✂ ✁✠✂ ✆✝✂ ✎✥ ☛�✐✐�✝✂✏

✦✧★✩✪✫✬ ✭✫✮✩✯ ✰★✯✲✮✴✪✧✩✮

■✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝ ✁✠�✁ ✆✝✂ ♠☎✟✂✄�❛✝ �✟✞ ♠✂✁�❛✝ �✝ ✄�✢

♠�✁✂✄☎�❛✝ �✄✂ ✍�❛❛✂✞ ♠☎✟✂✄�❛ ☛�✝✂✞ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝✏

✳�✟ ✡✎✆ ✟�♠✂ ✝✎♠✂ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝ ✁✠�✁ ✢✎✆❛✞ ✥�❛❛

☎✟ ✁✠☎✝ ✍�✁✂✐✎✄✡s

✵✶✷✸ ✹✸✺ ✻✼✽✽✾ ✵✸✺✿❀✼✶❁

✒✠✂ ☎✄✎✟ �✟✞ ✝✁✂✂❛ ■✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ☎✝ ✁✠✂ ☛�✝☎✍

☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ✝☎✟✍✂ �❛❛ ✁✠✂ ✎✁✠✂✄ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝ ❂ ✠✂�♦✡✌

♠✂✞☎✆♠ �✟✞ ❛☎✐✠✁✌ ✞✂✖✂✟✞ ✎✟ ☎✁ ✥✎✄ ✁✠✂☎✄

♠�✍✠☎✟✂✄✡✏ ▼✁✂✂❛ ☎✝ ✟✂✂✞✂✞ ✁✎ ♠�✟✆✥�✍✁✆✄✂ �

♦�✄☎✂✁✡ ✎✥ ✂✟✐☎✟✂✂✄☎✟✐ ✐✎✎✞✝✌ ✍✎✟✝✁✄✆✍✁☎✎✟

♠�✁✂✄☎�❛✌ ✞✂✥✂✟✍✂✌♠✂✞☎✍�❛✌ ✁✂❛✂✖✠✎✟☎✍✌ ✝✍☎✂✟✁☎✥☎✍

✂❡✆☎✖♠✂✟✁ �✟✞ � ♦�✄☎✂✁✡ ✎✥ ✍✎✟✝✆♠✂✄ ✐✎✎✞✝✏

Make a list of all such goods made of steelthat you can think of.

✘✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟�✟✞✍✎✟✝✆♠✖✁☎✎✟ ✎✥✝✁✂✂❛ ☎✝ ✎✥✁✂✟

✄✂✐�✄✞✂✞ �✝ ✁✠✂ ☎✟✞✂✤ ✎✥ � ✍✎✆✟✁✄✡r✝

✞✂♦✂❛✎✖♠✂✟✁✏ ■✄✎✟ �✟✞ ✝✁✂✂❛ ☎✝ � ✠✂�♦✡ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡

☛✂✍�✆✝✂ �❛❛ ✁✠✂ ✄�✢♠�✁✂✄☎�❛✝ �✝ ✢✂❛❛ �✝ ✥☎✟☎✝✠✂✞

✐✎✎✞✝ �✄✂ ✠✂�♦✡ �✟✞ ☛✆❛☞✡ ✂✟✁�☎❛☎✟✐ ✠✂�♦✡

✁✄�✟✝✖✎✄✁�✁☎✎✟ ✍✎✝✁✝✏ ■✄✎✟ ✎✄✂✌ ✍✎☞☎✟✐ ✍✎�❛ �✟✞

❛☎♠✂ ✝✁✎✟✂ �✄✂ ✄✂❡✆☎✄✂✞ ☎✟ ✁✠✂ ✄�✁☎✎ ✎✥

�✖✖✄✎✤☎♠�✁✂❛✡ ✓ ❃ ❄ ❃ ❅✏ ▼✎♠✂ ❡✆�✟✁☎✁☎✂✝ ✎✥

♠�✟✐�✟✂✝✂✌�✄✂�❛✝✎ ✄✂❡✆☎✄✂✞ ✁✎✠�✄✞✂✟ ✁✠✂✝✁✂✂❛✏

✑✠✂✄✂ ✝✠✎✆❛✞ ✁✠✂ ✝✁✂✂❛ ✖❛�✟✁✝ ☛✂ ☎✞✂�❛❛✡

❛✎✍�✁✂✞s ❧✂♠✂♠☛✂✄ ✁✠�✁ ✁✠✂ ✥☎✟☎✝✠✂✞ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✁✝

�❛✝✎ ✟✂✂✞�✟ ✂✥✥☎✍☎✂✟✁ ✁✄�✟✝✖✎✄✁ ✟✂✁✢✎✄☞ ✥✎✄ ✁✠✂☎✄

✞☎✝✁✄☎☛✆✁☎✎✟ ✁✎ ✁✠✂ ♠�✄☞✂✁✝ �✟✞ ✍✎✟✝✆♠✂✄✝✏

✒✎✞�✡ ✢☎✁✠ ❚❄✏❆ ♠☎❛❛☎✎✟ ✁✎✟✝ ✎✥ ✝✁✂✂❛

✖✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟✌ ■✟✞☎� ✄�✟☞✝ ✟☎✟✁✠ �♠✎✟✐ ✁✠✂ ✢✎✄❛✞

✍✄✆✞✂ ✝✁✂✂❛ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✂✄✝✏ ■✁ ☎✝ ✁✠✂ ❛�✄✐✂✝✁ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✂✄

✎✥ ✝✖✎✟✐✂ ☎✄✎✟✏ ■✟✝✖☎✁✂ ✎✥ ❛�✄✐✂ ❡✆�✟✁☎✁✡ ✎✥

✖✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟ ✎✥ ✝✁✂✂❛✌ ✖✂✄ ✍�✖☎✁� ✍✎✟✝✆♠✖✁☎✎✟ ✖✂✄

�✟✟✆♠ ☎✝ ✎✟❛✡ ❚❄ ☞✐✏

❋❇❈❉ ❊❉❍

P❏▲◆❖◗◗❖◗ ▲❘ ❙❯❱❲❘❯◆❳❲❏❖ ▲❘ ❨❳❖❖❩


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞ ✟✞✠ ✡☛☞☞✌ ✍✌✟✞☛✎


❆�� ✁✂✄�☎✆ ✝✞✆✟✠✡ ✂☛☞✞✡✟✌✍☎☛✎✝✏✌✡✍✞✟ ✟✑✞☎✡

✝✟✞✞� ✟✑✡✠✂✎✑s ✒✟✞✞� ❆✂✟✑✠✡☎✟✓ ✠✔ ✕☛☞☎✌ ✖✟☞✗

✭✒❆✕✖✘ ✙✑☎�✞ ✚✕✒✛✜ ✏✌✡✍✞✟✝ ☎✟✝ ✁✡✠☞✂✆✞

✟✑✡✠✂✎✑ ✚✌✟✌ ✒✟✞✞�✗

✕☛ ✟✑✞ ■✢✣✤✝ ✛✑☎☛✌ ✌☛☞ ✕☛☞☎✌ ✁✡✠☞✂✆✞☞

✌�✏✠✝✟ ✟✑✞ ✝✌✏✞❛✂✌☛✟☎✟✓ ✠✔ ✝✟✞✞�✗ ✚✠☞✌✓s ✛✑☎☛✌

☎✝ ✟✑✞ �✌✡✎✞✝✟ ✁✡✠☞✂✆✞✡✗ ✛✑☎☛✌ ☎✝ ✌�✝✠ ✟✑✞✙✠✡�☞✳✝

�✌✡✎✞✝✟ ✆✠☛✝✂✏✞✡ ✠✔ ✝✟✞✞�✗ ✕☛ ❧✤✤✥s ✕☛☞☎✌ ✙✌✝

✟✑✞ �✌✡✎✞✝✟ ✞t✁✠✡✟✞✡ ✠✔ ✝✟✞✞� ✙✑☎✆✑ ✌✆✆✠✂☛✟✞☞

✔✠✡ ❧✗❧✣ ✁✞✡ ✆✞☛✟ ✠✔ ✟✑✞ ✎�✠✄✌� ✝✟✞✞� ✟✡✌☞✞✗

✛✑✠✟✌☛✌✎✁✂✡ ✁�✌✟✞✌✂ ✡✞✎☎✠☛ ✑✌✝ ✟✑✞✏✌t☎✏✂✏

✆✠☛✆✞☛✟✡✌✟☎✠☛ ✠✔ ☎✡✠☛ ✌☛☞ ✝✟✞✞� ☎☛☞✂✝✟✡☎✞✝✗ ✕✟ ☎✝

�✌✡✎✞�✓s ✄✞✆✌✂✝✞ ✠✔ ✟✑✞ ✡✞�✌✟☎✦✞ ✌☞✦✌☛✟✌✎✞✝ ✟✑☎✝

✡✞✎☎✠☛ ✑✌✝ ✔✠✡ ✟✑✞ ☞✞✦✞�✠✁✏✞☛✟ ✠✔ ✟✑☎✝ ☎☛☞✂✝✟✡✓✗

✚✑✞✝✞ ☎☛✆�✂☞✞s �✠✙✆✠✝✟✠✔ ☎✡✠☛ ✠✡✞s✑☎✎✑✎✡✌☞✞

✡✌✙ ✏✌✟✞✡☎✌�✝ ☎☛ ✁✡✠t☎✏☎✟✓s ✆✑✞✌✁ �✌✄✠✂✡ ✌☛☞

✦✌✝✟ ✎✡✠✙✟✑ ✁✠✟✞☛✟☎✌� ☎☛ ✟✑✞ ✑✠✏✞ ✏✌✡✍✞✟✗

✚✑✠✂✎✑s ✕☛☞☎✌ ☎✝ ✌☛ ☎✏✁✠✡✟✌☛✟ ☎✡✠☛ ✌☛☞ ✝✟✞✞�

✁✡✠☞✂✆☎☛✎ ✆✠✂☛✟✡✓ ☎☛ ✟✑✞ ✙✠✡�☞ ✓✞✟s ✙✞ ✌✡✞ ☛✠✟

✌✄�✞ ✟✠ ✁✞✡✔✠✡✏ ✟✠ ✠✂✡ ✔✂�� ✁✠✟✞☛✟☎✌� �✌✡✎✞�✓ ☞✂✞

✟✠✧ ✭✌✘★☎✎✑✆✠✝✟✝✌☛☞ �☎✏☎✟✞☞✌✦✌☎�✌✄☎�☎✟✓ ✠✔ ✆✠✍☎☛✎

❚✩✪✫✬ ✮✯✰✱ ❚✲✴✩✫ ✵✶✷✶✸✹✬✺ ✸✴✬✬✫ ✻✼✲✺✽✾✴✶✲✷

✶✷ ✐✷✺✶✩

❨✬✩✼ P✼✲✺✽✾✴✶✲✷

✿✐✷ ❀✶✫✫✶✲✷ ✴✲✷✸ ✻✬✼ ✩✷✷✽❀❁

❂❃❄❅❇❄❂ ❂❈❅❉

❂❃❊❅❇❊❂ ❋❈●❃

❂❃❍❅❇❍❂ ❉❈❊❉

❂❃❏❅❇❏❂ ❊❈❏❋

❂❃❃❅❇❃❂ ❂●❈❄●

❂❃❃❍❇❃❏ ❋●❈❉❅

❋❅❅❉❇❅❄ ●❋❈❊❅

❘❑▲▼❑◆❑❖◗ ◗❙❑ ❯❱❲❑❖ ❳❩◗❩ ❬❱◗❙ ❩ ❭❩▼ ❳❱❩❯▼❩❪❫

❴❵❜ ❝❞ ❡❵❢ ❣❢❤ ❥❦❣❝❡❦ ❥♠♥❞♦♣❣❡❝♠♥ ♠q ❞❡❢❢r

❞♠ r♠✉ ❝♥ ✈♥✇❝❦①

②✡✞✝✞☛✟�✓s ✟✑✞✡✞ ✌✡✞ ■✤ ✁✡☎✏✌✡✓ ☎☛✟✞✎✡✌✟✞☞

✌☛☞ ✏✌☛✓ ✏☎☛☎ ✝✟✞✞� ✁�✌☛✟✝ ☎☛ ✕☛☞☎✌✗ ✒✞✞ ✟✑✞

❆✁✁✞☛☞☎t ✌☛☞ ✏✌✡✍ ✟✑✞✝✞ ✠☛ ✟✑✞✏✌✁ ✠✔ ✕☛☞☎✌✗

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electricfurnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.They have re-rollers that use steel ingots aswell. They produce mild and alloy steel ofgiven specifications.

An integrated steel plant is large, handleseverything in one complex – from puttingtogether raw material to steel making, rollingand shaping.

③④⑤⑥ ⑦⑥⑧⑨ ⑩❶❷❷❸ ❹❺❻❼❽❾❶❿❻➀ ❿➀ ➁➀❼❿➂ ➂➀❼ ➃➄❿➀➂


❝�✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✝�✞✟✠ ✡✠�☛☞❝✌✍✎✍✌✏ �✑ ✂✁☎�☞✠ ✄❝✆ ✒✠✠✟✓☞✂✁✠

s☞✡✡✂✏ �✑ ✟✔✟✠✓✏ ✁✔☛ ✄☛✆ ✕��✠ ✍✔✑✠✁s✌✠☞❝✌☞✠✟✖

❲✟ ✁✂s� ✍❡✡�✠✌ ✓��☛ ✗☞✁✂✍✌✏ s✌✟✟✂ ✑✠�❡�✌♦✟✠

❝�☞✔✌✠✍✟s✖ ✘�✞✟✎✟✠✱ ✌♦✟ �✎✟✠✁✂✂ ✡✠�☛☞❝✌✍�✔ �✑

s✌✟✟✂ ✍s s☞✑✑✍❝✍✟✔✌ ✌�❡✟✟✌ �☞✠☛�❡✟s✌✍❝ ☛✟❡✁✔☛✖

✝✍☎✟✠✁✂✍ s✁✌✍�✔ ✁✔☛ ▲�✠✟✍✓✔ ✙✍✠✟❝✌

✒✔✎✟s✌❡✟✔✌ ♦✁✎✟ ✓✍✎✟✔ ✁ ☎��s✌ ✌� ✌♦✟ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✏

✞✍✌♦ ✌♦✟ ✟✑✑�✠✌s �✑ ✡✠✍✎✁✌✟ ✟✔✌✠✟✡✠✟✔✟☞✠s✖

❚♦✟✠✟ ✍s ✁ ✔✟✟☛ ✌� ✁✂✂�❝✁✌✟ ✠✟s�☞✠❝✟s ✑�✠

✠✟s✟✁✠❝♦ ✁✔☛ ☛✟✎✟✂�✡❡✟✔✌ ✌� ✡✠�☛☞❝✟ s✌✟✟✂

❡�✠✟ ❝�❡✡☞✌✁✌✍✌✍✎✟✂✏✖

▼✁♦✁✠✁s♦✌✠✁ ✁✔☛ ❚✁❡✍✂ ✚✁☛☞✖ ✒✔ ✛✜✜✢✱ ✒✔☛✍✁

✡✠�☛☞❝✟☛ �✎✟✠ ♣✜✜ ❡✍✂✂✍�✔ ✌�✔s �✑ ✁✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡✖

❇✁☞✣✍✌✟✱ ✌♦✟ ✠✁✞ ❡✁✌✟✠✍✁✂ ☞s✟☛ ✍✔ ✌♦✟

s❡✟✂✌✟✠s ✍s ✁ ✎✟✠✏ ☎☞✂✤✏✱ ☛✁✠✤ ✠✟☛☛✍s♦ ❝�✂�☞✠✟☛

✠�❝✤✖ ❚♦✟ ✑✂�✞ ❝♦✁✠✌ ✓✍✎✟✔ ☎✟✂�✞ s♦�✞s ✌♦✟

✡✠�❝✟ss �✑ ❡✁✔☞✑✁❝✌☞✠✍✔✓ ✁✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡✖ ✥✟✓☞✂✁✠

s☞✡✡✂✏ �✑ ✟✂✟❝✌✠✍❝✍✌✏ ✁✔☛ ✁✔ ✁ss☞✠✟☛ s�☞✠❝✟ �✑

✠✁✞ ❡✁✌✟✠✍✁✂ ✁✌ ❡✍✔✍❡☞❡ ❝�s✌ ✁✠✟ ✌♦✟ ✌✞�

✡✠✍❡✟ ✑✁❝✌�✠s ✑�✠ ✂�❝✁✌✍�✔ �✑ ✌♦✟ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✏✖

Have you read about the Kalinganagarcontroversy?

❆✦✧★✩✪✩✧★ ✫★✬✦✭✩✪✮

✯✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡ s❡✟✂✌✍✔✓ ✍s ✌♦✟ s✟❝�✔☛ ❡�s✌

✍❡✡�✠✌✁✔✌ ❡✟✌✁✂✂☞✠✓✍❝✁✂ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✏ ✍✔ ✒✔☛✍✁✖ ✒✌ ✍s

✂✍✓♦✌✱ ✠✟s✍s✌✁✔✌ ✌� ❝�✠✠�s✍�✔✱ ✁ ✓��☛ ❝�✔☛☞❝✌�✠

�✑ ♦✟✁✌✱ ❡✁✂✂✁☎✂✟ ✁✔☛ ☎✟❝�❡✟s s✌✠�✔✓✞♦✟✔ ✍✌ ✍s

❡✍✣✟☛ ✞✍✌♦ �✌♦✟✠ ❡✟✌✁✂s✖ ✒✌ ✍s ☞s✟☛ ✌�

❡✁✔☞✑✁❝✌☞✠✟ ✁✍✠❝✠✁✑✌✱ ☞✌✟✔s✍✂s ✁✔☛✞✍✠✟s✖ ✒✌ ♦✁s

✓✁✍✔✟☛ ✡�✡☞✂✁✠✍✌✏ ✁s ✁ s☞☎s✌✍✌☞✌✟ �✑ s✌✟✟✂✱

❝�✡✡✟✠✱ ✰✍✔❝ ✁✔☛ ✂✟✁☛ ✍✔✁ ✔☞❡☎✟✠ �✑ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✍✟s✖

❚♦✟✠✟ ✁✠✟ ✲ ✁✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡ s❡✟✂✌✍✔✓ ✡✂✁✔✌s ✍✔

✌♦✟ ❝�☞✔✌✠✏ ✂�❝✁✌✟☛ ✍✔t✠✍ss✁ ✄✚✁✂❝� ✁✔☛ ❇✁✂❝�✆✱

❲✟s✌❇✟✔✓✁✂✱✳✟✠✁✂✁✱✴✌✌✁✠✕✠✁☛✟s♦✱ ✵♦✁✌✌✍s✓✁✠♦✱

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✹✺ ✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃✼✾❄❅ ❈✾❉❉ ❂✼ ❃❈❊❉✼❊✽ ❁● ❍■❏❑◆

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸❖

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸P

A factory produces aluminium saucepans withplastic handles. It obtains aluminium from asmelter and a plastic component from


❡�✁✂✄❡☎✆ ✂✝✞✟✄✁❡✠ ✡☛ ✁☞❡ ✌✟✍�✁✄✆ ✠✟❡☛ �✟✁ ☞✡✎❡

✡�✆ ✄❡☛❡✄✎❡☛ ✟❛ ✌✟✝✝❡✄✌✂✡☎☎✆ ✍☛✡✏☎❡ ✞✟✁✡☛☞ ✟✄

✞✟✁✡☛☛✂✍✝ ✌✟✝✞✟✍�✠☛ ✂� ✡�✆ ❛✟✄✝♣ ✑�✠✂✡ ✂☛

✁☞❡ ✁☞✂✄✠ ☎✡✄t❡☛✁ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡✄ ✟❛ �✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛

❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛♣ ❢☞❡✄❡ ✡✄❡ ✒✓ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄ ✍�✂✁☛

✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄✂�t �✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛ ✡�✠ ✌✟✝✞☎❡♠

�✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛♥ ✔✕ ❛✟✄ ✍✄❡✡ ✡�✠ ✕ ❛✟✄

✞✄✟✠✍✌✂�t ✡✝✝✟�✂✍✝ ☛✍☎✞☞✡✁❡ ✡☛ ✡ ✏✆✖

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁ ✡�✠ ✗✘ ✟✁☞❡✄ ☛✝✡☎☎ ✍�✂✁☛ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡

☛✂�t☎❡ ☛✍✞❡✄✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁❡♣ s✁ ✞✄❡☛❡�✁♥ ✁☞❡✄❡ ✡✄❡

✶✙ ✞✍✏☎✂✌ ☛❡✌✁✟✄ ✍�✠❡✄✁✡✚✂�t☛ ✡�✠ ✟�❡ ✂�

✌✟✟✞❡✄✡✁✂✎❡ ☛❡✌✁✟✄ ✡✁ ❝✡✛✂✄✡ ✂� ✜✍✢✡✄✡✁ ✍�✠❡✄

✁☞❡ ✣❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄ ✤✟✄✞✟✄✡✁✂✟� ✟❛ ✑�✠✂✡♣

s❛✁❡✄ ✁☞❡ ✜✄❡❡� ❆❡✎✟☎✍✁✂✟� ✁☞❡ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆

❡♠✞✡�✠❡✠ ✁✟ ☛❡✎❡✄✡☎ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✞✡✄✁☛ ✟❛ ✁☞❡ ✌✟✍�✁✄✆♣

✜✍✢✡✄✡✁♥ ❢✡✝✂☎ ●✡✠✍♥ ✥✁✁✡✄ ✦✄✡✠❡☛☞♥ ✦✍�✢✡✏

✡�✠ ✧❡✄✡☎✡ ✌✟�✁✄✂✏✍✁❡ ✁✟★✡✄✠☛ ☞✡☎❛ ✁☞❡ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁✂✟�♣ ✩✁☞❡✄ ☛✂t�✂❛✂✌✡�✁ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡✄☛ ✡✄❡

s�✠☞✄✡ ✦✄✡✠❡☛☞♥ ✩✄✂☛☛✡♥ ❆✡✢✡☛✁☞✡�♥ ✪✂☞✡✄♥

▼✡☞✡✄✡☛☞✁✄✡♥ s☛☛✡✝♥✫❡☛✁ ✪❡�t✡☎♥ ✜✟✡♥✬❡☎☞✂♥

▼✡✠☞✆✡ ✦✄✡✠❡☛☞ ✡�✠ ✧✡✄�✡✁✡✚✡♣

❈✭✮✭✯✰ ✱✯✲✳✴✰✵✷

✤❡✝❡�✁ ✂☛ ❡☛☛❡�✁✂✡☎ ❛✟✄ ✌✟�☛✁✄✍✌✁✂✟� ✡✌✁✂✎✂✁✆

☛✍✌☞ ✡☛ ✏✍✂☎✠✂�t ☞✟✍☛❡☛♥ ❛✡✌✁✟✄✂❡☛♥ ✏✄✂✠t❡☛♥

✄✟✡✠☛♥ ✡✂✄✞✟✄✁☛♥ ✠✡✝☛ ✡�✠ ❛✟✄ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✌✟✝✝❡✄✌✂✡☎

❡☛✁✡✏☎✂☛☞✝❡�✁☛♣ ❢☞✂☛ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✄❡✸✍✂✄❡☛ ✏✍☎✚✆

✡�✠ ☞❡✡✎✆ ✄✡★✝✡✁❡✄✂✡☎☛ ☎✂✚❡ ☎✂✝❡☛✁✟�❡♥ ☛✂☎✂✌✡♥

✡☎✍✝✂�✡ ✡�✠ t✆✞☛✍✝♣ ✤✟✡☎ ✡�✠ ❡☎❡✌✁✄✂✌ ✞✟★❡✄

✡✄❡ �❡❡✠❡✠ ✡✞✡✄✁ ❛✄✟✝ ✄✡✂☎ ✁✄✡�☛✞✟✄✁✡✁✂✟�♣

❈✹✭✮✺✻✼✽ ✱✯✲✳✴✰✵✺✭✴

❢☞❡ ✤☞❡✝✂✌✡☎ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✂� ✑�✠✂✡ ✂☛ ❛✡☛✁ t✄✟★✂�t

✡�✠ ✠✂✎❡✄☛✂❛✆✂�t♣ ✑✁ ✌✟�✁✄✂✏✍✁❡☛ ✡✞✞✄✟♠✂✝✡✁❡☎✆

✾ ✞❡✄ ✌❡�✁ ✟❛ ✁☞❡ ✜✬✦♣ ✑✁ ✂☛ ✁☞❡ ✁☞✂✄✠ ☎✡✄t❡☛✁ ✂�

s☛✂✡ ✡�✠ ✟✌✌✍✞✂❡☛ ✁☞❡ ✁★❡☎❛✁☞ ✞☎✡✌❡ ✂� ✁☞❡★✟✄☎✠

✂� ✁❡✄✝ ✟❛ ✂✁☛ ☛✂✛❡♣ ✑✁ ✌✟✝✞✄✂☛❡☛ ✏✟✁☞ ☎✡✄t❡ ✡�✠

☛✝✡☎☎ ☛✌✡☎❡✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄✂�t ✍�✂✁☛♣❆✡✞✂✠ t✄✟★✁☞

☞✡☛ ✏❡❡� ✄❡✌✟✄✠❡✠ ✂� ✏✟✁☞ ✂�✟✄t✡�✂✌ ✡�✠

✟✄t✡�✂✌ ☛❡✌✁✟✄☛♣ ✑�✟✄t✡�✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✂�✌☎✍✠❡

☛✍☎✞☞✍✄✂✌ ✡✌✂✠ ✿✍☛❡✠ ✁✟✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄❡ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛♥

☛✆�✁☞❡✁✂✌ ❛✂✏✄❡☛♥ ✞☎✡☛✁✂✌☛♥ ✡✠☞❡☛✂✎❡☛♥ ✞✡✂�✁☛♥

✠✆❡☛ ☛✁✍❛❛☛❞♥ �✂✁✄✂✌ ✡✌✂✠♥ ✡☎✚✡☎✂❡☛♥ ☛✟✠✡ ✡☛☞ ✿✍☛❡✠

✁✟ ✝✡✚❡ t☎✡☛☛♥ ☛✟✡✞☛ ✡�✠ ✠❡✁❡✄t❡�✁☛♥ ✞✡✞❡✄❞

✡�✠ ✌✡✍☛✁✂✌ ☛✟✠✡♣ ❢☞❡☛❡ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✂❡☛ ✡✄❡ ★✂✠❡☎✆

☛✞✄❡✡✠ ✟✎❡✄ ✁☞❡ ✌✟✍�✁✄✆♣

❲✹✷ ✲❀ ✷❀✳ ✰✹✺✯❁ ✺✰ ✺✴ ✴❀❂

✩✄t✡�✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✂�✌☎✍✠❡ ✞❡✁✄✟✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛♥

★☞✂✌☞ ✡✄❡ ✍☛❡✠ ❛✟✄ ✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄✂�t ✟❛ ☛✆�✁☞❡✁✂✌

❛✂✏❡✄☛♥ ☛✆�✁☞❡✁✂✌ ✄✍✏✏❡✄♥ ✞☎✡☛✁✂✌☛♥ ✠✆❡✖☛✁✍❛❛☛♥

✠✄✍t☛ ✡�✠ ✞☞✡✄✝✡✌❡✍✁✂✌✡☎☛♣ ✩✄t✡�✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎

✞☎✡�✁☛ ✡✄❡ ☎✟✌✡✁❡✠ �❡✡✄ ✟✂☎ ✄❡❛✂�❡✄✂❡☛ ✟✄

✞❡✁✄✟✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎ ✞☎✡�✁☛♣

❢☞❡ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✂☛ ✂✁☛ ✟★� ☎✡✄t❡☛✁

✌✟�☛✍✝❡✄♣ ✪✡☛✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✍�✠❡✄t✟ ✞✄✟✌❡☛☛✂�t

✁✟ ❛✍✄✁☞❡✄ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✁☞✡✁ ✡✄❡

✍☛❡✠ ❛✟✄ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✂✡☎ ✡✞✞☎✂✌✡✁✂✟�♥ ✡t✄✂✌✍☎✁✍✄❡ ✟✄

✠✂✄❡✌✁☎✆ ❛✟✄ ✌✟�☛✍✝❡✄ ✝✡✄✚❡✁☛♣ ▼✡✚❡ ✡ ☎✂☛✁ ✟❛

✁☞❡ ✞✄✟✠✍✌✁☛ ✆✟✍ ✡✄❡ ✡★✡✄❡ ✟❛♣

❋✭✵✰✺✽✺✴✭✵ ✱✯✲✳✴✰✵✷

❢☞❡ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✂☛ ✌❡�✁✄❡✠ ✡✄✟✍�✠ ✁☞❡

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁✂✟� ✟❛ �✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛ ✿✝✡✂�☎✆

✍✄❡✡❞♥ ✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁✂✌ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛ ✡�✠ ✡✝✝✟�✂✍✝

✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁❡ ✿✬s✦❞ ✡�✠ ✌✟✝✞☎❡♠ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛ ★☞✂✌☞

☞✡✎❡ ✡ ✌✟✝✏✂�✡✁✂✟� ✟❛ �✂✁✄✟t❡� ✿●❞♥ ✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁❡

✿✦❞♥ ✡�✠ ✞✟✁✡☛☞ ✿✧❞♣ ❢☞❡ ✁☞✂✄✠♥ ✂♣❡♣ ✞✟✁✡☛☞ ✂☛

Where would it be economically viable toset up the cement manufacturing units?

❢☞❡ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ☞✡☛ ☛✁✄✡✁❡t✂✌✡☎☎✆ ☎✟✌✡✁❡✠

✞☎✡�✁☛ ✂� ✜✍✢✡✄✡✁ ✁☞✡✁ ☞✡✎❡ ☛✍✂✁✡✏☎❡ ✡✌✌❡☛☛ ✁✟

✁☞❡ ✝✡✄✚❡✁ ✂� ✁☞❡ ✜✍☎❛ ✌✟✍�✁✄✂❡☛♣

Find out where the plants are located in otherStates of India. Find their names.

another factory. All the manufacturedsaucepans are sent to a warehouse:

1. (a) Which raw material is likely to be mostexpensive to transport and why?

(b) Which raw material is likely to bethe cheapest to transport and why?

2. Do you think the cost of transporting thefinished products after packaging is likelyto be cheaper or more expensive than thecost of transporting aluminium andplastic? Why?

❢☞❡ ❛✂✄☛✁ ✌❡✝❡�✁ ✞☎✡�✁ ★✡☛ ☛❡✁ ✍✞ ✂�

✤☞❡��✡✂ ✂� ✶✕✙❃♣ s❛✁❡✄ ✑�✠❡✞❡�✠❡�✌❡ ✁☞❡

✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ❡♠✞✡�✠❡✠♣ ✬❡✌✟�✁✄✟☎ ✟❛ ✞✄✂✌❡ ✡�✠

✠✂☛✁✄✂✏✍✁✂✟� ☛✂�✌❡ ✶✕✘✕ ✡�✠ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✞✟☎✂✌✆

✄❡❛✟✄✝☛ ☎❡✠ ✁☞❡ ✌❡✝❡�✁ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✁✟ ✝✡✚❡ ✄✡✞✂✠

☛✁✄✂✠❡☛ ✂� ✌✡✞✡✌✂✁✆♥ ✞✄✟✌❡☛☛♥ ✁❡✌☞�✟☎✟t✆ ✡�✠

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁✂✟�♣ ❢☞❡✄❡ ✡✄❡ ✶✔✘ ☎✡✄t❡ ✞☎✡�✁☛ ✡�✠


✸✸�✁✂✄✂ ☎✆✁✆✄✝ ✞✟✠✄✝✡ ✂✄ ✝☛✆ ☎☞✌✄✝✍✎✏ ✑✄✒✂✠

✞✍☞✒✌☎✆✡ ✠ ♣✠✍✂✆✝✎ ☞✓ ☎✆✁✆✄✝✏

✑✁✞✍☞♣✆✁✆✄✝ ✂✄ ✝☛✆ ■✌✠✟✂✝✎ ☛✠✡ ✓☞✌✄✒ ✝☛✆

✞✍☞✒✌☎✆ ✠ ✍✆✠✒✂✟✎ ✠♣✠✂✟✠✔✟✆ ✁✠✍✕✆✝ ✂✄ ✖✠✡✝

❆✡✂✠✗ ✘✂✒✒✟✆ ✖✠✡✝✗ ❆✓✍✂☎✠ ✠✄✒ ✙☞✌✝☛ ❆✡✂✠ ✠✞✠✍✝

✓✍☞✁ ✠ ✟✠✍❢✆ ✒✆✁✠✄✒ ✚✂✝☛✂✄ ✝☛✆ ☎☞✌✄✝✍✎✏ ✛☛✂✡

✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✂✡ ✒☞✂✄❢ ✚✆✟✟ ✂✄ ✝✆✍✁✡ ☞✓ ✞✍☞✒✌☎✝✂☞✄

✠✡ ✚✆✟✟ ✠✡ ✆❛✞☞✍✝✏ ✖✓✓☞✍✝✡ ✠✍✆ ✔✆✂✄❢ ✁✠✒✆ ✝☞

❢✆✄✆✍✠✝✆ ✠✒✆■✌✠✝✆ ✒☞✁✆✡✝✂☎ ✒✆✁✠✄✒ ✠✄✒

✡✌✞✞✟✎ ✂✄ ☞✍✒✆✍ ✝☞ ✡✌✡✝✠✂✄ ✝☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎✏

✜✢✣✤✥✤✦✧★✩ ✪✫✬✢✭✣✮✯

❆✌✝☞✁☞✔✂✟✆✡ ✞✍☞♣✂✒✆ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆ ✓☞✍ ■✌✂☎✕

✝✍✠✄✡✞☞✍✝ ☞✓ ❢☞☞✒ ✡✆✍♣✂☎✆✡ ✠✄✒ ✞✠✡✡✆✄❢✆✍✡✏

✛✍✌☎✕✡✗ ✔✌✡✆✡✗ ☎✠✍✡✗ ✁☞✝☞✍ ☎✎☎✟✆✡✗ ✡☎☞☞✝✆✍✡✗

✝☛✍✆✆t✚☛✆✆✟✆✍✡ ✠✄✒ ✁✌✟✝✂t✌✝✂✟✂✝✎ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡ ✠✍✆

✁✠✄✌✓✠☎✝✌✍✆✒ ✂✄ ✑✄✒✂✠ ✠✝ ♣✠✍✂☞✌✡ ☎✆✄✝✍✆✡✏

❆✓✝✆✍ ✝☛✆ ✟✂✔✆✍✠✟✂✡✠✝✂☞✄✗ ✝☛✆ ☎☞✁✂✄❢ ✂✄ ☞✓ ✄✆✚

✠✄✒ ☎☞✄✝✆✁✞☞✍✠✍✎ ✁☞✒✆✟✡ ✡✝✂✁✌✟✠✝✆✒ ✝☛✆

✒✆✁✠✄✒ ✓☞✍ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡ ✂✄ ✝☛✆ ✁✠✍✕✆✝✗ ✚☛✂☎☛ ✟✆✒

✝☞ ✝☛✆ ☛✆✠✟✝☛✎ ❢✍☞✚✝☛ ☞✓ ✝☛✆ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎

✂✄☎✟✌✒✂✄❢ ✞✠✡✡✆✄❢✆✍ ☎✠✍✡✗ ✝✚☞ ✠✄✒ ✝☛✍✆✆t

✚☛✆✆✟✆✍✡✏ ✛☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☛✠✒ ✆❛✞✆✍✂✆✄☎✆✒ ✠

■✌✠✄✝✌✁ q✌✁✞ ✂✄ ✟✆✡✡ ✝☛✠✄ ✰✱ ✎✆✠✍✡✏ ✲☞✍✆✂❢✄

❉✂✍✆☎✝ ✑✄♣✆✡✝✁✆✄✝ ✔✍☞✌❢☛✝ ✂✄ ✄✆✚ ✝✆☎☛✄☞✟☞❢✎

✠✄✒ ✠✟✂❢✄✆✒ ✝☛✆ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✚✂✝☛ ❢✟☞✔✠✟

✒✆♣✆✟☞✞✁✆✄✝✡✏ ❆✝ ✞✍✆✡✆✄✝✗ ✝☛✆✍✆ ✠✍✆ ✰✱

✁✠✄✌✓✠☎✝✌✍✆✍✡ ☞✓ ✞✠✡✡✆✄❢✆✍ ☎✠✍✡ ✠✄✒ ✁✌✟✝✂t

✌✝✂✟✂✝✎ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡✗ ✉ ☞✓ ☎☞✁✁✆✍☎✂✠✟ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡✗ ✰✳

☞✓ ✝☛✆ ✝✚☞ ✠✄✒ ✝☛✍✆✆t✚☛✆✆✟✆✍✡✏ ✛☛✆ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎

✂✡ ✟☞☎✠✝✆✒ ✠✍☞✌✄✒ ❉✆✟☛✂✗ ✐✌✍❢✠☞✄✗ ✘✌✁✔✠✂✗

P✌✄✆✗ ✴☛✆✄✄✠✂✗ ✵☞✟✕✠✝✠✗ ✶✌☎✕✄☞✚✗ ✑✄✒☞✍✆✗

❍✎✒✆✍✠✔✠✒✗ ✷✠✁✡☛✆✒✞✌✍ ✠✄✒ ✹✠✄❢✠✟☞✍✆✏

✪✫✺✤✮✥♠✣✧✤✫ ✻✩❡✼✫✤★✤✽✯ ♠✫✬

❊★✩❡✣✮✤✫✧❡✭ ✪✫✬✢✭✣✮✯

✛☛✆ ✆✟✆☎✝✍☞✄✂☎✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☎☞♣✆✍✡ ✠ ✚✂✒✆ ✍✠✄❢✆

☞✓ ✞✍☞✒✌☎✝✡ ✓✍☞✁ ✝✍✠✄✡✂✡✝☞✍ ✡✆✝✡ ✝☞ ✝✆✟✆♣✂✡✂☞✄✗

✝✆✟✆✞☛☞✄✆✡✗ ☎✆✟✟✌✟✠✍ ✝✆✟✆☎☞✁✗ ✞✠❢✆✍✡✗ ✝✆✟✆✞☛☞✄✆

✆❛☎☛✠✄❢✆✗ ✍✠✒✠✍✡✗ ☎☞✁✞✌✝✆✍✡ ✠✄✒ ✁✠✄✎

☞✝☛✆✍ ✆■✌✂✞✁✆✄✝✡ ✍✆■✌✂✍✆✒ ✔✎ ✝☛✆

✝✆✟✆☎☞✁✁✌✄✂☎✠✝✂☞✄ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎✏ ✹✠✄❢✠✟☞✍✆ ☛✠✡

✆✁✆✍❢✆✒ ✠✡ ✝☛✆ ✆✟✆☎✝✍☞✄✂☎ ☎✠✞✂✝✠✟ ☞✓ ✑✄✒✂✠✏ ✾✝☛✆✍

✂✁✞☞✍✝✠✄✝ ☎✆✄✝✍✆✡ ✓☞✍ ✆✟✆☎✝✍☞✄✂☎ ❢☞☞✒✡ ✠✍✆

✘✌✁✔✠✂✗ ❉✆✟☛✂✗ ❍✎✒✆✍✠✔✠✒✗ P✌✄✆✗ ✴☛✆✄✄✠✂✗

✵☞✟✕✠✝✠✗ ✶✌☎✕✄☞✚ ✠✄✒ ✴☞✂✁✔✠✝☞✍✆✏ ✰❑

✡☞✓✝✚✠✍✆ ✝✆☎☛✄☞✟☞❢✎ ✞✠✍✕✡ ✞✍☞♣✂✒✆ ✡✂✄❢✟✆

✚✂✄✒☞✚ ✡✆✍♣✂☎✆ ✠✄✒ ☛✂❢☛ ✒✠✝✠ ☎☞✁✁✌✄✂☎✠✝✂☞✄

✓✠☎✂✟✂✝✎ ✝☞ ✡☞✓✝✚✠✍✆ ✆❛✞✆✍✝✡✏ ❆✁✠q☞✍ ✂✁✞✠☎✝ ☞✓

✝☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☛✠✡ ✔✆✆✄ ☞✄ ✆✁✞✟☞✎✁✆✄✝

❢✆✄✆✍✠✝✂☞✄✏ ❣✞✝☞ ✸✰ ✘✠✍☎☛ �✿✿✱✗ ✝☛✆ ✑✛

✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✆✁✞✟☞✎✆✒ ☞♣✆✍ ☞✄✆ ✁✂✟✟✂☞✄ ✞✆✍✡☞✄✡✏

✛☛✂✡ ✄✌✁✔✆✍ ✂✡ ✆❛✞✆☎✝✆✒ ✝☞ ✂✄☎✍✆✠✡✆ ✆✂❢☛✝t✓☞✟✒

✂✄ ✝☛✆ ✄✆❛✝ ✸ ✝☞ ✳ ✎✆✠✍✡✏ ✑✝ ✂✡ ✆✄☎☞✌✍✠❢✂✄❢ ✝☞

✕✄☞✚ ✝☛✠✝ ✸✿ ✞✆✍ ☎✆✄✝ ☞✓ ✝☛✆ ✞✆☞✞✟✆ ✆✁✞✟☞✎✆✒

✂✄ ✝☛✂✡ ✡✆☎✝☞✍ ✠✍✆ ✇❀❁❂❃✏ ✛☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☛✠✡

✔✆✆✄ ✠ ✁✠q☞✍ ✓☞✍✆✂❢✄ ✆❛☎☛✠✄❢✆ ✆✠✍✄✆✍ ✂✄ ✝☛✆

✟✠✡✝ ✝✚☞ ☞✍ ✝☛✍✆✆ ✎✆✠✍✡ ✔✆☎✠✌✡✆ ☞✓ ✂✝✡ ✓✠✡✝

❢✍☞✚✂✄❢ ✹✌✡✂✄✆✡✡ P✍☞☎✆✡✡✆✡ ✾✌✝✡☞✌✍☎✂✄❢

❄✹P✾❅ ✡✆☎✝☞✍✏ ✛☛✆ ☎☞✄✝✂✄✌✂✄❢ ❢✍☞✚✝☛ ✂✄ ✝☛✆

☛✠✍✒✚✠✍✆ ✠✄✒ ✡☞✓✝✚✠✍✆ ✂✡ ✝☛✆ ✕✆✎ ✝☞ ✝☛✆ ✡✌☎☎✆✡✡

☞✓ ✑✛ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✂✄ ✑✄✒✂✠✏

❋❇❈● ❏●▲▼ ◆❖◗❘❙ ❚❖❯❱❲❖❳❨❱❩❬❯❭ ❲❖❳❬❘❬❨❬❙❪ ❖❨ ❫◆❴❵

❜❱❝❯❖❩❖❬❯❝❱❩ ❞❤❙❪❨ ❥❙❯❭❖❘❦

❋❇❈● ❏●❧♥▼ ♦❖❪ ❨❱❩◗❬❯❙ ❩r❨r❩ ❖❯ ❖❪❪❙❚◗❘s ◗❙✈

❖❨ ❥❫①❴❵ ❫s✈❙❩❖◗❖✈

②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩❶ ❷❸❶❶⑤⑦⑨❸③ ⑩③④ ❹③❺⑨⑧❸③❻❼③⑦⑩❶

❽❼❾⑧⑩④⑩⑦⑨❸③

❆✟✝☛☞✌❢☛ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✂✆✡ ☎☞✄✝✍✂✔✌✝✆ ✡✂❢✄✂✓✂☎✠✄✝✟✎ ✝☞

✑✄✒✂✠❿✡ ✆☎☞✄☞✁✂☎ ❢✍☞✚✝☛ ✠✄✒ ✒✆♣✆✟☞✞✁✆✄✝✗ ✝☛✆

✂✄☎✍✆✠✡✆ ✂✄ ✞☞✟✟✌✝✂☞✄ ☞✓ ✟✠✄✒✗ ✚✠✝✆✍✗ ✠✂✍✗ ✄☞✂✡✆

✠✄✒ ✍✆✡✌✟✝✂✄❢ ✒✆❢✍✠✒✠✝✂☞✄ ☞✓ ✆✄♣✂✍☞✄✁✆✄✝ ✝☛✠✝

✝☛✆✎ ☛✠♣✆ ☎✠✌✡✆✒✗ ☎✠✄✄☞✝ ✔✆ ☞♣✆✍✟☞☞✕✆✒✏

✑✄✒✌✡✝✍✂✆✡ ✠✍✆ ✍✆✡✞☞✄✡✂✔✟✆ ✓☞✍ ✓☞✌✍ ✝✎✞✆✡ ☞✓


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✠✡☛ ☞☛✌✍✎✆✏✆✑✒ ✓✠✡✔✕


♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✡☎☛ ✞☞✠ ✌✟✄❛☛ ✞✍✠ ✎✟✆✏ ✞✏✠ ✑�☎✒❛✓

❚✔❛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎✆✕ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎❛✒ ✟✁✒� ☎✆✍✁✂✏❛ ✄✔❛☛✖✟✁

♣�✗❛☛ ♣✁✟✆✄✒✓

❆✘✙ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ ☎✒ ✍✟✂✒❛✏ ☞✐ ✄✔❛ ♣☛❛✒❛✆✍❛ �✥ ✔☎✕✔

♣☛�♣�☛✄☎�✆ �✥ ✂✆✏❛✒☎☛✟☞✁❛ ✕✟✒❛✒✦ ✒✂✍✔ ✟✒

✒✂✁♣✔✂☛ ✏☎�s☎✏❛ ✟✆✏ ✍✟☛☞�✆ ✖�✆�s☎✏❛✓ ✡☎☛✲

☞�☛✆❛ ♣✟☛✄☎✍✂✁✟✄❛ ✖✟✄❛☛☎✟✁✒ ✍�✆✄✟☎✆ ☞�✄✔ ✒�✁☎✏

✟✆✏ ✁☎✧✂☎✏ ♣✟☛✄☎✍✁❛✒ ✁☎★❛ ✏✂✒✄✦ ✒♣☛✟✐✒ ✖☎✒✄ ✟✆✏

✒✖�★❛✓ ✩✖�★❛ ☎✒ ❛✖☎✄✄❛✏ ☞✐ ✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁ ✟✆✏ ♣✟♣❛☛

✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒✦ ☞☛☎✍★ ★☎✁✆✒✦ ☛❛✥☎✆❛☛☎❛✒ ✟✆✏ ✒✖❛✁✄☎✆✕

♣✁✟✆✄✒✦ ✟✆✏ ☞✂☛✆☎✆✕ �✥ ✥�✒✒☎✁ ✥✂❛✁✒ ☎✆ ☞☎✕ ✟✆✏

✒✖✟✁✁ ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒ ✄✔✟✄ ☎✕✆�☛❛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆ ✆�☛✖✒✓

❚�s☎✍ ✕✟✒ ✁❛✟★✒ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ✪❛☛✐ ✔✟✫✟☛✏�✂✒ ✗☎✄✔

✁�✆✕✲✄❛☛✖ ❛✥✥❛✍✄✒✓ ✡☛❛ ✐�✂ ✟✗✟☛❛ �✥ ✄✔❛ ❧✔�♣✟✁

●✟✒ ✄☛✟✕❛✏✐ ✄✔✟✄ �✍✍✂☛☛❛✏✬ ✡☎☛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆

✟✏✪❛☛✒❛✁✐✟✥✥❛✍✄✒ ✔✂✖✟✆ ✔❛✟✁✄✔✦✟✆☎✖✟✁✒✦ ♣✁✟✆✄✒✦

☞✂☎✁✏☎✆✕✒ ✟✆✏ ✄✔❛ ✟✄✖�✒♣✔❛☛❛ ✟✒ ✟ ✗✔�✁❛✓

❲✭✣✮✙ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ ☎✒ ✍✟✂✒❛✏ ☞✐ �☛✕✟✆☎✍ ✟✆✏

☎✆�☛✕✟✆☎✍ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ✗✟✒✄❛✒ ✟✆✏ ✟✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒

✏☎✒✍✔✟☛✕❛✏ ☎✆✄� ☛☎✪❛☛✒✓ ❚✔❛ ✖✟☎✆ ✍✂✁♣☛☎✄✒ ☎✆ ✄✔☎✒

☛❛✕✟☛✏ ✟☛❛ ♣✟♣❛☛✦ ♣✂✁♣✦ ✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁✦ ✄❛s✄☎✁❛ ✟✆✏

✏✐❛☎✆✕✦ ♣❛✄☛�✁❛✂✖ ☛❛✥☎✆❛☛☎❛✒✦ ✄✟✆✆❛☛☎❛✒ ✟✆✏

❛✁❛✍✄☛�♣✁✟✄☎✆✕ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎❛✒ ✄✔✟✄ ✁❛✄ �✂✄ ✏✐❛✒✦

✏❛✄❛☛✕❛✆✄✒✦ ✟✍☎✏✒✦ ✒✟✁✄✒ ✟✆✏ ✔❛✟✪✐ ✖❛✄✟✁✒ ✁☎★❛

✁❛✟✏ ✟✆✏ ✖❛☛✍✂☛✐ ♣❛✒✄☎✍☎✏❛✒✦ ✥❛☛✄☎✁☎✒❛☛✒✦

✒✐✆✄✔❛✄☎✍ ✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁✒ ✗☎✄✔ ✍✟☛☞�✆✦ ♣✁✟✒✄☎✍✒ ✟✆✏

☛✂☞☞❛☛✦ ❛✄✍✓ ☎✆✄� ✄✔❛ ✗✟✄❛☛ ☞�✏☎❛✒✓ ✱✁✐ ✟✒✔✦

♣✔�✒♣�✲ ✕✐♣✒✂✖ ✟✆✏ ☎☛�✆ ✟✆✏ ✒✄❛❛✁ ✒✁✟✕✒ ✟☛❛

✄✔❛ ✖✟t�☛ ✒�✁☎✏ ✗✟✒✄❛✒ ☎✆ ✯✆✏☎✟✓

✰❤✮✙♠✭✜ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ �✥ ✗✟✄❛☛ �✍✍✂☛✒ ✗✔❛✆ ✔�✄

✗✟✄❛☛ ✥☛�✖ ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒ ✟✆✏ ✄✔❛☛✖✟✁ ♣✁✟✆✄✒ ☎✒

✏☛✟☎✆❛✏ ☎✆✄� ☛☎✪❛☛✒ ✟✆✏ ♣�✆✏✒ ☞❛✥�☛❛ ✍��✁☎✆✕✓

✌✔✟✄ ✗�✂✁✏ ☞❛ ✄✔❛ ❛✥✥❛✍✄ �✆ ✟✧✂✟✄☎✍ ✁☎✥❛✬

✌✟✒✄❛✒ ✥☛�✖ ✆✂✍✁❛✟☛ ♣�✗❛☛ ♣✁✟✆✄✒✦ ✆✂✍✁❛✟☛

✟✆✏ ✗❛✟♣�✆ ♣☛�✏✂✍✄☎�✆ ✥✟✍☎✁☎✄☎❛✒ ✍✟✂✒❛

✍✟✆✍❛☛✒✦ ☞☎☛✄✔ ✏❛✥❛✍✄✒ ✟✆✏ ✖☎✒✍✟☛☛☎✟✕❛✒✓ ✩�☎✁

✟✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆ ✟☛❛ ✍✁�✒❛✁✐ ☛❛✁✟✄❛✏✓

❉✂✖♣☎✆✕ �✥ ✗✟✒✄❛✒ ✒♣❛✍☎✟✁✁✐ ✕✁✟✒✒✦ ✔✟☛✖✥✂✁

✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁✒✦ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ❛✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒✦ ♣✟✍★✟✕☎✆✕✦ ✒✟✁✄✒

✟✆✏ ✕✟☛☞✟✕❛ ☛❛✆✏❛☛✒ ✄✔❛ ✒�☎✁ ✂✒❛✁❛✒✒✓ ✳✟☎✆

✗✟✄❛☛ ♣❛☛✍�✁✟✄❛✒ ✄� ✄✔❛ ✒�☎✁ ✍✟☛☛✐☎✆✕ ✄✔❛

♣�✁✁✂✄✟✆✄✒ ✄� ✄✔❛ ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✟✆✏ ✄✔❛ ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛

✟✁✒� ✕❛✄✒ ✍�✆✄✟✖☎✆✟✄❛✏✓

◆✛✘✴✮ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ ✆�✄ �✆✁✐ ☛❛✒✂✁✄✒ ☎✆ ☎☛☛☎✄✟✄☎�✆

✟✆✏ ✟✆✕❛☛✦ ☎✄ ✍✟✆ ✟✁✒� ✍✟✂✒❛ ✔❛✟☛☎✆✕

☎✖♣✟☎☛✖❛✆✄✦ ☎✆✍☛❛✟✒❛✏ ✔❛✟☛✄ ☛✟✄❛ ✟✆✏ ☞✁��✏

♣☛❛✒✒✂☛❛ ✟✖�✆✕ �✄✔❛☛ ♣✔✐✒☎�✁�✕☎✍✟✁ ❛✥✥❛✍✄✒✓

❯✆✗✟✆✄❛✏ ✒�✂✆✏ ☎✒ ✟✆ ☎☛☛☎✄✟✆✄ ✟✆✏ ✟ ✒�✂☛✍❛ �✥

✒✄☛❛✒✒✓ ✯✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ✟✆✏ ✍�✆✒✄☛✂✍✄☎�✆ ✟✍✄☎✪☎✄☎❛✒✦

✖✟✍✔☎✆❛☛✐✦ ✥✟✍✄�☛✐ ❛✧✂☎♣✖❛✆✄✦ ✕❛✆❛☛✟✄�☛✒✦

✒✟✗✒ ✟✆✏ ♣✆❛✂✖✟✄☎✍ ✟✆✏ ❛✁❛✍✄☛☎✍ ✏☛☎✁✁✒ ✟✁✒�

✖✟★❛ ✟ ✁�✄ �✥ ✆�☎✒❛✓

❈✵✶✷✸✵✹ ✵✺ ✻✶✼✽✸✵✶✾✿✶✷❀✹ ❁✿❂✸❀❃❀✷✽✵✶

❊✪❛☛✐ ✁☎✄☛❛ �✥ ✗✟✒✄❛ ✗✟✄❛☛ ✏☎✒✍✔✟☛✕❛✏ ☞✐ �✂☛

☎✆✏✂✒✄☛✐ ♣�✁✁✂✄❛✒ ❛☎✕✔✄ ✄☎✖❛✒ ✄✔❛ ✧✂✟✆✄☎✄✐ �✥

✥☛❛✒✔✗✟✄❛☛✓ ❄�✗ ✍✟✆ ✄✔❛ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆ �✥

✥☛❛✒✔ ✗✟✄❛☛ ☞❛ ☛❛✏✂✍❛✏✬ ✩�✖❛ ✒✂✕✕❛✒✄☎�✆✒ ✟☛❛✲

❅❇❋ ✖☎✆☎✖☎✒☎✆✕ ✂✒❛ ✗✟✄❛☛ ✥�☛ ♣☛�✍❛✒✒☎✆✕ ☞✐

☛❛✂✒☎✆✕ ✟✆✏ ☛❛✍✐✍✁☎✆✕ ☎✄ ☎✆ ✄✗� �☛ ✖�☛❛

✒✂✍✍❛✒✒☎✪❛ ✒✄✟✕❛✒

❅❇❇❋ ✔✟☛✪❛✒✄☎✆✕ �✥ ☛✟☎✆✗✟✄❛☛ ✄� ✖❛❛✄ ✗✟✄❛☛

☛❛✧✂☎☛❛✖❛✆✄✒

❅❇❇❇❋ ✄☛❛✟✄☎✆✕ ✔�✄ ✗✟✄❛☛ ✟✆✏ ❛✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒ ☞❛✥�☛❛

☛❛✁❛✟✒☎✆✕ ✄✔❛✖ ☎✆ ☛☎✪❛☛✒ ✟✆✏ ♣�✆✏✒✓

❚☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ �✥ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ❛✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒ ✍✟✆ ☞❛

✏�✆❛ ☎✆ ✄✔☛❛❛ ♣✔✟✒❛✒

❅❍❋ P☛☎✖✟☛✐ ✄☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ ☞✐ ✖❛✍✔✟✆☎✍✟✁ ✖❛✟✆✒✓

❚✔☎✒ ☎✆✪�✁✪❛✒ ✒✍☛❛❛✆☎✆✕✦ ✕☛☎✆✏☎✆✕✦

✥✁�✍✍✂✁✟✄☎�✆ ✟✆✏ ✒❛✏☎✖❛✆✄✟✄☎�✆✓

❅■❋ ✩❛✍�✆✏✟☛✐ ✄☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ ☞✐ ☞☎�✁�✕☎✍✟✁ ♣☛�✍❛✒✒

❅❏❋ ❚❛☛✄☎✟☛✐ ✄☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ ☞✐ ☞☎�✁�✕☎✍✟✁ ✦

✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁ ✟✆✏ ♣✔✐✒☎✍✟✁ ♣☛�✍❛✒✒❛✒✓ ❚✔☎✒

☎✆✪�✁✪❛✒ ☛❛✍✐✍✁☎✆✕ �✥ ✗✟✒✄❛✗✟✄❛☛✓

❖✪❛☛✏☛✟✗☎✆✕ �✥ ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛ ☛❛✒❛☛✪❛✒ ☞✐

☎✆✏✂✒✄☛✐ ✗✔❛☛❛ ✄✔❛☛❛ ☎✒✟ ✄✔☛❛✟✄ ✄� ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛

☛❛✒�✂☛✍❛✒ ✟✁✒� ✆❛❛✏✒ ✄� ☞❛ ☛❛✕✂✁✟✄❛✏ ✁❛✕✟✁✁✐✓

P✟☛✄☎✍✂✁✟✄❛ ✖✟✄✄❛☛ ☎✆ ✄✔❛ ✟☎☛ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ☛❛✏✂✍❛✏ ☞✐

✥☎✄✄☎✆✕ ✒✖�★❛ ✒✄✟✍★✒ ✄� ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒✗☎✄✔ ❛✁❛✍✄☛�✒✄✟✄☎✍

♣☛❛✍☎♣☎✄✟✄�☛✒✦ ✥✟☞☛☎✍ ✥☎✁✄❛☛✒✦ ✒✍☛✂☞☞❛☛✒ ✟✆✏

☎✆❛☛✄☎✟✁ ✒❛♣✟☛✟✄�☛✒✓ ✩✖�★❛ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ☛❛✏✂✍❛✏ ☞✐

✂✒☎✆✕ �☎✁ �☛ ✕✟✒ ☎✆✒✄❛✟✏ �✥ ✍�✟✁ ☎✆ ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒✓

▼✟✍✔☎✆❛☛✐ ✟✆✏ ❛✧✂☎♣✖❛✆✄ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ✂✒❛✏ ✟✆✏

✕❛✆❛☛✟✄�☛✒ ✒✔�✂✁✏ ☞❛ ✥☎✄✄❛✏ ✗☎✄✔ ✒☎✁❛✆✍❛☛✒✓

✡✁✖�✒✄ ✟✁✁ ✖✟✍✔☎✆❛☛✐ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ☛❛✏❛✒☎✕✆❛✏ ✄�

☎✆✍☛❛✟✒❛ ❛✆❛☛✕✐ ❛✥✥☎✍☎❛✆✍✐ ✟✆✏ ☛❛✏✂✍❛ ✆�☎✒❛✓

✑�☎✒❛ ✟☞✒�☛☞☎✆✕ ✖✟✄❛☛☎✟✁ ✖✟✐ ☞❛ ✂✒❛✏ ✟♣✟☛✄

✥☛�✖ ♣❛☛✒�✆✟✁ ✂✒❛ �✥ ❛✟☛♣✁✂✕✒ ✟✆✏ ❛✟☛♣✔�✆❛✒✓

❑▲◗❘ ❙❘❱❱❳ ❨❩❬❭❪❩ ❫r❩❭❡❴❩❵❡ ❜❝❭❵❡ ❞❵❢❩r ❣❭❴❞❵❭

❭❥❡❦♥❵ ❜❭❝❵ ❭❡ ♦❭r❦❢❭q❭❢


NTPC shows the way

NTPC is a major power providing corporationin India. It has ISO certification for EMS(Environment Management System) 14001.The corporation has a pro-active approachfor preserving the natural environment andresources like water, oil and gas and fuelsin places where it is setting up power plants.This has been possible through-

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipmentadopting latest techniques andupgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation bymaximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecologicalbalance and addressing the question ofspecial purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution throughash pond management, ash water recyclingsystem and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all itspower stations.

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆✝ ✥✞✟✞✠✡☛☞✞✟ ✌✍✞☛✎


✶✏ ▼✑✒✓✔✕✒✖ ✗✘✙✔✗✖ ✚✑✖✛✓✔✙✜✛✢

✭✣✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✑✛✖✛ ✒✔✫✖✛✓✙✜✖ ✬✛ ✬ ✪✬✧ ✫✬✓✖✪✔✬✒✢

✭✮✤ ❆✒✑✫✔✜✔✑✫ ✭✯✤ ❈✖✫✖✜✓ ✭✰✤ ❙✑★✬✪ ✭✱✤ ❏✑✓✖

✭✣✣✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✬★✖✜✗✔✖✛ ✫✬✪♠✖✓✛ ✛✓✖✖✒ ✦✙✪ ✓✘✖ ✕✑✲✒✔✗ ✛✖✗✓✙✪ ✕✒✬✜✓✛✳

✭✮✤ ❍❆✴✵ ✭✯✤ ❙❆✴✵ ✭✰✤ ❚❆❚❆ ❙✓✖✖✒ ✭✱✤ ▼✷❈❈

✭✣✣✣✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✑✛✖✛ ✲✬✑✸✔✓✖ ✬✛ ✬ ✪✬✧ ✫✬✓✖✪✔✬✒✳

✭✮✤ ❆✒✑✫✔✜✔✑✫ ✭✯✤ ❈✖✫✖✜✓ ✭✰✤ ❏✑✓✖ ✭✱✤ ❙✓✖✖✒

✭✣✹✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✫✬✜✑✦✬✗✓✑✪✖✛ ✓✖✒✖✕✘✙✜✖✛❡ ✗✙✫✕✑✓✖✪❡ ✖✓✗✢

✭✮✤ ❙✓✖✖✒ ✭✰✤ ❆✒✑✫✔✜✔✑✫

✭✯✤ ❊✒✖✗✓✪✙✜✔✗ ✭✱✤ ✴✜✦✙✪✫✬✓✔✙✜ ❚✖✗✘✜✙✒✙★■

✺✏ ❆✜✛✧✖✪ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✲✪✔✖✦✒■ ✔✜ ✜✙✓ ✫✙✪✖ ✓✘✬✜ ✻✼ ✧✙✪✩✛✢

✭✣✤ ❲✘✬✓ ✔✛ ✫✬✜✑✦✬✗✓✑✪✔✜★✳

✭✣✣✤ ✷✬✫✖ ✬✜■ ✓✘✪✖✖ ✕✘■✛✔✗✬✒ ✦✬✗✓✙✪✛ ✦✙✪ ✓✘✖ ✒✙✗✬✓✔✙✜ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■✢

✭✣✣✣✤ ✷✬✫✖ ✬✜■ ✓✘✪✖✖ ✘✑✫✬✜ ✦✬✗✓✙✪✛ ✦✙✪ ✓✘✖ ✒✙✗✬✓✔✙✜ ✙✦ ✬✜ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■✢

✭✣✹✤ ❲✘✬✓ ✬✪✖ ✲✬✛✔✗ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛✳ ✽✔✾✖ ✬✜ ✖✸✬✫✕✒✖✢

✭✹✤ ✷✬✫✖ ✓✘✖ ✔✫✕✙✪✓✬✜✓ ✪✬✧ ✫✬✓✖✪✔✬✒✛ ✑✛✖✩ ✔✜ ✓✘✖ ✫✬✜✑✦✬✗✓✑✪✔✜★ ✙✦ ✗✖✫✖✜✓✳

✿✏ ❲✪✔✓✖ ✓✘✖ ✬✜✛✧✖✪✛ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✚✑✖✛✓✔✙✜✛ ✔✜ r❀✼ ✧✙✪✩✛✢

✭✣✤ ❍✙✧ ✬✪✖ ✔✜✓✖★✪✬✓✖✩ ✛✓✖✖✒ ✕✒✬✜✓✛ ✩✔✦✦✖✪✖✜✓ ✦✪✙✫ ✫✔✜✔ ✛✓✖✖✒ ✕✒✬✜✓✛✳ ❲✘✬✓

✕✪✙✲✒✖✫✛ ✩✙✖✛ ✓✘✖ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■ ✦✬✗✖✳ ❲✘✬✓ ✪✖✗✖✜✓ ✩✖✾✖✒✙✕✫✖✜✓✛ ✘✬✾✖ ✒✖✩ ✓✙ ✬

✪✔✛✖ ✔✜ ✓✘✖ ✕✪✙✩✑✗✓✔✙✜ ✗✬✕✬✗✔✓■✳

✭✣✣✤ ❍✙✧ ✩✙ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✕✙✒✒✑✓✖ ✓✘✖ ✖✜✾✔✪✙✜✫✖✜✓✳

✭✣✣✣✤ ❉✔✛✗✑✛✛ ✓✘✖ ✛✓✖✕✛ ✓✙ ✲✖ ✓✬♠✖✜ ✓✙ ✫✔✜✔✫✔✛✖ ✖✜✾✔✪✙✜✫✖✜✓✬✒ ✩✖★✪✬✩✬✓✔✙✜

✲■ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■✳

❁❂❃ ❄❂❅❇❇❃●❑❃ ▲◆ ❖P❖◗❅❘●❅❯❇❃ ❱❃❳❃❇▲❨❩❃●◗

❬❃❭P❘❬❃❖ ❘●◗❃❑❬❅◗❘▲● ▲◆ ❃❄▲●▲❩❘❄ ❱❃❳❃❇▲❨❩❃●◗

✇❘◗❂ ❃●❳❘❬▲●❩❃●◗❅❇ ❄▲●❄❃❬●❖❪


ACTIVITY

●�✁✂ ✄☎✂ ✆✄✝✞ ✟✄✝ ✂✠✡☛ ✄✟ ☞☛✂ ✟✄✌✌✄✆�☎✍ ✆�☞☛ ✝✂✍✠✝✞ ☞✄ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑✒ ✓☛✂ ☎✎✔✕✂✝ ✄✟

✌✂☞☞✂✝✏ �☎ ✂✠✡☛ ✆✄✝✞ ✠✝✂ ☛�☎☞✂✞ �☎ ✕✝✠✡❧✂☞✏✒

✭✖✗ ❯✏✂✞ ☞✄ ✞✝�✁✂ ✔✠✡☛�☎✂✝✑ ✭✘✗ P✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✖✖✗ P✂✄✙✌✂ ✆☛✄ ✆✄✝❧ �☎ ✠ ✟✠✡☞✄✝✑ ✭✚✗ ❲✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✖✖✖✗ ❲☛✂✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✙✝✄✞✎✡☞ �✏ ✏✄✌✞ ✭✚✗ ▼✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✖✛✗ ❆ ✙✂✝✏✄☎ ✆☛✄ ✏✂✌✌✏ ✍✄✄✞✏ ✭✜✗ ❘✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✛✗ ✓☛�☎✍ ✙✝✄✞✎✡✂✞ ✭✢✗ P✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✛✖✗ ✓✄ ✔✠❧✂ ✄✝ ✙✝✄✞✎✡✂ ✭✣✣✗ ▼✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✛✖✖✗ ▲✠☎✞✤ ❲✠☞✂✝ ✠☎✞ ❆�✝ ✞✂✍✝✠✞✂✞ ✭✥✗ P✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

PROJECT WORK

❙✂✌✂✡☞ ✄☎✂ ✠✍✝✄✦✕✠✏✂✞ ✠☎✞ ✄☎✂ ✔�☎✂✝✠✌ ✕✠✏✂✞ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑ �☎ ✑✄✎✝ ✠✝✂✠✒

✭✖✗ ❲☛✠☞ ✠✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌✏ ☞☛✂✑ ✎✏✂✧

✭✖✖✗ ❲☛✠☞ ✠✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✄☞☛✂✝ �☎✙✎☞✏ �☎ ☞☛✂ ✙✝✄✡✂✏✏ ✄✟ ✔✠☎✎✟✠✡☞✎✝�☎✍ ☞☛✠☞ �☎✁✄✌✁✂

☞✝✠☎✏✙✄✝☞✠☞�✄☎ ✡✄✏☞✧

✭✖✖✖✗ ❆✝✂ ☞☛✂✏✂ ✟✠✡☞✄✝�✂✏ ✟✄✌✌✄✆�☎✍ ✂☎✁�✝✄☎✔✂☎☞✠✌ ☎✄✝✔✏✧

ACTIVITY

❙✄✌✁✂ ☞☛✂ ✙✎★★✌✂ ✕✑ ✟✄✌✌✄✆�☎✍ ✑✄✎✝ ✏✂✠✝✡☛ ☛✄✝�★✄☎☞✠✌✌✑ ✠☎✞ ✁✂✝☞�✡✠✌✌✑ ☞✄ ✟�☎✞ ☞☛✂ ☛�✞✞✂☎

✠☎✏✆✂✝✏✒

✶✩ ✓✂❚☞�✌✂✏✤ ✏✎✍✠✝✤ ✁✂✍✂☞✠✕✌✂ ✄�✌ ✠☎✞ ✙✌✠☎☞✠☞�✄☎ �☎✞✎✏☞✝�✂✏ ✞✂✝�✁�☎✍ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌✏

✟✝✄✔ ✠✍✝�✡✎✌☞✎✝✂ ✠✝✂ ✡✠✌✌✂✞❢

✷✩ ✓☛✂ ✕✠✏�✡ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌ ✟✄✝ ✏✎✍✠✝ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑✒

✸✩ ✓☛�✏ ✟�✕✝✂ �✏ ✠✌✏✄ ❧☎✄✆☎ ✠✏ ☞☛✂ ✪ ●✄✌✞✂☎ ✫�✕✝✂✬✒

✹✩ ■✝✄☎✦✄✝✂✤ ✡✄❧�☎✍ ✡✄✠✌✤ ✠☎✞ ✌�✔✂✏☞✄☎✂ ✠✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✡☛�✂✟ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌✏ ✄✟ ☞☛�✏ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑✒

✺✩ ❆ ✙✎✕✌�✡ ✏✂✡☞✄✝ ✏☞✂✂✌ ✙✌✠☎☞ ✌✄✡✠☞✂✞ �☎ ✮☛☛✠☞☞�✏✍✠✝☛✒

✻✩ ❘✠�✌✆✠✑ ✞�✂✏✂✌ ✂☎✍�☎✂✏ ✠✝✂ ✔✠☎✎✟✠✡☞✎✝✂✞ �☎ ❯☞☞✠✝ P✝✠✞✂✏☛ ✠☞ ☞☛�✏ ✙✌✠✡✂✒

● ● ● P ❱ ❆ ❘ ❆ ◆ ❆ ❙ ■

❯ ✯ ❏ ■ P ● ❳ ❑ ▼ ◗ ❲ ❱

❑ ❙ ❯ ● ❆ ❘ ✮ ❆ ◆ ✰ ✰ ◆

✯ ✓ ✓ ✯ ◆ ✯ ❩ ❱ ✯ P ✓ ❘

❆ ❯ ✰ ▲ ❯ ❇ ❍ ■ ▲ ❆ ■ ❯

✓ ❑ ✯ ✮ ❘ ❆ ◗ ◆ ✓ ❘ ▲ ◆

✰ ■ ❘ ✯ ◆ ❙ ✓ ✰ ✰ ▲ ❙ ❏

✰ ◆ ❆ ◆ ✯ ✰ P ■ ✓ ▲ ❘ ❨

● ❆ ◆ ❯ ❏ ❉ ❘ ❆ ● ❉ ✓ ❆

◆ ✓ ❆ ❘ P ✯ ❆ P ❯ ✰ P ❨

❆ ❙ ◆ ❆ ✰ ◆ ❏ ❉ ■ ❨ ❙ ❑

❙ ▼ ❍ ❱ ▲ ■ ❆ ❏ ❍ ❙ ❑ ●

❲❡ ✥�❡ ✁✂✄✄❡❢❡☎✆ ✝✞✆❡❢✂✞✟� ✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✂☎ ☛✥❢

✁✞✂✟❞ ✟✂✄❡☞ ✌☛✝❡ ☛✄ ✆✍❡�❡ ✞❢❡ ✞✠✞✂✟✞✎✟❡ ✂☎ ☛✥❢

✂✝✝❡✁✂✞✆❡ �✥❢❢☛✥☎✁✂☎✐�✏ ✑✍✂✟❡ ☛✆✍❡❢

❢❡r✥✂❢❡✝❡☎✆� ✞❢❡ ✝❡✆ ✎❞ ✎❢✂☎✐✂☎✐ ✆✍✂☎✐� ✄❢☛✝

☛✆✍❡❢ ♦✟✞✡❡�☞ ✒☛☛✁� ✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✁☛ ☎☛✆ ✝☛✠❡

✄❢☛✝ �✥♦♦✟❞ ✟☛✡✞✟❡� ✆☛ ✁❡✝✞☎✁ ✟☛✡✞✟❡� ☛☎ ✆✍❡✂❢

☛✑☎☞ ✓✍❡✝☛✠❡✝❡☎✆ ☛✄ ✆✍❡�❡ ✐☛☛✁� ✞☎✁�❡❢✠✂✡❡�

✄❢☛✝ ✆✍❡✂❢ �✥♦♦✟❞ ✟☛✡✞✆✂☛☎� ✆☛ ✁❡✝✞☎✁ ✟☛✡✞✆✂☛☎�

☎❡✡❡��✂✆✞✆❡� ✆✍❡☎❡❡✁ ✄☛❢ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆☞ ✌☛✝❡♦❡☛♦✟❡

✞❢❡ ❡☎✐✞✐❡✁ ✂☎ ✄✞✡✂✟✂✆✞✆✂☎✐ ✆✍❡�❡ ✝☛✠❡✝❡☎✆�☞

✓✍❡�❡ ✞❢❡ ❚☎☛✑☎ ✆☛ ✎❡ ✆❢✞✁❡❢� ✑✍☛ ✝✞❚❡ ✆✍❡

♦❢☛✁✥✡✆� ✡☛✝❡ ✆☛ ✆✍❡ ✡☛☎�✥✝❡❢� ✎❞

✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆✞✆✂☛☎☞ ✓✍✥�✏ ✆✍❡ ♦✞✡❡ ☛✄ ✁❡✠❡✟☛♦✝❡☎✆

☛✄ ✞ ✡☛✥☎✆❢❞ ✁❡♦❡☎✁� ✥♦☛☎ ✆✍❡ ♦❢☛✁✥✡✆✂☛☎ ☛✄

✐☛☛✁� ✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✞� ✑❡✟✟ ✞� ✆✍❡✂❢ ✝☛✠❡✝❡☎✆

☛✠❡❢�♦✞✡❡☞ ✓✍❡❢❡✄☛❢❡✏ ❡✄✄✂✡✂❡☎✆✝❡✞☎� ☛✄ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆

✞❢❡ ♦❢❡❛❢❡r✥✂�✂✆❡� ✄☛❢ ✄✞�✆ ✁❡✠❡✟☛♦✝❡☎✆☞

▼☛✠❡✝❡☎✆ ☛✄ ✆✍❡�❡ ✐☛☛✁�✞☎✁�❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✡✞☎ ✎❡

☛✠❡❢✆✍❢❡❡ ✂✝♦☛❢✆✞☎✆✁☛✝✞✂☎�☛✄ ☛✥❢❡✞❢✆✍ ✂☞❡☞ ✟✞☎✁✏

✑✞✆❡❢✞☎✁✞✂❢☞ ✳✞�❡✁☛☎ ✆✍❡�❡✏ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✡✞☎✞✟�☛

✎❡ ✡✟✞��✂✄✂❡✁ ✂☎✆☛ ✟✞☎✁✏✑✞✆❡❢✞☎✁✞✂❢ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆☞

❡✔♦✞☎✁❡✁ ✄✞❢ ✞☎✁ ✑✂✁❡☞ ✓☛✁✞❞✏ ✆✍❡ ✑☛❢✟✁ ✍✞�

✎❡❡☎ ✡☛☎✠❡❢✆❡✁ ✂☎✆☛ ✞ ✟✞❢✐❡ ✠✂✟✟✞✐❡ ✑✂✆✍ ✆✍❡ ✍❡✟♦

☛✄ ❡✄✄✂✡✂❡☎✆ ✞☎✁ ✄✞�✆ ✝☛✠✂☎✐ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆☞

✓❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✍✞� ✎❡❡☎ ✞✎✟❡ ✆☛ ✞✡✍✂❡✠❡ ✆✍✂� ✑✂✆✍

✆✍❡ ✍❡✟♦ ☛✄ ❡r✥✞✟✟❞ ✁❡✠❡✟☛♦❡✁ ✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎

�❞�✆❡✝☞ ✓✍❡❢❡✄☛❢❡✏ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆✏ ✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎

✞☎✁ ✆❢✞✁❡ ✞❢❡ ✡☛✝♦✟❡✝❡☎✆✞❢❞ ✆☛ ❡✞✡✍ ☛✆✍❡❢☞

✓☛✁✞❞✏ ✕☎✁✂✞ ✂� ✑❡✟✟❛✟✂☎❚❡✁ ✑✂✆✍ ✆✍❡ ❢❡�✆ ☛✄

✆✍❡ ✑☛❢✟✁ ✁❡�♦✂✆❡ ✂✆� ✠✞�✆ �✂t❡✏ ✁✂✠❡❢�✂✆❞ ✞☎✁

✟✂☎✐✥✂�✆✂✡ ✞☎✁ �☛✡✂☛❛✡✥✟✆✥❢✞✟ ♦✟✥❢✞✟✂✆❞☞

❘✞✂✟✑✞❞�✏ ✞✂❢✑✞❞�✏ ✑✞✆❡❢ ✑✞❞�✏ ☎❡✑�♦✞♦❡❢�✏

❢✞✁✂☛✏ ✆❡✟❡✠✂�✂☛☎✏ ✡✂☎❡✝✞ ✞☎✁ ✂☎✆❡❢☎❡✆✏ ❡✆✡☞ ✍✞✠❡

✎❡❡☎ ✡☛☎✆❢✂✎✥✆✂☎✐ ✆☛ ✂✆� �☛✡✂☛❛❡✡☛☎☛✝✂✡

♦❢☛✐❢❡�� ✂☎ ✝✞☎❞ ✑✞❞�☞ ✓✍❡ ✆❢✞✁❡� ✄❢☛✝ ✟☛✡✞✟

✆☛ ✂☎✆❡❢☎✞✆✂☛☎✞✟ ✟❡✠❡✟� ✍✞✠❡ ✞✁✁❡✁ ✆☛ ✆✍❡ ✠✂✆✞✟✂✆❞

☛✄ ✂✆� ❡✡☛☎☛✝❞☞ ✕✆ ✍✞� ❡☎❢✂✡✍❡✁ ☛✥❢ ✟✂✄❡ ✞☎✁

✞✁✁❡✁ �✥✎�✆✞☎✆✂✞✟✟❞ ✆☛ ✐❢☛✑✂☎✐ ✞✝❡☎✂✆✂❡� ✞☎✁

✄✞✡✂✟✂✆✂❡� ✄☛❢ ✆✍❡ ✡☛✝✄☛❢✆� ☛✄ ✟✂✄❡☞

✕☎ ✆✍✂� ✡✍✞♦✆❡❢✏ ❞☛✥ ✑✂✟✟ �❡❡ ✍☛✑ ✝☛✁❡❢☎

✝❡✞☎� ☛✄ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✞☎✁ ✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎ �❡❢✠❡

✞� ✟✂✄❡ ✟✂☎❡� ☛✄ ☛✥❢ ☎✞✆✂☛☎ ✞☎✁ ✂✆� ✝☛✁❡❢☎

❋✖✗✘ ✙✘✚

✛☛❢ ✞ ✟☛☎✐ ✆✂✝❡✏ ✆❢✞✁❡ ✞☎✁ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✑❡❢❡

❢❡�✆❢✂✡✆❡✁ ✆☛ ✞ ✟✂✝✂✆❡✁ �♦✞✡❡☞ ❲✂✆✍ ✆✍❡

✁❡✠❡✟☛♦✝❡☎✆ ✂☎ �✡✂❡☎✡❡ ✞☎✁ ✆❡✡✍☎☛✟☛✐❞✏ ✆✍❡

✞❢❡✞ ☛✄ ✂☎✄✟✥❡☎✡❡ ☛✄ ✆❢✞✁❡ ✞☎✁ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆

❡✡☛☎☛✝❞☞ ✕✆ ✂� ✆✍✥�✏ ❡✠✂✁❡☎✆ ✆✍✞✆ ✞ ✁❡☎�❡ ✞☎✁

❡✄✄✂✡✂❡☎✆ ☎❡✆✑☛❢❚ ☛✄ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✞☎✁

✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎ ✂� ✞ ♦❢❡❛❢❡r✥✂�✂✆❡ ✄☛❢ ✟☛✡✞✟✏

☎✞✆✂☛☎✞✟ ✞☎✁ ✐✟☛✎✞✟ ✆❢✞✁❡ ☛✄ ✆☛✁✞❞☞


❚❘�✁✂✄☎❘✆

✝✞✟✠✡✟☛☞

■✌✍✎✏ ✑✏✒ ✓✌✔ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✗✏✘✙✔✒✖ ✘✓✏✍ ✌✔✖✚✓✘✛✒ ✎✌

✖✑✔ ✚✓✘✗✍t ✏✙✙✘✔✙✏✖✎✌✙ ✖✓ ✏✜✓✢✖ ✣✤✥ ✦✎✗✗✎✓✌ ✛✦

✏✖ ❛✘✔✒✔✌✖✤ ■✌ ■✌✍✎✏t ✘✓✏✍✚✏✧✒ ✑✏★✔ ❛✘✔✩✔✍✔✍

✘✏✎✗✚✏✧✒✤ r✑✔✧ ✒✖✎✗✗ ✑✏★✔ ✏✌ ✔✍✙✔ ✓★✔✘ ✘✏✎✗✚✏✧✒

✎✌ ★✎✔✚ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✔✏✒✔ ✚✎✖✑ ✚✑✎✩✑ ✖✑✔✧ ✩✏✌ ✜✔ ✜✢✎✗✖

✏✌✍ ✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍✤ r✑✔ ✙✘✓✚✎✌✙ ✎✦❛✓✘✖✏✌✩✔ ✓✕

✘✓✏✍ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ★✎✒✪✫✪★✎✒ ✘✏✎✗ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✎✒ ✘✓✓✖✔✍

✎✌ ✖✑✔ ✕✓✗✗✓✚✎✌✙ ✘✔✏✒✓✌✒✐ ✬✏✭ ✩✓✌✒✖✘✢✩✖✎✓✌ ✩✓✒✖ ✓✕

✘✓✏✍✒ ✎✒✦✢✩✑ ✗✓✚✔✘ ✖✑✏✌ ✖✑✏✖ ✓✕ ✘✏✎✗✚✏✧ ✗✎✌✔✒t

✬✜✭ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✩✏✌ ✖✘✏★✔✘✒✔ ✩✓✦❛✏✘✏✖✎★✔✗✧ ✦✓✘✔

✍✎✒✒✔✩✖✔✍ ✏✌✍ ✢✌✍✢✗✏✖✎✌✙ ✖✓❛✓✙✘✏❛✑✧t ✬✩✭ ✘✓✏✍✒

✩✏✌ ✌✔✙✓✖✎✏✖✔ ✑✎✙✑✔✘ ✙✘✏✍✎✔✌✖✒ ✓✕ ✒✗✓❛✔✒ ✏✌✍ ✏✒

✒✢✩✑ ✩✏✌ ✖✘✏★✔✘✒✔ ✦✓✢✌✖✏✎✌✒ ✒✢✩✑ ✏✒ ✖✑✔

❍✎✦✏✗✏✧✏✒t ✬✍✭ ✘✓✏✍ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✎✒ ✔✩✓✌✓✦✎✩✏✗ ✎✌

✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖✏✖✎✓✌ ✓✕ ✕✔✚ ❛✔✘✒✓✌✒ ✏✌✍ ✘✔✗✏✖✎★✔✗✧

✒✦✏✗✗✔✘ ✏✦✓✢✌✖ ✓✕ ✙✓✓✍✒ ✓★✔✘ ✒✑✓✘✖ ✍✎✒✖✏✌✩✔✒t

✬✔✭ ✎✖ ✏✗✒✓ ❛✘✓★✎✍✔✒ ✍✓✓✘✪✖✓✪✍✓✓✘ ✒✔✘★✎✩✔t ✖✑✢✒

✖✑✔ ✩✓✒✖ ✓✕ ✗✓✏✍✎✌✙ ✏✌✍✢✌✗✓✏✍✎✌✙ ✎✒✦✢✩✑ ✗✓✚✔✘t

✬✕✭ ✘✓✏✍ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✎✒ ✏✗✒✓✢✒✔✍ ✏✒ ✏ ✕✔✔✍✔✘ ✖✓ ✓✖✑✔✘

✦✓✍✔✒ ✓✕ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✒✢✩✑ ✏✒ ✖✑✔✧ ❛✘✓★✎✍✔ ✏ ✗✎✌✛

✜✔✖✚✔✔✌ ✘✏✎✗✚✏✧ ✒✖✏✖✎✓✌✒t ✏✎✘ ✏✌✍ ✒✔✏ ❛✓✘✖✒✤

■✌ ■✌✍✎✏t ✘✓✏✍✒ ✏✘✔ ✩✗✏✒✒✎✕✎✔✍ ✎✌ ✖✑✔ ✕✓✗✗✓✚✎✌✙

✒✎s ✩✗✏✒✒✔✒ ✏✩✩✓✘✍✎✌✙ ✖✓ ✖✑✔✎✘ ✩✏❛✏✩✎✖✧✤ ✮✓✓✛ ✏✖

✖✑✔ ✦✏❛ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒ ✏✌✍ ✕✎✌✍ ✓✢✖

✏✜✓✢✖ ✖✑✔ ✒✎✙✌✎✕✎✩✏✌✖ ✘✓✗✔ ❛✗✏✧✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒✤

⑩ ●✰✱✲✳✴ ✵✶✷✲✸✹✱✷✺✳✸✷✱ ✻✶✼✳✸ ✽✹✾✿❀✷❁❂❃

r✑✔ ✙✓★✔✘✌✦✔✌✖ ✑✏✒ ✗✏✢✌✩✑✔✍ ✏✦✏❄✓✘ ✘✓✏✍

✍✔★✔✗✓❛✦✔✌✖ ❛✘✓❄✔✩✖ ✗✎✌✛✎✌✙ ❞✔✗✑✎✪❅✓✗✛✏✖✏✪

❈✑✔✌✌✏✎✪❆✢✦✜✏✎ ✏✌✍ ❞✔✗✑✎ ✜✧ ✒✎s✪✗✏✌✔

❙✢❛✔✘ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒✤ r✑✔✯✓✘✖✑✪❙✓✢✖✑ ✩✓✘✘✎✍✓✘✒

✗✎✌✛✎✌✙ ❙✘✎✌✏✙✏✘ ✬❧✏✦✦✢ ❇ ❅✏✒✑✦✎✘✭ ✏✌✍

❅✏✌✧✏✛✢✦✏✘✎ ✬r✏✦✎✗ ✯✏✍✢✭t ✏✌✍ ❑✏✒✖✪❉✔✒✖

❈✓✘✘✎✍✓✘ ✩✓✌✌✔✩✖✎✌✙ ❙✎✗✩✑✔✘ ✬❊✒✒✏✦✭ ✏✌✍

P✓✘✜✏✌✍✔✘ ✬❋✢❄✏✘✏✖✭ ✏✘✔ ❛✏✘✖ ✓✕ ✖✑✎✒ ❛✘✓❄✔✩✖✤

r✑✔✦✏❄✓✘ ✓✜❄✔✩✖✎★✔ ✓✕ ✖✑✔✒✔ ❙✢❛✔✘ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒

✎✒ ✖✓ ✘✔✍✢✩✔ ✖✑✔ ✖✎✦✔ ✏✌✍ ✍✎✒✖✏✌✩✔ ✜✔✖✚✔✔✌

✖✑✔ ✦✔✙✏ ✩✎✖✎✔✒ ✓✕ ■✌✍✎✏✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✑✎✙✑✚✏✧

❛✘✓❄✔✩✖✒ ✏✘✔ ✜✔✎✌✙ ✎✦❛✗✔✦✔✌✖✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔

✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧ ❊✢✖✑✓✘✎✖✧ ✓✕ ■✌✍✎✏ ✬✯❍❊■✭✤

⑩ ◆✷✺✹✰✴✷✱ ✽✹✾✿❀✷❁❂❃ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒

✗✎✌✛ ✔s✖✘✔✦✔ ❛✏✘✖✒ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✩✓✢✌✖✘✧✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✏✘✔

✖✑✔ ❛✘✎✦✏✘✧ ✘✓✏✍ ✒✧✒✖✔✦✒ ✏✌✍ ✏✘✔ ✗✏✎✍ ✏✌✍

✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔ ❈✔✌✖✘✏✗ P✢✜✗✎✩ ❉✓✘✛✒

❞✔❛✏✘✖✦✔✌✖ ✬❈P❉❞✭✤ ❊ ✌✢✦✜✔✘ ✓✕ ✦✏❄✓✘

✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒ ✘✢✌ ✎✌ ✯✓✘✖✑✪❙✓✢✖✑ ✏✌✍

❑✏✒✖✪❉✔✒✖ ✍✎✘✔✩✖✎✓✌✒✤ r✑✔ ✑✎✒✖✓✘✎✩✏✗ ❙✑✔✘✪

⑩ ✻✺✷✺✳ ✽✹✾✿❀✷❁❂❃ ❏✓✏✍✒ ✗✎✌✛✎✌✙ ✏ ✒✖✏✖✔

✩✏❛✎✖✏✗ ✚✎✖✑ ✍✎✕✕✔✘✔✌✖ ✍✎✒✖✘✎✩✖ ✑✔✏✍❝✢✏✘✖✔✘✒

✏✘✔ ✛✌✓✚✌ ✏✒ ❙✖✏✖✔ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒

✏✘✔ ✩✓✌✒✖✘✢✩✖✔✍ ✏✌✍✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔ ❙✖✏✖✔

P✢✜✗✎✩ ❉✓✘✛✒ ❞✔❛✏✘✖✦✔✌✖ ✬P❉❞✭ ✎✌ ❙✖✏✖✔

✏✌✍ ▲✌✎✓✌ r✔✘✘✎✖✓✘✎✔✒✤

⑩ ▼✹❂✺✸✹❖✺ ◗✰✷✲❂❃ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✩✓✌✌✔✩✖ ✖✑✔

✍✎✒✖✘✎✩✖ ✑✔✏✍❝✢✏✘✖✔✘✒ ✚✎✖✑✓✖✑✔✘ ❛✗✏✩✔✒ ✓✕ ✖✑✔

✍✎✒✖✘✎✩✖✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✏✘✔ ✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔

❩✎✗✏ P✏✘✎✒✑✏✍✤

⑩ ❯✺✿✳✸ ◗✰✷✲❂❃ ❏✢✘✏✗ ✘✓✏✍✒t ✚✑✎✩✑ ✗✎✌✛ ✘✢✘✏✗

✏✘✔✏✒ ✏✌✍ ★✎✗✗✏✙✔✒ ✚✎✖✑ ✖✓✚✌✒t ✏✘✔ ✩✗✏✒✒✎✕✎✔✍

✢✌✍✔✘ ✖✑✎✒ ✩✏✖✔✙✓✘✧✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✘✔✩✔✎★✔✍

✒❛✔✩✎✏✗ ✎✦❛✔✖✢✒ ✢✌✍✔✘ ✖✑✔ ❱❲❳❨❬❳❭ ❪❳❭❫❲❴

❵❲❳❜❡❡❭ ❢❳❨❳❣ ❤♦❥❳❭❳✤ ▲✌✍✔✘ ✖✑✎✒ ✒✩✑✔✦✔

✒❛✔✩✎✏✗ ❛✘✓★✎✒✎✓✌✒✏✘✔✦✏✍✔✒✓ ✖✑✏✖ ✔★✔✘✧★✎✗✗✏✙✔

✎✌ ✖✑✔ ✩✓✢✌✖✘✧ ✎✒ ✗✎✌✛✔✍ ✖✓ ✏✦✏❄✓✘ ✖✓✚✌ ✎✌ ✖✑✔

✩✓✢✌✖✘✧ ✜✧ ✏✌ ✏✗✗ ✒✔✏✒✓✌✦✓✖✓✘✏✜✗✔ ✘✓✏✍✤

❦♠♥♣q♣✉✈ ✇①②③④⑤⑥⑤④⑦ ⑧⑤④⑨④⑤❶⑤ ❷❸❹❶③❺❺❻⑤❼

❽✎✌✍ ✓✢✖ ❛✗✏✩✔✒ ✗✎✌✛✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗

❍✎✙✑✚✏✧ ✣ ✏✌✍ ✥✤

❞✓ ✧✓✢ ✛✌✓✚ ✖✑✏✖ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✪❾

✎✒ ✖✑✔ ✗✓✌✙✔✒✖ ✏✌✍ ✖✘✏★✔✘✒✔✒ ✣t ✥❿➀ ✛✦

✜✔✖✚✔✔✌ ➁✏✘✏✌✏✒✎ ✏✌✍ ❅✏✌✧✏✛✢✦✏✘✎

★✎✏ ❧✏✜✏✗❛✢✘t ✯✏✙❛✢✘t ❍✧✍✔✘✏✜✏✍t

➂✏✌✙✏✗✓✘✔ ✏✌✍ ❆✏✍✢✘✏✎✤ ❞✔✗✑✎ ✏✌✍

❆✢✦✜✏✎ ✏✘✔ ✩✓✌✌✔✩✖✔✍ ✜✧ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗

❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✪➃t ✚✑✎✗✔ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✪➄➅

✩✓★✔✘✒ ✦✓✒✖ ✓✕ ❏✏❄✏✒✖✑✏✌✤

❙✑✏✑ ❙✢✘✎ ❆✏✘✙ ✎✒ ✩✏✗✗✔✍ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧

✯✓✤➄t ✜✔✖✚✔✔✌❞✔✗✑✎ ✏✌✍ ❊✦✘✎✖✒✏✘✤

83LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✠✆✡ ☛✞☞✌✍✆✎✏


⑩ ❇�✁✂✄✁ ☎�✆✂✝✞ ✥✟✠✡☛ ☞✡✌✍ ☛✎✏✑✏✒ ✓✌✡✔✏✡

❘✌✠✔✑ ✕✡✖✠✗✘✑✠☛✘✌✗ ✠ ✙✌✚✏✡✗✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ✛✗✔✘✠

✉✗✔✏✡☛✠✜✘✗✖ ✢✌✗✑☛✡✉✢☛✑ ✠✗✔ ✍✠✘✗☛✠✘✗✑

✡✌✠✔✑ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ r✌✡✔✏✡✘✗✖ ✠✡✏✠✑ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ ✢✌✉✗☛✡✣✤

❚✎✘✑ ✌✡✖✠✗✘✑✠☛✘✌✗ ✦✠✑ ✏✑☛✠r✧✘✑✎✏✔ ✘✗ ★✩✪✫

☞✌✡ ☛✎✏ ✔✏✚✏✧✌✟✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✌☞ ✑☛✡✠☛✏✖✘✢

✘✍✟✌✡☛✠✗✢✏ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✗✌✡☛✎✏✡✗ ✠✗✔ ✗✌✡☛✎✐

✏✠✑☛✏✡✗ r✌✡✔✏✡ ✠✡✏✠✑✤ ❚✎✏✑✏ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✎✠✚✏

✘✍✟✡✌✚✏✔ ✠✢✢✏✑✑✘r✘✧✘☛✣ ✘✗ ✠✡✏✠✑ ✌☞ ✔✘☞☞✘✢✉✧☛

☛✏✡✡✠✘✗ ✠✗✔ ✎✠✚✏ ✎✏✧✟✏✔ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✏✢✌✗✌✍✘✢

✔✏✚✏✧✌✟✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏✑✏ ✠✡✏✠✤

The Indian Railways is the largest publicsector undertaking in the country. The firsttrain steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

✢✌✗✢✡✏☛✏ ✌✡ ✏✚✏✗ r✘☛✉✍✏✗ ✌☞ ✢✌✠✧✒ ☛✎✏✡✏☞✌✡✏✒

☛✎✏✑✏ ✠✡✏ ✠✧✧ ✦✏✠☛✎✏✡ ✡✌✠✔✑✤ t✗✍✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✡✌✠✔✑

✖✌ ✌✉☛ ✌☞ ✉✑✏ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✡✠✘✗✣ ✑✏✠✑✌✗✤

☎�✆✂ ✬✄✭✝✮✯✰

❚✎✏ ✧✏✗✖☛✎ ✌☞ ✡✌✠✔ ✟✏✡ ★✫✫ ✑✱✤ ✜✍ ✌☞ ✠✡✏✠

✘✑ ✜✗✌✦✗ ✠✑ ✔✏✗✑✘☛✣ ✌☞ ✡✌✠✔✑✤ ✲✘✑☛✡✘r✉☛✘✌✗

✌☞ ✡✌✠✔ ✘✑ ✗✌☛ ✉✗✘☞✌✡✍ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✢✌✉✗☛✡✣✤

✲✏✗✑✘☛✣ ✌☞ ✠✧✧ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✚✠✡✘✏✑ ☞✡✌✍ ✌✗✧✣ ★✫ ✜✍

✘✗ ✳✠✍✍✉ ✴ ✵✠✑✎✍✘✡ ☛✌ ✶✷✸ ✜✍ ✘✗ ✵✏✡✠✧✠

✦✘☛✎ ☛✎✏ ✗✠☛✘✌✗✠✧ ✠✚✏✡✠✖✏ ✌☞ ✷✸ ✜✍

✹★✩✩✪✐✩✷✺✤ ❘✌✠✔ ☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛✠☛✘✌✗ ✘✗ ✛✗✔✘✠

☞✠✢✏✑ ✠ ✗✉✍r✏✡ ✌☞ ✟✡✌r✧✏✍✑✤ ✵✏✏✟✘✗✖ ✘✗ ✚✘✏✦

☛✎✏ ✚✌✧✉✍✏ ✌☞ ☛✡✠☞☞✘✢ ✠✗✔ ✟✠✑✑✏✗✖✏✡✑✒ ☛✎✏

✡✌✠✔ ✗✏☛✦✌✡✜ ✘✑ ✘✗✠✔✏✱✉✠☛✏✤ ✥r✌✉☛ ✎✠✧☞ ✌☞

☛✎✏ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✠✡✏ ✉✗✍✏☛☛✠✧✏✔ ✠✗✔ ☛✎✘✑ ✧✘✍✘☛✑

☛✎✏✘✡ ✉✑✠✖✏ ✔✉✡✘✗✖ ☛✎✏ ✡✠✘✗✣ ✑✏✠✑✌✗✤ ❚✎✏

◆✠☛✘✌✗✠✧ ✻✘✖✎✦✠✣✑ ✠✡✏ ✘✗✠✔✏✱✉✠☛✏ ☛✌✌✤

▼✌✡✏✌✚✏✡✒ ☛✎✏ ✡✌✠✔✦✠✣✑ ✠✡✏ ✎✘✖✎✧✣ ✢✌✗✖✏✑☛✏✔

✘✗ ✢✘☛✘✏✑ ✠✗✔ ✍✌✑☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ r✡✘✔✖✏✑ ✠✗✔ ✢✉✧✚✏✡☛✑

✠✡✏ ✌✧✔ ✠✗✔ ✗✠✡✡✌✦✤

✼✽✾✿❀✽❁❂

❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✠✡✏ ☛✎✏ ✟✡✘✗✢✘✟✠✧ ✍✌✔✏ ✌☞

☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛✠☛✘✌✗ ☞✌✡ ☞✡✏✘✖✎☛ ✠✗✔ ✟✠✑✑✏✗✖✏✡✑ ✘✗

✛✗✔✘✠✤ ❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✠✧✑✌ ✍✠✜✏ ✘☛ ✟✌✑✑✘r✧✏ ☛✌

✢✌✗✔✉✢☛ ✍✉✧☛✘☞✠✡✘✌✉✑ ✠✢☛✘✚✘☛✘✏✑ ✧✘✜✏ r✉✑✘✗✏✑✑✒

✑✘✖✎☛✑✏✏✘✗✖✒ ✟✘✧✖✡✘✍✠✖✏ ✠✧✌✗✖ ✦✘☛✎

☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛✠☛✘✌✗ ✌☞ ✖✌✌✔✑ ✌✚✏✡ ✧✌✗✖✏✡ ✔✘✑☛✠✗✢✏✑✤

✥✟✠✡☛ ☞✡✌✍ ✠✗ ✘✍✟✌✡☛✠✗☛ ✍✏✠✗✑ ✌☞ ☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛

☛✎✏ ✛✗✔✘✠✗ ❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✎✠✚✏ r✏✏✗ ✠ ✖✡✏✠☛

✘✗☛✏✖✡✠☛✘✗✖ ☞✌✡✢✏ ☞✌✡ ✍✌✡✏ ☛✎✠✗ ★✸✫ ✣✏✠✡✑✤

❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✘✗ ✛✗✔✘✠ r✘✗✔ ☛✎✏ ✏✢✌✗✌✍✘✢ ✧✘☞✏ ✌☞

☛✎✏ ✢✌✉✗☛✡✣ ✠✑ ✦✏✧✧ ✠✑ ✠✢✢✏✧✏✡✠☛✏ ☛✎✏

✔✏✚✏✧✌✟✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ ✘✗✔✉✑☛✡✣ ✠✗✔ ✠✖✡✘✢✉✧☛✉✡✏✤

❚✎✏ ✛✗✔✘✠✗ ❘✠✘✧✦✠✣ ✎✠✚✏ ✠ ✗✏☛✦✌✡✜ ✌☞ ✷✒ ✫✶★

✑☛✠☛✘✌✗✑ ✑✟✡✏✠✔ ✌✚✏✡ ✠ ✡✌✉☛✏ ✧✏✗✖☛✎ ✌☞ ✪✶✒ ss★

✜✍✤ ✦✘☛✎ ✠ ☞✧✏✏☛ ✌☞ ✷❦★✷ ✧✌✢✌✍✌☛✘✚✏✑✒ ✸✶s★

✟✠✑✑✏✗✖✏✡ ✑✏✡✚✘✢✏ ✚✏✎✘✢✧✏✑✒ ♣✩✫♣ ✌☛✎✏✡ ✢✌✠✢✎

✚✏✎✘✢✧✏✑ ✠✗✔ ss❦✒ ★✷✫ ✦✠✖✌✗✑ ✠✑ ✌✗ ✶★

▼✠✡✢✎ s✫✫♣✤

❋❃❄❅ ❆❅❈❉ ❊●❍❍■ ❏❑▲❖P◗

❋❃❄❅ ❆❅❙❉ ❏❑▲❢❢●❖ ❯❱ ❱❯❑P❲❳❨▲◗P❨❑❱ ❜❯❑❞❨❑ ❑❯▲❞

❩❬❑❭❱▲❖❲▲❍ ❪❑▲❞❨◗❲❫

❘✌✠✔✑ ✢✠✗ ✠✧✑✌ r✏ ✢✧✠✑✑✘☞✘✏✔ ✌✗ ☛✎✏ r✠✑✘✑ ✌☞

☛✎✏ ☛✣✟✏ ✌☞ ✍✠☛✏✡✘✠✧ ✉✑✏✔ ☞✌✡ ☛✎✏✘✡ ✢✌✗✑☛✡✉✢☛✘✌✗

✑✉✢✎ ✠✑ ✍✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✠✗✔ ✉✗✍✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✡✌✠✔✑✤

▼✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✍✠✣ r✏ ✍✠✔✏ ✌☞ ✢✏✍✏✗☛✒


Find out the current Railway zones and theirheadquarters. Also locate the headquartersof Railway zones on the map of India.

❙�✁✂✄☎✆ ■✝✞✟✠ ✡❡✠☛☞✌✌✍ ✎✏✏✑

❚✒✓ ✔✕✖✗✘✕ ✙✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✗✢ ✕✣✛ ✤✓✣✤✥✘✕✗✢✓✖ ✗✕✦✣

✶✧ ★✣✕✓✢✩

❚✒✓ ✖✗✢✦✤✗✪✫✦✗✣✕ ✬✘✦✦✓✤✕ ✣✭ ✦✒✓ ✙✘✗✚✛✘✜

✕✓✦✛✣✤♥ ✗✕ ✦✒✓ ✮✣✫✕✦✤✜ ✒✘✢ ✪✓✓✕ ✚✘✤✥✓✚✜

✗✕✭✚✫✓✕✮✓✖ ✪✜ ✬✒✜✢✗✣✥✤✘✬✒✗✮✐ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✗✮ ✘✕✖

✘✖✯✗✕✗✢✦✤✘✦✗❛✓ ✭✘✮✦✣✤✢✩ ❚✒✓✕✣✤✦✒✓✤✕ ✬✚✘✗✕✢ ✛✗✦✒

✦✒✓✗✤ ❛✘✢✦ ✚✓❛✓✚ ✚✘✕✖✐ ✒✗✥✒ ✬✣✬✫✚✘✦✗✣✕ ✖✓✕✢✗✦✜

✘✕✖ ✤✗✮✒ ✘✥✤✗✮✫✚✦✫✤✘✚ ✤✓✢✣✫✤✮✓✢ ✬✤✣❛✗✖✓✖ ✦✒✓

✯✣✢✦ ✭✘❛✣✫✤✘✪✚✓ ✮✣✕✖✗✦✗✣✕ ✭✣✤ ✦✒✓✗✤ ✥✤✣✛✦✒✩

❍✣✛✓❛✓✤✐ ✘ ✚✘✤✥✓ ✕✫✯✪✓✤ ✣✭ ✤✗❛✓✤✢ ✤✓✰✫✗✤✗✕✥

✮✣✕✢✦✤✫✮✦✗✣✕ ✣✭ ✪✤✗✖✥✓✢ ✘✮✤✣✢✢ ✦✒✓✗✤ ✛✗✖✓ ✪✓✖✢

✬✣✢✓✖ ✢✣✯✓ ✣✪✢✦✘✮✚✓✢✩ ✔✕ ✦✒✓ ✒✗✚✚✜ ✦✓✤✤✘✗✕✢ ✣✭

✦✒✓ ✬✓✕✗✕✢✫✚✘✤ ✤✓✥✗✣✕✐ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✦✤✘✮✦✢ ✘✤✓ ✚✘✗✖

✦✒✤✣✫✥✒ ✚✣✛ ✒✗✚✚✢✐ ✥✘✬✢ ✣✤ ✦✫✕✕✓✚✢✩ ❚✒✓

❍✗✯✘✚✘✜✘✕ ✯✣✫✕✦✘✗✕✣✫✢ ✤✓✥✗✣✕✢ ✦✣✣ ✘✤✓

✫✕✭✘❛✣✫✤✘✪✚✓ ✭✣✤ ✦✒✓ ✮✣✕✢✦✤✫✮✦✗✣✕ ✣✭ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜

✚✗✕✓✢ ✖✫✓ ✦✣ ✒✗✥✒ ✤✓✚✗✓✭✐ ✢✬✘✤✢✓ ✬✣✬✫✚✘✦✗✣✕ ✘✕✖

✚✘✮♥ ✣✭ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✗✮ ✣✬✬✣✤✦✫✕✗✦✗✓✢✩ ❧✗♥✓✛✗✢✓✐ ✗✦ ✛✘✢

✖✗✭✭✗✮✫✚✦ ✦✣ ✚✘✜ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✚✗✕✓✢ ✣✕ ✦✒✓ ✢✘✕✖✜ ✬✚✘✗✕

✣✭ ✛✓✢✦✓✤✕ ✙✘♦✘✢✦✒✘✕✐ ✢✛✘✯✬✢ ✣✭ ✱✫♦✘✤✘✦✐

✭✣✤✓✢✦✓✖ ✦✤✘✮♥✢ ✣✭ ❢✘✖✒✜✘ ✲✤✘✖✓✢✒✐

❈✒✒✘✦✦✗✢✥✘✤✒✐ ✳✤✗✢✢✘ ✘✕✖ ✴✒✘✤♥✒✘✕✖✩ ❚✒✓

✮✣✕✦✗✥✫✣✫✢ ✢✦✤✓✦✮✒✣✭ ❝✘✒✜✘✖✤✗ ✮✣✫✚✖ ✪✓ ✮✤✣✢✢✓✖

✣✕✚✜ ✦✒✤✣✫✥✒ ✥✘✬✢ ✣✤ ✬✘✢✢✓✢ ✵✱✒✘✦✢✷✩ ✔✕ ✤✓✮✓✕✦

✦✗✯✓✢✐ ✦✒✓ ✖✓❛✓✚✣✬✯✓✕✦ ✣✭ ✦✒✓ t✣✕♥✘✕ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜

✘✚✣✕✥ ✦✒✓ ✛✓✢✦ ✮✣✘✢✦ ✒✘✢ ✭✘✮✗✚✗✦✘✦✓✖ ✦✒✓

✯✣❛✓✯✓✕✦ ✣✭ ✬✘✢✢✓✕✥✓✤✢ ✘✕✖ ✥✣✣✖✢ ✗✕ ✦✒✗✢✯✣✢✦

✗✯✬✣✤✦✘✕✦ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✗✮ ✤✓✥✗✣✕ ✣✭ ✔✕✖✗✘✩ ✔✦ ✒✘✢ ✘✚✢✣

✭✘✮✓✖ ✘ ✕✫✯✪✓✤ ✣✭ ✬✤✣✪✚✓✯ ✢✫✮✒ ✘✢ ✢✗✕♥✗✕✥ ✣✭

✦✤✘✮♥ ✗✕ ✢✣✯✓ ✢✦✤✓✦✮✒✓✢ ✘✕✖ ✚✘✕✖ ✢✚✗✖✓✢✩

❚✣✖✘✜✐ ✦✒✓ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜✢ ✒✘❛✓ ✪✓✮✣✯✓ ✯✣✤✓

✗✯✬✣✤✦✘✕✦ ✗✕ ✣✫✤ ✕✘✦✗✣✕✘✚ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✜ ✦✒✘✕ ✘✚✚

✣✦✒✓✤✯✓✘✕✢ ✣✭ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✬✫✦ ✦✣✥✓✦✒✓✤✩ ❍✣✛✓❛✓✤✐

✤✘✗✚ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✢✫✭✭✓✤✢ ✭✤✣✯ ✮✓✤✦✘✗✕ ✬✤✣✪✚✓✯✢ ✘✢

✛✓✚✚✩ ❢✘✕✜ ✬✘✢✢✓✕✥✓✤✢ ✦✤✘❛✓✚ ✛✗✦✒✣✫✦ ✦✗✮♥✓✦✢✩

❚✒✓✭✦✢ ✘✕✖ ✖✘✯✘✥✗✕✥ ✣✭ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✬✤✣✬✓✤✦✜ ✒✘✢

✕✣✦ ✜✓✦ ✢✦✣✬✬✓✖ ✮✣✯✬✚✓✦✓✚✜✩ ✲✓✣✬✚✓ ✢✦✣✬ ✦✒✓

✦✤✘✗✕✢✐ ✬✫✚✚ ✦✒✓ ✮✒✘✗✕ ✫✕✕✓✮✓✢✢✘✤✗✚✜ ✘✕✖ ✦✒✗✢

✮✘✫✢✓✢ ✒✓✘❛✜ ✖✘✯✘✥✓ ✦✣ ✦✒✓ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜✩ ❚✒✗✕♥

✣❛✓✤ ✗✦✐ ✒✣✛✛✓ ✮✘✕ ✒✓✚✬ ✣✫✤ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✗✕ ✤✫✕✕✗✕✥

✘✢ ✬✓✤ ✦✒✓ ✢✮✒✓✖✫✚✓✖ ✦✗✯✓✸

P✹✺✻✼✹✽✻✾

✲✗✬✓✚✗✕✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✕✓✦✛✣✤♥ ✗✢ ✘ ✕✓✛ ✘✤✤✗❛✘✚ ✣✕

✦✒✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✘✦✗✣✕ ✯✘✬ ✣✭ ✔✕✖✗✘✩ ✔✕ ✦✒✓ ✬✘✢✦✐

✦✒✓✢✓ ✛✓✤✓ ✫✢✓✖ ✦✣ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✛✘✦✓✤ ✦✣ ✮✗✦✗✓✢ ✘✕✖

✗✕✖✫✢✦✤✗✓✢✩ ✿✣✛✐ ✦✒✓✢✓ ✘✤✓ ✫✢✓✖ ✭✣✤

✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✗✕✥ ✮✤✫✖✓ ✣✗✚✐ ✬✓✦✤✣✚✓✫✯✬✤✣✖✫✮✦✢ ✘✕✖

✕✘✦✫✤✘✚ ✥✘✢ ✭✤✣✯ ✣✗✚ ✘✕✖ ✕✘✦✫✤✘✚ ✥✘✢ ✭✗✓✚✖✢ ✦✣

✤✓✭✗✕✓✤✗✓✢✐ ✭✓✤✦✗✚✗★✓✤ ✭✘✮✦✣✤✗✓✢ ✘✕✖ ✪✗✥ ✦✒✓✤✯✘✚

✬✣✛✓✤ ✬✚✘✕✦✢✩ ❝✣✚✗✖✢ ✮✘✕ ✘✚✢✣ ✪✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✓✖

✦✒✤✣✫✥✒ ✘ ✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓ ✛✒✓✕ ✮✣✕❛✓✤✦✓✖ ✗✕✦✣ ✢✚✫✤✤✜✩

❚✒✓ ✭✘✤ ✗✕✚✘✕✖ ✚✣✮✘✦✗✣✕✢ ✣✭ ✤✓✭✗✕✓✤✗✓✢ ✚✗♥✓

❇✘✤✘✫✕✗✐ ❢✘✦✒✫✤✘✐ ✲✘✕✗✬✘✦ ✘✕✖ ✥✘✢ ✪✘✢✓✖

✭✓✤✦✗✚✗★✓✤ ✬✚✘✕✦✢ ✮✣✫✚✖ ✪✓ ✦✒✣✫✥✒✦ ✣✭ ✣✕✚✜

✪✓✮✘✫✢✓ ✣✭ ✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓✢✩ ✔✕✗✦✗✘✚ ✮✣✢✦ ✣✭ ✚✘✜✗✕✥

✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓✢ ✗✢ ✒✗✥✒ ✪✫✦ ✢✫✪✢✓✰✫✓✕✦ ✤✫✕✕✗✕✥

✮✣✢✦✢ ✘✤✓ ✯✗✕✗✯✘✚✩ ✔✦ ✤✫✚✓✢ ✣✫✦ ✦✤✘✕✢❀✢✒✗✬✯✓✕✦

✚✣✢✢✓✢ ✣✤ ✖✓✚✘✜✢✩

❚✒✓✤✓ ✘✤✓ ✦✒✤✓✓ ✗✯✬✣✤✦✘✕✦ ✕✓✦✛✣✤♥✢ ✣✭

✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✘✦✗✣✕ ✗✕ ✦✒✓ ✮✣✫✕✦✤✜✩

⑩ ❋✤✣✯ ✣✗✚ ✭✗✓✚✖ ✗✕ ✫✬✬✓✤ ❁✢✢✘✯ ✦✣ t✘✕✬✫✤

✵❂✦✦✘✤ ✲✤✘✖✓✢✒✷✐ ❛✗✘ ✱✫✛✘✒✘✦✗✐ ❇✘✤✘✫✕✗ ✘✕✖

❁✚✚✘✒✘✪✘✖✩ ✔✦ ✒✘✢ ✪✤✘✕✮✒✓✢ ✭✤✣✯ ❇✘✤✘✫✕✗ ✦✣

❍✘✚✖✗✘✐ ❛✗✘ ✙✘♦✪✘✕✖✒✐ ✙✘♦✪✘✕✖✒ ✦✣

❢✘✫✤✗✥✤✘✯ ✘✕✖ ✱✫✛✘✒✘✦✗ ✦✣ ❝✗✚✗✥✫✤✗✩

●❃❄❅❆ ❉❊ ❏❆❑▲❆▼ ❘◆❄❑❆ ❖◗❏❯ ❘❄❊❊❉❊❅ ❱▲❃❲❳❖◗❏❯ ❱◆❑❃❨ ❱▲❃❲❳ ❖◗❏❩❯

❬❭❪❫❴ ❵❫❜❞❣ ❤❥❦ ♠♣♠q r♠s ✉✈♣ ♠♠s ♣✇r ✉✉s ✇r♣

①❣②❭❪ ❵❫❜❞❣ ❤❥❦✈✈✈q ❥③s ④✈⑤ ❥③s ⑤♣♠ ❥♠s r✉⑤

⑥❫❭❭❪⑦ ❵❫❜❞❣ ❤✈❦♣♠④ ⑧ ✈❦♠❥✈q ③s ❥④r ③s ❥④⑤ ③s r✇✈

❱◆❑❃❨ ⑨❶❷ ❸❸❹ ❺❶❷ ❺❻❼ ❹❷ ❽❺❷ ❾❺⑨

❱❃❿❨❆ ➀❩❹➁ ➂❊➃❉❃➁ ❘❃❉❨➄❃➅ ❱▲❃❲❳

➆➇❣ ➈➉❴➊❫➉ ➋❫➊➌⑦❫➍ ➉❣②⑦❪❭➎ ❭❜➉➏ ❪➉ ➐❜➌②➊➑➌❣ ❞❫❜❞❣ ❪➑❣❭❫②➊❪➉➏

❣➒②❣➉❴➊➉❞ ❪➓❣❭ ♠③s④④❥ ❭❪❜②❣ ➎➐


■�✁✂✄☎ ❘✆✝✞✟✆✠✡


❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆ ✥✝✞✟✝✠ ✡✟☛☞✌✡✟✍✎ ✡✏✠☞✞✍ ✑✎☞✠ ✏✝

✝♥✌☛✒✓☞✟✎☛☞✌✝ ✎☛✟☛☞✎

⑩ ✔✕✖✗ ✘✙✚✙✛✙ ✜✢ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧ ✧✖ ★✙✚✙✢✩✪✙✕ ✜✢

P✤✢✦✙✫✬ ✭✜✙ ✮✜✕✙✗✯✙✗✬ ✰✙✧✪✤✕✙✬ ✱✲✚✪✜ ✙✢✩

✘✖✢✜❙✙✧✳ ✴✧ ✪✙✵ ✫✕✙✢✶✪✲✵ ✧✖ ✶✖✢✢✲✶✧ ✷✖✛✙✚✜

✸✢✲✙✕ ✮✙✩✖✩✙✕✙✬ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧❛ ✹✪✙✺✵✪✤ ✙✢✩

✖✧✪✲✕ ❙✚✙✶✲✵✳

⑩ ✣✙✵ ❙✜❙✲✚✜✢✲ ●✕✖✗ ✻✙✼✜✕✙ ✜✢ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧

✶✖✢✢✲✶✧✵ ★✙✯✩✜✵✪❙✤✕ ✜✢ ❝✧✧✙✕ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✬ ✭✜✙

✮✜✦✙✜❙✤✕ ✜✢ ✰✙✩✪✛✙ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✳ ✴✧ ✪✙✵ ✫✕✙✢✶✪✲✵

✧✖ ✷✖✧✙ ✜✢ t✙✦✙✵✧✪✙✢✬ ✘✪✙✪✙✦✙✪✙✢❙✤✕✬

❇✙✫✕✙✚✙ ✙✢✩ ✖✧✪✲✕ ❙✚✙✶✲✵ ✜✢ ❝✧✧✙✕ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✳

❲✽✾✿❀❁✽❂❃

✘✜✢✶✲ ✧✜✗✲ ✜✗✗✲✗✖✕✜✙✚✬ ✴✢✩✜✙ ❄✙✵ ✖✢✲ ✖● ✧✪✲

✵✲✙●✙✕✜✢✯ ✶✖✤✢✧✕✜✲✵✳ ✴✧✵ ✵✲✙✗✲✢ ✵✙✜✚✲✩ ●✙✕ ✙✢✩

✢✲✙✕✬ ✧✪✤✵✬ ✶✙✕✕✛✜✢✯ ✙✢✩ ✵❙✕✲✙✩✜✢✯ ✴✢✩✜✙✢

✶✖✗✗✲✕✶✲ ✙✢✩ ✶✤✚✧✤✕✲✳ ❅✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵ ✙✕✲ ✧✪✲

✶✪✲✙❙✲✵✧ ✗✲✙✢✵ ✖● ✧✕✙✢✵❙✖✕✧✳ ❆✪✲✛ ✙✕✲ ✗✖✵✧

✵✤✜✧✙✫✚✲ ●✖✕ ✶✙✕✕✛✜✢✯ ✪✲✙✭✛ ✙✢✩ ✫✤✚✺✛ ✯✖✖✩✵✳

✴✧ ✜✵ ✙ ●✤✲✚■✲●●✜✶✜✲✢✧ ✙✢✩ ✲✢✭✜✕✖✢✗✲✢✧ ●✕✜✲✢✩✚✛

✗✖✩✲ ✖● ✧✕✙✢✵❙✖✕✧✳ ✴✢✩✜✙ ✪✙✵ ✜✢✚✙✢✩ ✢✙✭✜✯✙✧✜✖✢

❄✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵ ✖● ✇❈✬❉❊❊ ✺✗ ✜✢ ✚✲✢✯✧✪✳ ❍✤✧ ✖●

✧✪✲✵✲ ✖✢✚✛ ❏✬❑❊❊ ✺✗ ✙✕✲ ✢✙✭✜✯✙✫✚✲ ✫✛

✗✲✶✪✙✢✜✵✲✩ ✫✖✙✧✵✳ ❆✪✲ ●✖✚✚✖❄✜✢✯ ❄✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵

✪✙✭✲ ✫✲✲✢ ✩✲✶✚✙✕✲✩ ✙✵ ✧✪✲ ❡✙✧✜✖✢✙✚ ❅✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵

✫✛ ✧✪✲ ✣✖✭✲✕✢✗✲✢✧✳

▲❙✙✕✧ ●✕✖✗ ✧✪✲✵✲✬ ✴✢✩✜✙▼✵ ✧✕✙✩✲ ❄✜✧✪ ●✖✕✲✜✯✢

✶✖✤✢✧✕✜✲✵ ✜✵ ✶✙✕✕✜✲✩ ●✕✖✗ ✧✪✲ ❙✖✕✧✵ ✚✖✶✙✧✲✩ ✙✚✖✢✯

✧✪✲ ✶✖✙✵✧✳ ◆❉ ❙✲✕ ✶✲✢✧ ✖● ✧✪✲ ✶✖✤✢✧✕✛▼✵ ✧✕✙✩✲

✭✖✚✤✗✲ ✸✈❖ ❙✲✕ ✶✲✢✧ ✜✢ ✧✲✕✗✵ ✖● ✭✙✚✤✲❛ ✜✵ ✗✖✭✲✩

✫✛ ✵✲✙✳

◗✽❘❚❀ ❯✿✽ ❱❚❀✾❃

❅✜✧✪ ✙ ✚✖✢✯ ✶✖✙✵✧✚✜✢✲ ✖● ❑✬❉✇✈✳✈ ✺✗✬ ✴✢✩✜✙ ✜✵

✩✖✧✧✲✩ ❄✜✧✪ ✇❞ ✗✙✦✖✕ ✙✢✩ ✇❖✇ ✗✲✩✜✤✗ ✙✢✩

✗✜✢✖✕ ❙✖✕✧✵✳ ❆✪✲✵✲ ✗✙✦✖✕ ❙✖✕✧✵ ✪✙✢✩✚✲ ◆❉ ❙✲✕

✶✲✢✧ ✖● ✴✢✩✜✙▼✵ ●✖✕✲✜✯✢ ✧✕✙✩✲✳

✷✙✢✩✚✙ ✜✢ ✷✤✶✪✶✪✪ ❄✙✵ ✧✪✲ ●✜✕✵✧ ❙✖✕✧

✩✲✭✲✚✖❙✲✩ ✵✖✖✢ ✙●✧✲✕ ✴✢✩✲❙✲✢✩✲✢✶✲ ✧✖ ✲✙✵✲ ✧✪✲

✭✖✚✤✗✲ ✖● ✧✕✙✩✲ ✖✢ ✧✪✲ ✰✤✗✫✙✜ ❙✖✕✧✬ ✜✢ ✧✪✲

❄✙✺✲ ✖● ✚✖✵✵ ✖● ✷✙✕✙✶✪✜ ❙✖✕✧ ✧✖ P✙✺✜✵✧✙✢ ✙●✧✲✕

✧✪✲ P✙✕✧✜✧✜✖✢✳ ✷✙✢✩✚✙ ✜✵ ✙ ✧✜✩✙✚ ❙✖✕✧✳ ✴✧ ✶✙✧✲✕✵ ✧✖

✧✪✲ ✶✖✢✭✲✢✜✲✢✧ ✪✙✢✩✚✜✢✯ ✖● ✲❳❙✖✕✧✵ ✙✢✩ ✜✗❙✖✕✧✵

✖● ✪✜✯✪✚✛ ❙✕✖✩✤✶✧✜✭✲ ✯✕✙✢✙✕✛ ✙✢✩ ✜✢✩✤✵✧✕✜✙✚ ✫✲✚✧

✵✧✕✲✧✶✪✜✢✯ ✙✶✕✖✵✵ ✧✪✲ ✵✧✙✧✲✵ ✖● ★✙✗✗✤ ✙✢✩

✷✙✵✪✗✜✕✬ ✻✜✗✙✶✪✙✚ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✬ P✤✢✦✙✫✬ ✻✙✕✛✙✢✙✬

t✙✦✙✵✧✪✙✢ ✙✢✩ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧✳

✰✤✗✫✙✜ ✜✵ ✧✪✲ ✫✜✯✯✲✵✧ ❙✖✕✧ ❄✜✧✪ ✙ ✵❙✙✶✜✖✤✵

✢✙✧✤✕✙✚ ✙✢✩ ❄✲✚✚■✵✪✲✚✧✲✕✲✩ ✪✙✕✫✖✤✕✳ ❆✪✲

★✙❄✙✪✙✕✚✙✚ ❡✲✪✕✤ ❙✖✕✧ ❄✙✵ ❙✚✙✢✢✲✩ ❄✜✧✪ ✙ ✭✜✲❄

✧✖ ✩✲✶✖✢✯✲✵✧ ✧✪✲ ✰✤✗✫✙✜ ❙✖✕✧ ✙✢✩ ✵✲✕✭✲ ✙✵ ✙

⑩ ❆✪✲ ✣✙✢✯✙ ✕✜✭✲✕ ✫✲✧❄✲✲✢ ▲✚✚✙✪✙✫✙✩ ✙✢✩

✻✙✚✩✜✙ ✸✇✈❞❊ ✺✗❛■❡✳❅✳ ❡✖✳✇

⑩ ❆✪✲ ❇✕✙✪✗✙❙✤✧✕✙ ✕✜✭✲✕ ✫✲✧❄✲✲✢ ✘✙✩✜✛✙ ✙✢✩

✱✪✤✫✕✜ ✸❖◆✇ ✺✗❛■❡✳❅✳ ❡✖✳❞

⑩ ❆✪✲ ❅✲✵✧■✹✖✙✵✧ ✹✙✢✙✚ ✜✢ ✷✲✕✙✚✙

✸✷✖✧✧✙❙✤✕✗✙■✷✖✗✗✙✢✬ ❝✩✛✖✯✙✗✙✢✩✙✚ ✙✢✩

✹✪✙✗❙✙✺✺✙✕✙ ✶✙✢✙✚✵■❞❊❉ ✺✗❛ ❨ ❡✳❅✳ ❡✖✳❏

❆✪✲ ✖✧✪✲✕ ✭✜✙✫✚✲ ✜✢✚✙✢✩ ❄✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵ ✜✢✶✚✤✩✲

✧✪✲ ✣✖✩✙✭✙✕✜✬ ✷✕✜✵✪✢✙✬ ❇✙✕✙✺✬ ✘✤✢✩✲✕✫✙✢✵✬

❇✤✶✺✜✢✯✪✙✗ ✹✙✢✙✚✬ ❇✕✙✪✗✙✢✜✬ ❩✙✵✧■❄✲✵✧

✹✙✢✙✚ ✙✢✩ ✱✙✗✖✩✙✕ ✮✙✚✚✲✛ ✹✖✕❙✖✕✙✧✜✖✢ ✹✙✢✙✚✳

✪✤✫ ❙✖✕✧ ●✖✕ ✧✪✜✵ ✕✲✯✜✖✢✳ ✰✙✕✗✙✯✙✖ ❙✖✕✧ ✸✣✖✙❛

✜✵ ✧✪✲ ❙✕✲✗✜✲✕ ✜✕✖✢ ✖✕✲ ✲❳❙✖✕✧✜✢✯ ❙✖✕✧ ✖● ✧✪✲

✶✖✤✢✧✕✛✳ ❆✪✜✵ ❙✖✕✧ ✙✶✶✖✤✢✧✵ ●✖✕ ✙✫✖✤✧ ●✜●✧✛ ❙✲✕

✶✲✢✧ ✖● ✴✢✩✜✙▼✵ ✜✕✖✢ ✖✕✲ ✲❳❙✖✕✧✳ ❡✲❄ ✰✙✢✯✙✚✖✕✲

❙✖✕✧✬ ✚✖✶✙✧✲✩ ✜✢ ✷✙✕✢✙✧✙✺✙ ✶✙✧✲✕✵ ✧✖ ✧✪✲ ✲❳❙✖✕✧

✖● ✜✕✖✢ ✖✕✲ ✶✖✢✶✲✢✧✕✙✧✲✵ ●✕✖✗ ✷✤✩✕✲✗✤✺✪

✗✜✢✲✵✳ ✷✖✶✪✜ ✜✵ ✧✪✲ ✲❳✧✕✲✗✲ ✵✖✤✧✪■❄✲✵✧✲✕✢

❙✖✕✧✬ ✚✖✶✙✧✲✩ ✙✧ ✧✪✲ ✲✢✧✕✙✢✶✲ ✖● ✙ ✚✙✯✖✖✢ ❄✜✧✪ ✙

✢✙✧✤✕✙✚ ✪✙✕✫✖✤✕✳

❋�✁✂ ✄✂❬✆ ❭✌✑r❪✎ ❫☞✏✝❴ ✠✌✏❵☞✝ ✏✝☛♥ ☛✒☞ ❵☞✎✎☞✞ ✟☛

❜✑❢❫✟✏ ❣♥✌☛


■� ✁✂✄ ✁☎✆✝✞ ✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☛✡✁☞✌� �✝✞✞✂✡✄✍ ✌✡✎✝ ✏✡✑✏

♠☎☞✄�✂✡✄✍✒ ✠✞✝✂✞✟ ✠✝✍✝✞�✍✒ ✠✝✄✍✝ ☛☎✞✝✍�✍ ✂✄✠

✂✌✍☎ ✌☎✄✑ ☎✁✝✂✄✡✁ ✍�✞✝�✁✏✝✍ ❛✡�✏ ✑✞✝✂� ✝✂✍✝✓

❚✏✡✄✎ ☎☛ �✏✝ ✄☎✞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄ ✕✂✞� ☎☛ �✏✝ ✁☎☞✄�✞✟✒

♠✂✞✎✝✠ ❛✡�✏ �✏✝ ✕✞✝✍✝✄✁✝ ☎☛ ✖✡✑ ✞✡✆✝✞✍✒

✠✡✍✍✝✁�✝✠ ✞✝✌✡✝☛✒ ✠✝✄✍✝ ☛☎✞✝✍�✍ ✂✄✠ ☛✞✝❞☞✝✄�

☛✌☎☎✠✍ ✂✄✠ ✡✄�✝✞✄✂�✡☎✄✂✌ ☛✞☎✄�✡✝✞✍✒ ✝�✁✓ ✡✄ �✏✝

✂✖✍✝✄✁✝ ☎☛ ✂✡✞ �✞✂✄✍✕☎✞�✓ ✗✡✞ �✞✂✆✝✌ ✏✂✍ ♠✂✠✝

✂✁✁✝✍✍ ✝✂✍✡✝✞✓

▼☎✆✡✄✑ ✂✌☎✄✑ �✏✝ ✝✂✍� ✁☎✂✍�✒ ✟☎☞ ❛☎☞✌✠ ✍✝✝

�✏✝ ✝t�✞✝♠✝ ✍☎☞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄ ✕☎✞� ☎☛ ❚☞�✡✁☎✞✡✄✒ ✡✄

❚✂♠✡✌ ✘✂✠☞✓ ❚✏✡✍ ✕☎✞� ✏✂✍ ✂ ✄✂�☞✞✂✌ ✏✂✞✖☎☞✞

✂✄✠ ✞✡✁✏ ✏✡✄�✝✞✌✂✄✠✓ ❚✏☞✍✒ ✡� ✏✂✍ ✂ ☛✌☎☞✞✡✍✏✡✄✑

�✞✂✠✝ ✏✂✄✠✌✡✄✑ ☎☛ ✂ ✌✂✞✑✝ ✆✂✞✡✝�✟ ☎☛ ✁✂✞✑☎✝✍ �☎

✝✆✝✄ ☎☞✞ ✄✝✡✑✏✖☎☞✞✡✄✑ ✁☎☞✄�✞✡✝✍ ✌✡✎✝ ❡✞✡ ✙✂✄✎✂✒

▼✂✌✠✡✆✝✍✒ ✝�✁✓ ✂✄✠ �✏✝ ✁☎✂✍�✂✌ ✞✝✑✡☎✄✍ ☎☛ ■✄✠✡✂✓

❈✏✝✄✄✂✡ ✡✍ ☎✄✝ ☎☛ �✏✝ ☎✌✠✝✍� ✂✞�✡☛✡✁✡✂✌ ✕☎✞�✍ ☎☛

�✏✝ ✁☎☞✄�✞✟✓ ■� ✡✍ ✞✂✄✎✝✠✄✝t� �☎▼☞♠✖✂✡ ✡✄ �✝✞♠✍

☎☛ �✏✝ ✆☎✌☞♠✝ ☎☛ �✞✂✠✝ ✂✄✠ ✁✂✞✑☎✓

❱✡✍✏✂✎✏✂✕✂�✄✂♠✡✍ �✏✝ ✠✝✝✕✝✍� ✌✂✄✠✌☎✁✎✝✠ ✂✄✠

❛✝✌✌✔✕✞☎�✝✁�✝✠ ✕☎✞�✓ ❚✏✡✍ ✕☎✞� ❛✂✍✒ ☎✞✡✑✡✄✂✌✌✟✒

✁☎✄✁✝✡✆✝✠ ✂✍ ✂✄ ☎☞�✌✝� ☛☎✞ ✡✞☎✄ ☎✞✝ ✝t✕☎✞�✍✓

P✂✞✂✠✡✕ ✕☎✞� ✌☎✁✂�✝✠ ✡✄✚✞✡✍✍✂✒ ✍✕✝✁✡✂✌✡✍✝✍ ✡✄ �✏✝

✝t✕☎✞� ☎☛ ✡✞☎✄ ☎✞✝✓ ✛☎✌✎✂�✂ ✡✍ ✂✄ ✡✄✌✂✄✠ ✞✡✆✝✞✡✄✝

✕☎✞�✓ ❚✏✡✍ ✕☎✞� ✍✝✞✆✝✍ ✂ ✆✝✞✟ ✌✂✞✑✝ ✂✄✠ ✞✡✁✏

✏✡✄�✝✞✌✂✄✠ ☎☛❤✂✄✑✂✔✜✞✂✏♠✂✕☞�✞✂ ✖✂✍✡✄✓✜✝✡✄✑

✂ �✡✠✂✌ ✕☎✞�✒ ✡� ✞✝❞☞✡✞✝✍ ✁☎✄✍�✂✄� ✠✞✝✠✑✡✄✑ ☎☛

❍☎☎✑✌✟✓ ❍✂✌✠✡✂ ✕☎✞� ❛✂✍ ✠✝✆✝✌☎✕✝✠ ✂✍ ✂

✍☞✖✍✡✠✡✂✞✟ ✕☎✞�✒ ✡✄ ☎✞✠✝✞ �☎ ✞✝✌✡✝✆✝ ✑✞☎❛✡✄✑

✕✞✝✍✍☞✞✝ ☎✄ �✏✝ ✛☎✌✎✂�✂ ✕☎✞�✓

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✥✦ ✧★✩✪✫✬ ✭✮✯✰✱★✬✲✮✩✲ ✰✬✳✭✫ ✴✮✵ ★✶ ✷✫✸

✹★✩✲★✵✴✬✫ ✺✴✬✶

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✻✦ ✼★✩✭✵✮✩✲ ✴✐ ✴✈✫✬✯✮✽✫ ✰★✬✲✴ ★✶ ✧✳✶✮✰✴✬✮✩ ✺✴✬✶

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✾

❚✏✝ ✂✡✞ �✞✂✄✍✕☎✞� ❛✂✍ ✄✂�✡☎✄✂✌✡✍✝✠ ✡✄ ✿❀❁❂✓

✚✄ �✏✝ ☎✕✝✞✂�✡☎✄✂✌ ✍✡✠✝✒ ■✄✠✡✂✄ ✗✡✞✌✡✄✝✍✒

✗✌✌✡✂✄✁✝ ✗✡✞ ❆✍☞✖✍✡✠✡✂✞✟ ☎☛ ■✄✠✡✂✄ ✗✡✞✌✡✄✝✍❃✒

✕✞✡✆✂�✝ ✍✁✏✝✠☞✌✝✠ ✂✡✞✌✡✄✝✍ ✂✄✠ ✄☎✄✔ ✍✁✏✝✠☞✌✝✠

☎✕✝✞✂�☎✞✍ ✕✞☎✆✡✠✝ ✠☎♠✝✍�✡✁ ✂✡✞ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍✓ ✗✡✞

■✄✠✡✂ ✕✞☎✆✡✠✝✍ ✡✄�✝✞✄✂�✡☎✄✂✌ ✂✡✞ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍✓

P✂❛✂✄✏✂✄✍ ❍✝✌✡✁☎✕�✝✞✍ ✙�✠✓ ✕✞☎✆✡✠✝✍

✏✝✌✡✁☎✕�✝✞ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍ �☎ ✚✡✌ ✂✄✠ ✘✂�☞✞✂✌ ❤✂✍

❈☎♠♠✡✍✍✡☎✄ ✡✄ ✡�✍ ☎☛☛✔ ✍✏☎✞✝ ☎✕✝✞✂�✡☎✄✍✒ �☎

✡✄✂✁✁✝✍✍✡✖✌✝ ✂✞✝✂✍ ✂✄✠✠✡☛☛✡✁☞✌� �✝✞✞✂✡✄✍ ✌✡✎✝ �✏✝

✄☎✞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄ ✍�✂�✝✍ ✂✄✠ �✏✝ ✡✄�✝✞✡☎✞ ✕✂✞�✍ ☎☛

❏✂♠♠☞ ✂✄✠ ✛✂✍✏♠✡✞✒ ❍✡♠✂✁✏✂✌ P✞✂✠✝✍✏ ✂✄✠

❯��✂✞✂✄✁✏✂✌✓ ■✄✠✡✂✄ ✗✡✞✌✡✄✝✍ ☎✕✝✞✂�✡☎✄✍ ✂✌✍☎

✝t�✝✄✠ �☎ �✏✝ ✄✝✡✑✏✖☎☞✞✡✄✑ ✁☎☞✄�✞✡✝✍ ☎☛ ❡☎☞�✏

✂✄✠ ✍☎☞�✏✔✝✂✍� ✗✍✡✂ ✂✄✠ �✏✝ ▼✡✠✠✌✝ ✝✂✍�✓

❄❅❇❉ ❊●❑ ❑▲◆ ❇❖◗◆❘ ❊❙ ❑▲◆ ❲❊●❇❑❳❅◆❘ ❲❊❇❇◆❲❑◆❉

❜❨ ❩❇❉❅❖❇ ❬❅❳❭❅❇◆❘❪

✗✡✞ �✞✂✆✝✌ ✡✍ ✄☎� ❛✡�✏✡✄ �✏✝ ✞✝✂✁✏ ☎☛ �✏✝

✁☎♠♠☎✄✕✝☎✕✌✝✓ ■� ✡✍ ☎✄✌✟ ✡✄ �✏✝ ✄☎✞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄

✍�✂�✝✍ �✏✂� ✍✕✝✁✡✂✌ ✕✞☎✆✡✍✡☎✄✍ ✂✞✝ ♠✂✠✝ �☎

✝t�✝✄✠ �✏✝ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍ �☎ �✏✝ ✁☎♠♠☎✄ ✕✝☎✕✌✝✓

❫❴❵❝❢❣❥

❚✏✝ ✂✡✞ �✞✂✆✝✌✒ �☎✠✂✟✒ ✡✍ �✏✝ ☛✂✍�✝✍�✒ ♠☎✍�

✁☎♠☛☎✞�✂✖✌✝ ✂✄✠✕✞✝✍�✡✑✡☎☞✍♠☎✠✝ ☎☛ �✞✂✄✍✕☎✞�✓

❦▲❨ ❅❘ ❖❅❳ ❑❳❖❧◆❭ ♥❳◆❙◆❳❳◆❉ ❅❇ ❑▲◆ ❇❊❳❑▲♦

◆❖❘❑◆❳❇ ❘❑❖❑◆❘♣


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✟✡☛ ✆☞✌ ✍☞✡✎✟☞✆✡✏✞☞✆✑ ✒✏✟✓✞✟✡☛


❈�✁✁✂✄☎✆✝✞☎�✄

❊✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✠ ✎✏✑✒✌☛ ✒✓✓✠✒✡✠✔ ✕✌ ✖✎✠ ✠✒✡✖✎✗ ✖✎✠✘

✎✒✟✠ ✏☛✠✔ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✑✠✒✌☛ ✕❤ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌✙

❇✏✖✗ ✖✎✠ ✓✒✍✠ ✕❤ ✍✎✒✌✥✠✗ ✎✒☛ ✚✠✠✌ ✡✒✓☞✔ ☞✌

✑✕✔✠✡✌ ✖☞✑✠☛✙ ♠✕✌✥ ✔☞☛✖✒✌✍✠ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌

☞☛ ❤✒✡ ✠✒☛☞✠✡ ✐☞✖✎✕✏✖ ✓✎✘☛☞✍✒✛ ✑✕✟✠✑✠✌✖ ✕❤ ✖✎✠

✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖✕✡ ✕✡ ✡✠✍✠☞✟✠✡✙ ✳✠✡☛✕✌✒✛

✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ✒✌✔ ✑✒☛☛ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌

☞✌✍✛✏✔☞✌✥ ✖✠✛✠✟☞☛☞✕✌✗ ✡✒✔☞✕✗ ✓✡✠☛☛✗ ❤☞✛✑☛✗ ✠✖✍✙ ✒✡✠

✖✎✠ ✑✒t✕✡ ✑✠✒✌☛ ✕❤ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ☞✌ ✖✎✠

✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙ ❝✎✠ ✜✌✔☞✒✌ ✓✕☛✖✒✛✌✠✖✐✕✡✢ ☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖

☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✐✕✡✛✔✙ ✜✖ ✎✒✌✔✛✠☛ ✓✒✡✍✠✛☛ ✒☛ ✐✠✛✛ ✒☛

✓✠✡☛✕✌✒✛ ✐✡☞✖✖✠✌ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌☛✙ ♣✒✡✔☛ ✒✌✔

✠✌✟✠✛✕✓✠☛ ✒✡✠ ✍✕✌☛☞✔✠✡✠✔ ❤☞✡☛✖❡✍✛✒☛☛ ✑✒☞✛ ✒✌✔

✒✡✠ ✒☞✡✛☞❤✖✠✔ ✚✠✖✐✠✠✌ ☛✖✒✖☞✕✌☛ ✍✕✟✠✡☞✌✥ ✚✕✖✎ ✛✒✌✔

✒✌✔ ✒☞✡✙ ❝✎✠ ☛✠✍✕✌✔❡✍✛✒☛☛ ✑✒☞✛ ☞✌✍✛✏✔✠☛ ✚✕✕✢

✓✒✍✢✠✖☛✗ ✡✠✥☞☛✖✠✡✠✔✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛ ✒✌✔ ✓✠✡☞✕✔☞✍✒✛☛✙

❝✎✠✘ ✒✡✠ ✍✒✡✡☞✠✔ ✚✘ ☛✏✡❤✒✍✠✑✒☞✛✗ ✍✕✟✠✡☞✌✥ ✛✒✌✔

✒✌✔ ✐✒✖✠✡ ✖✡✒✌☛✓✕✡✖✙ ❝✕ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖✒✖✠ ❛✏☞✍✢ ✔✠✛☞✟✠✡✘

✕❤ ✑✒☞✛☛ ☞✌ ✛✒✡✥✠ ✖✕✐✌☛ ✒✌✔ ✍☞✖☞✠☛✗ ☛☞♦ ✑✒☞✛

✍✎✒✌✌✠✛☛ ✎✒✟✠ ✚✠✠✌ ☞✌✖✡✕✔✏✍✠✔ ✡✠✍✠✌✖✛✘✙ ❝✎✠✘

✒✡✠ ✍✒✛✛✠✔ ✣✒t✔✎✒✌☞ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗ ✤✠✖✡✕ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗

●✡✠✠✌ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗ ❇✏☛☞✌✠☛☛ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗ ❇✏✛✢ ✤✒☞✛

♣✎✒✌✌✠✛ ✒✌✔ ✳✠✡☞✕✔☞✍✒✛ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✙

✕✡✔✠✡ ✖✕ ☛✖✡✠✌✥✖✎✠✌ ✖✎✠ ❤✛✕✐ ✕❤ ☞✌❤✕✡✑✒✖☞✕✌

❤✡✕✑ ✖✎✠ ✥✡✒☛☛✡✕✕✖ ✖✕ ✖✎✠ ✎☞✥✎✠✡ ✛✠✟✠✛✗ ✖✎✠

✥✕✟✠✡✌✑✠✌✖ ✎✒☛ ✑✒✔✠ ☛✓✠✍☞✒✛ ✓✡✕✟☞☛☞✕✌ ✖✕

✠♦✖✠✌✔ ✖✐✠✌✖✘✦❤✕✏✡ ✎✕✏✡☛ ✧❝★ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖✘ ✖✕

✠✟✠✡✘ ✟☞✛✛✒✥✠ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙ ❝✎✠✡✠ ☞☛ ✒ ✏✌☞❤✕✡✑

✡✒✖✠ ✕❤ ✧❝★ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖☞✠☛ ✒✛✛ ✕✟✠✡ ✜✌✔☞✒✙ ✜✖ ✎✒☛

✚✠✠✌ ✑✒✔✠ ✓✕☛☛☞✚✛✠ ✚✘ ☞✌✖✠✥✡✒✖☞✌✥ ✖✎✠

✔✠✟✠✛✕✓✑✠✌✖ ☞✌ ☛✓✒✍✠ ✖✠✍✎✌✕✛✕✥✘ ✐☞✖✎

✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ✖✠✍✎✌✕✛✕✥✘✙

✤✒☛☛ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ✓✡✕✟☞✔✠☛

✠✌✖✠✡✖✒☞✌✑✠✌✖ ✒✌✔ ✍✡✠✒✖✠☛ ✒✐✒✡✠✌✠☛☛ ✒✑✕✌✥

✓✠✕✓✛✠ ✒✚✕✏✖ ✟✒✡☞✕✏☛ ✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✓✡✕✥✡✒✑✑✠☛ ✒✌✔

✓✕✛☞✍☞✠☛✙ ✜✖ ☞✌✍✛✏✔✠☛ ✡✒✔☞✕✗ ✖✠✛✠✟☞☛☞✕✌✗

✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛✗ ✑✒✥✒♥☞✌✠☛✗ ✚✕✕✢☛ ✒✌✔ ❤☞✛✑☛✙ ✩✛✛

✜✌✔☞✒ ✣✒✔☞✕ ■✩✢✒☛✎✐✒✌☞✪ ✚✡✕✒✔✍✒☛✖☛ ✒ ✟✒✡☞✠✖✘

✕❤ ✓✡✕✥✡✒✑✑✠☛ ☞✌ ✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛✗ ✡✠✥☞✕✌✒✛ ✒✌✔ ✛✕✍✒✛

✛✒✌✥✏✒✥✠☛ ❤✕✡ ✟✒✡☞✕✏☛ ✍✒✖✠✥✕✡☞✠☛ ✕❤ ✓✠✕✓✛✠✗

☛✓✡✠✒✔ ✕✟✠✡ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✓✒✡✖☛ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙

★✕✕✡✔✒✡☛✎✒✌✗ ✖✎✠✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✖✠✛✠✟☞☛☞✕✌ ✍✎✒✌✌✠✛ ✕❤

✜✌✔☞✒✗ ☞☛ ✕✌✠ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖ ✖✠✡✡✠☛✖✡☞✒✛ ✌✠✖✐✕✡✢☛

☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✐✕✡✛✔✙ ✜✖ ✚✡✕✒✔✍✒☛✖☛ ✒ ✟✒✡☞✠✖✘ ✕❤

✓✡✕✥✡✒✑✑✠☛ ❤✡✕✑ ✠✌✖✠✡✖✒☞✌✑✠✌✖✗ ✠✔✏✍✒✖☞✕✌✒✛

✖✕ ☛✓✕✡✖☛✗ ✠✖✍✙ ❤✕✡ ✓✠✕✓✛✠ ✕❤ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✒✥✠ ✥✡✕✏✓☛✙

✜✌✔☞✒ ✓✏✚✛☞☛✎✠☛ ✒ ✛✒✡✥✠ ✌✏✑✚✠✡ ✕❤

✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛ ✒✌✔ ✓✠✡☞✕✔☞✍✒✛☛ ✒✌✌✏✒✛✛✘✙ ❝✎✠✘ ✒✡✠

✕❤ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✖✘✓✠☛ ✔✠✓✠✌✔☞✌✥ ✏✓✕✌ ✖✎✠☞✡

✓✠✡☞✕✔☞✍☞✖✘✙ ✫✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛ ✒✡✠ ✓✏✚✛☞☛✎✠✔ ☞✌

✒✚✕✏✖ ✬✭✭ ✛✒✌✥✏✒✥✠☛ ✒✌✔ ✔☞✒✛✠✍✖☛✙ ★☞✔ ✘✕✏

✢✌✕✐ ✖✎✒✖ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖ ✌✏✑✚✠✡ ✕❤ ✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛

✓✏✚✛☞☛✎✠✔ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘ ✒✡✠ ☞✌ ✮☞✌✔☞✗ ❤✕✛✛✕✐✠✔

✚✘ ❊✌✥✛☞☛✎ ✒✌✔ ❜✡✔✏✯ ✜✌✔☞✒ ☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖

✓✡✕✔✏✍✠✡ ✕❤ ❤✠✒✖✏✡✠ ❤☞✛✑☛ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✐✕✡✛✔✙ ✜✖

✓✡✕✔✏✍✠☛ ☛✎✕✡✖ ❤☞✛✑☛✰ ✟☞✔✠✕ ❤✠✒✖✏✡✠ ❤☞✛✑☛ ✒✌✔

✟☞✔✠✕ ☛✎✕✡✖ ❤☞✛✑☛✙ ❝✎✠ ♣✠✌✖✡✒✛ ❇✕✒✡✔ ✕❤ ✈☞✛✑

♣✠✡✖☞❤☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✒✏✖✎✕✡☞✖✘ ✖✕ ✍✠✡✖☞❤✘ ✚✕✖✎

✜✌✔☞✒✌ ✒✌✔ ❤✕✡✠☞✥✌ ❤☞✛✑☛✙

✱✄✞✲✴✄✝✞☎�✄✝✵ ✶✴✝✷✲

❝✎✠ ✠♦✍✎✒✌✥✠ ✕❤ ✥✕✕✔☛ ✒✑✕✌✥ ✓✠✕✓✛✠✗ ☛✖✒✖✠☛

✒✌✔ ✍✕✏✌✖✡☞✠☛ ☞☛ ✡✠❤✠✡✡✠✔ ✖✕ ✒☛ ✖✡✒✔✠✙ ❝✎✠✑✒✡✢✠✖

☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✓✛✒✍✠ ✐✎✠✡✠ ☛✏✍✎ ✠♦✍✎✒✌✥✠☛ ✖✒✢✠ ✓✛✒✍✠✙

❝✡✒✔✠ ✚✠✖✐✠✠✌ ✖✐✕ ✍✕✏✌✖✡☞✠☛ ☞☛ ✍✒✛✛✠✔

☞✌✖✠✡✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✖✡✒✔✠✙ ✜✖ ✑✒✘ ✖✒✢✠ ✓✛✒✍✠ ✖✎✡✕✏✥✎

☛✠✒✗ ✒☞✡ ✕✡ ✛✒✌✔ ✡✕✏✖✠☛✙ s✎☞✛✠ ✛✕✍✒✛ ✖✡✒✔✠ ☞☛

✍✒✡✡☞✠✔ ☞✌ ✍☞✖☞✠☛✗ ✖✕✐✌☛ ✒✌✔ ✟☞✛✛✒✥✠☛✗ ☛✖✒✖✠ ✛✠✟✠✛

✖✡✒✔✠ ☞☛ ✍✒✡✡☞✠✔ ✚✠✖✐✠✠✌ ✖✐✕ ✕✡ ✑✕✡✠ ☛✖✒✖✠☛✙

✩✔✟✒✌✍✠✑✠✌✖ ✕❤ ☞✌✖✠✡✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✖✡✒✔✠ ✕❤ ✒

✍✕✏✌✖✡✘ ☞☛ ✒✌ ☞✌✔✠♦ ✖✕ ☞✖☛ ✠✍✕✌✕✑☞✍ ✓✡✕☛✓✠✡☞✖✘✙

✜✖ ☞☛✗ ✖✎✠✡✠❤✕✡✠✗ ✍✕✌☛☞✔✠✡✠✔ ✖✎✠ ✠✍✕✌✕✑☞✍

✚✒✡✕✑✠✖✠✡ ❤✕✡ ✒ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙

✜✌ ✍✕✑✓✒✡☞☛✕✌ ✐☞✖✎ ✖✎✠ ✕✖✎✠✡ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✗

✜✌✔☞✒ ✎✒☛ ✒✚✕✏✖ ✸✹✗✺✻✺ ✖✠✛✠✓✎✕✌✠

✠♦✍✎✒✌✥✠☛ ☛✓✡✠✒✔ ✒✛✛ ✕✟✠✡ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙

✤✒✢✠ ✒ ✍✕✑✓✒✡☞☛✕✌ ✐☞✖✎ ✒✌✘ ✕✖✎✠✡

✍✕✏✌✖✡✘ ✕❤ ✘✕✏✡ ✍✎✕☞✍✠✙

❋✼✽✾✿✾❀❁ ❂ ❃❄❅❆❉❅❍❏❑ ❏▲▼▼ ◆❖P ❖❍ ◗❘❙❚

✜✌✔☞✒ ✎✒☛ ✕✌✠ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖ ✖✠✛✠✍✕✑

✌✠✖✐✕✡✢☛ ☞✌ ✩☛☞✒✙ ❊♦✍✛✏✔☞✌✥ ✏✡✚✒✌ ✓✛✒✍✠☛

✑✕✡✠ ✖✎✒✌ ✖✐✕✦✖✎☞✡✔☛ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✟☞✛✛✒✥✠☛ ☞✌ ✜✌✔☞✒

✎✒✟✠ ✒✛✡✠✒✔✘ ✚✠✠✌ ✍✕✟✠✡✠✔ ✐☞✖✎ ✧✏✚☛✍✡☞✚✠✡

❝✡✏✌✢ ★☞✒✛✛☞✌✥ ■✧❝★✪ ✖✠✛✠✓✎✕✌✠ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖✘✙ ✜✌


❆� ✁✂✄ ☎✄�✆✝☎✞✄� ✟☎✄ �✠✟✞✄ ✡✆✝☛☞✌ ☛✆

✞✆✝☛✁☎❝ ✞✟☛ �✝☎✍✎✍✄ ✏✎✁✂✆✝✁ ✎☛✁✄☎☛✟✁✎✆☛✟✑

✁☎✟☞✄t ✒✓✠✆☎✁ ✟☛☞ ✎✔✠✆☎✁ ✟☎✄ ✁✂✄ ✞✆✔✠✆☛✄☛✁�

✆♦ ✁☎✟☞✄t ✕✂✄ ✡✟✑✟☛✞✄ ✆♦ ✁☎✟☞✄ ✆♦ ✟ ✞✆✝☛✁☎❝ ✎�

✁✂✄ ☞✎♦♦✄☎✄☛✞✄ ✡✄✁✏✄✄☛ ✎✁� ✄✓✠✆☎✁ ✟☛☞ ✎✔✠✆☎✁t

❲✂✄☛ ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦ ✄✓✠✆☎✁ ✄✓✞✄✄☞� ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦

✎✔✠✆☎✁�✌ ✎✁ ✎� ✞✟✑✑✄☞ ✟ ♦✟✍✆✝☎✟✡✑✄ ✡✟✑✟☛✞✄ ✆♦

✁☎✟☞✄t ✖☛ ✁✂✄ ✞✆☛✁☎✟☎❝✌ ✎♦ ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦ ✎✔✠✆☎✁�

✄✓✞✄✄☞� ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦ ✄✓✠✆☎✁�✌ ✎✁ ✎� ✁✄☎✔✄☞ ✟�

✝☛♦✟✍✆✝☎✟✡✑✄ ✡✟✑✟☛✞✄ ✆♦ ✁☎✟☞✄t

■☛☞✎✟ ✂✟� ✁☎✟☞✄ ☎✄✑✟✁✎✆☛� ✏✎✁✂ ✟✑✑ ✁✂✄✔✟✗✆☎

✁☎✟☞✎☛✘ ✡✑✆✞✙� ✟☛☞ ✟✑✑ ✘✄✆✘☎✟✠✂✎✞✟✑ ☎✄✘✎✆☛� ✆♦

✁✂✄ ✏✆☎✑☞t ❆✔✆☛✘ ✁✂✄ ✞✆✔✔✆☞✎✁✎✄� ✆♦ ✄✓✠✆☎✁✌

✏✂✆�✄ �✂✟☎✄ ✂✟� ✡✄✄☛ ✎☛✞☎✄✟�✎☛✘ ✆✍✄☎ ✁✂✄ ✑✟�✁

♦✄✏ ❝✄✟☎� ✁✎✑✑ ❢✚✚✛✜✚✢ ✟☎✄ ✟✘☎✎✞✝✑✁✝☎✄ ✟☛☞ ✟✑✑✎✄☞

✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣❢t✢✣ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✆☎✄� ✟☛☞ ✔✎☛✄☎✟✑�

♣✭t✥❢ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✘✄✔� ✟☛☞ ✗✄✏✄✑✑✄☎❝ ♣❢✦t✧✢ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤ ✟☛☞ ✞✂✄✔✎✞✟✑ ✟☛☞ ✟✑✑✎✄☞ ✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣❢✛t✛✢

✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✄☛✘✎☛✄✄☎✎☛✘ ✘✆✆☞�♣ ✣✢t✦✣ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤

✟☛☞ ✠✄✁☎✆✑✄✝✔ ✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣❛✦t✥❢ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤

✕✂✄ ✞✆✔✔✆☞✎✁✎✄� ✎✔✠✆☎✁✄☞ ✁✆ ■☛☞✎✟ ✎☛✞✑✝☞✄

✠✄✁☎✆✑✄✝✔ ✟☛☞ ✠✄✁☎✆✑✄✝✔ ✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣✛✥t❛✧ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✠✄✟☎✑� ✟☛☞ ✠☎✄✞✎✆✝� �✁✆☛✄� ♣❢✭t❢✦ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✎☛✆☎✘✟☛✎✞ ✞✂✄✔✎✞✟✑� ♣❢✭t✣✭ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌

✞✆✟✑✌ ✞✆✙✄ ✟☛☞ ✡☎✎★✝✄✁✁✄� ♣✭✛t✥✧ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌

✔✟✞✂✎☛✄☎❝ ♣✥❢t✢✦ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤t ♠✝✑✙ ✎✔✠✆☎✁� ✟� ✟

✘☎✆✝✠ ☎✄✘✎�✁✄☎✄☞ ✟ ✘☎✆✏✁✂ ✟✞✞✆✝☛✁✎☛✘ ♦✆☎ ✣✭t✚✭

✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁ ✆♦ ✁✆✁✟✑ ✎✔✠✆☎✁�t ✕✂✎� ✘☎✆✝✠ ✎☛✞✑✝☞✄�

♦✄☎✁✎✑✎✩✄☎� ♣✦✧t✚✥ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✞✄☎✄✟✑� ♣❢✢t❢✣ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✄☞✎✡✑✄ ✆✎✑� ♣✧t✭✛ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤ ✟☛☞ ☛✄✏�✠☎✎☛✁

♣✢t✢✥ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤t ■☛✁✄☎☛✟✁✎✆☛✟✑ ✁☎✟☞✄ ✂✟� ✝☛☞✄☎

✘✆☛✄ ✟ �✄✟ ✞✂✟☛✘✄ ✎☛ ✁✂✄ ✑✟�✁ ♦✎♦✁✄✄☛ ❝✄✟☎�t

✒✓✞✂✟☛✘✄✆♦ ✞✆✔✔✆☞✎✁✎✄� ✟☛☞ ✘✆✆☞� ✂✟✍✄ ✡✄✄☛

�✝✠✄☎�✄☞✄☞✡❝ ✁✂✄ ✄✓✞✂✟☛✘✄✆♦ ✎☛♦✆☎✔✟✁✎✆☛ ✟☛☞

✙☛✆✏✑✄☞✘✄t ■☛☞✎✟ ✂✟� ✄✔✄☎✘✄☞ ✟� ✟ �✆♦✁✏✟☎✄

✘✎✟☛✁ ✟✁ ✁✂✄ ✎☛✁✄☎☛✟✁✎✆☛✟✑ ✑✄✍✄✑ ✟☛☞ ✎✁ ✎� ✄✟☎☛✎☛✘

✑✟☎✘✄ ♦✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✄✓✞✂✟☛✘✄ ✁✂☎✆✝✘✂ ✁✂✄ ✄✓✠✆☎✁ ✆♦

✎☛♦✆☎✔✟✁✎✆☛ ✁✄✞✂☛✆✑✆✘❝t

❚✪✫✬✮✯✰ ✱✯ ✱ ❚✬✱✲✳

✕✆✝☎✎�✔ ✎☛ ■☛☞✎✟ ✂✟� ✘☎✆✏☛ �✝✡�✁✟☛✁✎✟✑✑❝ ✆✍✄☎

✁✂✄ ✑✟�✁ ✁✂☎✄✄ ☞✄✞✟☞✄�t ✴✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✁✆✝☎✎�✁✵� ✟☎☎✎✍✟✑�

✎☛ ✁✂✄ ✞✆✝☛✁☎❝ ✏✎✁☛✄��✄☞ ✟☛ ✎☛✞☎✄✟�✄ ✆♦ ❢✣t✢

✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁ ☞✝☎✎☛✘ ✁✂✄ ❝✄✟☎ ❢✚✚✛ ✟� ✟✘✟✎☛�✁ ✁✂✄

❝✄✟☎ ❢✚✚✣✌ ✁✂✝� ✞✆☛✁☎✎✡✝✁✎☛✘ ②� ❢✥✌❛❢❛ ✞☎✆☎✄

✆♦ ♦✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✄✓✞✂✟☛✘✄t

✖✍✄☎ ❢t✦ ✔✎✑✑✎✆☛ ♦✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✁✆✝☎✎�✁� ✍✎�✎✁ ■☛☞✎✟

✄✍✄☎❝ ❝✄✟☎t ✶✆☎✄ ✁✂✟☛ ✥✢ ✔✎✑✑✎✆☛ ✠✄✆✠✑✄ ✟☎✄

P✷✸✹✺✷✸ ✺ ✹✷✻✼✸✽✾ ✻✿ ✾❀✸ ❀✸✷❁✾✺❂✸ ✾✻❃✷❁❄❅ ❁✿ ❇✿❈❁✺


❞�✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✂✞✟✠✟✂❞ �✞ ☎✡✂ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍ �✞❞☞✌☎✁✝✎

❚☛☞✁�✌✍ ✠✆✌☛ ✏✁☛✍☛☎✂✌ ✞✠☎�☛✞✠✆ �✞☎✂✟✁✠☎�☛✞✑

✏✁☛♣�❞✂✌ ✌☞✏✏☛✁☎ ☎☛ ✆☛✄✠✆ ✡✠✞❞�✄✁✠✒☎✌ ✠✞❞

✄☞✆☎☞✁✠✆ ✏☞✁✌☞�☎✌✎ ❝☎ ✠✆✌☛ ✡✂✆✏✌ �✞ ☎✡✂

❞✂♣✂✆☛✏✍✂✞☎ ☛✒ �✞☎✂✁✞✠☎�☛✞✠✆ ☞✞❞✂✁✌☎✠✞❞�✞✟

✠❛☛☞☎ ☛☞✁ ✄☞✆☎☞✁✂ ✠✞❞ ✡✂✁�☎✠✟✂✎ ✓☛✁✂�✟✞

☎☛☞✁�✌☎✌ ♣�✌�☎ ❝✞❞�✠ ✒☛✁ ✡✂✁�☎✠✟✂ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑ ✂✄☛

☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑ ✠❞♣✂✞☎☞✁✂ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑ ✄☞✆☎☞✁✠✆ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑

✍✂❞�✄✠✆ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍ ✠✞❞ ❛☞✌�✞✂✌✌ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✎

❘✠✔✠✌☎✡✠✞✑ ✕☛✠✑ ✖✠✍✍☞ ✠✞❞✗✠✌✡✍�✁ ✠✞❞

☎✂✍✏✆✂ ☎☛t✞✌ ☛✒ ✌☛☞☎✡ ❝✞❞�✠ ✠✁✂ �✍✏☛✁☎✠✞☎

❞✂✌☎�✞✠☎�☛✞✌ ☛✒ ✒☛✁✂✟�✞ ☎☛☞✁�✌☎✌ �✞ ❝✞❞�✠✎ ❚✡✂✁✂

�✌ ♣✠✌☎ ✏☛☎✂✞☎�✠✆ ☛✒ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍ ❞✂♣✂✆☛✏✍✂✞☎ �✞ ☎✡✂

✞☛✁☎✡♥✂✠✌☎✂✁✞ ✌☎✠☎✂✌ ✠✞❞ ☎✡✂ �✞☎✂✁�☛✁ ✏✠✁☎✌ ☛✒

❍�✍✠✆✠✝✠✌✑ ❛☞☎ ❞☞✂ ☎☛ ✌☎✁✠☎✂✟�✄ ✁✂✠✌☛✞✌ ☎✡✂✌✂

✡✠♣✂ ✞☛☎ ❛✂✂✞ ✂✞✄☛☞✁✠✟✂❞ ✌☛ ✒✠✁✎ ❍☛t✂♣✂✁✑

☎✡✂✁✂ ✆�✂✌ ✠ ❛✁�✟✡☎ ✒☞☎☞✁✂ ✠✡✂✠❞ ✒☛✁ ☎✡�✌

☞✏✄☛✍�✞✟ �✞❞☞✌☎✁✝✎


✶✘ ▼✙✚✛✜✢✚✣ ✤✥✦✜✤✣ ✧✙✣★✛✜✦✩★✪

✭✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✛✮✦ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✣✱✛✲✣✳✣ ✚✦✤✴✛✜✦✩★ ✴✲✣ ✤✦✩✩✣✤✛✣✵ ✷✸ ✛✥✣ ✣✴★✛✹

✮✣★✛ ✤✦✲✲✜✵✦✲✇

✭✺✬ ▼✙✳✷✴✜ ✴✩✵ ✻✴✰✢✙✲ ✭✼✬ ▼✙✳✷✴✜ ✴✩✵ ✽✦✚✾✴✛✴

✭✿✬ ❙✜✚✤✥✣✲ ✴✩✵ ❀✦✲✷✴✩✵✴✲ ✭❁✬ ✻✴✰✢✙✲ ✴✩✵ ❙✜✚✜✰✙✵✜

✭✫✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✳✦✵✣ ✦✯ ✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛✴✛✜✦✩ ✲✣✵✙✤✣★ ✛✲✴✩★✹★✥✜✢✳✣✩✛ ✚✦★★✣★ ✴✩✵ ✵✣✚✴✸★✇

✭✺✬ ❂✴✜✚✮✴✸★ ✭✼✬ ❀✜✢✣✚✜✩✣

✭✿✬ ❂✦✴✵✮✴✸★ ✭❁✬ ❲✴✛✣✲✮✴✸★

✭✫✫✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ★✛✴✛✣★ ✜★ ✩✦✛ ✤✦✩✩✣✤✛✣✵ ✮✜✛✥ ✛✥✣ ❃✪❄✪❅✪ ✢✜✢✣✚✜✩✣✇

✭✺✬ ▼✴✵✥✸✴ ❀✲✴✵✣★✥ ✭✼✬ ●✙❆✴✲✴✛

✭✿✬ ▼✴✥✴✲✴★✥✛✲✴ ✭❁✬ ❯✛✛✴✲ ❀✲✴✵✣★✥

✭✫❇✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✢✦✲✛★ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ✵✣✣✢✣★✛ ✚✴✩✵✹✚✦✤✾✣✵ ✴✩✵ ✮✣✚✚✹

✢✲✦✛✣✤✛✣✵ ✢✦✲✛ ✴✚✦✩✰ ✛✥✣ ✣✴★✛ ✤✦✴★✛✇

✭✺✬ ❈✥✣✩✩✴✜ ✭✼✬ ❉✙✛✜✤✦✲✜✩

✭✿✬ ❀✴✲✴✵✜✢ ✭❁✬ ❄✜★✥✴✾✥✴✢✴✛✩✴✳

✭❇✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ✳✦★✛ ✜✳✢✦✲✛✴✩✛ ✳✦✵✣★ ✦✯ ✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛✴✛✜✦✩

✜✩ ✐✩✵✜✴✇

✭✺✬ ❀✜✢✣✚✜✩✣ ✭✼✬ ❂✦✴✵✮✴✸★

✭✿✬ ❂✴✜✚✮✴✸★ ✭❁✬ ❊✜✲✮✴✸★

✭❇✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✛✣✲✳★ ✜★ ✙★✣✵ ✛✦ ✵✣★✤✲✜✷✣ ✛✲✴✵✣ ✷✣✛✮✣✣✩ ✛✮✦ ✦✲

✳✦✲✣ ✤✦✙✩✛✲✜✣★✇

✭✺✬ ✐✩✛✣✲✩✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣ ✭✼✬ ❋✱✛✣✲✩✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣

✭✿✬ ✐✩✛✣✲✩✴✛✜✦✩✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣ ✭❁✬ ▲✦✤✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣

■✘ ❊✩★✮✣✲ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✧✙✣★✛✜✦✩★ ✜✩ ✴✷✦✙✛ ❏❑ ✮✦✲✵★✪

✭✫✬ ❙✛✴✛✣ ✴✩✸ ✛✥✲✣✣ ✳✣✲✜✛★ ✦✯ ✲✦✴✵✮✴✸★✪

✭✫✫✬ ❲✥✣✲✣ ✴✩✵ ✮✥✸ ✜★ ✲✴✜✚ ✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛ ✛✥✣ ✳✦★✛ ✤✦✩◆✣✩✜✣✩✛ ✳✣✴✩★ ✦✯

✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛✴✛✜✦✩✇

✭✫✫✫✬ ❲✥✴✛ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ★✜✰✩✜✯✜✤✴✩✤✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✷✦✲✵✣✲ ✲✦✴✵★✇

✭✫❇✬ ❲✥✴✛ ✜★ ✳✣✴✩✛ ✷✸ ✛✲✴✵✣✇ ❲✥✴✛ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ✵✜✯✯✣✲✣✩✤✣ ✷✣✛✮✣✣✩ ✜✩✛✣✲✩✴✛✜✦✩✴✚

✴✩✵ ✚✦✤✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣✇


✸� ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✑✒✓ ✄✠✆✔✂✕

✭✖✗ ❲✞✘ ✎✆☎ ✝✞☎ ✙☎✎✁✂ ✠✟ ✝✆✎✁✂✚✠✆✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✔ ✛✠✙✙✍✁☛✛✎✝☛✠✁ ✛✎✡✡☎✔ ✝✞☎ ✡☛✟☎✡☛✁☎✂

✠✟ ✎ ✁✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✔ ☛✝✂ ☎✛✠✁✠✙✘♦

✭✖✖✗ ❲✆☛✝☎ ✎ ✁✠✝☎ ✠✁ ✝✞☎ ✛✞✎✁☞☛✁☞ ✁✎✝✍✆☎ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ☛✁✝☎✆✁✎✝☛✠✁✎✡ ✝✆✎✔☎ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✡✎✂✝

✟☛✟✝☎☎✁ ✘☎✎✆✂✕

QUIZ DRIVE

✶� ◆✠✆✝✞☎✆✁ ✝☎✆✙☛✁✎✡ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ◆✠✆✝✞♠✂✠✍✝✞ ✛✠✆✆☛✔✠✆✕

✷� ❚✞☎ ✁✎✙☎ ✠✟ ◆✎✝☛✠✁✎✡ ✜☛☞✞✄✎✘ ◆✠✕✒✕

✸� ❚✞☎ ✞☎✎✔✌✍✎✆✝☎✆ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ✂✠✍✝✞☎✆✁ ✆✎☛✡✄✎✘ ✢✠✁☎✕

✹� ❚✞☎ ✆✎☛✡ ☞✎✍☞☎ ✄☛✝✞ ✎ ✝✆✎✛✣ ✄☛✔✝✞ ✠✟ ✑✕✤✥✤ ✙✕

✺� ❚✞☎ ✂✠✍✝✞☎✆✁ ✝☎✆✙☛✁✎✡ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ◆✎✝☛✠✁✎✡ ✜☛☞✞✄✎✘ ◆✠✕✥✕

✻� ❆ ✦☛✧☎✆☛✁☎ ★✠✆✝✕

✼� ❇✍✂☛☎✂✝ ✆✎☛✡✄✎✘ ✩✍✁✛✝☛✠✁ ☛✁ ◆✠✆✝✞☎✆✁ ✪✁✔☛✎✕

ACTIVITY

❙✝✎✆✝ ✘✠✍✆ ✂☎✎✆✛✞ ✧☎✆✝☛✛✎✡✡✘✫ ✞✠✆☛✢✠✁✝✎✡✡✘ ✠✆ ✔☛✎☞✠✁✎✡✡✘ ✎✁✔ ✆☎✎✛✞ ✧✎✆☛✠✍✂

✔☎✂✝☛✁✎✝☛✠✁✂ ✎✛✆✠✂✂ ✝✞☎ ✛✠✍✁✝✆✘❞

❙ ✜ ❍ ✦ ❙ ✜ ❆ ✜ ❙ ❯ ✦ ✪ ▼ ❆ ✦ ●

❆ ✦ ❚ ★ ✦ ◆ ❳ ❍ ▲ ❆ ❚ ❆ ❉ ▲ ❆ ❨

❏ ▼ ▼ ❳ ✪ ★ ❖ ✦ ❆ ❨ ▼ ★ ● ✜ ❚ ❳

❨ ❈ ✜ ❍ ◆ ◆ ◆ ❆ ✪ ✪ ❑ ▼ ❈ ❆ ✪ ▼

❖ ❉ ❈ ❉ ❆ ▲ ▼ ❈ ❙ ❖ ❚ ★ ❖ ✦ ❈ ★

❆ ★ ❚ ✦ ● ❙ ❑ ❏ ▼ ❏ ▲ ❍ ❆ ◆ ❍ ✦

✦ ❆ ❍ ❚ ❆ ❏ ★ ❖ ✦ ▼ ❲ ▼ ❆ ❙ ❳ ❖

✪ ▲ ❙ ❇ ✦ ❖ ❆ ❉ ● ❆ ❯ ● ❍ ▲ ❖ ❚

❆ ❙ ◆ ▲ ❈ ▼ ❍ ❈ ❯ ❑ ❩ ▼ ❆ ❆ ❏ ❍

▲ ▼ ❯ ● ✜ ❆ ▲ ❙ ❆ ✦ ❆ ✪ ❇ ❙ ◆ ❆

● ❖ ❍ ❚ ❱ ✦ ❆ ❨ ✬ ❚ ❖ ✦ ❍ ❆ ❏ ▼

❑ ✮ ❆ ✪ ★ ▼ ◆ ❨ ✦ ❨ ❆ ❨ ✜ ▲ ✪ ◆

✮ ❑ ❖ ▲ ❑ ❆ ❚ ❆ ❍ ❯ ✪ ❚ ❲ ❇ ❍ ❆

◆ ✪ ❚ ◆ ❑ ❉ ❍ ▼ ❖ ❯ ✦ ★ ◆ ★ ❏ ❉

ContentsContentsContentsContentsContents

❋�✁✂✄�✁☎ ✐✐✐

✶✆ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✠✡☎ ☛✂☞✂✌�✍✎✂✡✏ ✶

✷✆ ❋�✁✂✝✏ ✠✡☎ ✑✒✌☎✌✒✓✂ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✶✔

✸✆ ✑✠✏✂✁ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✷✸

✔✆ ❆✕✁✒✟✞✌✏✞✁✂ ✸✔

✺✆ ▼✒✡✂✁✠✌✝ ✠✡☎ ✖✡✂✁✕✗ ❘✂✝�✞✁✟✂✝ ✺✘

✻✆ ▼✠✡✞✓✠✟✏✞✁✒✡✕ ✙✡☎✞✝✏✁✒✂✝ ✻✺

✼✆ ▲✒✓✂ ▲✒✡✂✝ �✓ ✚✠✏✒�✡✠✌ ✖✟�✡�✎✗ ✽✶

❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙ ✾✔

❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙✙ ✾✺

❆✍✍✂✡☎✒✛✜✙✙✙ ✾✼

●✌�✝✝✠✁✗ ✾✽

❊�✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠�✠✝✡✠☛✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞�✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎

✇✆✝✎✆ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ✌✏✁✑ ☎☞ ✏✠☎✝✏✒✄ ☞✌✂ ✞✁✁✑✏✓

♣✂☞�✝✑✁✑✓ ✝☎ ✝✏ ☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✝✎✠✡✡✄ ✠✎✎✁✏✏✝☛✡✁✓

✁✎☞✞☞✍✝✎✠ ✡✡✄ ✒✁✠✏✝☛ ✡✁ ✠✞✑ ✎✌✡☎✌✂✠✡ ✡✄

✠✎✎✁♣☎✠☛✡✁ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ☎✁✂✍✁✑ ✠✏ ❛✔✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✕✖

❚✆✁ ♣✂☞✎✁✏✏ ☞✒ ☎✂✠✞✏✒☞✂✍✠☎✝☞✞ ☞✒ ☎✆✝✞✟✏

✠�✠✝✡✠☛✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂ ✁✞�✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✝✞�☞✡�✁✏ ✠✞

✝✞☎✁✂ ✲ ✑✁♣✁✞✑✁✞☎ ✂✁✡✠☎✝☞✞✏✆✝♣ ☛✁☎✇✁✁✞

✞✠☎✌✂✁✓ ☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✄ ✠✞✑ ✝✞✏☎✝☎✌☎✝☞✞✏✖ ♥✌✍✠✞

☛✁✝✞✟✏ ✝✞☎✁✂✠✎☎ ✇✝ ☎✆ ✞✠☎✌✂✁ ☎✆✂☞✌✟✆

☎✁✎✆✞☞✡☞✟✄ ✠✞✑ ✎✂✁✠☎✁ ✝✞✏☎✝☎✌☎✝☞✞✏ ☎☞

✠✎✎✁✡✁✂✠☎✁ ☎✆✁✝✂ ✁✎☞✞☞✍✝✎ ✑✁�✁✡☞♣✍✁✞☎✖

❉☞ ✄☞✌ ☎✆✝✞✗ ☎✆✠☎ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✒✂✁✁ ✟✝✒☎✏

☞✒ ✞✠☎✌✂✁ ✠✏ ✝✏ ✠✏✏✌✍✁✑ ☛✄ ✍✠✞✄♦ ❚✆✁✄

✠✂✁ ✞☞☎✖ ✔✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✂✁ ✠ ✒✌✞✎☎✝☞✞ ☞✒ ✆✌✍✠✞

✠✎☎✝�✝☎✝✁✏✖ ♥✌✍✠✞ ☛✁✝✞✟✏ ☎✆✁✍✏✁✡�✁✏ ✠✂✁

✁✏✏✁✞☎✝✠✡ ✎☞✍♣☞✞✁✞☎✏ ☞✒ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏✖ ❚✆✁✄

☎✂✠✞✏ ✒☞✂✍ ✍✠☎✁✂ ✝✠ ✡ ✠�✠✝ ✡✠☛ ✡✁ ✝✞ ☞✌✂

✁✞�✝✂☞✞✍✁✞☎ ✝✞☎☞ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✠✞✑ ✌✏✁ ☎✆✁✍✖

❚✆✁✏✁ ✂✁✏☞✌✂✎✁✏ ✎✠✞ ☛✁ ✎✡✠✏✏✝✒✝✁✑ ✝✞ ☎✆✁

✒☞✡✡☞✇✝✞✟ ✇✠✄✏ ➊

✭✘✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✥✧✤★✤✙ ✩ ✢✤✥✚✤✪ ✘✙✫ ✘✢✤✥✚✤✪

✭✢✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✜✬✛✘✯✣✚✤✢✤✰✤✚✱ ✩ ✧✜✙✜✳✘✢✰✜

✘✙✫ ✙✥✙✴✧✜✙✜✳✘✢✰✜

✭✪✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✥✳✙✜✧✣✛✤✵ ✩ ✤✙✫✤✶✤✫✯✘✰✷

✪✥❝❝✯✙✤✚✱✷ ✙✘✚✤✥✙✘✰ ✘✙✫ ✤✙✚✜✧✙✘✚✤✥✙✘✰

✭✫✮ ❖✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✘✣✤✣ ✥✦ ✣✚✘✚✯✣ ✥✦ ✫✜✶✜✰✥✵❝✜✙✚ ✩

✵✥✚✜✙✚✤✘✰✷ ✫✜✶✜✰✥✵✜✫ ✣✚✥✪✸ ✘✙✫ ✧✜✣✜✧✶✜✣✹

Can you identify and name the various itemsused in making life comfortable in ourvillages and towns. List the items and namethe material used in their making.

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✽✾ ■✿❀❁❂❃❁❄❁✿❃❁✿❀ ❂❁❅❆❀❇❈✿●❍❇❄ ❏❁❀❑❁❁✿

✿❆❀▲❂❁▼ ❀❁◆❍✿❈❅❈P◗ ❆✿❃ ❇✿●❀❇❀▲❀❇❈✿●

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼❘✾ ❙❅❆●●❇❯❇◆❆❀❇❈✿ ❈❯ ❂❁●❈▲❂◆❁●

2 CONTEMPORARY INDIA � II

❚❨�✁✂ ❖✄ ✥✁✂❖❊☎✆✁✂

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✝✑✍✒✍✞

❇✓✔✕✓✖ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ❛✧✤ ★✩✪❛✫✬✤✭ ✮✧★✯

✩✫★✦❜✣✤✧✤ ❛✬✭ ✣❛✰✤ ✱✫✮✤ ✦✲✳✣❛✦ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✩✤✫✬✴✦✵

✮✱★✧❛ ❛✬✭ ✮❛✲✬❛✵ ✮✫✦✣✤✧✫✤✦✵ ✱✫✰✤✦✪★✳❢ ✤✪✳✶

❆✷✓✔✕✓✖ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✸✱✱ ✪✣★✦✤ ✪✣✫✬✴✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤

✳★✯❜★✦✤✭★✮ ✬★✬❝✱✫✰✫✬✴ ✪✣✫✬✴✦ ❛✧✤ ✳❛✱✱✤✭❛✩✫★✪✫✳

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✧★✳❢✦ ❛✬✭✯✤✪❛✱✦✶

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✻✼✠☞✽✌✟✍✾✍✿✍✟❀

✗✘❘✘❁❂✷❃✘ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦

✹✣✫✳✣ ✳❛✬ ✩✤ ✧✤✬✤✹✤✭ ★✧ ✧✤❜✧★✭✲✳✤✭ ✩✇

❜✣✇✦✫✳❛✱✵ ✳✣✤✯✫✳❛✱ ★✧ ✯✤✳✣❛✬✫✳❛✱ ❜✧★✳✤✦✦✤✦

❛✧✤ ❢✬★✹✬ ❛✦ ✧✤✬✤✹❛✩✱✤ ★✧ ✧✤❜✱✤✬✫✦✣❛✩✱✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✦★✱❛✧ ❛✬✭ ✹✫✬✭

✤✬✤✧✴✇✵ ✹❛✪✤✧✵ ✮★✧✤✦✪✦ ❛✬✭ ✹✫✱✭✱✫✮✤✵ ✤✪✳✶ ✢✣✤

✧✤✬✤✹❛✩✱✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤ ✯❛✇ ✮✲✧✪✣✤✧ ✩✤ ✭✫✰✫✭✤✭

✫✬✪★ ✳★✬✪✫✬✲★✲✦ ★✧ ✮✱★✹ ✐r✫✴✶❄✶❅❈✶

◆✔❘❉✗✘❘✘❁❂✷❃✘ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ★✳✳✲✧ ★✰✤✧

❛ ✰✤✧✇ ✱★✬✴ ✴✤★✱★✴✫✳❛✱ ✪✫✯✤✶ ❋✫✬✤✧❛✱✦ ❛✬✭ ✮★✦✦✫✱

✮✲✤✱✦ ❛✧✤ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✦ ★✮ ✦✲✳✣ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ ✢✣✤✦✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✪❛❢✤ ✯✫✱✱✫★✬✦ ★✮ ✇✤❛✧✦ ✫✬ ✪✣✤✫✧

✮★✧✯❛✪✫★✬✶ ●★✯✤ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✱✫❢✤ ✯✤✪❛✱✦

❛✧✤ ✧✤✳✇✳✱❛✩✱✤ ❛✬✭ ✦★✯✤ ✱✫❢✤ ✮★✦✦✫✱ ✮✲✤✱✦ ✳❛✬✬★✪

✩✤ ✧✤✳✇✳✱✤✭ ❛✬✭ ✴✤✪ ✤✺✣❛✲✦✪✤✭ ✹✫✪✣ ✪✣✤✫✧ ✲✦✤✶

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✝❍✞✡✑✌✠✍■

❏❘❑✓▲✓❑✚❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✦✤ ❛✧✤ ❛✱✦★ ★✹✬✤✭

❜✧✫✰❛✪✤✱✇ ✩✇ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ ❋❛✬✇ ✮❛✧✯✤✧✦ ★✹✬

✱❛✬✭ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✫✦ ❛✱✱★✪✪✤✭ ✪★ ✪✣✤✯ ✩✇ ✴★✰✤✧✬✯✤✬✪

❛✴❛✫✬✦✪ ✪✣✤ ❜❛✇✯✤✬✪ ★✮ ✧✤✰✤✬✲✤✶ ▼✬ ✰✫✱✱❛✴✤✦

✪✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ✹✫✪✣ ✱❛✬✭ ★✹✬✤✧✦✣✫❜ ✩✲✪ ✪✣✤✧✤

❛✧✤ ✯❛✬✇✹✣★ ❛✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✱✤✦✦✶ P✧✩❛✬ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ★✹✬

❜✱★✪✦✵ ✣★✲✦✤✦ ❛✬✭ ★✪✣✤✧ ❜✧★❜✤✧✪✇✶ ♣✱❛✬✪❛✪✫★✬✵

❜❛✦✪✲✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✦✵ ❜★✬✭✦✵ ✹❛✪✤✧ ✫✬ ✹✤✱✱✦ ✤✪✳✶ ❛✧✤

✦★✯✤ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✦ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ★✹✬✤✧✦✣✫❜

✩✇ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ ❋❛❢✤ ❛ ✱✫✦✪ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ★✹✬✤✭

✩✇ ✇★✲✧ ✣★✲✦✤✣★✱✭✶

◗✔❙❙✚❘✓✕❯ ❱❁❘✘❑ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤ ❛✳✳✤✦✦✫✩✱✤ ✪★ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤

✯✤✯✩✤✧✦ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ✳★✯✯✲✬✫✪✇✶ ♠✫✱✱❛✴✤ ✳★✯✯★✬✦

✐✴✧❛❲✫✬✴ ✴✧★✲✬✭✦✵ ✩✲✧✫❛✱ ✴✧★✲✬✭✦✵ ✰✫✱✱❛✴✤

❜★✬✭✦✵ ✤✪✳✶❈ ❜✲✩✱✫✳ ❜❛✧❢✦✵ ❜✫✳✬✫✳ ✦❜★✪✦✵

❜✱❛✇✴✧★✲✬✭✦ ✫✬ ✲✧✩❛✬ ❛✧✤❛✦ ❛✧✤ ✭✤ ✮❛✳✪★

❛✳✳✤✦✦✫✩✱✤ ✪★ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤ ❜✤★❜✱✤ ✱✫✰✫✬✴ ✪✣✤✧✤✶

◆❂✕✓✔❘❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✤✳✣✬✫✳❛✱✱✇✵ ❛✱✱ ✪✣✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✪✣✤ ✬❛✪✫★✬✶ ✢✣✤ ✳★✲✬✪✧✇

✣❛✦ ✱✤✴❛✱ ❜★✹✤✧✦ ✪★ ❛✳❤✲✫✧✤ ✤✰✤✬ ❜✧✫✰❛✪✤

❜✧★❜✤✧✪✇ ✮★✧ ❜✲✩✱✫✳ ✴★★✭✶ ♦★✲✯✫✴✣✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✦✤✤✬

✧★❛✭✦✵ ✳❛✬❛✱✦✵ ✧❛✫✱✹❛✇✦ ✩✤✫✬✴ ✳★✬✦✪✧✲✳✪✤✭ ★✬

✮✫✤✱✭✦ ★✹✬✤✭ ✩✇ ✦★✯✤ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱✦✶ P✧✩❛✬

❳✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ✸✲✪✣★✧✫✪✫✤✦ ✴✤✪ ✤✯❜★✹✤✧✤✭ ✩✇ ✪✣✤

✴★✰✤✧✬✯✤✬✪ ✪★ ❛✳❤✲✫✧✤ ✱❛✬✭✶ ✸✱✱ ✪✣✤ ✯✫✬✤✧❛✱✦✵

✹❛✪✤✧ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✵ ✮★✧✤✦✪✦✵ ✹✫✱✭✱✫✮✤✵ ✱❛✬✭ ✹✫✪✣✫✬

✪✣✤ ❜★✱✫✪✫✳❛✱ ✩★✲✬✭❛✧✫✤✦ ❛✬✭ ★✳✤❛✬✫✳ ❛✧✤❛ ✲❜✪★

❄❅ ✬❛✲✪✫✳❛✱ ✯✫✱✤✦ ✐❄❩✶❅ ❢✯❈ ✮✧★✯ ✪✣✤ ✳★❛✦✪

✪✤✧✯✤✭ ❛✦ ✪✤✧✧✫✪★✧✫❛✱ ✹❛✪✤✧ ❛✬✭ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦

✪✣✤✧✤✫✬ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★ ✪✣✤ ✬❛✪✫★✬✶

❏❘✕✘✛❘❂✕✓✔❘❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ✢✣✤✧✤ ❛✧✤

✫✬✪✤✧✬❛✪✫★✬❛✱ ✫✬✦✪✫✪✲✪✫★✬✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ✧✤✴✲✱❛✪✤ ✦★✯✤

✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦✶ ✢✣✤ ★✳✤❛✬✫✳ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✩✤✇★✬✭ ❅❬❬

❢✯ ★✮ ✪✣✤ ❭❪❫❴❵❞❡❣❥ ❭❫❦❧❦♥❡❫ q❦❧❥ ✩✤✱★✬✴ ✪★

★❜✤✬ ★✳✤❛✬ ❛✬✭ ✬★ ✫✬✭✫✰✫✭✲❛✱ ✳★✲✬✪✧✇ ✳❛✬

✲✪✫✱✫✦✤ ✪✣✤✦✤ ✹✫✪✣★✲✪ ✪✣✤ ✳★✬✳✲✧✧✤✬✳✤ ★✮

✫✬✪✤✧✬❛✪✫★✬❛✱ ✫✬✦✪✫✪✲✪✫★✬✦✶

Do you know that India has got the right tomine manganese nodules from the bed ofthe Indian Ocean from that area which liesbeyond the exclusive economic zone. Identifysome other resources which are internationalin nature.

✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✌ ✎✏ ✟✠✡ s✟☞✟✽✌ ✎✏ t✡✉✡✿✎■✈✡✞✟

①✔✕✘❘✕✓❂❃ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ②✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤

✮★✲✬✭ ✫✬ ❛ ✧✤✴✫★✬✵ ✩✲✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✬★✪ ✩✤✤✬ ✲✪✫✱✫✦✤✭✶

r★✧ ✤✺❛✯❜✱✤✵ ✪✣✤ ✹✤✦✪✤✧✬ ❜❛✧✪✦ ★✮ ▼✬✭✫❛

❜❛✧✪✫✳✲✱❛✧✱✇ ②❛③❛✦✪✣❛✬ ❛✬✭ ④✲③❛✧❛✪ ✣❛✰✤

✤✬★✧✯★✲✦ ❜★✪✤✬✪✫❛✱ ✮★✧ ✪✣✤ ✭✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ★✮✹✫✬✭

❛✬✭ ✦★✱❛✧ ✤✬✤✧✴✇✵ ✩✲✪ ✦★ ✮❛✧ ✪✣✤✦✤ ✣❛✰✤ ✬★✪ ✩✤✤✬

✭✤✰✤✱★❜✤✭ ❜✧★❜✤✧✱✇✶

⑤✘▲✘❃✔⑥✘❑ ✗✘✙✔✚✛✖✘✙✜ ②✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✹✣✫✳✣ ❛✧✤

✦✲✧✰✤✇✤✭ ❛✬✭ ✪✣✤✫✧ ❤✲❛✱✫✪✇ ❛✬✭ ❤✲❛✬✪✫✪✇ ✣❛✰✤

✩✤✤✬ ✭✤✪✤✧✯✫✬✤✭ ✮★✧ ✲✪✫✱✫✦❛✪✫★✬✶ ✢✣✤

✭✤✰✤✱★❜✯✤✬✪ ★✮ ✧✤✦★✲✧✳✤✦ ✭✤❜✤✬✭✦ ★✬

✪✤✳✣✬★✱★✴✇ ❛✬✭ ✱✤✰✤✱ ★✮ ✪✣✤✫✧ ✮✤❛✦✫✩✫✱✫✪✇✶

⑦✕✔✖⑧✜ ❋❛✪✤✧✫❛✱✦ ✫✬ ✪✣✤ ✤✬✰✫✧★✬✯✤✬✪ ✹✣✫✳✣

✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤ ❜★✪✤✬✪✫❛✱ ✪★ ✦❛✪✫✦✮✇ ✣✲✯❛✬ ✬✤✤✭✦ ✩✲✪

✣✲✯❛✬ ✩✤✫✬✴✦ ✭★ ✬★✪ ✣❛✰✤ ✪✣✤ ❛❜❜✧★❜✧✫❛✪✤

✪✤✳✣✬★✱★✴✇ ✪★ ❛✳✳✤✦✦ ✪✣✤✦✤✵ ❛✧✤ ✫✬✳✱✲✭✤✭ ❛✯★✬✴

Identify at least two resources from eachcategory.


s�✁✂✄✳ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠✡☛☞✞✌ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✏✑ ✠ ✒✆✡☛✆✓✔✕ ✆✖

✎✍✆ ✏✔✖☞✠✡✡✠t☞✞ ✗✠✑✞✑✘ ✙✚✕✝✆✗✞✔ ✠✔✕ ✆✟✚✗✞✔✌

✍✙✏✒✙ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✠✑ ✠ ✝✏✒✙ ✑✆✓✝✒✞ ✆✖ ✞✔✞✝✗✚✳

❇✓✎ ✍✞ ✕✆ ✔✆✎ ✙✠✛✞ ✎✙✞ ✝✞✜✓✏✝✞✕ ✎✞✒✙✔✏✒✠☞

➅✢✔✆✍✣✙✆✍✤ ✎✆ ✓✑✞ ✎✙✞✡ ✖✆✝ ✎✙✏✑ ☛✓✝☛✆✑✞✳

❍✞✔✒✞✌ ✏✎ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✒✆✔✑✏✕✞✝✞✕ ✠✑ ✑✎✆✒✢✳

❘✥s✥✦✧✥s ✠✝✞ ✎✙✞ ✑✓t✑✞✎ ✆✖ ✎✙✞ ✑✎✆✒✢✌✍✙✏✒✙

✒✠✔ t✞ ☛✓✎ ✏✔✎✆ ✓✑✞ ✍✏✎✙ ✎✙✞ ✙✞☞☛ ✆✖ ✞✟✏✑✎✏✔✗

✎✞✒✙✔✏✒✠☞ ➅✢✔✆✍✣✙✆✍✤ t✓✎ ✎✙✞✏✝ ✓✑✞ ✙✠✑ ✔✆✎

t✞✞✔ ✑✎✠✝✎✞✕✳ ❜✙✞✑✞ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✖✆✝ ✡✞✞✎✏✔✗

✖✓✎✓✝✞ ✝✞✜✓✏✝✞✡✞✔✎✑✳ ❢✏✛✞✝ ✍✠✎✞✝ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕

✖✆✝ ✗✞✔✞✝✠✎✏✔✗ ✙✚✕✝✆✞☞✞✒✎✝✏✒ ☛✆✍✞✝ t✓✎

☛✝✞✑✞✔✎☞✚✌ ✏✎ ✏✑ t✞✏✔✗ ✓✎✏☞✏✑✞✕ ✆✔☞✚ ✎✆ ✠ ☞✏✡✏✎✞✕

✞✟✎✞✔✎✳ ❜✙✓✑✌ ✎✙✞✍✠✎✞✝ ✏✔ ✎✙✞ ✕✠✡✑✌ ✖✆✝✞✑✎✑ ✞✎✒✳

✏✑ ✠ ✝✞✑✞✝✛✞ ✍✙✏✒✙ ✒✠✔ t✞ ✓✑✞✕ ✏✔ ✎✙✞ ✖✓✎✓✝✞✳

❆✔ ✞✜✓✏✎✠t☞✞ ✕✏✑✎✝✏t✓✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✙✠✑

t✞✒✆✡✞ ✞✑✑✞✔✎✏✠☞ ✖✆✝ ✠ ✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✞✕ ✜✓✠☞✏✎✚ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞

✠✔✕ ✗☞✆t✠☞☛✞✠✒✞✳ ❛✖ ✎✙✞☛✝✞✑✞✔✎ ✎✝✞✔✕✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞

✕✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔ t✚ ✠ ✖✞✍ ✏✔✕✏✛✏✕✓✠☞✑ ✠✔✕ ✒✆✓✔✎✝✏✞✑

✒✆✔✎✏✔✓✞✑✌ ✎✙✞ ✖✓✎✓✝✞ ✆✖ ✆✓✝ ☛☞✠✔✞✎ ✏✑ ✏✔ ✕✠✔✗✞✝✳

❜✙✞✝✞✖✆✝✞✌ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞ ☛☞✠✔✔✏✔✗ ✏✑ ✞✑✑✞✔✎✏✠☞ ✖✆✝

✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✞✟✏✑✎✞✔✒✞ ✆✖ ✠☞☞ ✖✆✝✡✑ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞✳

❙✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✞✟✏✑✎✞✔✒✞ ✏✑ ✠ ✒✆✡☛✆✔✞✔✎ ✆✖

✑✓✑✎✠✏✔✠t☞✞ ✕✞✛✞☞✆☛✡✞✔✎✳

Prepare a list of stock and reserve, resourcesthat you are familiar with from your local area.

❉❊★❊✩✪✫✬❊✭✮ ✪❖ ✯❊✰✪✱✲✴❊✰

❢✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✠✝✞ ✛✏✎✠☞ ✖✆✝ ✙✓✡✠✔ ✑✓✝✛✏✛✠☞ ✠✑ ✍✞☞☞

✠✑ ✖✆✝ ✡✠✏✔✎✠✏✔✏✔✗ ✎✙✞ ✜✓✠☞✏✎✚ ✆✖ ☞✏✖✞✳ ❛✎ ✍✠✑

t✞☞✏✞✛✞✕ ✎✙✠✎ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✠✝✞ ✖✝✞✞ ✗✏✖✎✑ ✆✖ ✔✠✎✓✝✞✳

❆✑ ✠ ✝✞✑✓☞✎✌ ✙✓✡✠✔ t✞✏✔✗✑ ✓✑✞✕ ✎✙✞✡

✏✔✕✏✑✒✝✏✡✏✔✠✎✞☞✚ ✠✔✕ ✎✙✏✑ ✙✠✑ ☞✞✕ ✎✆ ✎✙✞

✖✆☞☞✆✍✏✔✗ ✡✠✵✆✝ ☛✝✆t☞✞✡✑✳

⑩ ✶✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✖✆✝ ✑✠✎✏✑✖✚✏✔✗ ✎✙✞

✗✝✞✞✕ ✆✖ ✖✞✍ ✏✔✕✏✛✏✕✓✠☞✑✳

⑩ ❆✒✒✓✡✓☞✠✎✏✆✔✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑✏✔ ✖✞✍✙✠✔✕✑✌✍✙✏✒✙✌

✏✔ ✎✓✝✔✌ ✕✏✛✏✕✞✕ ✎✙✞ ✑✆✒✏✞✎✚ ✏✔✎✆ ✎✍✆ ✑✞✗✡✞✔✎✑

✏✳✞✳ ✙✠✛✞✑ ✠✔✕✙✠✛✞✔✆✎✑✆✝ ✝✏✒✙✠✔✕☛✆✆✝✳

⑩ ❛✔✕✏✑✒✝✏✡✏✔✠✎✞ ✞✟☛☞✆✏✎✠✎✏✆✔ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑ ✙✠✑

☞✞✕ ✎✆ ✗☞✆t✠☞ ✞✒✆☞✆✗✏✒✠☞ ✒✝✏✑✞✑ ✑✓✒✙ ✠✑✌ ✗☞✆t✠☞

✍✠✝✡✏✔✗✌✆✇✆✔✞ ☞✠✚✞✝✕✞☛☞✞✎✏✆✔✌✞✔✛✏✝✆✔✡✞✔✎✠☞

☛✆☞☞✓✎✏✆✔ ✠✔✕ ☞✠✔✕ ✕✞✗✝✠✕✠✎✏✆✔✳

1. Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhaustedone day, how would this affect our life style?

2. Plan a survey in your colony/village toinvestigate people�s attitude towardsrecycling of the domestic/agriculturalwastes. Ask questions about :(a) What do they think about resources

they use?(b) What is their opinion about the

wastes, and its utilisation?(c) Collage your results.

Sustainable development

Sustainable economic development means�development should take place withoutdamaging the environment, and developmentin the present should not compromise with theneeds of the future generations.�

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

In June 1992, more than 100 heads of statesmet in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the firstInternational Earth Summit. The Summit wasconvened for addressing urgent problems ofenvironmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.The assembled leaders signed theDeclaration on Global Climatic Change andBiological Diversity. The Rio Conventionendorsed the global Forest Principles andadopted Agenda 21 for achievingSustainable Development in the 21st century.

Agenda 21

It is the declaration signed by world leadersin 1992 at the United Nations Conferenceon Environment and Development (UNCED),which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Itaims at achieving global sustainabledevelopment. It is an agenda to combatenvironmental damage, poverty, diseasethrough global co-operation on commoninterests, mutual needs and sharedresponsibilities. One major objective of theAgenda 21 is that every local governmentshould draw its own local Agenda 21.

✯❊✰✪✱✲✴❊ ✷✩▲✭✭✸✭✹

P☞✠✔✔✏✔✗ ✏✑ ✎✙✞ ✍✏✕✞☞✚ ✠✒✒✞☛✎✞✕ ✑✎✝✠✎✞✗✚ ✖✆✝

✵✓✕✏✒✏✆✓✑ ✓✑✞ ✆✖ ✝✞✑✆✓✝✒✞✑✳ ❛✎ ✙✠✑ ✏✡☛✆✝✎✠✔✒✞


✐� ✁ ✂✄☎�✆✝✞ ✟✐✠✡ ☛�☞✐✁✌ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁✏ ✡�✄✝✑✄☎✏

☞✐❞✡✝✏✐✆✞ ✐� ✆✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡

✁✝✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐� ✂✡✝✆✁✐� ✆✞✖✡✏ ✄✓

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✁✝✡ ☞✡✓✐✂✐✡�✆ ✐� ✏✄✑✡ ✄✆✎✡✝

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✏✄✑✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✂✁�

✒✡ ✂✄�✏✐☞✡✝✡☞ ✏✡✟✓ ✏☎✓✓✐✂✐✡�✆ ✐� ✆✡✝✑✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡

✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁�☞ ✆✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡ ✏✄✑✡

✝✡❛✐✄�✏✍✎✐✂✎✎✁❞✡ ✁✂☎✆✡ ✏✎✄✝✆✁❛✡ ✄✓ ✏✄✑✡ ❞✐✆✁✟

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ r✄✝ ✡✗✁✑✖✟✡✌ ✆✎✡ ✏✆✁✆✡✏ ✄✓

❏✎✁✝✠✎✁�☞✌ ✘✎✎✁✆✆✐✏❛✁✝✎ ✁�☞ ✙✁☞✎✞✁

P✝✁☞✡✏✎ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐�✑✐�✡✝✁✟✏ ✁�☞ ✂✄✁✟ ☞✡✖✄✏✐✆✏✔

❆✝☎�✁✂✎✁✟ P✝✁☞✡✏✎ ✎✁✏ ✁✒☎�☞✁�✂✡ ✄✓ ✍✁✆✡✝

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✒☎✆ ✟✁✂✠✏ ✐� ✐�✓✝✁✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✁✟

☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✔ ✕✎✡ ✏✆✁✆✡ ✄✓ ✚✁✛✁✏✆✎✁� ✐✏ ❞✡✝✞✍✡✟✟

✡�☞✄✍✡☞✍✐✆✎ ✏✄✟✁✝ ✁�☞✍✐�☞ ✡�✡✝❛✞ ✒☎✆ ✟✁✂✠✏

✐� ✍✁✆✡✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ✕✎✡ ✂✄✟☞ ☞✡✏✡✝✆ ✄✓ ✜✁☞✁✠✎

✐✏ ✝✡✟✁✆✐❞✡✟✞ ✐✏✄✟✁✆✡☞ ✓✝✄✑ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡

✂✄☎�✆✝✞✔ ☛✆ ✎✁✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✝✐✂✎ ✂☎✟✆☎✝✁✟ ✎✡✝✐✆✁❛✡ ✒☎✆

✐✆ ✐✏ ☞✡✓✐✂✐✡�✆ ✐� ✍✁✆✡✝✌ ✐�✓✝✁✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✡ ✁�☞ ✏✄✑✡

❞✐✆✁✟✑✐�✡✝✁✟✏✔ ✕✎✐✏ ✂✁✟✟✏ ✓✄✝ ✒✁✟✁�✂✡☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✁✆ ✆✎✡ �✁✆✐✄�✁✟✌ ✏✆✁✆✡✌ ✝✡❛✐✄�✁✟ ✁�☞

✟✄✂✁✟ ✟✡❞✡✟✏✔

✕✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐✏ ✁ �✡✂✡✏✏✁✝✞

✂✄�☞✐✆✐✄� ✓✄✝ ✆✎✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✄✓ ✁�✞ ✝✡❛✐✄�✌ ✒☎✆

✑✡✝✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐� ✆✎✡ ✁✒✏✡�✂✡ ✄✓

✂✄✝✝✡✏✖✄�☞✐�❛ ✂✎✁�❛✡✏ ✐� ✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞ ✁�☞

✐�✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄�✏✑✁✞ ✎✐�☞✡✝ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✔ ✕✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡

✑✁�✞ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✐� ✄☎✝ ✂✄☎�✆✝✞ ✆✎✁✆ ✁✝✡ ✝✐✂✎ ✐�

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✒☎✆ ✆✎✡✏✡ ✁✝✡ ✐�✂✟☎☞✡☞ ✐�✡✂✄�✄✑✐✂✁✟✟✞

✒✁✂✠✍✁✝☞ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏✔ ❜� ✆✎✡ ✂✄�✆✝✁✝✞ ✆✎✡✝✡ ✁✝✡

✏✄✑✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✍✎✐✂✎ ✎✁❞✡ ✁ ✖✄✄✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✒✁✏✡

✒☎✆ ✆✎✡✞ ✁✝✡ ✡✂✄�✄✑✐✂✁✟✟✞ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✡☞✔

❈✢✣ ✤✥✦ ✣✢✧★ ✩✥✧★ ✪★✩✥✦✪✫★ ✪✬✫✭ ✮✦✯

★✫✥✣✥✧✬✫✢❡❡✤ ✮✢✫✰✱✢✪✲ ✪★✳✬✥✣✩ ✢✣✲ ✩✥✧★

✪★✩✥✦✪✫★ ✴✥✥✪ ✮✦✯ ★✫✥✣✥✧✬✫✢❡❡✤ ✲★✵★❡✥✴★✲

✪★✳✬✥✣✩✶ ✷✬✵★ ✪★✢✩✥✣✩ ✸✥✪ ✩✦✫✭ ✢ ✩✬✯✦✢✯✬✥✣✹

✕✎✡ ✎✐✏✆✄✝✞ ✄✓ ✂✄✟✄�✐✏✁✆✐✄� ✝✡❞✡✁✟✏ ✆✎✁✆ ✝✐✂✎

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✐� ✂✄✟✄�✐✡✏ ✍✡✝✡ ✆✎✡✑✁✐� ✁✆✆✝✁✂✆✐✄�✏

✓✄✝ ✆✎✡ ✓✄✝✡✐❛� ✐�❞✁☞✡✝✏✔ ☛✆ ✍✁✏ ✖✝✐✑✁✝✐✟✞ ✆✎✡

✎✐❛✎✡✝ ✟✡❞✡✟ ✄✓ ✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✐✂✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡

✂✄✟✄�✐✏✐�❛ ✂✄☎�✆✝✐✡✏ ✆✎✁✆ ✎✡✟✖✡☞ ✆✎✡✑ ✆✄

✡✗✖✟✄✐✆ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✄✓ ✄✆✎✡✝ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✁�☞ ✡✏✆✁✒✟✐✏✎

✆✎✡✐✝ ✏☎✖✝✡✑✁✂✞ ✄❞✡✝ ✆✎✡ ✂✄✟✄�✐✡✏✔ ✕✎✡✝✡✓✄✝✡✌

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✂✁� ✂✄�✆✝✐✒☎✆✡ ✆✄ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✄�✟✞

✍✎✡� ✆✎✡✞ ✁✝✡ ✁✂✂✄✑✖✁�✐✡☞ ✒✞ ✁✖✖✝✄✖✝✐✁✆✡

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✐✂✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✁�☞ ✐�✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄�✁✟

✂✎✁�❛✡✏✔ ☛�☞✐✁ ✎✁✏ ✡✗✖✡✝✐✡�✂✡☞ ✁✟✟ ✆✎✐✏ ✐�

☞✐✓✓✡✝✡�✆ ✖✎✁✏✡✏ ✄✓ ✂✄✟✄�✐✏✁✆✐✄�✔ ✕✎✡✝✡✓✄✝✡✌ ✐�

☛�☞✐✁✌ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✌ ✐� ❛✡�✡✝✁✟✌ ✁�☞ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✐� ✖✁✝✆✐✂☎✟✁✝ ☞✄✡✏ �✄✆ ✄�✟✞ ✐�❞✄✟❞✡

✆✎✡ ✁❞✁✐✟✁✒✐✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✌ ✒☎✆ ✁✟✏✄ ✆✎✡

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞✌ t☎✁✟✐✆✞ ✄✓ ✎☎✑✁� ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁�☞

✆✎✡ ✎✐✏✆✄✝✐✂✁✟ ✡✗✖✡✝✐✡�✂✡✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✖✡✄✖✟✡✔

✺✻✼✽✾✿❀❁❂❃✻✼ ✻❄ ❅✾✽✻❇✿❉✾✽❊ ✚✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁✝✡

❞✐✆✁✟ ✓✄✝ ✁�✞ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆✁✟ ✁✂✆✐❞✐✆✞✔ ✈☎✆

✐✝✝✁✆✐✄�✁✟ ✂✄�✏☎✑✖✆✐✄� ✁�☞ ✄❞✡✝❋☎✆✐✟✐✏✁✆✐✄�

✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✑✁✞ ✟✡✁☞ ✆✄ ✏✄✂✐✄❋✡✂✄�✄✑✐✂ ✁�☞

✡�❞✐✝✄�✑✡�✆✁✟ ✖✝✄✒✟✡✑✏✔ ✕✄ ✄❞✡✝✂✄✑✡ ✆✎✡✏✡

✖✝✄✒✟✡✑✏✌ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✂✄�✏✡✝❞✁✆✐✄� ✁✆ ❞✁✝✐✄☎✏

✟✡❞✡✟✏ ✐✏ ✐✑✖✄✝✆✁�✆✔ ✕✎✐✏ ✎✁☞ ✒✡✡� ✆✎✡ ✑✁✐�

✂✄�✂✡✝� ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✟✡✁☞✡✝✏ ✁�☞ ✆✎✐�✠✡✝✏ ✐� ✆✎✡

✖✁✏✆✔ r✄✝ ✡✗✁✑✖✟✡✌ ♣✁�☞✎✐✛✐ ✍✁✏ ❞✡✝✞ ✁✖✆ ✐�

❞✄✐✂ ✐�❛ ✎✐✏ ✂✄�✂✡✝� ✁✒✄☎✆ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

✂✄�✏✡✝❞✁✆✐✄� ✐� ✆✎✡✏✡ ✍✄✝☞✏● ❍✕✎✡✝✡ ✐✏ ✡�✄☎❛✎

✓✄✝ ✡❞✡✝✞✒✄☞✞❢✏ �✡✡☞ ✁�☞ �✄✆ ✓✄✝ ✁�✞ ✒✄☞✞❢✏

❛✝✡✡☞✔❣ ■✡ ✖✟✁✂✡☞ ✆✎✡ ❛✝✡✡☞✞ ✁�☞ ✏✡✟✓✐✏✎

✐�☞✐❞✐☞☎✁✟✏ ✁�☞ ✡✗✖✟✄✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ �✁✆☎✝✡ ✄✓ ✑✄☞✡✝�

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞ ✁✏ ✆✎✡ ✝✄✄✆ ✂✁☎✏✡ ✓✄✝ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡

☞✡✖✟✡✆✐✄� ✁✆ ✆✎✡ ❛✟✄✒✁✟ ✟✡❞✡✟✔ ■✡ ✍✁✏ ✁❛✁✐�✏✆

✑✁✏✏ ✖✝✄☞☎✂✆✐✄� ✁�☞✍✁�✆✡☞ ✆✄ ✝✡✖✟✁✂✡ ✐✆ ✍✐✆✎

✆✎✡ ✖✝✄☞☎✂✆✐✄� ✒✞ ✆✎✡ ✑✁✏✏✡✏✔

Prepare a list of resources found in your stateand also identify the resources that areimportant but deficit in your state.

What resources are being developed in yoursurroundings by the community/villagepanchayats/ward level communities with thehelp of community participation?

❘❑▲▼◆❖◗❑ ❙❚❯❱❱❲❱❳ ❲❱ ❨❱❩❲❯

✚✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✐✏ ✁ ✂✄✑✖✟✡✗ ✖✝✄✂✡✏✏ ✍✎✐✂✎

✐�❞✄✟❞✡✏ ● ❬✐❭ ✐☞✡�✆✐✓✐✂✁✆✐✄� ✁�☞ ✐�❞✡�✆✄✝✞ ✄✓

✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏ ✁✂✝✄✏✏ ✆✎✡ ✝✡❛✐✄�✏ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✂✄☎�✆✝✞✔

✕✎✐✏ ✐�❞✄✟❞✡✏ ✏☎✝❞✡✞✐�❛✌ ✑✁✖✖✐�❛ ✁�☞

t☎✁✟✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✁�☞ t☎✁�✆✐✆✁✆✐❞✡ ✡✏✆✐✑✁✆✐✄� ✁�☞

✑✡✁✏☎✝✡✑✡�✆ ✄✓ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✏✔ ❬✐✐❭ ♠❞✄✟❞✐�❛ ✁

✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✏✆✝☎✂✆☎✝✡ ✡�☞✄✍✡☞ ✍✐✆✎ ✁✖✖✝✄✖✝✐✁✆✡

✆✡✂✎�✄✟✄❛✞✌ ✏✠✐✟✟ ✁�☞ ✐�✏✆✐✆☎✆✐✄�✁✟ ✏✡✆ ☎✖ ✓✄✝

✐✑✖✟✡✑✡�✆✐�❛ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✖✟✁�✏✔ ❬✐✐✐❭

✙✁✆✂✎✐�❛ ✆✎✡ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✖✟✁�✏ ✍✐✆✎

✄❞✡✝✁✟✟ �✁✆✐✄�✁✟ ☞✡❞✡✟✄✖✑✡�✆ ✖✟✁�✏✔

☛�☞✐✁✎✁✏✑✁☞✡✂✄�✂✡✝✆✡☞✡✓✓✄✝✆✏ ✓✄✝✁✂✎✐✡❞✐�❛

✆✎✡❛✄✁✟✏✄✓ ✝✡✏✄☎✝✂✡✖✟✁��✐�❛ ✝✐❛✎✆ ✓✝✄✑✆✎✡ r✐✝✏✆

r✐❞✡ ❪✡✁✝ P✟✁� ✟✁☎�✂✎✡☞ ✁✓✆✡✝ ☛�☞✡✖✡�☞✡�✂✡✔


▲❆�✁ ✥❚✂✄✂☎❆❚✂✆�

✝✞✟✠ ✡☛☞✌✍✡✎☛☞ ✞✡☛ ✍☞☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✑✒☛ ✏✌✓✓✌✔✕✟✖

♣✍✡♣✌☞☛☞✗

✶✘ ❋✌✡☛☞✑☞

✷✘ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✌✑ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✏✌✡ ✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑✕✌✟

✭✞✮ ❇✞✡✡☛✟ ✞✟✠ ✔✞☞✑☛ ✓✞✟✠

✭✚✮ ✝✞✟✠ ♣✍✑ ✑✌ ✟✌✟✛✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✍☞☛☞✜ ☛✘✖✘

✚✍✕✓✠✕✟✖☞✜ ✡✌✞✠☞✜ ✏✞✎✑✌✡✕☛☞✜ ☛✑✎✘

✸✘ ❖✑✒☛✡ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✓✞✟✠ ✭☛✢✎✓✍✠✕✟✖

✏✞✓✓✌✔ ✓✞✟✠✮

✭✞✮ P☛✡✣✞✟☛✟✑ ♣✞☞✑✍✡☛☞ ✞✟✠ ✖✡✞✤✕✟✖ ✓✞✟✠✜

✭✚✮ ✝✞✟✠ ✍✟✠☛✡ ✣✕☞✎☛✓✓✞✟☛✌✍☞ ✑✡☛☛ ✎✡✌♣☞

✖✡✌✙☛☞ ✭✟✌✑ ✕✟✎✓✍✠☛✠ ✕✟ ✟☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞✮✜

✭✎✮ ❈✍✓✑✡✍✞✚✓☛ ✔✞☞✑☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✭✓☛✏✑ ✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠

✏✌✡ ✣✌✡☛ ✑✒✞✟ ❢ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡☞✮✘

✹✘ ❋✞✓✓✌✔ ✓✞✟✠☞

✭✞✮ ❈✍✡✡☛✟✑ ✏✞✓✓✌✔✛✭✓☛✏✑✔✕✑✒✌✍✑✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑✕✌✟ ✏✌✡

✌✟☛ ✌✡ ✓☛☞☞ ✑✒✞✟ ✌✟☛ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡✮✜

✭✚✮ ❖✑✒☛✡ ✑✒✞✟ ✎✍✡✡☛✟✑ ✏✞✓✓✌✔✛✭✓☛✏✑

✍✟✎✍✓✑✕✙✞✑☛✠ ✏✌✡ ✑✒☛ ♣✞☞✑ ✶ ✑✌ ❢

✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡☞✮✘

❢✘ ◆☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞

✧✡☛✞ ☞✌✔✟ ✣✌✡☛ ✑✒✞✟ ✌✟✎☛ ✕✟ ✞✟

✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡✞✓ ✦☛✞✡ ♣✓✍☞ ✟☛✑ ☞✌✔✟ ✞✡☛✞ ✕☞

❦✟✌✔✟ ✞☞ ❣★✩✪✪ ✫★✩✬✬✯✰ ✱★✯✱✘

▲❆�✁ ✥☎❙ ✲❆❚❚❙✳� ✂� ✴�✁✂❆

✵✒☛ ✍☞☛ ✌✏ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ✠☛✑☛✡✣✕✟☛✠✚✌✑✒ ✚✦ ♣✒✦☞✕✎✞✓

✏✞✎✑✌✡☞ ☞✍✎✒ ✞☞ ✑✌♣✌✖✡✞♣✒✦✜ ✎✓✕✣✞✑☛✜ ☞✌✕✓ ✑✦♣☛☞

✞☞ ✔☛✓✓ ✞☞ ✒✍✣✞✟ ✏✞✎✑✌✡☞ ☞✍✎✒ ✞☞ ♣✌♣✍✓✞✑✕✌✟

✠☛✟☞✕✑✦✜ ✑☛✎✒✟✌✓✌✖✕✎✞✓ ✎✞♣✞✚✕✓✕✑✦ ✞✟✠ ✎✍✓✑✍✡☛

✞✟✠ ✑✡✞✠✕✑✕✌✟☞ ☛✑✎✘

✵✌✑✞✓ ✖☛✌✖✡✞♣✒✕✎✞✓ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✺✟✠✕✞ ✕☞ ✸✘✷✻

✣✕✓✓✕✌✟ ☞♠ ❦✣ ✝✞✟✠ ✍☞☛ ✠✞✑✞✜ ✒✌✔☛✙☛✡✜ ✕☞

✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✌✟✓✦ ✏✌✡ ❛✸ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✑✌✑✞✓ ✞✡☛✞

✚☛✎✞✍☞☛ ✑✒☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✍☞☛ ✡☛♣✌✡✑✕✟✖ ✏✌✡ ✣✌☞✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛

✟✌✡✑✒✛☛✞☞✑ ☞✑✞✑☛☞ ☛✢✎☛♣✑ ✧☞☞✞✣ ✒✞☞ ✟✌✑ ✚☛☛✟

✠✌✟☛ ✏✍✓✓✦✘ ❞✌✡☛✌✙☛✡✜ ☞✌✣☛ ✞✡☛✞☞ ✌✏ ❡✞✣✣✍

✞✟✠✼✞☞✒✣✕✡ ✌✎✎✍♣✕☛✠ ✚✦ P✞❦✕☞✑✞✟ ✞✟✠ ❈✒✕✟✞

✒✞✙☛ ✞✓☞✌ ✟✌✑ ✚☛☛✟ ☞✍✡✙☛✦☛✠✘

At the international level, the Club of Romeadvocated resource conservation for the firsttime in a more systematic way in 1968.Subsequently, in 1974, Gandhian philosophywas once again presented by Schumacherin his book Small is Beautiful. The seminalcontribution with respect to resourceconservation at the global level was madeby the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987.This report introduced the concept of�Sustainable Development� and advocatedit as a means for resource conservation,which was subsequently published in a bookentitled Our Common Future. Anothersignificant contribution was made at the EarthSummit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

▲❆�✁ ✽❙☎✆❊✳✾❙☎

❲☛ ✓✕✙☛ ✌✟ ✓✞✟✠✜ ✔☛ ♣☛✡✏✌✡✣ ✌✍✡ ☛✎✌✟✌✣✕✎

✞✎✑✕✙✕✑✕☛☞ ✌✟ ✓✞✟✠✞✟✠✔☛✍☞☛ ✕✑ ✕✟ ✠✕✏✏☛✡☛✟✑ ✔✞✦☞✘

✵✒✍☞✜ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞ ✞ ✟✞✑✍✡✞✓ ✡☛☞✌✍✡✎☛ ✌✏ ✍✑✣✌☞✑

✕✣♣✌✡✑✞✟✎☛✘ ✺✑ ☞✍♣♣✌✡✑☞✟✞✑✍✡✞✓ ✙☛✖☛✑✞✑✕✌✟✜ ✔✕✓✠

✓✕✏☛✜ ✒✍✣✞✟ ✓✕✏☛✜ ☛✎✌✟✌✣✕✎ ✞✎✑✕✙✕✑✕☛☞✜ ✑✡✞✟☞♣✌✡✑

✞✟✠ ✎✌✣✣✍✟✕✎✞✑✕✌✟ ☞✦☞✑☛✣☞✘ ✿✌✔☛✙☛✡✜ ✓✞✟✠ ✕☞

✞✟ ✞☞☞☛✑ ✌✏ ✞ ✏✕✟✕✑☛ ✣✞✖✟✕✑✍✠☛✜ ✑✒☛✡☛✏✌✡☛✜ ✕✑ ✕☞

✕✣♣✌✡✑✞✟✑ ✑✌ ✍☞☛ ✑✒☛ ✞✙✞✕✓✞✚✓☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✏✌✡ ✙✞✡✕✌✍☞

♣✍✡♣✌☞☛☞ ✔✕✑✒ ✎✞✡☛✏✍✓ ♣✓✞✟✟✕✟✖✘

✺✟✠✕✞ ✒✞☞ ✓✞✟✠ ✍✟✠☛✡ ✞ ✙✞✡✕☛✑✦ ✌✏ ✡☛✓✕☛✏

✏☛✞✑✍✡☛☞✜ ✟✞✣☛✓✦❀ ✣✌✍✟✑✞✕✟☞✜ ♣✓✞✑☛✞✍☞✜ ♣✓✞✕✟☞

✞✟✠ ✕☞✓✞✟✠☞✘ ✧✚✌✍✑ ✹✸ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✓✞✟✠ ✞✡☛✞

✕☞ ♣✓✞✕✟✜ ✔✒✕✎✒ ♣✡✌✙✕✠☛☞ ✏✞✎✕✓✕✑✕☛☞ ✏✌✡ ✞✖✡✕✎✍✓✑✍✡☛

✞✟✠ ✕✟✠✍☞✑✡✦✘ ❞✌✍✟✑✞✕✟☞ ✞✎✎✌✍✟✑ ✏✌✡ ✸❁ ♣☛✡

✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✑✌✑✞✓ ☞✍✡✏✞✎☛ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✎✌✍✟✑✡✦ ✞✟✠

☛✟☞✍✡☛ ♣☛✡☛✟✟✕✞✓ ✏✓✌✔ ✌✏ ☞✌✣☛ ✡✕✙☛✡☞✜ ♣✡✌✙✕✠☛

✏✞✎✕✓✕✑✕☛☞ ✏✌✡ ✑✌✍✡✕☞✣ ✞✟✠ ☛✎✌✓✌✖✕✎✞✓ ✞☞♣☛✎✑☞✘

✧✚✌✍✑ ✷❂ ♣☛✡ ✎☛✟✑ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✞✡☛✞ ✌✏ ✑✒☛ ✎✌✍✟✑✡✦ ✕☞

✑✒☛ ♣✓✞✑☛✞✍ ✡☛✖✕✌✟✘ ✺✑ ♣✌☞☞☛☞☞☛☞ ✡✕✎✒ ✡☛☞☛✡✙☛☞

✌✏ ✣✕✟☛✡✞✓☞✜ ✏✌☞☞✕✓ ✏✍☛✓☞ ✞✟✠ ✏✌✡☛☞✑☞✘

❃❄❅ ❉●❍■ ❏❑▼❄◗ ■ ❘❯❱❳ ❨❱❳❩❬ ❭❪❫❴❬❵❯❱❵ ❜❩❝❭❩❤ ✐❩❯❵❨❬❩❥

Try to do a comparison between the two piecharts (Fig. 1.4 ) given for land use and findout why the net sown area and the landunder forests have changed from 1960-61to 2002-03 very marginally.


Find out reasons for the low proportion ofnet sown area in these states.

❚�✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✝☎✆✁✞ ✟✁✞✠✄☎✁☎✡ ✟✄☛✡✝✞✁ �✄☛

✄✂☛❛ ✆✁☞✞✁✄☛✁✆✌ ✍❛✎ ✄✞✁ ✎✁ ✄✏✂✁ ✡❛ ✑✁✁✆ ❛✝✞

�✝❤✁ ☞✄✡✡✂✁ ✟❛✟✝✂✄✡✒❛☎ ❛☎ ✡�✒☛ ✟✄☛✡✝✞✁ ✂✄☎✆

✄☎✆ ✎�✄✡ ✄✞✁ ✡�✁ ☞❛☎☛✁✓✝✁☎☞✁☛ ❛✑ ✒✡✔ ✕❛☛✡ ❛✑

✡�✁ ❛✡�✁✞ ✡�✄☎✡�✁ ☞✝✞✞✁☎✡ ✑✄✂✂❛✎ ✂✄☎✆☛ ✄✞✁ ✁✒✡�✁✞

❛✑ ✟❛❛✞ ✓✝✄✂✒✡♦ ❛✞ ✡�✁ ☞❛☛✡ ❛✑ ☞✝✂✡✒✖✄✡✒❛☎ ❛✑ ☛✝☞�

✂✄☎✆ ✒☛ ✖✁✞♦ �✒❤�✌ ✍✁☎☞✁❧ ✡�✁☛✁ ✂✄☎✆☛ ✄✞✁

☞✝✂✡✒✖✄✡✁✆ ❛☎☞✁ ❛✞ ✡✎✒☞✁ ✒☎ ✄✏❛✝✡ ✡✎❛ ✡❛ ✡�✞✁✁

♦✁✄✞☛ ✄☎✆ ✒✑ ✡�✁☛✁ ✄✞✁ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁✆ ✒☎ ✡�✁ ☎✁✡ ☛❛✎☎

✄✞✁✄ ✡�✁☎ ✡�✁ ✟✁✞☞✁☎✡✄❤✁ ❛✑ ✗✘✙ ✒☎ ✚☎✆✒✄ ☞❛✠✁☛

✡❛ ✄✏❛✝✡ t✛ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ✡�✁ ✡❛✡✄✂ ✞✁✟❛✞✡✒☎❤ ✄✞✁✄✌

❚�✁ ✟✄✡✡✁✞☎ ❛✑ ☎✁✡ ☛❛✎☎ ✄✞✁✄ ✖✄✞✒✁☛ ❤✞✁✄✡✂♦

✑✞❛✠ ❛☎✁ ☛✡✄✡✁ ✡❛ ✄☎❛✡�✁✞✌ ✚✡ ✒☛ ❛✖✁✞ ✳✜ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡

❛✑ ✡�✁ ✡❛✡✄✂ ✄✞✁✄ ✒☎ ✢✝☎✣✄✏ ✄☎✆✍✄✞♦✄☎✄✄☎✆ ✂✁☛☛

✡�✄☎✤✜✟✁✞☞✁☎✡ ✒☎✙✞✝☎✄☞�✄✂ ✢✞✄✆✁☛�❧✕✒✥❛✞✄✠❧

✕✄☎✒✟✝✞ ✄☎✆ ✙☎✆✄✠✄☎✗✒☞❛✏✄✞ ✚☛✂✄☎✆☛✌

✢❛✂✒☞♦ P✤✦t✧★✌ ✚✡ ✎✄☛ ☞❛☎☛✒✆✁✞✁✆ ✁☛☛✁☎✡✒✄✂ ✑❛✞

✠✄✒☎✡✁☎✄☎☞✁ ❛✑ ✡�✁ ✁☞❛✂❛❤✒☞✄✂ ✏✄✂✄☎☞✁✌ ❚�✁

✂✒✖✁✂✒�❛❛✆ ❛✑ ✠✒✂✂✒❛☎☛ ❛✑ ✟✁❛✟✂✁ ✎�❛ ✂✒✖✁ ❛☎

✡�✁ ✑✞✒☎❤✁☛ ❛✑ ✡�✁☛✁ ✑❛✞✁☛✡☛ ✆✁✟✁☎✆☛ ✝✟❛☎ ✒✡✌

✙ ✟✄✞✡ ❛✑ ✡�✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☛ ✡✁✞✠✁✆ ✄☛ ✎✄☛✡✁ ✂✄☎✆

✄☎✆ ✂✄☎✆ ✟✝✡ ✡❛ ❛✡�✁✞ ☎❛☎✩✄❤✞✒☞✝✂✡✝✞✄✂ ✝☛✁☛✌

❲✄☛✡✁ ✂✄☎✆ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁☛ ✞❛☞✪♦❧ ✄✞✒✆ ✄☎✆ ✆✁☛✁✞✡

✄✞✁✄☛ ✄☎✆ ✂✄☎✆ ✟✝✡ ✡❛ ❛✡�✁✞ ☎❛☎✩✄❤✞✒☞✝✂✡✝✞✄✂

✝☛✁☛ ✒☎☞✂✝✆✁☛ ☛✁✡✡✂✁✠✁☎✡☛❧ ✞❛✄✆☛❧ ✞✄✒✂✎✄♦☛❧

✒☎✆✝☛✡✞♦ ✁✡☞✌ ✐❛☎✡✒☎✝❛✝☛ ✝☛✁ ❛✑ ✂✄☎✆ ❛✖✁✞ ✄

✂❛☎❤ ✟✁✞✒❛✆ ❛✑ ✡✒✠✁ ✎✒✡�❛✝✡ ✡✄✪✒☎❤

✄✟✟✞❛✟✞✒✄✡✁ ✠✁✄☛✝✞✁☛ ✡❛ ☞❛☎☛✁✞✖✁ ✄☎✆

✠✄☎✄❤✁ ✒✡❧ �✄☛ ✞✁☛✝✂✡✁✆ ✒☎ ✂✄☎✆ ✆✁❤✞✄✆✄✡✒❛☎✌

❚�✒☛❧ ✒☎ ✡✝✞☎❧ �✄☛ ☛✁✞✒❛✝☛ ✞✁✟✁✞☞✝☛☛✒❛☎☛ ❛☎

☛❛☞✒✁✡♦ ✄☎✆ ✡�✁ ✁☎✖✒✞❛☎✠✁☎✡✌

▲❆✫✬ ✭❊✮✯❆✬❆✰✱✲✫ ❆✫✬ ✴✲✫❖❊✯❱❆✰✱✲✫

▼❊❆❖✵✯❊❖

❲✁ �✄✖✁ ☛�✄✞✁✆ ❛✝✞ ✂✄☎✆ ✎✒✡� ✡�✁ ✟✄☛✡

❤✁☎✁✞✄✡✒❛☎☛ ✄☎✆ ✎✒✂✂ �✄✖✁ ✡❛ ✆❛ ☛❛ ✎✒✡� ✡�✁

✑✝✡✝✞✁ ❤✁☎✁✞✄✡✒❛☎☛ ✡❛❛✌ ✗✒☎✁✡♦✩✑✒✖✁ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑

❛✝✞ ✏✄☛✒☞ ☎✁✁✆☛ ✑❛✞ ✑❛❛✆❧ ☛�✁✂✡✁✞ ✄☎✆ ☞✂❛✡�✒☎❤

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✺

✻❛✞✁☛✡ ✄✞✁✄ ✒☎ ✡�✁ ☞❛✝☎✡✞♦ ✒☛ ✑✄✞ ✂❛✎✁✞ ✡�✄☎

✡�✁ ✆✁☛✒✞✁✆ ✼✼ ✟✁✞ ☞✁☎✡ ❛✑ ❤✁❛❤✞✄✟�✒☞✄✂ ✄✞✁✄❧

✄☛ ✒✡ ✎✄☛ ❛✝✡✂✒☎✁✆ ✒☎ ✡�✁ ✗✄✡✒❛☎✄✂ ✻❛✞✁☛✡


❛�✁ ✂✄☎❛✆✝✁✞ ✟�✂✠ ✡❛✝✞☛ ☞✌✠❛✝❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏ ✑❛✎✁

✝✂☎ ✂✝✡♥ ✄�✂✌✒✑☎ ❛✄✂✌☎ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞

✄✌☎ ✑❛✎✁ ❛✡✏✂ ❛✒✒�❛✎❛☎✁✞ ☎✑✁ ❜❛✍✁ ✂✟ ✝❛☎✌�❛✡

✟✂�✍✁✏ ☎✂ ✍❛✌✏✁ ✞❛✠❛✒✁ ☎✂ ✡❛✝✞☛

❆☎ ❜�✁✏✁✝☎✓ ☎✑✁�✁ ❛�✁ ❛✄✂✌☎ ✔✕✖ ✠✆✡✡✆✂✝

✑✁✍☎❛�✁✏ ✂✟ ✞✁✒�❛✞✁✞ ✡❛✝✞ ✆✝ ❤✝✞✆❛☛

❆❜❜�✂✗✆✠❛☎✁✡♥✓ ✘✙ ❜✁� ✍✁✝☎ ✂✟ ✆☎ ✄✁✡✂✝✒✏ ☎✂ ☎✑✁

✍❛☎✁✒✂�♥ ✂✟ ✟✂�✁✏☎ ✞✁✒�❛✞✁✞ ❛�✁❛✓ ❝✚ ❜✁� ✍✁✝☎

✂✟ ✆☎ ✆✏ ♦❛☎✁� ✁�✂✞✁✞ ❛�✁❛ ❛✝✞ ☎✑✁ �✁✏☎ ✆✏ ❛✟✟✁✍☎✁✞

✄♥ ✏❛✡✆✝✁ ❛✝✞ ❛✡✛❛✡✆✝✁ ✞✁❜✂✏✆☎✏☛ ✜✂✠✁ ✑✌✠❛✝

❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏ ✏✌✍✑ ❛✏ ✞✁✟✂�✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝✓ ✂✎✁� ✒�❛✢✆✝✒✓

✠✆✝✆✝✒ ❛✝✞ ♠✌❛��♥✆✝✒ ☎✂✂ ✑❛✎✁ ✍✂✝☎�✆✄✌☎✁✞

✏✆✒✝✆✟✆✍❛✝☎✡♥ ✆✝ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛

❛✡✛❛✡✆✝✆☎♥ ✆✝ ☎✑✁ ✏✂✆✡☛ ✣✑✁✠✆✝✁�❛✡ ❜�✂✍✁✏✏✆✝✒ ✡✆✛✁

✒�✆✝✞✆✝✒ ✂✟ ✡✆✠✁✏☎✂✝✁ ✟✂� ✍✁✠✁✝☎ ✆✝✞✌✏☎�♥ ❛✝✞

✍❛✡✍✆☎✁ ❛✝✞ ✏✂❛❜✏☎✂✝✁ ✟✂� ✍✁�❛✠✆✍ ✆✝✞✌✏☎�♥

✒✁✝✁�❛☎✁ ✑✌✒✁ ♠✌❛✝☎✆☎♥ ✂✟ ✞✌✏☎ ✆✝ ☎✑✁

❛☎✠✂✏❜✑✁�✁☛ ❤☎ �✁☎❛�✞✏ ☎✑✁ ❜�✂✍✁✏✏ ✂✟ ✆✝✟✆✡☎�❛☎✆✂✝

✂✟ ♦❛☎✁� ✆✝☎✂ ☎✑✁ ✏✂✆✡ ❛✟☎✁� ✆☎ ✏✁☎☎✡✁✏ ✞✂♦✝ ✂✝ ☎✑✁

✡❛✝✞☛ ❤✝ �✁✍✁✝☎ ♥✁❛�✏✓ ✆✝✞✌✏☎�✆❛✡ ✁✟✟✡✌✁✝☎✏ ❛✏

♦❛✏☎✁ ✑❛✎✁ ✄✁✍✂✠✁ ❛✠❛✇✂� ✏✂✌�✍✁ ✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ❛✝✞

♦❛☎✁� ❜✂✡✡✌☎✆✂✝ ✆✝✠❛✝♥ ❜❛�☎✏ ✂✟ ☎✑✁ ✍✂✌✝☎�♥☛

✣✑✁�✁ ❛�✁✠❛✝♥ ♦❛♥✏ ☎✂ ✏✂✡✎✁ ☎✑✁ ❜�✂✄✡✁✠✏

✂✟ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❆✟✟✂�✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝ ❛✝✞ ❜�✂❜✁�

✠❛✝❛✒✁✠✁✝☎ ✂✟ ✒�❛✢✆✝✒ ✍❛✝✑✁✡❜ ☎✂ ✏✂✠✁ ✁✗☎✁✝☎☛

P✡❛✝☎✆✝✒ ✂✟ ✏✑✁✡☎✁� ✄✁✡☎✏ ✂✟ ❜✡❛✝☎✏✓ ✍✂✝☎�✂✡ ✂✝

✂✎✁� ✒�❛✢✆✝✒✓ ✏☎❛✄✆✡✆✏❛☎✆✂✝ ✂✟ ✏❛✝✞ ✞✌✝✁✏ ✄♥

✒�✂♦✆✝✒ ☎✑✂�✝♥ ✄✌✏✑✁✏ ❛�✁ ✏✂✠✁ ✂✟ ☎✑✁

✠✁☎✑✂✞✏ ☎✂ ✍✑✁✍✛ ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ P�✂❜✁�

✠❛✝❛✒✁✠✁✝☎ ✂✟ ♦❛✏☎✁ ✡❛✝✞✏✓ ✍✂✝☎�✂✡ ✂✟✠✆✝✆✝✒

❛✍☎✆✎✆☎✆✁✏✓ ❜�✂❜✁� ✞✆✏✍✑❛�✒✁ ❛✝✞ ✞✆✏❜✂✏❛✡ ✂✟

✆✝✞✌✏☎�✆❛✡ ✁✟✟✡✌✁✝☎✏ ❛✝✞ ♦❛✏☎✁✏ ❛✟☎✁� ☎�✁❛☎✠✁✝☎

✍❛✝ �✁✞✌✍✁ ✡❛✝✞ ❛✝✞ ♦❛☎✁� ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✆✝

✆✝✞✌✏☎�✆❛✡ ❛✝✞ ✏✌✄✌�✄❛✝ ❛�✁❛✏☛

❙❖✤✥ ✦✧ ✦ ★❊✧❖✩✪✫❊

✜✂✆✡ ✆✏ ☎✑✁ ✠✂✏☎ ✆✠❜✂�☎❛✝☎ �✁✝✁♦❛✄✡✁ ✝❛☎✌�❛✡

�✁✏✂✌�✍✁☛ ❤☎ ✆✏ ☎✑✁✠✁✞✆✌✠ ✂✟ ❜✡❛✝☎ ✒�✂♦☎✑ ❛✝✞

✏✌❜❜✂�☎✏ ✞✆✟✟✁�✁✝☎ ☎♥❜✁✏ ✂✟ ✡✆✎✆✝✒ ✂�✒❛✝✆✏✠✏ ✂✝

❋✬✭✮ ✯✮✰

▼✆✝✆✝✒ ✏✆☎✁✏ ❛�✁ ❛✄❛✝✞✂✝✁✞ ❛✟☎✁� ✁✗✍❛✎❛☎✆✂✝

♦✂�✛ ✆✏ ✍✂✠❜✡✁☎✁ ✡✁❛✎✆✝✒ ✞✁✁❜ ✏✍❛�✏ ❛✝✞ ☎�❛✍✁✏

✂✟ ✂✎✁�✲✄✌�✞✁✝✆✝✒☛ ❤✝ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✡✆✛✁ ❞✑❛�✛✑❛✝✞✓

❈✑✑❛☎☎✆✏✒❛�✑✓ ▼❛✞✑♥❛ P�❛✞✁✏✑ ❛✝✞ ✱�✆✏✏❛

✞✁✟✂�✁✏☎❛☎✆✂✝✞✌✁ ☎✂✠✆✝✆✝✒ ✑❛✎✁ ✍❛✌✏✁✞ ✏✁✎✁�✁

✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❤✝ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✡✆✛✁ ❧✌✇❛�❛☎✓

❘❛✇❛✏☎✑❛✝✓▼❛✞✑♥❛ P�❛✞✁✏✑ ❛✝✞▼❛✑❛�❛✏✑☎�❛

✂✎✁�✒�❛✢✆✝✒ ✆✏ ✂✝✁ ✂✟ ☎✑✁✠❛✆✝ �✁❛✏✂✝✏ ✟✂� ✡❛✝✞

✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝☛ ❤✝ ☎✑✁ ✏☎❛☎✁✏ ✂✟ P✌✝✇❛✄✓ ☞❛�♥❛✝❛✓

♦✁✏☎✁�✝ ✳☎☎❛� P�❛✞✁✏✑✓ ✂✎✁� ✆��✆✒❛☎✆✂✝ ✆✏

�✁✏❜✂✝✏✆✄✡✁ ✟✂� ✡❛✝✞ ✞✁✒�❛✞❛☎✆✂✝ ✞✌✁ ☎✂ ♦❛☎✁�

✡✂✒✒✆✝✒ ✡✁❛✞✆✝✒ ☎✂ ✆✝✍�✁❛✏✁ ✆✝ ✏❛✡✆✝✆☎♥ ❛✝✞ ❋✬✭✮ ✯✮✴✵ ✶✷✸✹ ✺✻✷✼✸✹✽

✾✿❀❁❂❃❄ ❅❇❉●❍❇■❇❏

■❂r❑❁ ❁❉▲❏ ❉▲❏

❁❃❄● r❄❉s

✾✿❀❁●■❉●✿◆

❅❇❉●❍❇■❇❏ ◗❉■❇▲●

■❂r❑ ◆❉●❇■❃❉❄

❯▲❅❇❉●❍❇■❇❏

◗❉■❇▲● ❀❇❏ ■❂r❑

❚❂◗ ❁❂❃❄

●❍❇ ✿◗◗❇■ ❁❂❃❄ ❄❉s❇■


t�✁ ✁✂✄t�☎ ✆�✁ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✂ ✠✟✡✟☛☞ ✝✌✝t✁✍☎ ✎t t✂✏✁✝

✍✟✠✠✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✌✁✂✄✝ t✞ ♠✞✄✍ ✝✞✟✠ ✑✒t✞ ✂ ♠✁✓ ✔✍ ✟☛

❞✁✒t�☎ ✕✁✠✟✁♠✖ ✒✂✄✁☛t ✄✞✔✏ ✞✄ ✗✁❞ ✄✞✔✏✖ ✔✠✟✍✂t✁✖

✡✁☞✁t✂t✟✞☛ ✂☛❞ ✞t�✁✄ ♠✞✄✍✝ ✞♠ ✠✟♠✁ ✂☛❞ t✟✍✁ ✂✄✁

✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ✟☛ t�✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠☎

❱✂✄✟✞✑✝ ♠✞✄✔✁✝ ✞♠ ☛✂t✑✄✁ ✝✑✔� ✂✝ ✔�✂☛☞✁ ✟☛

t✁✍✒✁✄✂t✑✄✁✖ ✂✔t✟✞☛✝✞♠ ✄✑☛☛✟☛☞✓✂t✁✄✖✓✟☛❞ ✂☛❞

☞✠✂✔✟✁✄✝✖ ✂✔t✟✡✟t✟✁✝ ✞♠ ❞✁✔✞✍✒✞✝✁✄✝✁t✔☎ ✔✞☛t✄✟✗✑t✁

t✞ t�✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✘�✁✍✟✔✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✞✄☞✂☛✟✔

✔�✂☛☞✁✝✓�✟✔� t✂✏✁ ✒✠✂✔✁ ✟☛ t�✁ ✝✞✟✠ ✂✄✁ ✁❝✑✂✠✠✌

✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t☎ ✐✞✟✠ ✂✠✝✞ ✔✞☛✝✟✝t✝ ✞♠ ✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✙�✑✍✑✝✚

✂☛❞ ✟☛✞✄☞✂☛✟✔ ✍✂t✁✄✟✂✠✝ ✙❋✟☞☎ ✛☎✜✚☎

❖☛ t�✁ ✗✂✝✟✝ ✞♠ t�✁ ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ✄✁✝✒✞☛✝✟✗✠✁ ♠✞✄

✝✞✟✠ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛✖ ✔✞✠✞✑✄✖ t�✟✔✏☛✁✝✝✖ t✁✱t✑✄✁✖ ✂☞✁✖

✔�✁✍✟✔✂✠ ✂☛❞ ✒�✌✝✟✔✂✠ ✒✄✞✒✁✄t✟✁✝✖ t�✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✞♠

✎☛❞✟✂ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✔✠✂✝✝✟♠✟✁❞ ✟☛ ❞✟♠♠✁✄✁☛t t✌✒✁✝☎

❈✢✣✤✤✥✦✥✧✣★✥✩✪ ✩✦ ✫✩✥✢✤

✎☛❞✟✂ �✂✝ ✡✂✄✟✁❞ ✄✁✠✟✁♠ ♠✁✂t✑✄✁✝✖ ✠✂☛❞♠✞✄✍✝✖

✔✠✟✍✂t✟✔ ✄✁✂✠✍✝ ✂☛❞ ✡✁☞✁t✂t✟✞☛ t✌✒✁✝☎ ✆�✁✝✁

�✂✡✁ ✔✞☛t✄✟✗✑t✁❞ ✟☛ t�✁ ❞✁✡✁✠✞✒✍✁☛t ✞♠ ✡✂✄✟✞✑✝

t✌✒✁✝ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠✝☎

❆✬✬✭✮✯✰✬ ✲✳✯✬✴

✆�✟✝ ✟✝ t�✁ ✍✞✝t ✓✟❞✁✠✌ ✝✒✄✁✂❞ ✂☛❞ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t

✝✞✟✠☎ ✎☛ ♠✂✔t✖ t�✁ ✁☛t✟✄✁ ☛✞✄t�✁✄☛ ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✂❞✁

✞♠ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠☎ ✆�✁✝✁ �✂✡✁ ✗✁✁☛ ❞✁✒✞✝✟t✁❞ ✗✌

t�✄✁✁ ✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ✵✟✍✂✠✂✌✂☛ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✝✌✝t✁✍✝➊ t�✁

✎☛❞✑✝✖ t�✁ ■✂☛☞✂ ✂☛❞ t�✁ ✶✄✂�✍✂✒✑t✄✂☎ ✆�✁✝✁

✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✁✱t✁☛❞ ✟☛ ✕✂s✂✝t�✂☛ ✂☛❞ ■✑s✂✄✂t

t�✄✞✑☞� ✂ ☛✂✄✄✞✓ ✔✞✄✄✟❞✞✄☎ ✷✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✂✠✝✞

♠✞✑☛❞ ✟☛ t�✁ ✁✂✝t✁✄☛ ✔✞✂✝t✂✠ ✒✠✂✟☛✝ ✒✂✄t✟✔✑✠✂✄✠✌

✟☛ t�✁ ❞✁✠t✂✝ ✞♠ t�✁ ✸✂�✂☛✂❞✟✖ t�✁ ■✞❞✂✡✂✄✟✖

t�✁ ✹✄✟✝�☛✂ ✂☛❞ t�✁ ✹✂✡✁✄✟ ✄✟✡✁✄✝☎

✄✁✂✔�✁✝ ✞♠ t�✁ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✡✂✠✠✁✌ ✟☎✁☎ ☛✁✂✄ t�✁ ✒✠✂✔✁ ✞♠

t�✁ ✗✄✁✂✏ ✞♠ ✝✠✞✒✁✖ t�✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✔✞✂✄✝✁☎ ✐✑✔�

✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✞✄✁ ✔✞✍✍✞☛ ✟☛ ✒✟✁❞✍✞☛t ✒✠✂✟☛✝

✝✑✔� ✂✝ ❉✺✣✻✤✼ ❈✽✩✤ ✂☛❞ ❚✾✻✣✥☎

✷✒✂✄t ♠✄✞✍ t�✁ ✝✟✿✁ ✞♠ t�✁✟✄ ☞✄✂✟☛✝ ✞✄

✔✞✍✒✞☛✁☛t✝✖ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✂✠✝✞ ❞✁✝✔✄✟✗✁❞ ✞☛ t�✁

✗✂✝✟✝ ✞♠ t�✁✟✄ ✂☞✁☎ ✷✔✔✞✄❞✟☛☞ t✞ t�✁✟✄ ✂☞✁ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠

✝✞✟✠✝ ✔✂☛ ✗✁ ✔✠✂✝✝✟♠✟✁❞ ✂✝ ✞✠❞ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✙❇✣✪❀✣✻✚

✂☛❞☛✁✓ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✙❑✽✣❁✣✻✚☎ ✆�✁ ❜✣✪❀✣✻ ✝✞✟✠ �✂✝

�✟☞�✁✄ ✔✞☛✔✁☛t✄✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ❦❂❃❦❄❅ ☛✞❞✑✠✁✝ t�✂☛

t�✁ ❑✽✣❁✣✻❊ ✎t �✂✝ ✍✞✄✁ ♠✟☛✁ ✒✂✄t✟✔✠✁✝ ✂☛❞ ✟✝

✍✞✄✁ ♠✁✄t✟✠✁ t�✂☛ t�✁ ❜✣✪❀✣✻☎

✷✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✝ ✂ ✓�✞✠✁ ✂✄✁ ✡✁✄✌ ♠✁✄t✟✠✁☎

✸✞✝t✠✌ t�✁✝✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✔✞☛t✂✟☛ ✂❞✁❝✑✂t✁ ✒✄✞✒✞✄t✟✞☛

✞♠ ✒✞t✂✝�✖ ✒�✞✝✒�✞✄✟✔ ✂✔✟❞ ✂☛❞ ✠✟✍✁ ✓�✟✔� ✂✄✁

✟❞✁✂✠ ♠✞✄ t�✁ ☞✄✞✓t� ✞♠ ✝✑☞✂✄✔✂☛✁✖ ✒✂❞❞✌✖ ✓�✁✂t

✂☛❞ ✞t�✁✄ ✔✁✄✁✂✠ ✂☛❞✒✑✠✝✁ ✔✄✞✒✝☎❛✑✁ t✞ ✟t✝ �✟☞�

♠✁✄t✟✠✟t✌✖ ✄✁☞✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✟☛t✁☛✝✟✡✁✠✌

✔✑✠t✟✡✂t✁❞ ✂☛❞ ❞✁☛✝✁✠✌ ✒✞✒✑✠✂t✁❞☎ ✐✞✟✠✝ ✟☛ t�✁

❞✄✟✁✄ ✂✄✁✂✝ ✂✄✁ ✍✞✄✁ ✂✠✏✂✠✟☛✁ ✂☛❞ ✔✂☛ ✗✁

✒✄✞❞✑✔t✟✡✁ ✂♠t✁✄✒✄✞✒✁✄ t✄✁✂t✍✁☛t ✂☛❞✟✄✄✟☞✂t✟✞☛☎

●✬✰❍❏ ✲✳✯✬

✆�✁✝✁ ✝✞✟✠✝ ✂✄✁ ✗✠✂✔✏ ✟☛ ✔✞✠✞✑✄ ✂☛❞ ✂✄✁ ✂✠✝✞

✏☛✞✓☛ ✂✝ ❅❄r▲❅ ✝✞✟✠✝☎ ✶✠✂✔✏ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ ✟❞✁✂✠ ♠✞✄

☞✄✞✓✟☛☞ ✔✞tt✞☛ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✂✠✝✞ ✏☛✞✓☛ ✂✝ ▼◆❂P❦

P◗❘❘◗❃ ❙◗❯◆☎ ✎t ✟✝ ✗✁✠✟✁✡✁❞ t�✂t ✔✠✟✍✂t✟✔ ✔✞☛❞✟t✟✞☛

✂✠✞☛☞ ✓✟t� t�✁ ✒✂✄✁☛t ✄✞✔✏ ✍✂t✁✄✟✂✠ ✂✄✁ t�✁

✟✍✒✞✄t✂☛t ♠✂✔t✞✄✝ ♠✞✄ t�✁ ♠✞✄✍✂t✟✞☛ ✞♠ ✗✠✂✔✏ ✝✞✟✠☎

✆�✟✝ t✌✒✁ ✞♠ ✝✞✟✠ ✟✝ t✌✒✟✔✂✠ ✞♠ t�✁ ❛✁✔✔✂☛ t✄✂✒

✙❲❂❙❂◆❘✚ ✄✁☞✟✞☛ ✝✒✄✁✂❞ ✞✡✁✄ ☛✞✄t�✓✁✝t ❛✁✔✔✂☛

✒✠✂t✁✂✑ ✂☛❞ ✟✝ ✍✂❞✁ ✑✒ ✞♠ ✠✂✡✂ ♠✠✞✓✝☎ ✆�✁✌

✔✞✡✁✄ t�✁ ✒✠✂t✁✂✑✝ ✞♠ ✸✂�✂✄✂✝�t✄✂✖✐✂✑✄✂✝�t✄✂✖

✆�✁ ✂✠✠✑✡✟✂✠ ✝✞✟✠ ✔✞☛✝✟✝t✝ ✞♠ ✡✂✄✟✞✑✝

✒✄✞✒✞✄t✟✞☛✝ ✞♠ ✝✂☛❞✖ ✝✟✠t ✂☛❞ ✔✠✂✌☎ ✷✝ ✓✁ ✍✞✡✁

✟☛✠✂☛❞✝ t✞✓✂✄❞✝ t�✁ ✄✟✡✁✄ ✡✂✠✠✁✌✝✖ ✝✞✟✠ ✒✂✄t✟✔✠✁✝

✂✒✒✁✂✄ ✝✞✍✁ ✓�✂t ✗✟☞☞✁✄ ✟☛ ✝✟✿✁☎ ✎☛ t�✁ ✑✒✒✁✄

❳❨❩❬ ❭❬❪❫ ❴❵❵❡❢❣❤❵ ❥❧❣❵

❳❨❩❬ ❭❬♥❫ ♦❵❤♣q ❥❧❣❵


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✡☛ ☞✌✍✎✏


▼�✁✂�✄▼�☎✆✝� ✞✟�☎✠✡✆ �☛☎☞✆✆�✌✌✍✡✎�✟✆ �☛☎

✠❡✌✠☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✑✌✆ ✠�✡✌ ☎✍✟✠✒✌✍✏☛ �✁✏☛✎ ✌✆✠

●✏☎�✓�✟✍ �☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✔✟✍✡✆☛� ✓�✁✁✠✝✡✕

❚✆✠ ✖✁�✒✗ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✘�☎✠ ✑✙ ✏✚ ✠❡✌✟✠✘✠✁✝

✚✍☛✠ ✍✕✠✕ ✒✁�✝✠✝ ✘�✌✠✟✍�✁✕ ❚✆✠✝ �✟✠ ✂✠✁✁❢✗☛✏✂☛

✚✏✟ ✌✆✠✍✟ ✒�✙�✒✍✌✝ ✌✏ ✆✏✁☎ ✘✏✍✡✌✑✟✠✕ ✛☛ �☎☎✍✌✍✏☛✄

✌✆✠✝ �✟✠ ✟✍✒✆ ✍☛ ✡✏✍✁ ☛✑✌✟✍✠☛✌✡✄ ✡✑✒✆ �✡ ✒�✁✒✍✑✘

✒�✟✖✏☛�✌✠✄✘�✎☛✠✡✍✑✘✄✙✏✌�✡✆ �☛☎ ✁✍✘✠✕ ❚✆✠✡✠

✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✎✠☛✠✟�✁✁✝ ✙✏✏✟ ✍☛ ✙✆✏✡✙✆✏✟✍✒ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌✡✕

❚✆✠✝ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙ ☎✠✠✙ ✒✟�✒✗✡ ☎✑✟✍☛✎ ✆✏✌ ✂✠�✌✆✠✟✄

✂✆✍✒✆ ✆✠✁✙✡ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✙✟✏✙✠✟ �✠✟�✌✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁✕

❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✡✌✍✒✗✝ ✂✆✠☛ ✂✠✌ �☛☎ ☎✍✚✚✍✒✑✁✌ ✌✏

✂✏✟✗ ✏☛ ✑☛✁✠✡✡ ✌✍✁✁✠☎ ✍✘✘✠☎✍�✌✠✁✝ �✚✌✠✟ ✌✆✠ ✚✍✟✡✌

✡✆✏✂✠✟ ✏✟ ☎✑✟✍☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✙✟✠❢✘✏☛✡✏✏☛ ✙✠✟✍✏☎✕

❘✜✢ ✣✤✢ ✥✜✦✦✧★ ✩✧✪✦✫

✬✠☎ ✡✏✍✁ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙✡ ✏☛ ✒✟✝✡✌�✁✁✍☛✠ ✍✎☛✠✏✑✡ ✟✏✒✗✡

✍☛ �✟✠�✡ ✏✚ ✁✏✂ ✟�✍☛✚�✁✁ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✠�✡✌✠✟☛ �☛☎

✡✏✑✌✆✠✟☛ ✙�✟✌✡ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ♥✠✒✒�☛ ✙✁�✌✠�✑✕ ✭✠✁✁✁✏✂

�☛☎ ✟✠☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ �✁✡✏ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✙�✟✌✡ ✏✚ ❛✟✍✡✡�✄

☞✆✆�✌✌✍✡✎�✟✆✄ ✡✏✑✌✆✠✟☛ ✙�✟✌✡ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✘✍☎☎✁✠

●�☛✎� ✙✁�✍☛ �☛☎ �✁✏☛✎ ✌✆✠ ✙✍✠☎✘✏☛✌ ✮✏☛✠ ✏✚

✌✆✠ t✠✡✌✠✟☛ ●✆�✌✡✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ☎✠✓✠✁✏✙ �

✟✠☎☎✍✡✆ ✒✏✁✏✑✟ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ☎✍✚✚✑✡✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✍✟✏☛ ✍☛

✒✟✝✡✌�✁✁✍☛✠ �☛☎ ✘✠✌�✘✏✟✙✆✍✒ ✟✏✒✗✡✕ ✛✌ ✁✏✏✗✡

✝✠✁✁✏✂ ✂✆✠☛ ✍✌ ✏✒✒✑✟✡ ✍☛ � ✆✝☎✟�✌✠☎ ✚✏✟✘✕

▲✣✯✜✰✪✯✜ ✩✧✪✦

✱�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✆�✡ ✖✠✠☛ ☎✠✟✍✓✠☎ ✚✟✏✘ ✌✆✠ ✱�✌✍☛ ✂✏✟☎

➅✁�✌✠✟✲ ✂✆✍✒✆ ✘✠�☛✡ ✖✟✍✒✗✕ ❚✆✠ ✁�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁

☎✠✓✠✁✏✙✡ ✍☛ �✟✠�✡ ✂✍✌✆ ✆✍✎✆ ✌✠✘✙✠✟�✌✑✟✠ �☛☎

✆✠�✓✝ ✟�✍☛✚�✁✁✕ ❚✆✍✡ ✍✡ ✌✆✠ ✟✠✡✑✁✌ ✏✚ ✍☛✌✠☛✡✠

✁✠�✒✆✍☛✎ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ✆✠�✓✝ ✟�✍☛✕ ❧✑✘✑✡ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ✏✚

✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ ✍✡ ✁✏✂ ✖✠✒�✑✡✠ ✘✏✡✌ ✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✘✍✒✟✏

✏✟✎�☛✍✡✘✡✄ ✙�✟✌✍✒✑✁�✟✁✝ ✌✆✠ ☎✠✒✏✘✙✏✡✠✟✡✄ ✁✍✗✠

✖�✒✌✠✟✍�✄ ✎✠✌ ☎✠✡✌✟✏✝✠☎ ☎✑✠ ✌✏ ✆✍✎✆

✌✠✘✙✠✟�✌✑✟✠✕ ✱�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✡✑✍✌�✖✁✠ ✚✏✟

✒✑✁✌✍✓�✌✍✏☛ ✂✍✌✆ �☎✠❝✑�✌✠ ☎✏✡✠✡ ✏✚ ✘�☛✑✟✠✡

�☛☎ ✚✠✟✌✍✁✍✮✠✟✡✕ ❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ �✟✠ ✘�✍☛✁✝ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛

✔�✟☛�✌�✗�✄ ✔✠✟�✁�✄ ❚�✘✍✁ ❑�☎✑✄ ▼�☎✆✝�

✞✟�☎✠✡✆✄ �☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ �✟✠�✡ ✏✚ ❛✟✍✡✡� �☛☎

❆✡✡�✘✕ ❆✚✌✠✟ �☎✏✙✌✍☛✎ �✙✙✟✏✙✟✍�✌✠ ✡✏✍✁

✒✏☛✡✠✟✓�✌✍✏☛ ✌✠✒✆☛✍❝✑✠✡✙�✟✌✍✒✑✁�✟✁✝ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝

�✟✠�✡ ✏✚ ✔�✟☛�✌�✗�✄ ✔✠✟�✁� �☛☎ ❚�✘✍✁ ❑�☎✑✄

✌✆✍✡ ✡✏✍✁ ✍✡ ✓✠✟✝ ✑✡✠✚✑✁ ✚✏✟ ✎✟✏✂✍☛✎ ✌✠� �☛☎

✒✏✚✚✠✠✕ ✬✠☎ ✁�✌✠✟✍✌✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✍☛ ❚�✘✍✁ ❑�☎✑✄ ❆☛☎✆✟�

✞✟�☎✠✡✆ �☛☎ ✔✠✟�✁� �✟✠✘✏✟✠ ✡✑✍✌�✖✁✠ ✚✏✟ ✒✟✏✙✡

✁✍✗✠ ✒�✡✆✠✂ ☛✑✌✕

✳✰✪✢ ✩✧✪✦✫

❆✟✍☎ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✟�☛✎✠ ✚✟✏✘✟✠☎ ✌✏✖✟✏✂☛✍☛✒✏✁✏✑✟✕ ❚✆✠✝

�✟✠ ✎✠☛✠✟�✁✁✝ ✡�☛☎✝ ✍☛ ✌✠❡✌✑✟✠ �☛☎ ✡�✁✍☛✠ ✍☛

☛�✌✑✟✠✕ ✛☛ ✡✏✘✠ �✟✠�✡ ✌✆✠ ✡�✁✌ ✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ✍✡ ✓✠✟✝

✆✍✎✆�☛☎ ✒✏✘✘✏☛✡�✁✌ ✍✡ ✏✖✌�✍☛✠☎ ✖✝ ✠✓�✙✏✟�✌✍☛✎

✌✆✠ ✂�✌✠✟✕ ♥✑✠ ✌✏ ✌✆✠ ☎✟✝ ✒✁✍✘�✌✠✄ ✆✍✎✆

✌✠✘✙✠✟�✌✑✟✠✄ ✠✓�✙✏✟�✌✍✏☛ ✍✡ ✚�✡✌✠✟ �☛☎ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁

✁�✒✗✡ ✆✑✘✑✡ �☛☎✘✏✍✡✌✑✟✠✕ ❚✆✠ ✁✏✂✠✟ ✆✏✟✍✮✏☛✡

✏✚ ✌✆✠ ✡✏✍✁ �✟✠ ✏✒✒✑✙✍✠☎ ✖✝ ✴✵✶✷✵✸ ✖✠✒�✑✡✠ ✏✚

✌✆✠ ✍☛✒✟✠�✡✍☛✎ ✒�✁✒✍✑✘✒✏☛✌✠☛✌ ☎✏✂☛✂�✟☎✡✕ ❚✆✠

✴✵✶✷✵✸ ✁�✝✠✟ ✚✏✟✘�✌✍✏☛✡ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✖✏✌✌✏✘✆✏✟✍✮✏☛✡

✟✠✡✌✟✍✒✌ ✌✆✠ ✍☛✚✍✁✌✟�✌✍✏☛ ✏✚ ✂�✌✠✟✕ ❆✚✌✠✟ ✙✟✏✙✠✟

✍✟✟✍✎�✌✍✏☛ ✌✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✖✠✒✏✘✠ ✒✑✁✌✍✓�✖✁✠ �✡ ✆�✡

✖✠✠☛ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✒�✡✠ ✏✚ ✂✠✡✌✠✟☛ ✬�❜�✡✌✆�☛✕

❋✹✺✻ ✼✻✽✾ ✿❀❁❂❃❄❁❂ ❅❇❄❈

❋✹✺✻ ✼✻✼❉✾ ❊❃❄❍ ❅❇❄❈

■✧✰✜✫✯ ✩✧✪✦✫

❚✆✠✡✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✵✟✠ ✚✏✑☛☎ ✍☛ ✌✆✠ ✆✍✁✁✝ �☛☎

✘✏✑☛✌�✍☛✏✑✡ �✟✠�✡ ✂✆✠✟✠ ✡✑✚✚✍✒✍✠☛✌ ✟�✍☛

✚✏✟✠✡✌✡ �✟✠ �✓�✍✁�✖✁✠✕ ❚✆✠ ✡✏✍✁✡ ✌✠❡✌✑✟✠ ✓�✟✍✠✡


❛��✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✁ ✞✟✠✡✁☛✆✞❛☎✆ ✠✆☞☎✂✁✆✡✠✆✞ ✌✟✠✂✠

✞✟✠t ❛✂✠ ✍✁✂✡✠✄✎ ✏✟✠t ❛✂✠ ✑✁❛✡t ❛✆✄ ✒☎✑✞t ☎✆

☞❛✑✑✠t ✒☎✄✠✒ ❛✆✄ �✁❛✂✒✠ ✝✂❛☎✆✠✄ ☎✆ ✞✟✠ ☛✈✈✠✂

✒✑✁✈✠✒✎ s✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✆✁✌ �✁☞✠✂✠✄ ❛✂✠❛✒ ✁✍

❍☎✡❛✑❛t❛✒✓ ✞✟✠✒✠ ✒✁☎✑✒ ✠✔✈✠✂☎✠✆�✠ ✄✠✆☛✄❛✞☎✁✆

❛✆✄ ❛✂✠ ❛�☎✄☎� ✌☎✞✟ ✑✁✌ ✟☛✡☛✒ �✁✆✞✠✆✞✎ ✏✟✠

✒✁☎✑✒ ✍✁☛✆✄ ☎✆ ✞✟✠ ✑✁✌✠✂ ✈❛✂✞✒ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ☞❛✑✑✠t✒

✈❛✂✞☎�☛✑❛✂✑t ✁✆ ✞✟✠ ✂☎☞✠✂ ✞✠✂✂❛�✠✒ ❛✆✄ ❛✑✑☛☞☎❛✑

✍❛✆✒ ❛✂✠ ✍✠✂✞☎✑✠✎

❙✕✖✗ ✘✙✕✚✖✕✛ ✜✛✢ ❙✕✖✗ ✣✕✛✚✤✙✥✜✦✖✕✛

✏✟✠ ✄✠✆☛✄❛✞☎✁✆ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ✒✁☎✑ �✁☞✠✂ ❛✆✄

✒☛✧✒✠★☛✠✆✞ ✌❛✒✟☎✆✝ ✄✁✌✆ ☎✒ ✄✠✒�✂☎✧✠✄ ❛✒ ✒✁☎✑

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✏✟✠ ✈✂✁�✠✒✒✠✒ ✁✍ ✒✁☎✑ ✍✁✂✡❛✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✓ ✝✁ ✁✆ ✒☎✡☛✑✞❛✆✠✁☛✒✑t ❛✆✄ ✝✠✆✠✂❛✑✑t

✞✟✠✂✠ ☎✒ ❛ ✧❛✑❛✆�✠ ✧✠✞✌✠✠✆ ✞✟✠ ✞✌✁✎ ✩✁✡✠✞☎✡✠✒✓

✞✟☎✒ ✧❛✑❛✆�✠ ☎✒ ✄☎✒✞☛✂✧✠✄ ✄☛✠ ✞✁ ✟☛✡❛✆

❛�✞☎☞☎✞☎✠✒ ✑☎✪✠ ✄✠✍✁✂✠✒✞❛✞☎✁✆✓ ✁☞✠✂✲✝✂❛✫☎✆✝✓

�✁✆✒✞✂☛�✞☎✁✆ ❛✆✄ ✡☎✆☎✆✝ ✠✞�✎✓ ✌✟☎✑✠ ✆❛✞☛✂❛✑

✍✁✂�✠✒ ✑☎✪✠ ✌☎✆✄✓ ✝✑❛�☎✠✂ ❛✆✄ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✑✠❛✄ ✞✁ ✒✁☎✑

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✏✟✠ ✂☛✆✆☎✆✝ ✌❛✞✠✂ �☛✞✒ ✞✟✂✁☛✝✟ ✞✟✠

�✑❛t✠t ✒✁☎✑✒ ❛✆✄ ✡❛✪✠✒ ✄✠✠✈ �✟❛✆✆✠✑✒ ❛✒

❣✬✗✗✖✤✚✎ ✏✟✠ ✑❛✆✄ ✧✠�✁✡✠✒ ☛✆✍☎✞ ✍✁✂ �☛✑✞☎☞❛✞☎✁✆

❛✆✄ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ❜✜✢ ✗✜✛✢✎ s✆ ✞✟✠ ✳✟❛✡✧❛✑

✧❛✒☎✆ ✒☛�✟ ✑❛✆✄✒ ❛✂✠ �❛✑✑✠✄ ✂❛☞☎✆✠✒✎ ✩✁✡✠✞☎✡✠✒

❋✭✮✯ ✰✯✰✰✱ ✴✵✶✷ ✸✹✵✺✶✵✻

❋✭✮✯ ✰✯✰✼✱ ✽✾✷✷✿ ✸✹✵✺✶✵✻

✌❛✞✠✂ ✍✑✁✌✒ ❛✒ ❛ ✒✟✠✠✞ ✁☞✠✂ ✑❛✂✝✠ ❛✂✠❛✒ ✄✁✌✆ ❛

✒✑✁✈✠✎ s✆ ✒☛�✟ �❛✒✠✒ ✞✟✠ ✞✁✈✒✁☎✑ ☎✒✌❛✒✟✠✄ ❛✌❛t✎

✏✟☎✒ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✚❀✤✤✦ ✤✙✕✚✖✕✛✎ ❁☎✆✄ ✧✑✁✌✒

✑✁✁✒✠ ✒✁☎✑ ✁✍✍ ✍✑❛✞ ✁✂ ✒✑✁✈☎✆✝ ✑❛✆✄ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✌☎✆✄

✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ✩✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆ ☎✒ ❛✑✒✁ �❛☛✒✠✄ ✄☛✠ ✞✁

✄✠✍✠�✞☎☞✠ ✡✠✞✟✁✄✒ ✁✍ ✍❛✂✡☎✆✝✎ ❞✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝ ☎✆ ❛

✌✂✁✆✝ ✌❛t ☎✎✠✎ ☛✈ ❛✆✄ ✄✁✌✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠ ✍✁✂✡

�✟❛✆✆✠✑✒ ✍✁✂ ✞✟✠ ★☛☎�✪ ✍✑✁✌ ✁✍ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✑✠❛✄☎✆✝ ✞✁

✒✁☎✑ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎

❞✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝ ❛✑✁✆✝ ✞✟✠ �✁✆✞✁☛✂ ✑☎✆✠✒ �❛✆

✄✠�✠✑✠✂❛✞✠ ✞✟✠ ✍✑✁✌ ✁✍ ✌❛✞✠✂ ✄✁✌✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠✒✎

✏✟☎✒ ☎✒ �❛✑✑✠✄ �✁✆✞✁☛✂ ✈✑✁☛✝✟☎✆✝✎ ✩✞✠✈✒ �❛✆ ✧✠

�☛✞ ✁☛✞ ✁✆ ✞✟✠ ✒✑✁✈✠✒ ✡❛✪☎✆✝ ✞✠✂✂❛�✠✒✎ ✏✠✂✂❛�✠

�☛✑✞☎☞❛✞☎✁✆ ✂✠✒✞✂☎�✞✒ ✠✂✁✒☎✁✆✎ ❁✠✒✞✠✂✆ ❛✆✄

�✠✆✞✂❛✑ ❍☎✡❛✑❛t❛✒ ✟❛☞✠ ✌✠✑✑ ✄✠☞✠✑✁✈✠✄ ✞✠✂✂❛�✠

✍❛✂✡☎✆✝✎ ❢❛✂✝✠ ✍☎✠✑✄✒ �❛✆ ✧✠ ✄☎☞☎✄✠✄ ☎✆✞✁ ✒✞✂☎✈✒✎

✩✞✂☎✈✒ ✁✍ ✝✂❛✒✒ ❛✂✠ ✑✠✍✞ ✞✁ ✝✂✁✌ ✧✠✞✌✠✠✆ ✞✟✠

�✂✁✈✒✎ ✏✟☎✒ ✧✂✠❛✪✒ ☛✈ ✞✟✠ ✍✁✂�✠ ✁✍ ✞✟✠ ✌☎✆✄✎

✏✟☎✒ ✡✠✞✟✁✄ ☎✒ ✪✆✁✌✆ ❛✒ ✒✞✂☎✈ �✂✁✈✈☎✆✝✎

❞✑❛✆✞☎✆✝ ✑☎✆✠✒ ✁✍ ✞✂✠✠✒ ✞✁ �✂✠❛✞✠ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ❛✑✒✁

✌✁✂✪✒ ☎✆ ❛ ✒☎✡☎✑❛✂ ✌❛t✎ ✇✁✌✒ ✁✍ ✒☛�✟ ✞✂✠✠✒ ❛✂✠

�❛✑✑✠✄ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ✧✠✑✞✒✎ ✏✟✠✒✠ ✒✟✠✑✞✠✂ ✧✠✑✞✒ ✟❛☞✠

�✁✆✞✂☎✧☛✞✠✄ ✒☎✝✆☎✍☎�❛✆✞✑t ✞✁ ✞✟✠ ✒✞❛✧☎✑☎✒❛✞☎✁✆ ✁✍

✒❛✆✄ ✄☛✆✠✒ ❛✆✄ ☎✆ ✒✞❛✧☎✑☎✒☎✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✄✠✒✠✂✞ ☎✆

✌✠✒✞✠✂✆ s✆✄☎❛✎

State of India�s Environment

� The village of Sukhomajri and the district of Jhabua have shown that it is possibleto reverse land degradation. Tree density in Sukhomajri increased from 13 perhectare in 1976 to 1,272 per hectare in 1992;

� Regeneration of the environment leads to economic well-being, as a resultof greater resource availability, improved agriculture and animal care, and


consequently, increased incomes. Average annual household income inSukhomajri ranged from Rs 10,000-15,000 between 1979 and 1984;

� People�s management is essential for ecological restoration. With peoplebeing made the decision-makers by the Madhya Pradesh government, 2.9million hectares or about 1 per cent of India�s land area, are being greenedacross the state through watershed management.

❙�✁✂✄☎✆ ✥✝✞ ✟✠✡✠☛✞☞✌✍ ❋✠✐✡✝ ✎✞❡✏✑✡✒✓✔✔✔ ✕✞☞✡✑✞ ✏✐ ✖✟✠✞☞✟✞ ✗☞✘ ✙☞✚✠✑✏☞✛✞☞✡ ✜✕✖✙✢✒ ✣✞✤ ✦✞✧✝✠


✶★ ▼✩✪✫✬✭✪✮ ✯✰✱✬✯✮ ✲✩✮✳✫✬✱✴✳✵

✷✸✹ ❲✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✫✽✭✮ ✱✺ ✾✮✳✱✩✾✯✮ ✬✳ ✬✾✱✴ ✱✾✮✿

✷❀✹ ❘✮✴✮✻❁❂✪✮ ✷❃✹ ❄✪✱✻

✷❅✹ ❇✬✱✫✬✯ ✷❆✹ ◆✱✴❈✾✮✴✮✻❁❂✪✮

✷✸✸✹ ❯✴❉✮✾ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✫✽✭✮ ✱✺ ✾✮✳✱✩✾✯✮ ✯❁✴ ✫✬❉❁✪ ✮✴✮✾✼✽ ❂✮ ✭✩✫✿

✷❀✹ ❘✮✭✪✮✴✬✳✰❁❂✪✮ ✷❃✹ ❊❂✬✱✫✬✯

✷❅✹ ❍✩●❁✴❈●❁❉✮ ✷❆✹ ◆✱✴❈✾✮✯✽✯✪❁❂✪✮

✷✸✸✸✹ ❲✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✬✳ ✫✰✮ ●❁✬✴ ✯❁✩✳✮ ✱✺ ✪❁✴❉ ❉✮✼✾❁❉❁✫✬✱✴ ✬✴ ■✩✴❏❁❂✿

✷❀✹ ❑✴✫✮✴✳✬▲✮ ✯✩✪✫✬▲❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❃✹ ❖▲✮✾ ✬✾✾✬✼❁✫✬✱✴

✷❅✹ P✮✺✱✾✮✳✫❁✫✬✱✴ ✷❆✹ ❖▲✮✾✼✾❁◗✬✴✼

✷✸❚✹ ❑✴ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✴✮ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✳✫❁✫✮✳ ✬✳ ✫✮✾✾❁✯✮ ✯✩✪✫✬▲❁✫✬✱✴ ✭✾❁✯✫✬✳✮❉✿

✷❀✹ ■✩✴❏❁❂ ✷❃✹ ❍❁✾✽❁✴❁

✷❅✹ ■✪❁✬✴✳ ✱✺ ❯✫✫❁✾ ■✾❁❉✮✳✰ ✷❆✹ ❯✫✫❁✾❁✴✯✰❁✪

✷❚✹ ❑✴ ✻✰✬✯✰ ✱✺ ✫✰✮ ✺✱✪✪✱✻✬✴✼ ✳✫❁✫✮✳ ✬✳ ❂✪❁✯❱ ✳✱✬✪ ✺✱✩✴❉✿

✷❀✹ ❳❁●●✩ ❁✴❉ ❨❁✳✰●✬✾ ✷❃✹ ❘❁❏❁✳✫✰❁✴

✷❅✹ ❩✩❏❁✾❁✫ ✷❆✹ ❳✰❁✾❱✰❁✴❉


✷� ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✑✒ ✄✠✆✓✂✔

✭✕✖ ◆✎✗☎ ✝✞✆☎☎ ✂✝✎✝☎✂ ✞✎✘☛✁☞ ✏✡✎✙✚ ✂✠☛✡ ✎✁✓ ✝✞☎ ✙✆✠✛ ✄✞☛✙✞ ☛✂ ✗✎☛✁✡✜ ☞✆✠✄✁ ☛✁ ☛✝✔

✭✕✕✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✂✠☛✡ ☛✂ ✟✠✍✁✓ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✆☛✘☎✆ ✓☎✡✝✎✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ☎✎✂✝☎✆✁ ✙✠✎✂✝✢ ✣☛✘☎ ✝✞✆☎☎

✗✎☛✁ ✟☎✎✝✍✆☎✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☛✂ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✂✠☛✡✔

✭✕✕✕✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✂✝☎✛✂ ✙✎✁ ✏☎ ✝✎✚☎✁ ✝✠ ✙✠✁✝✆✠✡ ✂✠☛✡ ☎✆✠✂☛✠✁ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✞☛✡✡✜ ✎✆☎✎✂✢

✭✕✤✖ ❲✞✎✝ ✎✆☎ ✝✞☎ ✏☛✠✝☛✙ ✎✁✓ ✎✏☛✠✝☛✙ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂✢ ✣☛✘☎ ✂✠✗☎ ☎✥✎✗✛✡☎✂✔

✑✔ ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✦✧✒ ✄✠✆✓✂✔

✭✕✖ ❊✥✛✡✎☛✁ ✡✎✁✓ ✍✂☎ ✛✎✝✝☎✆✁ ☛✁ ★✁✓☛✎ ✎✁✓ ✄✞✜ ✞✎✂ ✝✞☎ ✡✎✁✓ ✍✁✓☎✆ ✟✠✆☎✂✝ ✁✠✝

☛✁✙✆☎✎✂☎✓ ✗✍✙✞ ✂☛✁✙☎ ✦✐✩✒✪✩✦✢

✭✕✕✖ ❍✠✄ ✞✎✘☎ ✝☎✙✞✁☛✙✎✡ ✎✁✓ ☎✙✠✁✠✗☛✙ ✓☎✘☎✡✠✛✗☎✁✝ ✡☎✓ ✝✠ ✗✠✆☎ ✙✠✁✂✍✗✛✝☛✠✁ ✠✟

✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂✢

PROJECT/ACTIVITY

✶� ▼✎✚☎ ✎ ✛✆✠✫☎✙✝ ✂✞✠✄☛✁☞ ✙✠✁✂✍✗✛✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✓ ✙✠✁✂☎✆✘✎✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂ ☛✁ ✜✠✍✆ ✡✠✙✎✡☛✝✜✔

✷� ❍✎✘☎ ✎ ✓☛✂✙✍✂✂☛✠✁ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✙✡✎✂✂➊ ✞✠✄ ✝✠ ✙✠✁✂☎✆✘☎ ✘✎✆☛✠✍✂ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✂ ✍✂☎✓ ☛✁

✜✠✍✆ ✂✙✞✠✠✡✔

✸� ★✗✎☞☛✁☎ ☛✟ ✠☛✡ ✂✍✛✛✡☛☎✂ ☞☎✝ ☎✥✞✎✍✂✝☎✓■ ✞✠✄ ✄☛✡✡ ✝✞☛✂ ✎✟✟☎✙✝ ✠✍✆ ✡☛✟☎ ✂✝✜✡☎✢

✹� ❙✠✡✘☎ ✝✞☎ ✛✍✬✬✡☎ ✏✜ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✜✠✍✆ ✂☎✎✆✙✞ ✞✠✆☛✬✠✁✝✎✡✡✜ ✎✁✓ ✘☎✆✝☛✙✎✡✡✜ ✝✠ ✟☛✁✓ ✝✞☎

✞☛✓✓☎✁ ✎✁✂✄☎✆✂✔

✮ ✯ ● ✮ ✯ ❖ ❇ ❘ ❖ ✰ ✮ ❯ ✱ P ❏

◗ ● ✱ ✯ ✯ ❖ ❘ ✲ ✮ ❚ ✱ ❚ ✳ ❖ ✴

P ✴ ❘ ✲ ❈ P ❘ ✮ ▲ ❉ ✰ ✳ ▲ ✴ ✯

✮ ✴ ✱ ❚ ◗ ❳ ❯ ❖ ❱ ✱ ✳ ❖ ▲ ✱ ▲

❖ ❉ ✲ ✳ ❉ ❘ ❏ ❯ ❏ ▲ ❉ ❇ ✴ ❇ ❉

❚ ● ✵ ✰ ✳ ✴ ✲ ❘ ✱ ▲ ✮ ✱ ❳ ✰ ✺

❇ ❱ ❏ ❑ ✰ ✲ ❉ ❈ ❘ ❯ P ✯ ✰ ✵ ❘

▲ ✱ ❚ ✲ ❘ ✳ ❚ ✲ ✰ ❱ ✱ ❩ ❚ ❱ ▲

✱ ❇ ❩ ❖ ✲ ✴ ✰ ✯ ❚ ✳ ✮ ❉ ▲ ❘ ❈

❈ ● ✴ ✴ ✮ ❩ ✳ ❖ P ✱ ❳ ❚ ❨ ❏ ✵

❑ ❏ ● ❑ ❉ ❚ ❉ ❈ ✮ ▲ ✮ ✲ ● ✲ ✺

✻☛✼ ◆✎✝✍✆✎✡ ☎✁✓✠✄✗☎✁✝✂ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✆✗ ✠✟ ✡✎✁✓■ ✄✎✝☎✆■ ✘☎☞☎✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✓ ✗☛✁☎✆✎✡✂✔

✻☛☛✼ ❆ ✝✜✛☎ ✠✟ ✁✠✁✪✆☎✁☎✄✎✏✡☎ ✆☎✂✠✍✆✙☎✔

✻☛☛☛✼ ❙✠☛✡ ✄☛✝✞ ✞☛☞✞ ✄✎✝☎✆ ✆☎✝✎☛✁☛✁☞ ✙✎✛✎✙☛✝✜✔

✻☛✘✼ ★✁✝☎✁✂☛✘☎✡✜ ✡☎✎✙✞☎✓ ✂✠☛✡✂ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ✗✠✁✂✠✠✁ ✙✡☛✗✎✝☎✔

✻✘✼ ✽✡✎✁✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✠✟ ✝✆☎☎✂ ✠✁ ✎ ✡✎✆☞☎ ✂✙✎✡☎ ✝✠ ✙✞☎✙✚ ✂✠☛✡ ☎✆✠✂☛✠✁✔

✻✘☛✼ ✾✞☎ ✣✆☎✎✝ ✽✡✎☛✁✂ ✠✟ ★✁✓☛✎ ✎✆☎ ✗✎✓☎ ✍✛ ✠✟ ✝✞☎✂☎ ✂✠☛✡✂✔

❲❡ ✥�✁✂❡ ✄�☎✥ ✆✝✁✞❡✄ ✟☎✄� ✠☎✝✝☎✡✞✥ ✡☛ ✡✄�❡✂

✝☎❧☎✞☞ ✌❡☎✞☞✥✍ ✥✄✁✂✄☎✞☞ ☛✂✡✠ ✠☎✎✂✡✏✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥

✁✞❛ ✌✁✎✄❡✂☎✁✍ ✝☎✎�❡✞✥ ✄✡ ✌✁✞✑✁✞ ✄✂❡❡✥✍

❡✝❡✆�✁✞✄✥ ✁✞❛ ✌✝✒❡ ✟�✁✝❡✥✓ ✔�☎✥ ❡✞✄☎✂❡

�✁✌☎✄✁✄ ✄�✁✄ ✟❡ ✝☎ ❧❡ ☎✞ �✁✥ ☎✠✠❡✞✥❡

✌☎✡❛☎❧❡✂✥☎✄✑✓ ❲❡ �✒✠✁✞✥ ✁✝✡✞☞ ✟☎✄� ✁✝✝ ✝☎❧☎✞☞

✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ☛✡✂✠ ✁ ✎✡✠✆✝❡♦ ✟❡✌ ✡☛ ❡✎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝

✥✑✥✄❡✠ ☎✞ ✟�☎✎� ✟❡ ✁✂❡ ✡✞✝✑ ✁ ✆✁✂✄ ✁✞❛ ❧❡✂✑

✠✒✎� ❛❡✆❡✞❛❡✞✄ ✡✞ ✄�☎✥ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ☛✡✂ ✡✒✂ ✡✟✞

❡♦☎✥✄❡✞✎❡✓ ✕✡✂ ❡♦✁✠✆✝❡✍ ✄�❡ ✆✝✁✞✄✥✍ ✁✞☎✠✁✝✥

✁✞❛✠☎✎✂✡✏✡✂☞✁✞☎✥✠✥ ✂❡✏✎✂❡✁✄❡ ✄�❡ ✖✒✁✝☎✄✑ ✡☛

✄�❡ ✁☎✂ ✟❡ ✌✂❡✁✄�❡✍ ✄�❡ ✟✁✄❡✂ ✟❡ ❛✂☎✞t ✁✞❛

✄�❡ ✥✡☎✝ ✄�✁✄ ✆✂✡❛✒✎❡✥ ✡✒✂ ☛✡✡❛ ✟☎✄�✡✒✄ ✟�☎✎�

✟❡ ✎✁✞✞✡✄ ✥✒✂❧☎❧❡✓ ✕✡✂❡✥✄✥ ✆✝✁✑ ✁ t❡✑ ✂✡✝❡ ☎✞

✄�❡ ❡✎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ✥✑✥✄❡✠ ✁✥ ✄�❡✥❡ ✁✂❡ ✁✝✥✡ ✄�❡

✆✂☎✠✁✂✑ ✆✂✡❛✒✎❡✂✥ ✡✞ ✟�☎✎� ✁✝✝ ✡✄�❡✂ ✝☎❧☎✞☞

✌❡☎✞☞✥ ❛❡✆❡✞❛✓

❋✗✘✙✚ ✚✛✜ ❋✚✢✛✚ ✣✛ ✤✛✜✣✚

■☛ ✑✡✒ ✝✡✡t ✁✂✡✒✞❛✍ ✑✡✒ ✟☎✝✝ ✌❡ ✁✌✝❡ ✄✡ ☛☎✞❛

✄�✁✄ ✄�❡✂❡ ✁✂❡ ✥✡✠❡ ✁✞☎✠✁✝✥ ✁✞❛ ✆✝✁✞✄✥ ✟�☎✎�

✁✂❡ ✒✞☎✖✒❡ ☎✞ ✑✡✒✂ ✁✂❡✁✓ ■✞ ☛✁✎✄✍ ■✞❛☎✁ ☎✥ ✡✞❡

✡☛ ✄�❡ ✟✡✂✝❛✦✥ ✂☎✎�❡✥✄ ✎✡✒✞✄✂☎❡✥ ☎✞ ✄❡✂✠✥ ✡☛

☎✄✥ ❧✁✥✄ ✁✂✂✁✑ ✡☛ ✌☎✡✝✡☞☎✎✁✝ ❛☎❧❡✂✥☎✄✑✍ ✁✞❛ �✁✥

✞❡✁✂✝✑ ♥ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ✄�❡ ✄✡✄✁✝ ✞✒✠✌❡✂ ✡☛

✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ☎✞ ✄�❡ ✟✡✂✝❛ s❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡❛ ✄✡ ✌❡ ✧✓★

✠☎✝✝☎✡✞♠✓ ✔�☎✥ ☎✥ ✆✡✥✥☎✌✝✑ ✄✟☎✎❡ ✡✂ ✄�✂☎✎❡ ✄�❡

✞✒✠✌❡✂ ✑❡✄ ✄✡ ✌❡ ❛☎✥✎✡❧❡✂❡❛✓ ✩✡✒ �✁❧❡

✁✝✂❡✁❛✑ ✥✄✒❛☎❡❛ ☎✞ ❛❡✄✁☎✝ ✁✌✡✒✄ ✄�❡ ❡♦✄❡✞✄

✁✞❛ ❧✁✂☎❡✄✑ ✡☛ ☛✡✂❡✥✄ ✁✞❛ ✟☎✝❛✝☎☛❡ ✂❡✥✡✒✂✎❡✥

☎✞ ■✞❛☎✁✓ ✩✡✒ ✠✁✑ �✁❧❡ ✂❡✁ ✝☎ ✥❡❛ ✄�❡

☎✠✆✡✂✄✁✞✎❡ ✡☛ ✄�❡✥❡ ✂❡✥✡✒✂✎❡✥ ☎✞ ✡✒✂ ❛✁☎✝✑

✝☎☛❡✓ ✔�❡✥❡ ❛☎❧❡✂✥❡ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✞❛ ☛✁✒✞✁ ✁✂❡ ✥✡

✟❡✝✝ ☎✞✄❡☞✂✁✄❡❛ ☎✞ ✡✒✂ ❛✁☎✝✑ ✝☎☛❡ ✄�✁✄ ✟❡ ✄✁t❡

✄�❡✥❡ ☛✡✂ ☞✂✁✞✄❡❛✓ ✪✒✄✍ ✝✁✄❡✝✑✍ ✄�❡✑ ✁✂❡ ✒✞❛❡✂

☞✂❡✁✄ ✥✄✂❡✥✥ ✠✁☎✞✑ ❛✒❡ ✄✡ ☎✞✥❡✞✥☎✄☎❧☎✄✑ ✄✡

✡✒✂ ❡✞❧☎✂✡✞✠❡✞✄✓

Narak! My Lord, you are the creator of music

in the world of Lepchas

Oh Narak! My Lord, let me dedicate

myself to you

Let me gather your music from the

springs, the rivers, the mountains, the forests,

the insects and the animals

Let me gather your music from the sweet

breeze and offer it to you

❙✫✬✭✮✯✰ ▲✱✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✹ ✺✷✻✼ ✶✽✷✾ ✻✷✽✿✴✱✽✻ ✲✵✽✿ ✷✶

❀✱✺✿ ❁✱✻✼✵✸

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity isimmensely rich in wildlife and cultivatedspecies, diverse in form and function butclosely integrated in a system throughmultiple network of interdependencies.

❖❧❡✂ ♥✧✍❂❂❂ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✡☛ ☛✁✒✞✁ ✁✞❛ ❃❄✍❂❂❂

✥✆❡✎☎❡✥ ✡☛ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✂❡ ☛✡✒✞❛ ☎✞ ✄�☎✥ ✎✡✒✞✄✂✑

✥✡ ☛✁✂❅ ❖☛ ✄�❡ ❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡❛ ❃❄✍❂❂❂ ✆✝✁✞✄

✥✆❡✎☎❡✥✍ ✁✌✡✒✄ ✧❆✍❂❂❂ ☛✝✡✟❡✂☎✞☞ ✥✆❡✎☎❡✥

✁✂❡ ❡✞❛❡✠☎✎ s☎✞❛☎☞❡✞✡✒✥♠ ✄✡ ■✞❛☎✁✓

Find out stories prevalent in your regionwhich are about the harmonious relationshipbetween human beings and nature.

❇✡✠❡ ❡✥✄☎✠✁✄❡✥ ✥✒☞☞❡✥✄ ✄�✁✄ ✁✄ ✝❡✁✥✄ ✧❂

✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ■✞❛☎✁✦✥ ✂❡✎✡✂❛❡❛ ✟☎✝❛ ☛✝✡✂✁ ✁✞❛

❈❂ ✆❡✂ ✎❡✞✄ ✡☛ ☎✄✥ ✠✁✠✠✁✝✥ ✁✂❡ ✡✞ ✄�❡

✄�✂❡✁✄❡✞❡❛ ✝☎✥✄✓ ❉✁✞✑ ✡☛ ✄�❡✥❡ ✟✡✒✝❛ ✞✡✟ ✌❡

✎✁✄❡☞✡✂☎✥❡❛ ✁✥ ❝✎✂☎✄☎✎✁✝✦✍ ✄�✁✄ ☎✥ ✡✞ ✄�❡ ❧❡✂☞❡

✡☛ ❡♦✄☎✞✎✄☎✡✞ ✝☎t❡ ✄�❡ ✎�❡❡✄✁�✍ ✆☎✞t✏�❡✁❛❡❛

❛✒✎t✍ ✠✡✒✞✄✁☎✞ ✖✒✁☎✝✍ ☛✡✂❡✥✄ ✥✆✡✄✄❡❛ ✡✟✝❡✄✍

✁✞❛ ✆✝✁✞✄✥ ✝☎t❡ ❊●❍❏❑▼● ◆P◗◆❘P◆◗ s✁ ✟☎✝❛

✈�✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞ ✟�✠✡�☛ �☞✌ ❤✍✎✎✏✑✒✓✏

❤✔✕✖✏✗✔✍✑✘✗✱✙� ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✢✁�✚✚☛✣ ✤☞ ✞�✜☎✱ ☞✝

✝☞✄ ✜�☞ ✚�✆ ✠✝♦ ✟�☞✆ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✟�✆ ✠�✈✄

�❛✁✄�✌✆ ✥✄✄☞ ❛✝✚☎✣ ✦✝✌�✆✱ ♦✄ ✝☞❛✆ ☎�❛✧ ✝✞ ☎✠✄

❛�✁✢✄✁ �☞✌ ✟✝✁✄ ✈✂✚✂✥❛✄ �☞✂✟�❛✚ �☞✌ ✛❛�☞☎✚

☎✠�☎ ✠�✈✄ ✥✄✜✝✟✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ ✥✡☎ ♦✠�☎ �✥✝✡☎

✚✟�❛❛✄✁ �☞✂✟�❛✚ ❛✂✧✄ ✂☞✚✄✜☎✚ �☞✌ ✛❛�☞☎✚s

▲✄☎ ✡✚ ☞✝♦ ✡☞✌✄✁✚☎�☞✌ ☎✠✄ ✌✂✞✞✄✁✄☞☎

✜�☎✄✢✝✁✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✄t✂✚☎✂☞✢ ✛❛�☞☎✚ �☞✌ �☞✂✟�❛

✚✛✄✜✂✄✚✣ ★�✚✄✌ ✝☞ ☎✠✄ ✤☞☎✄✁☞�☎✂✝☞�❛ ✩☞✂✝☞ ✞✝✁

❈✝☞✚✄✁✈�☎ ✂✝☞ ✝✞ ✪�☎✡✁✄ �☞✌ ✪�☎✡✁�❛

❘✄✚✝✡✁✜✄✚ ✙✤✩❈✪☛✱ ♦✄ ✜�☞ ✜❛�✚✚✂✞✆ �✚ ✞✝❛❛✝♦✚ ➊

◆✫✬♠✭✮ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✶✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✝✚✄ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞

❛✄✈✄❛✚ �✁✄ ✜✝☞✚✂✌✄✁✄✌ ☎✝ ✥✄ ☞✝✁✟�❛ ✞✝✁

☎✠✄✂✁ ✚✡✁✈✂✈�❛✱ ✚✡✜✠ �✚ ✜�☎☎❛✄✱ ✚�❛✱ ✛✂☞✄✱

✁✝✌✄☞☎✚✱ ✄☎✜✣

❊✷✸✭✷✹✰✬✰✸ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚

♦✠✂✜✠ �✁✄ ✂☞ ✌�☞✢✄✁ ✝✞ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎✂✝☞✣ ✦✠✄

✚✡✁✈✂✈�❛ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✂✚ ✌✂✞✞✂✜✡❛☎ ✂✞ ☎✠✄

☞✄✢�☎✂✈✄ ✞�✜☎✝✁✚ ☎✠�☎ ✠�✈✄ ❛✄✌ ☎✝ � ✌✄✜❛✂☞✄ ✂☞

☎✠✄✂✁ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁�☎✄✣ ✦✠✄

✄t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ✥❛�✜✧ ✥✡✜✧✱

✜✁✝✜✝✌✂❛✄✱ ✤☞✌✂�☞ ♦✂❛✌ �✚✚✱ ✤☞✌✂�☞ ✁✠✂☞✝✱ ❛✂✝☞

☎�✂❛✄✌ ✟�✜�✺✡✄✱ ✚�☞✢�✂ ✙✥✁✝♦ �☞☎✄✁ ✌✄✄✁ ✂☞

▼�☞✂✛✡✁☛✱ ✄☎✜✣

❱✻✮✷✰✬✭✼✮✰ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚

♦✠✝✚✄ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞ ✠�✚ ✌✄✜❛✂☞✄✌ ☎✝ ❛✄✈✄❛✚ ✞✁✝✟

♦✠✄✁✄ ✂☎ ✂✚ ❛✂✧✄❛✆ ☎✝ ✟✝✈✄ ✂☞☎✝ ☎✠✄ ✄☞✌�☞✢✄✁✄✌

✜�☎✄✢✝✁✆ ✂☞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄�✁ ✞✡☎✡✁✄ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄✢�☎✂✈✄

✞�✜☎✝✁✚ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁�☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✄t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞

✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ✥❛✡✄ ✚✠✄✄✛✱ ✽✚✂�☎✂✜ ✄❛✄✛✠�☞☎✱

●�☞✢✄☎✂✜ ✌✝❛✛✠✂☞✱ ✄☎✜✣

✾✭✬✰ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✶✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✂☎✠ ✚✟�❛❛ ✛✝✛✡❛�☎✂✝☞

✟�✆ ✟✝✈✄ ✂☞☎✝ ☎✠✄ ✄☞✌�☞✢✄✁✄✌ ✝✁ ✈✡❛☞✄✁�✥❛✄

✜�☎✄✢✝✁✆ ✂✞ ☎✠✄ ☞✄✢�☎✂✈✄ ✞�✜☎✝✁✚ �✞✞✄✜☎✂☞✢ ☎✠✄✟

✜✝☞☎✂☞✡✄ ☎✝ ✝✛✄✁�☎✄✣ ✦✠✄ ✄t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠

✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✄ ❡✂✟�❛�✆�☞ ✥✁✝♦☞ ✥✄�✁✱ ♦✂❛✌

✽✚✂�☎✂✜ ✥✡✞✞�❛✝✱ ✌✄✚✄✁☎ ✞✝t �☞✌ ✠✝✁☞✥✂❛❛✱ ✄☎✜✣

❊✷✸✰♠✳✲ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✂✜✠

�✁✄ ✝☞❛✆ ✞✝✡☞✌ ✂☞ ✚✝✟✄ ✛�✁☎✂✜✡❛�✁ �✁✄�✚

✡✚✡�❛❛✆ ✂✚✝❛�☎✄✌ ✥✆ ☞�☎✡✁�❛ ✝✁ ✢✄✝✢✁�✛✠✂✜�❛

✥�✁✁✂✄✁✚✣ ❜t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✄

✽☞✌�✟�☞ ☎✄�❛✱ ✪✂✜✝✥�✁ ✛✂✢✄✝☞✱ ✽☞✌�✟�☞

♦✂❛✌ ✛✂✢✱ ✟✂☎✠✡☞ ✂☞ ✽✁✡☞✜✠�❛ ✇✁�✌✄✚✠✣

❊✿❀✳✷✲❀ ✯♣✰✲✳✰✴✵ ✦✠✄✚✄ �✁✄ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ♦✠✂✜✠

�✁✄ ☞✝☎ ✞✝✡☞✌ �✞☎✄✁ ✚✄�✁✜✠✄✚ ✝✞ ✧☞✝♦☞ ✝✁

❛✂✧✄❛✆ �✁✄�✚ ♦✠✄✁✄ ☎✠✄✆ ✟�✆ ✝✜✜✡✁✣ ✽ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚

✟�✆ ✥✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ ✞✁✝✟ � ❛✝✜�❛ �✁✄�✱ ✁✄✢✂✝☞✱

✜✝✡☞☎✁✆✱ ✜✝☞☎✂☞✄☞☎ ✝✁ ☎✠✄ ✄☞☎✂✁✄ ✄�✁☎✠✣

❜t�✟✛❛✄✚ ✝✞ ✚✡✜✠ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✄ ✽✚✂�☎✂✜

✜✠✄✄☎�✠✱ ✛✂☞✧ ✠✄�✌ ✌✡✜✧✣

❉✝ ✆✝✡ ✧☞✝♦ ☎✠�☎ �✟✝☞✢ ☎✠✄ ❛�✁✢✄✁

�☞✂✟�❛✚ ✂☞ ✤☞✌✂�✱ ❁❂ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ ✝✞ ✟�✟✟�❛✚✱

❃❃ ✝✞ ✥✂✁✌✚✱ ❄❅ ✝✞ ✁✄✛☎✂❛✄✚✱ �☞✌ ❆ ✝✞

�✟✛✠✂✥✂�☞✚ �✁✄ ☎✠✁✄�☎✄☞✄✌s ✪✄�✁❛✆ ❄✱❅❇❇

✛❛�☞☎ ✚✛✄✜✂✄✚ �✁✄ ✜✝☞✚✂✌✄✁✄✌ ✄☞✌�☞✢✄✁✄✌✣

❋❛✝♦✄✁✂☞✢ ✛❛�☞☎✚ �☞✌ ✈✄✁☎✄✥✁�☎✄ �☞✂✟�❛✚

✠�✈✄ ✁✄✜✄☞☎❛✆ ✥✄✜✝✟✄ ✄t☎✂☞✜☎ �☎ � ✁�☎✄

✄✚☎✂✟�☎✄✌ ☎✝ ✥✄ ❅❇ ☎✝ ❄❇❇ ☎✂✟✄✚ ☎✠✄

�✈✄✁�✢✄ ✄t✛✄✜☎✄✌ ☞�☎✡✁�❛ ✁�☎✄✣

Vanishing Forests

The dimensions of deforestation in India arestaggering. The forest cover in the country isestimated at 637,293 sq km, which is 19.39per cent of the total geographical area.(dense forest 11.48 per cent; open forest 7.76per cent; and mangrove 0.15 per cent).According to the State of Forest Report(1999), the dense forest cover has increased

by 10,098 sq km since 1997. However, thisapparent increase in the forest cover is dueto plantation by different agencies. The Stateof Forest Report does not differentiatebetween natural forests and plantations.Therefore, these reports fail to deliver

accurate information about actual loss ofnatural forests.


❍■❏❑ ❖❑P


❞�✁✂�✄�❞ ☎✆✝ ✞☎✝�✟✄✟ ✠✡❞ ☛☞✂❞✂☞✞�✌ ✍✎� ✏✝�✠✄�✟✄

❞✠✑✠✏� ☞✡✞✂☞✒✄�❞ ☎✡ ✓✡❞☞✠✡ ✞☎✝�✟✄✟ ☛✠✟ ❞✆✝☞✡✏

✄✎� ✒☎✂☎✡☞✠✂ ✁�✝☞☎❞ ❞✆� ✄☎ ✄✎� �t✁✠✡✟☞☎✡ ☎✞ ✄✎�

✝✠☞✂☛✠r✟✔ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝�✔ ✒☎✑✑�✝✒☞✠✂ ✠✡❞ ✟✒☞�✡✄☞✞☞✒

✞☎✝�✟✄✝r ✠✡❞ ✑☞✡☞✡✏ ✠✒✄☞❢☞✄☞�✟✌ ✕❢�✡ ✠✞✄�✝

✓✡❞�✁�✡❞�✡✒�✔ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝✠✂ �t✁✠✡✟☞☎✡

✒☎✡✄☞✡✆�✟ ✄☎ ❝� ☎✡� ☎✞ ✄✎� ✑✠✖☎✝ ✒✠✆✟�✟ ☎✞

❞�✁✂�✄☞☎✡☎✞ ✞☎✝�✟✄ ✝�✟☎✆✝✒�✟✌✗�✄☛��✡✘✙✚✘ ✠✡❞

✘✙✶✛✔ ✠✒✒☎✝❞☞✡✏ ✄☎ ✄✎� ✜☎✝�✟✄ ✢✆✝❢�r ☎✞ ✓✡❞☞✠✔

☎❢�✝ ♦✣✔♦✛✛✟✤✌ ✥✑✌☎✞ ✞☎✝�✟✄ ✠✝�✠☛✠✟ ✒☎✡❢�✝✄�❞

☞✡✄☎ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝✠✂ ✂✠✡❞✠✂✂ ☎❢�✝ ✓✡❞☞✠✌✢✆❝✟✄✠✡✄☞✠✂

✁✠✝✄✟ ☎✞ ✄✎� ✄✝☞❝✠✂ ❝�✂✄✟✔ �✟✁�✒☞✠✂✂r ☞✡ ✄✎� ✡☎✝✄✎♣

�✠✟✄�✝✡✠✡❞ ✒�✡✄✝✠✂ ✓✡❞☞✠✔✎✠❢� ❝��✡ ❞�✞☎✝�✟✄�❞

☎✝ ❞�✏✝✠❞�❞ ❝r✟✎☞✞✄☞✡✏ ✒✆✂✄☞❢✠✄☞☎✡ ✦✖✎✆✑✧✔✠ ✄r✁�

☎✞ ★✟✂✠✟✎ ✠✡❞ ❝✆✝✡✩ ✠✏✝☞✒✆✂✄✆✝�✌

❋✪✫✬ ✭✬✭✮ ✯ ✰✱✲ ✱✳✴✵✷✸✴✹ ✺✻✺✱ ✻✷✼ ✱✷✼✻✷✽✱✺✱✼ ✾✿✱✸✵✱✾

Asiatic Cheetah: where did they go?

The world�s fastest land mammal, thecheetah (Acinonyx jubantus), is a unique andspecialised member of the cat family andcan move at the speed of 112 km./hr. Thecheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. Itsdistinguishing marks are the long teardrop-shaped lines on each side of the nose fromthe corner of its eyes to its mouth. Prior tothe 20th century, cheetahs were widelydistributed throughout Africa and Asia.Today, the Asian cheetah is nearly extinctdue to a decline of available habitat andprey. The species was declared extinct inIndia long back in 1952.

❲❀❁❂ ❁❃❄ ❂❀❄ ❅❄❆❁❂❇❈❄ ❉❁❊❂●❃❍ ❂❀❁❂ ❊❁■❍❄ ❍■❊❀

❉❄❁❃❉■❏ ❑❄▲❏❄❂❇●❅ ●❉ ❂❀❄ ❉❏●❃❁ ❁❅❑ ❉❁■❅❁▼

✓✞ r☎✆ ✂☎☎✥ ✠✝☎✆✡❞✔ r☎✆ ☛☞✂✂ ❝� ✠❝✂� ✄☎ ✞☞✡❞

☎✆✄ ✎☎☛ ☛� ✎✠❢� ✄✝✠✡✟✞☎✝✑�❞ ✡✠✄✆✝� ☞✡✄☎ ✠

✝�✟☎✆✝✒� ☎❝✄✠☞✡☞✡✏ ❞☞✝�✒✄✂r ✠✡❞ ☞✡❞☞✝�✒✄✂r ✞✝☎✑

✄✎� ✞☎✝�✟✄✟ ✠✡❞ ☛☞✂❞✂☞✞� ◆ ☛☎☎❞✔ ❝✠✝✥✟✔ ✂�✠❢�✟✔

✝✆❝❝�✝✔ ✑�❞☞✒☞✡�✟✔ ❞r�✟✔ ✞☎☎❞✔ ✞✆�✂✔ ✞☎❞❞�✝✔

✑✠✡✆✝�✔ �✄✒✌ ✢☎ ☞✄ ☞✟ ☛� ☎✆✝✟�✂❢�✟ ☛✎☎ ✎✠❢�

Are colonial forest policiesto be blamed?

Some of our environmental activists say thatthe promotion of a few favoured species, inmany parts of India, has been carriedthrough the ironically-termed �enrichmentplantation�, in which a single commerciallyvaluable species was extensively plantedand other species eliminated. For instance,


▲�✁✂✄☎✆✝�✞✄ ✟✄✠✄✞✡☛☞✄✌✍ ☛✁✡✎✄✝✍✆ ✏�✠✄ �✞✆✡

✝✡✌✍✁❝✑✒✍✄✟ ✆❝✂✌❝✓❝✝�✌✍✞✔ ✍✡ ✍✏✄ ✞✡✆✆ ✡✓ ✓✡✁✄✆✍✆✕

❙❝✌✝✄ ✖✗✘✖✙ ✡✠✄✁ ✘✙✚✚✚ ✆✛ ✜☞ ✡✓ ✓✡✁✄✆✍ ✢�✆

✝✞✄�✁✄✟ ✓✡✁ ✁❝✠✄✁ ✠�✞✞✄✔ ☛✁✡✎✄✝✍✆✕ ✣✞✄�✁❝✌✂ ✡✓

✓✡✁✄✆✍✆ ❝✆ ✆✍❝✞✞ ✝✡✌✍❝✌✒❝✌✂ ✢❝✍✏ ☛✁✡✎✄✝✍✆ ✞❝✜✄ ✍✏✄

◆�✁☞�✟� ❙�✂�✁ ✤✁✡✎✄✝✍ ❝✌ ✥�✟✏✔� ✤✁�✟✄✆✏✙

✢✏❝✝✏ ✢✡✒✞✟ ❝✌✒✌✟�✍✄ ✇✚✙✚✚✚ ✏✄✝✍�✁✄✆ ✡✓

✓✡✁✄✆✍✕ ✥❝✌❝✌✂ ❝✆ �✌✡✍✏✄✁ ❝☞☛✡✁✍�✌✍ ✓�✝✍✡✁

✑✄✏❝✌✟ ✟✄✓✡✁✄✆✍�✍❝✡✌✕ ❜✏✄ ✦✒✧� ❜❝✂✄✁ ✐✄✆✄✁✠✄

❝✌ ★✄✆✍ ✦✄✌✂�✞ ❝✆ ✆✄✁❝✡✒✆✞✔ ✍✏✁✄�✍✄✌✄✟ ✑✔ ✍✏✄

✡✌✂✡❝✌✂ ✟✡✞✡☞❝✍✄ ☞❝✌❝✌✂✕ ♦✍ ✏�✆ ✟❝✆✍✒✁✑✄✟ ✍✏✄

✌�✍✒✁�✞ ✏�✑❝✍�✍ ✡✓ ☞�✌✔ ✆☛✄✝❝✄✆ �✌✟ ✑✞✡✝✜✄✟

✍✏✄☞❝✂✁�✍❝✡✌ ✁✡✒✍✄ ✡✓ ✆✄✠✄✁�✞ ✡✍✏✄✁✆✙ ❝✌✝✞✒✟❝✌✂

✍✏✄ ✂✁✄�✍ ♦✌✟❝�✌ ✄✞✄☛✏�✌✍✕

✥�✌✔ ✓✡✁✄✆✍✄✁✆ �✌✟ ✄✌✠❝✁✡✌☞✄✌✍�✞❝✆✍✆ ✏✡✞✟

✍✏✄ ✠❝✄✢ ✍✏�✍ ✍✏✄ ✂✁✄�✍✄✆✍ ✟✄✂✁�✟❝✌✂ ✓�✝✍✡✁✆

✑✄✏❝✌✟ ✍✏✄ ✟✄☛✞✄✍❝✡✌ ✡✓ ✓✡✁✄✆✍ ✁✄✆✡✒✁✝✄✆ �✁✄

✂✁�❣❝✌✂ �✌✟ ✓✒✄✞☎✢✡✡✟ ✝✡✞✞✄✝✍❝✡✌✕ ❜✏✡✒✂✏✙ ✍✏✄✁✄

☞�✔ ✑✄ ✆✡☞✄ ✆✒✑✆✍�✌✝✄ ❝✌ ✍✏✄❝✁ �✁✂✒☞✄✌✍✙ ✔✄✍✙

✍✏✄ ✓�✝✍ ✁✄☞�❝✌✆ ✍✏�✍ � ✆✒✑✆✍�✌✍❝�✞ ☛�✁✍ ✡✓ ✍✏✄

✓✒✄✞☎✓✡✟✟✄✁ ✟✄☞�✌✟ ❝✆ ☞✄✍ ✑✔ ✞✡☛☛❝✌✂ ✁�✍✏✄✁

✍✏�✌ ✑✔ ✓✄✞✞❝✌✂ ✄✌✍❝✁✄ ✍✁✄✄✆✕ ❜✏✄ ✓✡✁✄✆✍

✄✝✡✆✔✆✍✄☞✆ �✁✄ ✁✄☛✡✆❝✍✡✁❝✄✆ ✡✓ ✆✡☞✄ ✡✓ ✍✏✄

✝✡✒✌✍✁✔✩✆ ☞✡✆✍ ✠�✞✒�✑✞✄ ✓✡✁✄✆✍ ☛✁✡✟✒✝✍✆✙

☞❝✌✄✁�✞✆ �✌✟ ✡✍✏✄✁ ✁✄✆✡✒✁✝✄✆ ✍✏�✍ ☞✄✄✍ ✍✏✄

✟✄☞�✌✟✆ ✡✓ ✍✏✄ ✁�☛❝✟✞✔ ✄✧☛�✌✟❝✌✂ ❝✌✟✒✆✍✁❝�✞☎

✒✁✑�✌ ✄✝✡✌✡☞✔✕ ❜✏✄✆✄ ☛✁✡✍✄✝✍✄✟ �✁✄�✆✙ ✍✏✒✆

☞✄�✌ ✟❝✓✓✄✁✄✌✍ ✍✏❝✌✂✆ ✍✡ ✟❝✓✓✄✁✄✌✍ ☛✄✡☛✞✄✙ �✌✟

✍✏✄✁✄❝✌ ✞❝✄✆ ✍✏✄ ✓✄✁✍❝✞✄ ✂✁✡✒✌✟ ✓✡✁ ✝✡✌✓✞❝✝✍✆✕

teak monoculture has damaged the naturalforest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinusroxburghii) plantations in the Himalayashave replaced the Himalayan oak (Querciusspp.) and Rhododendron forests.

❋✪✫✬ ✭✬✮

The Himalayan Yew in trouble

The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallachiana) is amedicinal plant found in various parts ofHimachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.A chemical compound called �taxol� isextracted from the bark, needles, twigs androots of this tree, and it has been successfullyused to treat some cancers � the drug is nowthe biggest selling anti-cancer drug in theworld. The species is under great threat dueto over-exploitation. In the last one decade,thousands of yew trees have dried up invarious parts of Himachal Pradesh andArunachal Pradesh.

❚✯✰✱✲✳ ✴✰✯✳✵ ✶✵✰✷✴ ✱✲✸✱✹✹ ✵✲✺✳✰✷✴✵ ✰✷ ✲

✷✶✯✵♥✯✻ ✲✼ ✽✶✾✿✲✳✰ ✷♥✲✯ ❀✳✰♥✷✼ ❁✲✳✳♥✻

❚✯✰✱✲✳ ❂✹✸♥✷ ✵♥✳✳✰✷✴ ✸✰✷✹✯ ❃✹✯♥✵✼ ✺✯✹❄✶❅♥ ❆♥✲❃ ✳✰✼✼♥✯ ❅✹✳✳♥❅✼✰✹✷ ✱✻ ❂✹✸♥✷ ❃✹✳✾


❍�✁✂✄�✄ ☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛☞ ✌✟☛✄✂☛✍☞ ✎✡�✠✌✂☛✍☞

✡♦✆✞✲✆✏✎✑✡✂✄�✄✂✡☛☞ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄�✑ ✎✡✑✑✟✄✂✡☛☞

✎✡✂✝✡☛✂☛✍ �☛☎ ♣✡✞✆✝✄ ♣✂✞✆✝ �✞✆ ♣�✠✄✡✞✝☞ ✒✌✂✠✌

✌�♦✆ ✑✆☎ ✄✡ ✄✌✆ ☎✆✠✑✂☛✆ ✂☛ ❤☛☎✂�✓✝ ✁✂✡☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✔✕

❖✄✌✆✞ ✂♥✎✡✞✄�☛✄ ✠�✟✝✆✝ ✡♣ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄�✑

☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛ �✞✆ ✟☛✆❞✟�✑ �✠✠✆✝✝☞ ✂☛✆❞✟✂✄�✁✑✆

✠✡☛✝✟♥✎✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝ �☛☎ ☎✂♣♣✆✞✆☛✄✂�✑

✝✌�✞✂☛✍ ✡♣ ✞✆✝✎✡☛✝✂✁✂✑✂✄✔ ♣✡✞ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄�✑

✒✆✑✑✲✁✆✂☛✍✕ ❖♦✆✞✲✎✡✎✟✑�✄✂✡☛ ✂☛ ✄✌✂✞☎ ✒✡✞✑☎

✠✡✟☛✄✞✂✆✝ ✂✝ ✡♣✄✆☛ ✠✂✄✆☎ �✝ ✄✌✆ ✠�✟✝✆ ✡♣

✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄�✑ ☎✆✍✞�☎�✄✂✡☛✕ ❍✡✒✆♦✆✞☞ �☛

�♦✆✞�✍✆ ❛♥✆✞✂✠�☛ ✠✡☛✝✟♥✆✝ ✖✗ ✄✂♥✆✝ ♥✡✞✆

✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝ ✄✌�☛ �☛ �♦✆✞�✍✆ r✡♥�✑✂�☛✕ r✂♥✂✑�✞✑✔☞

✄✌✆ ✞✂✠✌✆✝✄ ♣✂♦✆ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄ ✡♣ ❤☛☎✂�☛ ✝✡✠✂✆✄✔

✎✞✡✁�✁✑✔ ✠�✟✝✆ ♥✡✞✆ ✆✠✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ☎�♥�✍✆

✁✆✠�✟✝✆ ✡♣ ✄✌✆ �♥✡✟☛✄ ✄✌✆✔ ✠✡☛✝✟♥✆ ✄✌�☛ ✄✌✆

✎✡✡✞✆✝✄ ✘✙ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄✕ ✚✌✆ ♣✡✞♥✆✞ ✝✌�✞✆✝

♥✂☛✂♥✟♥ ✞✆✝✎✡☛✝✂✁✂✑✂✄✂✆✝ ♣✡✞ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄�✑

✒✆✑✑✲✁✆✂☛✍✕ ✚✌✆ ❞✟✆✝✄✂✡☛ ✂✝✇ ✒✌✡ ✂✝ ✠✡☛✝✟♥✂☛✍

✒✌�✄☞ ♣✞✡♥ ✒✌✆✞✆ �☛☎ ✌✡✒♥✟✠✌✛

♥✆☛✕ ❤☛♥�☛✔ ✝✡✠✂✆✄✂✆✝☞ ✒✡♥✆☛ ✁✆�✞ ✄✌✆♥�♠✡✞

✞✆✝✎✡☛✝✂✁✂✑✂✄✔ ✡♣ ✠✡✑✑✆✠✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ♣✟✆✑☞ ♣✡☎☎✆✞☞ ✒�✄✆✞

�☛☎ ✡✄✌✆✞ ✁�✝✂✠ ✝✟✁✝✂✝✄✆☛✠✆ ☛✆✆☎✝✕ ❛✝ ✄✌✆✝✆

✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝ �✞✆ ☎✆✎✑✆✄✆☎☞ ✄✌✆ ☎✞✟☎✍✆✞✔ ✡♣ ✒✡♥✆☛

✂☛✠✞✆�✝✆✝ �☛☎ ✝✡♥✆✄✂♥✆✝ ✄✌✆✔ ✌�♦✆ ✄✡ ✒�✑✐ ♣✡✞

♥✡✞✆ ✄✌�☛ ✜✗ ✐♥ ✄✡ ✠✡✑✑✆✠✄ ✄✌✆✝✆ ✞✆✝✡✟✞✠✆✝✕

✚✌✂✝ ✠�✟✝✆✝ ✝✆✞✂✡✟✝ ✌✆�✑✄✌ ✎✞✡✁✑✆♥✝ ♣✡✞✒✡♥✆☛

�☛☎ ☛✆✍✑✂✍✆☛✠✆ ✡♣ ✌✡♥✆ �☛☎ ✠✌✂✑☎✞✆☛ ✁✆✠�✟✝✆

✡♣ ✄✌✆ ✂☛✠✞✆�✝✆☎✌✡✟✞✝ ✡♣ ✒✡✞✐☞ ✒✌✂✠✌ ✡♣✄✆☛ ✌�✝

✝✆✞✂✡✟✝ ✝✡✠✂�✑ ✂♥✎✑✂✠�✄✂✡☛✝✕ ✚✌✆ ✂☛☎✂✞✆✠✄ ✂♥✎�✠✄

✡♣ ☎✆✍✞�☎�✄✂✡☛ ✝✟✠✌ �✝ ✝✆♦✆✞✆ ☎✞✡✟✍✌✄ ✡✞

☎✆♣✡✞✆✝✄�✄✂✡☛✲✂☛☎✟✠✆☎ ♣✑✡✡☎✝☞ ✆✄✠✕ �✑✝✡ ✌✂✄✝ ✄✌✆

✎✡✡✞ ✄✌✆ ✌�✞☎✆✝✄✕ ✢✡♦✆✞✄✔ ✂☛ ✄✌✆✝✆ ✠�✝✆✝ ✂✝ �

☎✂✞✆✠✄ ✡✟✄✠✡♥✆ ✡♣ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄�✑ ☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛✕

✚✌✆✞✆♣✡✞✆☞ ♣✡✞✆✝✄ �☛☎ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆☞ �✞✆ ♦✂✄�✑ ✄✡ ✄✌✆

❞✟�✑✂✄✔ ✡♣ ✑✂♣✆ �☛☎ ✆☛♦✂✞✡☛♥✆☛✄ ✂☛ ✄✌✆

✝✟✁✠✡☛✄✂☛✆☛✄✕ ❤✄ ✂✝ ✂♥✎✆✞�✄✂♦✆ ✄✡ �☎�✎✄ ✄✡ ✝✡✟☛☎

♣✡✞✆✝✄ �☛☎ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✠✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛ ✝✄✞�✄✆✍✂✆✝✕

❈✣✤✥✦✧★✩✪✫✣✤ ✣✬ ✭✣✧✦✥✪ ✩✤✮✯✫✰✮✰✫✬✦ ✫✤ ✱✤✮✫✩

✳✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛ ✂☛ ✄✌✆ ✁�✠✐✍✞✡✟☛☎ ✡♣ ✞�✎✂☎

☎✆✠✑✂☛✆ ✂☛ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✎✡✎✟✑�✄✂✡☛ �☛☎ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✞✔ ✌�✝

✁✆✠✡♥✆ ✆✝✝✆☛✄✂�✑✕ ❜✟✄ ✒✌✔ ☎✡ ✒✆ ☛✆✆☎ ✄✡

✠✡☛✝✆✞♦✆ ✡✟✞ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✝ �☛☎ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆✛ ✳✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛

✎✞✆✝✆✞♦✆✝ ✄✌✆ ✆✠✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✔ �☛☎ ✡✟✞ ✑✂♣✆

✝✟✎✎✡✞✄ ✝✔✝✄✆♥✝ s ✒�✄✆✞☞ �✂✞ �☛☎ ✝✡✂✑✕ ❤✄ �✑✝✡

✎✞✆✝✆✞♦✆✝ ✄✌✆ ✍✆☛✆✄✂✠ ☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✔ ✡♣ ✎✑�☛✄✝ �☛☎

�☛✂♥�✑✝ ♣✡✞ ✁✆✄✄✆✞ ✍✞✡✒✄✌ ✡♣ ✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ �☛☎

✁✞✆✆☎✂☛✍✕ ✴✡✞ ✆✏�♥✎✑✆☞ ✂☛ �✍✞✂✠✟✑✄✟✞✆☞ ✒✆ �✞✆

✝✄✂✑✑ ☎✆✎✆☛☎✆☛✄ ✡☛ ✄✞�☎✂✄✂✡☛�✑ ✠✞✡✎ ♦�✞✂✆✄✂✆✝✕

✴✂✝✌✆✞✂✆✝ ✄✡✡ �✞✆ ✌✆�♦✂✑✔ ☎✆✎✆☛☎✆☛✄ ✡☛ ✄✌✆

♥�✂☛✄✆☛�☛✠✆ ✡♣ �❞✟�✄✂✠ ✁✂✡☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✔✕

❤☛ ✄✌✆ ✜■✵✗✝ �☛☎ ✜■✶✗✝☞ ✠✡☛✝✆✞♦�✄✂✡☛✂✝✄✝

☎✆♥�☛☎✆☎ � ☛�✄✂✡☛�✑ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂✡☛

✎✞✡✍✞�♥♥✆✕ ✚✌✆ ❤☛☎✂�☛ ✷✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✸✢✞✡✄✆✠✄✂✡☛✹

❛✠✄ ✒�✝ ✂♥✎✑✆♥✆☛✄✆☎ ✂☛ ✜■✶✘☞ ✒✂✄✌ ♦�✞✂✡✟✝

✎✞✡♦✂✝✂✡☛✝ ♣✡✞ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂☛✍ ✌�✁✂✄�✄✝✕ ❛☛ �✑✑✲❤☛☎✂�

✑✂✝✄ ✡♣ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✆☎ ✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ ✒�✝ �✑✝✡ ✎✟✁✑✂✝✌✆☎✕

✚✌✆ ✄✌✞✟✝✄ ✡♣ ✄✌✆ ✎✞✡✍✞�♥♥✆ ✒�✝ ✄✡✒�✞☎✝

✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂☛✍ ✄✌✆ ✞✆♥�✂☛✂☛✍ ✎✡✎✟✑�✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ✠✆✞✄�✂☛

✆☛☎�☛✍✆✞✆☎ ✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ ✁✔ ✁�☛☛✂☛✍ ✌✟☛✄✂☛✍☞

✍✂♦✂☛✍ ✑✆✍�✑ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂✡☛ ✄✡ ✄✌✆✂✞ ✌�✁✂✄�✄✝☞ �☛☎

✞✆✝✄✞✂✠✄✂☛✍ ✄✞�☎✆ ✂☛ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆✕ r✟✁✝✆❞✟✆☛✄✑✔☞

✠✆☛✄✞�✑ �☛☎ ♥�☛✔ ✝✄�✄✆ ✍✡♦✆✞☛♥✆☛✄✝

✆✝✄�✁✑✂✝✌✆☎ ☛�✄✂✡☛�✑ ✎�✞✐✝ �☛☎ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆

✝�☛✠✄✟�✞✂✆✝ �✁✡✟✄ ✒✌✂✠✌ ✔✡✟ ✌�♦✆ �✑✞✆�☎✔

✝✄✟☎✂✆☎✕ ✚✌✆ ✠✆☛✄✞�✑ ✍✡♦✆✞☛♥✆☛✄ �✑✝✡

�☛☛✡✟☛✠✆☎ ✝✆♦✆✞�✑ ✎✞✡♠✆✠✄✝ ♣✡✞ ✎✞✡✄✆✠✄✂☛✍

✝✎✆✠✂♣✂✠ �☛✂♥�✑✝☞ ✒✌✂✠✌ ✒✆✞✆ ✍✞�♦✆✑✔

✄✌✞✆�✄✆☛✆☎☞ ✂☛✠✑✟☎✂☛✍ ✄✌✆ ✄✂✍✆✞☞ ✄✌✆ ✡☛✆✲

❉✡ ✔✡✟ ✐☛✡✒ ✄✌�✄ ✡♦✆✞ ✌�✑♣ ✡♣ ❤☛☎✂�✓✝

☛�✄✟✞�✑ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✝ �✞✆ ✍✡☛✆☞ ✡☛✆✲✄✌✂✞☎ ✡♣ ✂✄✝

✒✆✄✑�☛☎✝ ☎✞�✂☛✆☎ ✡✟✄☞ ✶✗ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄ ✡♣ ✂✄✝

✝✟✞♣�✠✆ ✒�✄✆✞ ✁✡☎✂✆✝ ✎✡✑✑✟✄✆☎☞ ✖✗ ✎✆✞ ✠✆☛✄

✡♣ ✂✄✝ ♥�☛✍✞✡♦✆✝ ✒✂✎✆☎ ✡✟✄☞ �☛☎ ✒✂✄✌

✠✡☛✄✂☛✟✆☎ ✌✟☛✄✂☛✍ �☛☎ ✄✞�☎✆ ✡♣ ✒✂✑☎

�☛✂♥�✑✝ �☛☎ ✠✡♥♥✆✞✠✂�✑✑✔ ♦�✑✟�✁✑✆

✎✑�☛✄✝☞ ✄✌✡✟✝�☛☎✝ ✡♣ ✎✑�☛✄ �☛☎ �☛✂♥�✑

✝✎✆✠✂✆✝ �✞✆ ✌✆�☎✂☛✍ ✄✡✒�✞☎✝ ✆✏✄✂☛✠✄✂✡☛✛

✚✌✆ ☎✆✝✄✞✟✠✄✂✡☛ ✡♣ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✝ �☛☎ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ✂✝ ☛✡✄

♠✟✝✄ � ✁✂✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ✂✝✝✟✆✕ ✚✌✆ ✁✂✡✑✡✍✂✠�✑ ✑✡✝✝ ✂✝

✝✄✞✡☛✍✑✔ ✠✡✞✞✆✑�✄✆☎ ✒✂✄✌ ✄✌✆ ✑✡✝✝ ✡♣ ✠✟✑✄✟✞�✑

☎✂♦✆✞✝✂✄✔✕ r✟✠✌ ✑✡✝✝✆✝ ✌�♦✆ ✂☛✠✞✆�✝✂☛✍✑✔

♥�✞✍✂☛�✑✂✝✆☎ �☛☎ ✂♥✎✡♦✆✞✂✝✌✆☎ ♥�☛✔

✂☛☎✂✍✆☛✡✟✝ �☛☎ ✡✄✌✆✞ ♣✡✞✆✝✄✲☎✆✎✆☛☎✆☛✄

✠✡♥♥✟☛✂✄✂✆✝☞ ✒✌✡ ☎✂✞✆✠✄✑✔ ☎✆✎✆☛☎ ✡☛ ♦�✞✂✡✟✝

✠✡♥✎✡☛✆☛✄✝ ✡♣ ✄✌✆ ♣✡✞✆✝✄ �☛☎ ✒✂✑☎✑✂♣✆ ♣✡✞ ♣✡✡☎☞

☎✞✂☛✐☞ ♥✆☎✂✠✂☛✆☞ ✠✟✑✄✟✞✆☞ ✝✎✂✞✂✄✟�✑✂✄✔☞ ✆✄✠✕

✷✂✄✌✂☛ ✄✌✆ ✎✡✡✞☞ ✒✡♥✆☛ �✞✆ �♣♣✆✠✄✆☎ ♥✡✞✆ ✄✌�☛

Have you noticed any activity which leadsto the loss of biodiversity around you? Writea note on it and suggest some measures toprevent it.


❤�✁✂✄☎ ✁❤✆✂�✝✄✁�✞✟ ✠❤✄ ✡☛✞❤☞✆✁ ✞✠☛✌ �✁

✍✎✏✑✒✓✟ ✠❤✁✄✄ ✠✱✔✄✞ �✕ ✝✁�✝�☎✆✖✄✞ ✗ ✕✁✄✞❤ ✘☛✠✄✁

✝✁�✝�☎✆✖✄✟ ✞☛✖✠✘☛✠✄✁ ✝✁�✝�☎✆✖✄ ☛✂☎ ✠❤✄ ●✍✎✙✚✎✓✟

✠❤✄ t✞✆☛✠✆✝ ✖✆�✂✟ ☛✂☎ �✠❤✄✁✞✛ ✜�✞✠ ✁✄✝✄✂✠✖✱✟ ✠❤✄

■✂☎✆☛✂ ✄✖✄✔❤☛✂✠✟ ✢✖☛✝✣ ✢✤✝✣ ✥✝❤✆✂✣☛✁☛✦✟ ✠❤✄

✌✁✄☛✠ ■✂☎✆☛✂ ✢✤✞✠☛✁☎ ✥✑❣✧✎★✎✏✦ ☛✂☎ ✠❤✄ ✞✂�✘

✖✄�✔☛✁☎✟ ✄✠✝✛ ❤☛❧✄ ✢✄✄✂ ✌✆❧✄✂ ✕✤✖✖ �✁ ✔☛✁✠✆☛✖

✖✄✌☛✖ ✔✁�✠✄✝✠✆�✂ ☛✌☛✆✂✞✠ ❤✤✂✠✆✂✌ ☛✂☎ ✠✁☛☎✄

✠❤✁�✤✌❤�✤✠ ■✂☎✆☛✛

❋✩✪✫ ✬✫✭✮ ✯✰✲✳✴ ✵✳✶ ✶✷✷✸ ✲✳ ✹✵✺✲✸✵✳✻✵ ✼✵✽✲✴✳✵✾ ✿✵✸❀

Project Tiger

Tiger is one of the key wildlife species inthe faunal web. In 1973, the authoritiesrealised that the tiger population haddwindled to 1,827 from an estimated55,000 at the turn of the century. The majorthreats to tiger population are numerous,such as poaching for trade, shrinkinghabitat, depletion of prey base species,growing human population, etc. The tradeof tiger skins and the use of their bones intraditional medicines, especially in theAsian countries left the tiger population onthe verge of extinction. Since India andNepal provide habitat to about two-thirdsof the surviving tiger population in theworld, these two nations became primetargets for poaching and illegal trading.

�Project Tiger�, one of the well-publicised wildlife campaigns in the world,was launched in 1973. Initially, it showedsuccess as the tiger population went up to4,002 in 1985 and 4,334 in 1989. But in1993, the population of the tiger had

dropped to 3,600. There are 27 tigerreserves in India covering an area of37,761 sq km Tiger conservation has beenviewed not only as an effort to save anendangered species, but with equalimportance as a means of preservingbiotypes of sizeable magnitude. CorbettNational Park in Uttaranchal, SunderbansNational Park in West Bengal, BandhavgarhNational Park in Madhya Pradesh, SariskaWildlife Sanctuary in Rajasthan, ManasTiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar TigerReserve in Kerala are some of the tigerreserves of India.

❚❤✄ ✝�✂✞✄✁❧☛✠✆�✂ ✔✁�❁✄✝✠✞ ☛✁✄ ✂�✘ ✕�✝✤✞✆✂✌

�✂ ✢✆�☎✆❧✄✁✞✆✠✱ ✁☛✠❤✄✁ ✠❤☛✂ �✂ ☛ ✕✄✘ �✕ ✆✠✞

✝�☞✔�✂✄✂✠✞✛ ❚❤✄✁✄ ✆✞ ✂�✘ ☛ ☞�✁✄ ✆✂✠✄✂✞✆❧✄

✞✄☛✁✝❤ ✕�✁ ☎✆✕✕✄✁✄✂✠ ✝�✂✞✄✁❧☛✠✆�✂ ☞✄☛✞✤✁✄✞✛

■✂✝✁✄☛✞✆✂✌✖✱✟ ✄❧✄✂ ✆✂✞✄✝✠✞ ☛✁✄ ✢✄✌✆✂✂✆✂✌ ✠� ✕✆✂☎

☛ ✔✖☛✝✄ ✆✂ ✝�✂✞✄✁❧☛✠✆�✂ ✔✖☛✂✂✆✂✌✛ ■✂ ✠❤✄

✂�✠✆✕✆✝☛✠✆�✂ ✤✂☎✄✁ ♥✆✖☎✖✆✕✄ t✝✠ �✕ ❂❃❄❅ ☛✂☎

❂❃❄❆✟ ✞✄❧✄✁☛✖ ❤✤✂☎✁✄☎ ✢✤✠✠✄✁✕✖✆✄✞✟ ☞�✠❤✞✟

✢✄✄✠✖✄✞✟ ☛✂☎ �✂✄ ☎✁☛✌�✂✕✖✱ ❤☛❧✄ ✢✄✄✂ ☛☎☎✄☎ ✠�

✠❤✄ ✖✆✞✠ �✕ ✔✁�✠✄✝✠✄☎ ✞✔✄✝✆✄✞✛ ■✂ ❂❃❃❂✟ ✕�✁ ✠❤✄

✕✆✁✞✠ ✠✆☞✄ ✔✖☛✂✠✞ ✘✄✁✄ ☛✖✞� ☛☎☎✄☎ ✠� ✠❤✄ ✖✆✞✠✟

✞✠☛✁✠✆✂✌ ✘✆✠❤ ✞✆s ✞✔✄✝✆✄✞✛

Collect more information on the wildlifesanctuaries and national parks of India andcite their locations on the map of India.


❚�✁✂✄ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✄✠✡✟☛☞✠✟✌✆ ✌✍ ✎✌✡✂✄✠ ☎✆✝

❲✟✏✝✏✟✍✂ ✑✂✄✌☞✡✒✂✄

❊✓✔✕ ✖✗ ✘✔ ✘✙✕✚ ✚✛ ✜✛✕✢✔✣✓✔ ✛✤✣ ✓✙✢✚ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✕✥

✘✖✇✥✇✖✗✔ ✣✔✢✛✤✣✜✔✢✦ ✖✚ ✖✢ ✣✙✚✧✔✣ ✥✖✗✗✖✜✤✇✚ ✚✛

♠✙✕✙★✔✦ ✜✛✕✚✣✛✇ ✙✕✥ ✣✔★✤✇✙✚✔ ✚✧✔♠✩ ✪✕ ✪✕✥✖✙✦

♠✤✜✧ ✛✗ ✖✚✢ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✕✥ ✘✖✇✥✇✖✗✔ ✣✔✢✛✤✣✜✔✢ ✙✣✔

✔✖✚✧✔✣ ✛✘✕✔✥ ✛✣ ♠✙✕✙★✔✥ ❡✫ ✚✧✔ ★✛✓✔✣✕♠✔✕✚

✚✧✣✛✤★✧ ✚✧✔ t✛✣✔✢✚ ✬✔✭✙✣✚♠✔✕✚ ✛✣ ✛✚✧✔✣

★✛✓✔✣✕♠✔✕✚ ✥✔✭✙✣✚♠✔✕✚✢✩ ❣✧✔✢✔ ✙✣✔ ✜✇✙✢✢✖✗✖✔✥

✤✕✥✔✣ ✚✧✔ ✗✛✇✇✛✘✖✕★ ✜✙✚✔★✛✣✖✔✢✩

✮✯✰ ❘✱✲✱✳✴✱✵ ✶✷✳✱✲✸✲✹ ✺✛✣✔ ✚✧✙✕ ✧✙✇✗ ✛✗ ✚✧✔

✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✇✙✕✥ ✧✙✢ ❡✔✔✕ ✥✔✜✇✙✣✔✥

✡✂✄✂✡r✂✝ ✍✌✡✂✄✠✄✩ ✻✔✢✔✣✓✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✣✔

✣✔★✙✣✥✔✥ ✙✢ ✚✧✔ ♠✛✢✚ ✓✙✇✤✙❡✇✔ ✙✢ ✗✙✣ ✙✢ ✚✧✔

✜✛✕✢✔✣✓✙✚✖✛✕✛✗ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✕✥✘✖✇✥✇✖✗✔ ✣✔✢✛✤✣✜✔✢

✙✣✔ ✜✛✕✜✔✣✕✔✥✩

✮✯✯✰ P✳✷✸✱✼✸✱✵ ✶✷✳✱✲✸✲✹ ✽✇♠✛✢✚ ✛✕✔✾✚✧✖✣✥ ✛✗ ✚✧✔

✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✙✣✔✙ ✖✢ ✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✦✙✢✥✔✜✇✙✣✔✥

❡✫✚✧✔t✛✣✔✢✚✬✔✭✙✣✚♠✔✕✚✩❣✧✖✢ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✇✙✕✥✙✣✔

✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✣✛♠✙✕✫ ✗✤✣✚✧✔✣ ✥✔✭✇✔✚✖✛✕✩

✮✯✯✯✰ ❯✿✼❀❁✲✲✱✵ ✶✷✳✱✲✸✲✹ ❣✧✔✢✔ ✙✣✔ ✛✚✧✔✣

✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✕✥ ✘✙✢✚✔✇✙✕✥✢ ❡✔✇✛✕★✖✕★ ✚✛

❡✛✚✧ ★✛✓✔✣✕♠✔✕✚ ✙✕✥ ✭✣✖✓✙✚✔ ✖✕✥✖✓✖✥✤✙✇✢

✙✕✥ ✜✛♠♠✤✕✖✚✖✔✢✩

✻✔✢✔✣✓✔✥ ✙✕✥ ✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✣✔ ✙✇✢✛

✣✔✗✔✣✣✔✥ ✚✛ ✙✢ ✭✔✣♠✙✕✔✕✚ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✔✢✚✙✚✔✢

♠✙✖✕✚✙✖✕✔✥ ✗✛✣ ✚✧✔ ✭✤✣✭✛✢✔ ✛✗ ✭✣✛✥✤✜✖✕★

✚✖♠❡✔✣ ✙✕✥ ✛✚✧✔✣ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✭✣✛✥✤✜✔✦ ✙✕✥ ✗✛✣

✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✖✓✔ ✣✔✙✢✛✕✢✩ ✺✙✥✧✫✙ ♣✣✙✥✔✢✧ ✧✙✢ ✚✧✔

✇✙✣★✔✢✚ ✙✣✔✙ ✤✕✥✔✣ ✭✔✣♠✙✕✔✕✚ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢✦

✜✛✕✢✚✖✚✤✚✖✕★ ❝❂ ✭✔✣ ✜✔✕✚ ✛✗ ✖✚✢ ✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✣✔✙✩

❏✙♠♠✤ ✙✕✥ ❃✙✢✧♠✖✣✦ ✽✕✥✧✣✙ ♣✣✙✥✔✢✧✦

❄✚✚✙✣✙✕✜✧✙✇✦ ❃✔✣✙✇✙✦ ❣✙♠✖✇ ❛✙✥✤✦❅✔✢✚ ❆✔✕★✙✇✦

✙✕✥ ✺✙✧✙✣✙✢✧✚✣✙ ✧✙✓✔ ✇✙✣★✔ ✭✔✣✜✔✕✚✙★✔✢ ✛✗

✣✔✢✔✣✓✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✛✗ ✖✚✢ ✚✛✚✙✇ ✗✛✣✔✢✚ ✙✣✔✙ ✘✧✔✣✔✙✢

❆✖✧✙✣✦ ❇✙✣✫✙✕✙✦ ♣✤✕❈✙❡✦ ❇✖♠✙✜✧✙✇ ♣✣✙✥✔✢✧✦

❖✣✖✢✢✙ ✙✕✥ ✻✙❈✙✢✚✧✙✕ ✧✙✓✔ ✙ ❡✤✇❉ ✛✗ ✖✚ ✤✕✥✔✣

✭✣✛✚✔✜✚✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢✩ ✽✇✇ ❛✛✣✚✧✾✔✙✢✚✔✣✕ ✢✚✙✚✔✢ ✙✕✥

✭✙✣✚✢ ✛✗ ❋✤❈✙✣✙✚ ✧✙✓✔ ✙ ✓✔✣✫ ✧✖★✧ ✭✔✣✜✔✕✚✙★✔

✛✗ ✚✧✔✖✣ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ✙✢ ✤✕✾✜✇✙✢✢✔✥ ✗✛✣✔✢✚✢ ♠✙✕✙★✔✥

❡✫ ✇✛✜✙✇ ✜✛♠♠✤✕✖✚✖✔✢✩

●❍■ ❑▲▼ ◆◗■❙ ▲▼❱ ❱❳❨ ❩❨❍❬▲■❬ ◆▲❩ ❱❳❨ ❍❭▲❪❨ ❫❨■❱◗▲■❨❙ ❴❩▲❭❵❨❫❬❜


❈�✁✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✄✟ ❈�✄✠✡☛☞✞✆☎�✄

✌✍✎✏✑✒✓✔✕✖✍✎ ✏✕✒✔✕✑✗✖✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✎✍✕ ✎✑✘ ✖✎ ✍✙✒

❝✍✙✎✕✒✚✛ ✜✑ ✍❡✕✑✎ ✖✗✎✍✒✑ ✕✢✔✕ ✖✎ ✣✎✤✖✔✥ ❡✍✒✑✏✕✏

✔✒✑ ✔❛✏✍ ✢✍✦✑ ✕✍ ✏✍✦✑ ✍❡ ✕✢✑ ✕✒✔✤✖✕✖✍✎✔❛

❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏✛ ✣✎ ✏✍✦✑ ✔✒✑✔✏ ✍❡ ✣✎✤✖✔✥ ❛✍❝✔❛

❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✏✕✒✙✗✗❛✖✎✗ ✕✍ ❝✍✎✏✑✒✓✑ ✕✢✑✏✑

✢✔❤✖✕✔✕✏ ✔❛✍✎✗ ✘✖✕✢ ✗✍✓✑✒✎✦✑✎✕ ✍❡❡✖❝✖✔❛✏✥

✒✑❝✍✗✎✖✏✖✎✗ ✕✢✔✕ ✍✎❛✚ ✕✢✖✏ ✘✖❛❛ ✏✑❝✙✒✑ ✕✢✑✖✒ ✍✘✎

❛✍✎✗❧✕✑✒✦ ❛✖✓✑❛✖✢✍✍✤✛ ✣✎ ♠✔✒✖✏✧✔ ★✖✗✑✒ ❣✑✏✑✒✓✑✥

❣✔❘✔✏✕✢✔✎✥ ✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✒✏ ✢✔✓✑ ❡✍✙✗✢✕ ✔✗✔✖✎✏✕

✦✖✎✖✎✗ ❤✚ ❝✖✕✖✎✗ ✕✢✑ ✜✖❛✤❛✖❡✑ ✩✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✍✎ ✪❝✕✛ ✣✎

✦✔✎✚ ✔✒✑✔✏✥ ✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✒✏ ✕✢✑✦✏✑❛✓✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✎✗

✢✔❤✖✕✔✕✏ ✔✎✤ ✑✬✫❛✖❝✖✕❛✚ ✒✑❘✑❝✕✖✎✗ ✗✍✓✑✒✎✦✑✎✕

✖✎✓✍❛✓✑✦✑✎✕✛ ★✢✑ ✖✎✢✔❤✖✕✔✎✕✏ ✍❡ ❡✖✓✑ ✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✏ ✖✎

✕✢✑ ✪❛✘✔✒ ✤✖✏✕✒✖❝✕ ✍❡ ❣✔❘✔✏✕✢✔✎ ✢✔✓✑ ✤✑❝❛✔✒✑✤

✶✥✭✮✮ ✢✑❝✕✔✒✑✏ ✍❡ ❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✔✏ ✕✢✑ ✯✢✔✖✒✍✤✑✓

❉✔✧✔✓ ✰♠✍✎❝✢✙✒✖✱✥ ✤✑❝❛✔✒✖✎✗ ✕✢✑✖✒ ✍✘✎ ✏✑✕ ✍❡

✒✙❛✑✏ ✔✎✤ ✒✑✗✙❛✔✕✖✍✎✏ ✘✢✖❝✢ ✤✍ ✎✍✕ ✔❛❛✍✘

✢✙✎✕✖✎✗✥ ✔✎✤ ✔✒✑ ✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✎✗ ✕✢✑ ✘✖❛✤❛✖❡✑ ✔✗✔✖✎✏✕

✔✎✚ ✍✙✕✏✖✤✑ ✑✎❝✒✍✔❝✢✦✑✎✕✏✛

Sacred groves - a wealth of diverseand rare species

Nature worship is an age old tribal beliefbased on the premise that all creations ofnature have to be protected. Such beliefshave preserved several virgin forests inpristine form called Sacred Groves (theforests of God and Goddesses). Thesepatches of forest or parts of large forests havebeen left untouched by the local people andany interference with them is banned.

Certain societies revere a particular treewhich they have preserved from timeimmemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal ofChhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassialatifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphaluscadamba) trees, and the tribals of Orissa andBihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindusindica) and mango (Mangifera indica) treesduring weddings. To many of us, peepal andbanyan trees are considered sacred.

Indian society comprises severalcultures, each with its own set of traditionalmethods of conserving nature and itscreations. Sacred qualities are oftenascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plantsand animals which are closely protected. Youwill find troops of macaques and langursaround many temples. They are fed daily

and treated as a part of temple devotees. Inand around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan,herds of blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai andpeacocks can be seen as an integral part ofthe community and nobody harms them.

★✢✑ ❡✔✦✍✙✏ ❈✲☎✳✴� ✦✍✓✑✦✑✎✕ ✖✎ ✕✢✑

❍✖✦✔❛✔✚✔✏ ✢✔✏ ✎✍✕ ✍✎❛✚ ✏✙❝❝✑✏✏❡✙❛❛✚ ✒✑✏✖✏✕✑✤

✤✑❡✍✒✑✏✕✔✕✖✍✎ ✖✎ ✏✑✓✑✒✔❛ ✔✒✑✔✏ ❤✙✕ ✢✔✏ ✔❛✏✍✏✢✍✘✎

✕✢✔✕ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✚ ✔❡❡✍✒✑✏✕✔✕✖✍✎ ✘✖✕✢ ✖✎✤✖✗✑✎✍✙✏

✏✫✑❝✖✑✏ ❝✔✎ ❤✑ ✑✎✍✒✦✍✙✏❛✚ ✏✙❝❝✑✏✏❡✙❛✛

✪✕✕✑✦✫✕✏ ✕✍ ✒✑✓✖✓✑ ✕✢✑ ✕✒✔✤✖✕✖✍✎✔❛ ❝✍✎✏✑✒✓✔✕✖✍✎

✦✑✕✢✍✤✏ ✍✒ ✤✑✓✑❛✍✫✖✎✗ ✎✑✘ ✦✑✕✢✍✤✏ ✍❡

✑❝✍❛✍✗✖❝✔❛ ❡✔✒✦✖✎✗ ✔✒✑ ✎✍✘ ✘✖✤✑✏✫✒✑✔✤✛✵✔✒✦✑✒✏

✔✎✤ ❝✖✕✖✷✑✎✱✏ ✗✒✍✙✫✏ ❛✖✧✑ ✕✢✑ ❇✡✡✸ ❇✞✹✲✞�

❆✄✟�✺✞✄ ✖✎ ★✑✢✒✖ ✔✎✤ ◆✞☞✟✞✄✝✞ ✢✔✓✑ ✏✢✍✘✎

✕✢✔✕ ✔✤✑t✙✔✕✑ ❛✑✓✑❛✏ ✍❡ ✤✖✓✑✒✏✖❡✖✑✤ ❝✒✍✫

✫✒✍✤✙❝✕✖✍✎ ✘✖✕✢✍✙✕ ✕✢✑ ✙✏✑ ✍❡ ✏✚✎✕✢✑✕✖❝

❝✢✑✦✖❝✔❛✏ ✔✒✑ ✫✍✏✏✖❤❛✑ ✔✎✤✑❝✍✎✍✦✖❝✔❛❛✚ ✓✖✔❤❛✑✛

✣✎ ✣✎✤✖✔ ❘✍✖✎✕ ❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕ ■✻✵✼✽

✫✒✍✗✒✔✦✦✑ ❡✙✒✎✖✏✢✑✏ ✔ ✗✍✍✤ ✑✬✔✦✫❛✑ ❡✍✒

✖✎✓✍❛✓ ✖✎✗ ❛✍❝✔❛ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✖✎ ✕✢✑

✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕ ✔✎✤ ✒✑✏✕✍✒✔✕✖✍✎ ✍❡ ✤✑✗✒✔✤✑✤

❡✍✒✑✏✕✏✛ ★✢✑ ✫✒✍✗✒✔✦✦✑ ✢✔✏ ❤✑✑✎ ✖✎ ❡✍✒✦✔❛

✑✬✖✏✕✑✎❝✑ ✏✖✎❝✑ ✶✾✿✿ ✘✢✑✎ ✕✢✑ ✏✕✔✕✑ ✍❡ ❀✒✖✏✏✔

✫✔✏✏✑✤ ✕✢✑ ❡✖✒✏✕ ✒✑✏✍❛✙✕✖✍✎ ❡✍✒ ❘✍✖✎✕ ❡✍✒✑✏✕

✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕✛ ✻✵✼ ✤✑✫✑✎✤✏ ✍✎ ✕✢✑ ❡✍✒✦✔✕✖✍✎

✍❡ ❛✍❝✔❛ ■✓✖❛❛✔✗✑✽ ✖✎✏✕✖✕✙✕✖✍✎✏ ✕✢✔✕ ✙✎✤✑✒✕✔✧✑

✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✍✎ ✔❝✕✖✓✖✕✖✑✏ ✦✍✏✕❛✚ ✍✎ ✤✑✗✒✔✤✑✤ ❡✍✒✑✏✕

❛✔✎✤ ✦✔✎✔✗✑✤ ❤✚ ✕✢✑ ❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✤✑✫✔✒✕✦✑✎✕✛ ✣✎

✒✑✕✙✒✎✥ ✕✢✑ ✦✑✦❤✑✒✏ ✍❡ ✕✢✑✏✑ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✔✒✑

✑✎✕✖✕❛✑✤ ✕✍ ✖✎✕✑✒✦✑✤✖✔✒✚ ❤✑✎✑❡✖✕✏ ❛✖✧✑ ✎✍✎❧✕✖✦❤✑✒

❡✍✒✑✏✕ ✫✒✍✤✙❝✑✏ ✔✎✤ ✏✢✔✒✑ ✖✎ ✕✢✑ ✕✖✦❤✑✒

✢✔✒✓✑✏✕✑✤ ❤✚ ✰✏✙❝❝✑✏✏❡✙❛ ✫✒✍✕✑❝✕✖✍✎✱✛

★✢✑ ❝❛✑✔✒ ❛✑✏✏✍✎ ❡✒✍✦ ✕✢✑ ✤✚✎✔✦✖❝✏ ✍❡ ❤✍✕✢

✑✎✓✖✒✍✎✦✑✎✕✔❛ ✤✑✏✕✒✙❝✕✖✍✎ ✔✎✤ ✒✑❝✍✎✏✕✒✙❝✕✖✍✎

✖✎ ✣✎✤✖✔ ✖✏ ✕✢✔✕ ❛✍❝✔❛ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✑✓✑✒✚✘✢✑✒✑

✢✔✓✑ ✕✍ ❤✑ ✖✎✓✍❛✓✑✤ ✖✎ ✏✍✦✑ ✧✖✎✤ ✍❡ ✎✔✕✙✒✔❛

✒✑✏✍✙✒❝✑ ✦✔✎✔✗✑✦✑✎✕✛ ✯✙✕ ✕✢✑✒✑ ✖✏ ✏✕✖❛❛ ✔ ❛✍✎✗

✘✔✚ ✕✍ ✗✍ ❤✑❡✍✒✑ ❛✍❝✔❛ ❝✍✦✦✙✎✖✕✖✑✏ ✔✒✑ ✔✕ ✕✢✑

❝✑✎✕✒✑❧✏✕✔✗✑ ✖✎ ✤✑❝✖✏✖✍✎❧✦✔✧✖✎✗✛ ✪❝❝✑✫✕ ✍✎❛✚

✕✢✍✏✑ ✑❝✍✎✍✦✖❝ ✍✒ ✤✑✓✑❛✍✫✦✑✎✕✔❛ ✔❝✕✖✓✖✕✖✑✏✥

✕✢✔✕ ✔✒✑ ✫✑✍✫❛✑ ❝✑✎✕✒✖❝✥ ✑✎✓✖✒✍✎✦✑✎✕❧❡✒✖✑✎✤❛✚

✔✎✤ ✑❝✍✎✍✦✖❝✔❛❛✚ ✒✑✘✔✒✤✖✎✗✛

Write a short essay on any practices whichyou may have observed and practised inyour everyday lives that conserve and protectthe environment around you.


�The tree is a peculiar organism of unlimited kindness and benevolence andmakes no demand for its sustenance, and extends generously the products of itslife activity. It affords protection to all beings, offering shade even to the axemenwho destroy it�.

Gautama Buddha (487 B.C.)


✶� ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✝ ✞✟✠☎✞✝ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛✌

✭✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠✏ ✄✟✝☛✝ ☛✄✑✄✝✒✝☞✄☛ ☎☛ ☞✠✄ ✑ ✓✑✂☎✔ ✕✝✑☛✠☞ ✏✠✕ ✄✟✝ ✔✝✆✂✝✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ✏✂✠✕✑

✑☞✔ ✏✑✁☞✑❛

✭✖✎ ❆✗✕☎✞✁✂✄✁✕✑✂ ✝✘✆✑☞☛☎✠☞✌

✭✙✎ ▲✑✕✗✝ ☛✞✑✂✝ ✔✝✓✝✂✠✆✒✝☞✄✑✂ ✆✕✠✚✝✞✄☛✌

✭✛✎ ●✕✑✜☎☞✗ ✑☞✔ ✏✁✝✂ ✢✠✠✔ ✞✠✂✂✝✞✄☎✠☞✌

✭✣✎ ❘✑✆☎✔ ☎☞✔✁☛✄✕☎✑✂☎☛✑✄☎✠☞ ✑☞✔ ✁✕✤✑☞☎☛✑✄☎✠☞✌

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✞✠☞☛✝✕✓✑✄☎✠☞ ☛✄✕✑✄✝✗☎✝☛ ✔✠ ☞✠✄ ✔☎✕✝✞✄✂✥ ☎☞✓✠✂✓✝

✞✠✒✒✁☞☎✄✥ ✆✑✕✄☎✞☎✆✑✄☎✠☞❛

✭✖✎ ❏✠☎☞✄ ✏✠✕✝☛✄ ✒✑☞✑✗✝✒✝☞✄ ✭✛✎ ❈✟☎✆✦✠ ▼✠✓✝✒✝☞✄

✭✙✎ ❇✝✝✚ ❇✑✞✟✑✠ ❆☞✔✠✂✑☞ ✭✣✎ ❉✝✒✑✕✞✑✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ❲☎✂✔✂☎✏✝ ☛✑☞✞✄✁✑✕☎✝☛

✷� ▼✑✄✞✟ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✑☞☎✒✑✂☛ ✢☎✄✟ ✄✟✝☎✕ ✞✑✄✝✗✠✕✥ ✠✏ ✝✘☎☛✄✝☞✞✝✌

✧★✩✪✫✬✮✯✰✬✫★✱✮ ✲✫✱✳✴✵✸✹ ✵✺ ✳✻✩✮✱✳★✼❡

❇✂✑✞✦ ✤✁✞✦ ❊✘✄☎☞✞✄

❆☛☎✑✄☎✞ ✝✂✝✆✟✑☞✄ ❘✑✕✝

❆☞✔✑✒✑☞ ✢☎✂✔ ✆☎✗ ❊☞✔✑☞✗✝✕✝✔

❍☎✒✑✂✑✥✑☞ ✤✕✠✢☞ ✤✝✑✕ ❱✁✂☞✝✕✑✤✂✝

P☎☞✦ ✟✝✑✔ ✔✁✞✦ ❊☞✔✝✒☎✞

✽� ▼✑✄✞✟ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗✌

✾✿❀✿❁❂✿❃ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ❅❋♦✿❁ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ■❑❃ ◆■❀❋✿❖■❑❃❀ ◗✿❖❅❑❙❚❑❙ ❋❅ ◗❅❋♦

❙❅❂✿❁❑❣✿❑❋ ■❑❃ ❯❁❚❂■❋✿ ❚❑❃❚❂ ❚❃❳■❖❀ ■❑❃

❝❅❣❣❳❑❚❋❚✿❀

❨❁❅❋✿❝❋✿❃ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ■❁✿ ❁✿❙■❁❃✿❃ ■❀ ❣❅❀❋ ❂■❖❳■◗❖✿ ■❀ ❄■❁ ■❀ ❋♦✿

❝❅❑❀✿❁❂■❋❚❅❑ ❅❄ ❄❅❁✿❀❋ ■❑❃◆❚❖❃❖❚❄✿ ❁✿❀❅❳❁❝✿❀

❩❑❝❖■❀❀✿❃ ❄❅❁✿❀❋❀ ❄❅❁✿❀❋ ❖■❑❃❀■❁✿ ❯❁❅❋✿❝❋✿❃ ❄❁❅❣■❑❢ ❄❳❁❋♦✿❁ ❃✿❯❖✿❋❚❅❑

❬� ❆☞☛✢✝✕ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✑✤✠✁✄ ❭❪ ✢✠✕✔☛✌

✭✍✎ ❲✟✑✄ ☎☛ ✤☎✠✔☎✓✝✕☛☎✄✥❛ ❲✟✥ ☎☛ ✤☎✠✔☎✓✝✕☛☎✄✥ ☎✒✆✠✕✄✑☞✄ ✏✠✕ ✟✁✒✑☞ ✂☎✓✝☛❛

✭✍✍✎ ❍✠✢ ✟✑✓✝ ✟✁✒✑☞ ✑✞✄☎✓☎✄☎✝☛ ✑✏✏✝✞✄✝✔ ✄✟✝ ✔✝✆✂✝✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ✏✂✠✕✑ ✑☞✔ ✏✑✁☞✑❛ ❊✘✆✂✑☎☞✌

❫� ❆☞☛✢✝✕ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✢☎☞✗ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✑✤✠✁✄ ❴❵❪ ✢✠✕✔☛✌

✭✍✎ ❉✝☛✞✕☎✤✝ ✟✠✢ ✞✠✒✒✁☞☎✄☎✝☛ ✟✑✓✝ ✞✠☞☛✝✕✓✝✔ ✑☞✔ ✆✕✠✄✝✞✄✝✔ ✏✠✕✝☛✄☛ ✑☞✔ ✢☎✂✔✂☎✏✝

☎☞ ✐☞✔☎✑❛

✭✍✍✎ ❲✕☎✄✝ ✑ ☞✠✄✝ ✠☞ ✗✠✠✔ ✆✕✑✞✄☎✞✝☛ ✄✠✢✑✕✔☛ ✞✠☞☛✝✕✓☎☞✗ ✏✠✕✝☛✄ ✑☞✔ ✢☎✂✔✂☎✏✝✌

❨♦� ✁✂✄☎✁✆✝ ✞✟♦✠ ✡☛✁✡ ✡☛✄☎☎❡☞♦�✄✡☛ ♦☞ ✡☛☎

☎✁✄✡☛✌✍ ✍�✄☞✁❢☎ ✎✍ ❢♦✏☎✄☎✆ ✠✎✡☛ ✠✁✡☎✄✱ ✑�✡ ♦✟✂✝

✁ ✍❛✁✂✂ ✒✄♦✒♦✄✡✎♦✟ ♦☞ ✎✡ ✁❢❢♦�✟✡✍ ☞♦✄ ☞✄☎✍☛✠✁✡☎✄

✡☛✁✡ ❢✁✟✑☎ ✒�✡ ✡♦�✍☎t ✓☛✎✍ ☞✄☎✍☛✠✁✡☎✄ ✎✍❛✁✎✟✂✝

♦✑✡✁✎✟☎✆ ☞✄♦❛ ✍�✄☞✁❢☎ ✄�✟♦☞☞ ✁✟✆ ✔✄♦�✟✆✠✁✡☎✄

✡☛✁✡ ✎✍ ❢♦✟✡✎✟�✁✂✂✝ ✑☎✎✟✔ ✄☎✟☎✠☎✆ ✁✟✆

✄☎❢☛✁✄✔☎✆ ✡☛✄♦�✔☛ ✡☛☎ ☛✝✆✄♦✂♦✔✎❢✁✂ ❢✝❢✂☎t r✂✂

✠✁✡☎✄ ❛♦✏☎✍ ✠✎✡☛✎✟ ✡☛☎ ☛✝✆✄♦✂♦✔✎❢✁✂ ❢✝❢✂☎

☎✟✍�✄✎✟✔ ✡☛✁✡ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✎✍ ✁ ✄☎✟☎✠✁✑✂☎ ✄☎✍♦�✄❢☎t

❨♦� ❛✎✔☛✡ ✠♦✟✆☎✄ ✡☛✁✡ ✎☞ ✡☛✄☎☎❡☞♦�✄✡☛ ♦☞

✡☛☎ ✠♦✄✂✆ ✎✍ ❢♦✏☎✄☎✆ ✠✎✡☛ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✁✟✆ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✎✍ ✁

✄☎✟☎✠✁✑✂☎ ✄☎✍♦�✄❢☎✱ ✡☛☎✟ ☛♦✠ ✎✍ ✎✡ ✡☛✁✡

❢♦�✟✡✄✎☎✍ ✁✟✆ ✄☎✔✎♦✟✍ ✁✄♦�✟✆ ✡☛☎ ✔✂♦✑☎ ✍�☞☞☎✄

☞✄♦❛ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✍❢✁✄❢✎✡✝✕ ✖☛✝ ✎✍ ✎✡ ✒✄☎✆✎❢✡☎✆ ✡☛✁✡

✑✝ ❜✗❜✘✱ ✟☎✁✄✂✝ ✡✠♦ ✑✎✂✂✎♦✟ ✒☎♦✒✂☎ ✠✎✂✂ ✂✎✏☎ ✎✟

✁✑✍♦✂�✡☎ ✠✁✡☎✄ ✍❢✁✄❢✎✡✝✕

Water: Some facts and figures

� 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world�swater is estimated to exist as oceans andonly 2.5 per cent as freshwater. Nearly70 per cent of this freshwater occurs asice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica,Greenland and the mountainous regionsof the world, while a little less than 30per cent is stored as groundwater in theworld�s aquifers.

� India receives nearly 4 per cent of theglobal precipitation and ranks 133 in theworld in terms of water availability perperson per annum.

� The total renewable water resources of Indiaare estimated at 1,897 sq km per annum.


❛��✁✂✄❛☎✆ ✄☎ ✝✄☎✞ ✟✆✠✄✁✡� ✞❛☛✄✡✠ ☞✁✝ ✟❛✄✡✌❛☞☞

✁✟ ☎✞✁�✆ ☎✞❛☎ ❛✟✆ ❡✟✁♦✠✞☎ ✍✟✁✡✆✎ ✏✆

✄✡�☎❛✡☎❛✡✆✁♦�☞✐ ☛✄�♦❛☞✄�✆ ☎✞✆ ❡✆�✆✟☎� ✁✌

❘❛✑❛�☎✞❛✡ ❛✡❡ ✝✁✒✆✡ ✓❛☞❛✡✂✄✡✠ ✒❛✡✐

➅♠✔✕✖✔✗➆ ✘✆❛✟☎✞✆✡ ✍✁☎�✙ ♦�✆❡ ✌✁✟ ✂✁☞☞✆✂☎✄✡✠ ❛✡❡

�☎✁✟✄✡✠ ✝❛☎✆✟ ❛✡❡ ☎✟❛☛✆☞☞✄✡✠ ☞✁✡✠ ❡✄�☎❛✡✂✆� ☎✁

✠✆☎ ✝❛☎✆✟✎ ✳✟♦✆r ☎✞✆ ❛☛❛✄☞❛✓✄☞✄☎✐ ✁✌ ✝❛☎✆✟

✟✆�✁♦✟✂✆� ☛❛✟✄✆� ✁☛✆✟ �✍❛✂✆ ❛✡❡ ☎✄✒✆r ✒❛✄✡☞✐

❡♦✆ ☎✁ ☎✞✆ ☛❛✟✄❛☎✄✁✡� ✄✡ �✆❛�✁✡❛☞ ❛✡❡ ❛✡✡♦❛☞

✍✟✆✂✄✍✄☎❛☎✄✁✡r ✓♦☎ ✝❛☎✆✟ �✂❛✟✂✄☎✐ ✄✡✒✁�☎ ✂❛�✆�

✄� ✂❛♦�✆❡ ✓✐ ✁☛✆✟✲ ✆✚✍☞✁✄☎❛☎✄✁✡r ✆✚✂✆��✄☛✆ ♦�✆

❛✡❡ ♦✡✆✛♦❛☞ ❛✂✂✆�� ☎✁ ✝❛☎✆✟ ❛✒✁✡✠ ❡✄✌✌✆✟✆✡☎

�✁✂✄❛☞ ✠✟✁♦✍�✎

❋✜✢✣ ✤✣✥✦ ✧★✩✪✫ ✬✭★✫✭❝✩✮

� By 2025, it is predicted that large parts ofIndia will join countries or regions havingabsolute water scarcity.

❙✯✰✱✴✵✦ ✶✷✪ ✸✹ ✧✺✫✻✼ ✧★✩✪✫ ✽✪✾✪✻✺✿❀✪❁✩❂✪✿✺✫✩❃ ❄❅❅❆

❲❇❈❉❊ ●❍❇❊❍■❈❏ ❇❑▲ ❈❚❉ ▼❉❉▲ ◆❖❊ ❲❇❈❉❊

P❖❑◗❉❊❱❇❈■❖❑ ❇❑▲ ❯❇❑❇❳❉❨❉❑❈

❩✄☛✆✡ ☎✞✆ ❛✓♦✡❡❛✡✂✆ ❛✡❡ ✟✆✡✆✝❛✓✄☞✄☎✐ ✁✌

✝❛☎✆✟r ✄☎ ✄� ❡✄✌✌✄✂♦☞☎ ☎✁ ✄✒❛✠✄✡✆ ☎✞❛☎ ✝✆ ✒❛✐

�♦✌✌✆✟ ✌✟✁✒ ✝❛☎✆✟ �✂❛✟✂✄☎✐✎ ✳✞✆ ✒✁✒✆✡☎ ✝✆

�✍✆❛s ✁✌ ✝❛☎✆✟ �✞✁✟☎❛✠✆�r ✝✆ ✄✒✒✆❡✄❛☎✆☞✐

❬❭❪❫❴❵ ❬❭❪❫❴ ❜❞❫❴❢❣❤❫❴❫❵ ❥❦❪ ❭ ❧❴❦♥ ❪❦ ❧❴♣❥qt✉✈✇①② ③ ④①③⑤⑥ ⑦⑧⑨⑩❶⑧❷②❸ ③ ❹⑧⑥ ❺⑧❻❻①❺✇❼ ⑦②❽⑩❾❽⑩❿⑨③✇①② ❽⑩ ➀⑧❻❾③✇③➁ ➂❽✈① ❽⑩ ✇④① ❺❽✇⑥ ③⑩⑦ ❽✇❼ ③⑦➃③❺①⑩✇

⑦❽❼✇②❽❺✇❼ ⑨③❼ ❶③②③❻⑥❼①⑦ ③❼ ❽⑩❺①❼❼③⑩✇ ⑧⑤①②⑩❽❿④✇ ②③❽⑩❸➄①③⑩❽⑩❿ ③ ②①❺⑧②⑦ ➇➈➉ ➄➄❸ ✈❻⑧⑧⑦①⑦ ⑤③❼✇ ③②①③ ③⑩⑦⑦❽❼②❷✇①⑦ ✇②③✈✈❽❺➁

✉ ➀③❼④➄❽②❽ ①③②✇④➊❷③❾① ❼❷②⑤❽⑤⑧② ❺③②②❽①❼ ⑨③✇①② ❽⑩✇④① ❼⑩⑧⑨ ❽⑩ ③ ⑦①⑤③❼✇③✇①⑦ ⑤❽❻❻③❿①➁

25WATER RESOURCES

r�✁✂✄r�☎�✆✝✞ ✟✂✝ ✠✡☛� ☞✂r✝✠�r ✡✌✌r✡☛✡✝�✍ ✝✠�

♣r✎✟✏�☎✑ ✒☞ ✓✎✂ ✏✎✎✔ ✄✆✝✎ ✝✠� ✠✎✂✞✄✆✌

✞✎s✄�✝✄�✞ ✎r s✎✏✎✆✄�✞ ✄✆ ✝✠� s✄✝✄�✞✕ ✓✎✂ ✖✎✂✏✍

☞✄✆✍ ✝✠✡✝ ☎✎✞✝ ✎☞ ✝✠�✞� ✠✡☛� ✝✠�✄r ✎✖✆

✌r✎✂✆✍✖✡✝�r ♣✂☎♣✄✆✌ ✍�☛✄s�✞ ✝✎ ☎��✝ ✝✠�✄r

✖✡✝�r ✆��✍✞✑ ✇✎✝ ✞✂r♣r✄✞✄✆✌✏✓✕ ✖� ☞✄✆✍ ✝✠✡✝

☞r✡✌✄✏� ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞ ✡r� ✟�✄✆✌ ✎☛�r✲

�❡♣✏✎✄✝�✍ ✡✆✍ ✠✡☛� s✡✂✞�✍ ✝✠�✄r ✍�♣✏�✝✄✎✆ ✄✆

✞�☛�r✡✏ ✎☞ ✝✠�✞� s✄✝✄�✞✑

❙✎ ☞✡r ✖� ✠✡☛� ☞✎s✂✞�✍ ✎✆ ✝✠� ✁✂✡✆✝✄✝✡✝✄☛�

✡✞♣�s✝✞ ✎☞ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓✑ ✇✎✖✕ ✏�✝ ✂✞ s✎✆✞✄✍�r

✡✆✎✝✠�r ✞✄✝✂✡✝✄✎✆ ✖✠�r� ✖✡✝�r ✄✞ ✞✂☞☞✄s✄�✆✝✏✓

✡☛✡✄✏✡✟✏� ✝✎ ☎��✝ ✝✠� ✆��✍✞ ✎☞ ✝✠� ♣�✎♣✏�✕

✟✂✝✕ ✝✠� ✡r�✡ ✞✝✄✏✏ ✞✂☞☞�r✞ ☞r✎☎ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓✑

❚✠✄✞ ✞s✡rs✄✝✓ ☎✡✓ ✟� ✍✂� ✝✎ ✟✡✍ ✁✂✡✏✄✝✓ ✎☞

✖✡✝�r✑ ✳✡✝�✏✓✕ ✝✠�r� ✠✡✞ ✟��✆ ✡ ✌r✎✖✄✆✌

s✎✆s�r✆ ✝✠✡✝ �☛�✆ ✄☞ ✝✠�r� ✄✞ ✡☎♣✏� ✖✡✝�r ✝✎

☎��✝ ✝✠� ✆��✍✞ ✎☞ ✝✠� ♣�✎♣✏�✕ ☎✂s✠ ✎☞ ✄✝ ☎✡✓

✟� ♣✎✏✏✂✝�✍ ✟✓ ✍✎☎�✞✝✄s ✡✆✍ ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏

✖✡✞✝�✞✕ s✠�☎✄s✡✏✞✕ ♣�✞✝✄s✄✍�✞ ✡✆✍ ☞�r✝✄✏✄✞�r✞

✂✞�✍ ✄✆ ✡✌r✄s✂✏✝✂r�✕ ✝✠✂✞✕ ☎✡✔✄✆✌ ✄✝

✠✡❤✡r✍✎✂✞ ☞✎r ✠✂☎✡✆ ✂✞�✑

❲✠�r� ✄✞ ✝✠�✆ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓ ✏✄✔�✏✓ ✝✎

✎ss✂r♦ ✗✞ ✓✎✂ ✠✡☛� r�✡✍ ✄✆ ✝✠� ✠✓✍r✎✏✎✌✄s✡✏

s✓s✏�✕ ☞r�✞✠✖✡✝�r s✡✆ ✟� ✎✟✝✡✄✆�✍ ✍✄r�s✝✏✓

☞r✎☎ ♣r�s✄♣✄✝✡✝✄✎✆✕ ✞✂r☞✡s� r✂✆ ✎☞☞ ✡✆✍

✌r✎✂✆✍✖✡✝�r✑

✒✞ ✄✝ ♣✎✞✞✄✟✏� ✝✠✡✝ ✡✆ ✡r�✡ ✎r r�✌✄✎✆ ☎✡✓

✠✡☛� ✡☎♣✏� ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞ ✟✂✝ ✄✞ ✞✝✄✏✏ ☞✡s✄✆✌

✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓♦ ✘✡✆✓ ✎☞ ✎✂r s✄✝✄�✞ ✡r� ✞✂s✠

�❡✡☎♣✏�✞✑ ❚✠✂✞✕ ✖✡✝�r ✞s✡rs✄✝✓ ☎✡✓ ✟� ✡✆

✎✂✝s✎☎� ✎☞ ✏✡r✌� ✡✆✍ ✌r✎✖✄✆✌ ♣✎♣✂✏✡✝✄✎✆ ✡✆✍

s✎✆✞�✁✂�✆✝ ✌r�✡✝�r ✍�☎✡✆✍✞ ☞✎r ✖✡✝�r✕ ✡✆✍

✂✆�✁✂✡✏ ✡ss�✞✞ ✝✎ ✄✝✑ ✗ ✏✡r✌� ♣✎♣✂✏✡✝✄✎✆ ☎�✡✆✞

☎✎r� ✖✡✝�r ✆✎✝ ✎✆✏✓ ☞✎r ✍✎☎�✞✝✄s ✂✞� ✟✂✝ ✡✏✞✎

✝✎ ♣r✎✍✂s� ☎✎r� ☞✎✎✍✑ t�✆s�✕ ✝✎ ☞✡s✄✏✄✝✡✝�

✠✄✌✠�r ☞✎✎✍✲✌r✡✄✆ ♣r✎✍✂s✝✄✎✆✕ ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞

✡r� ✟�✄✆✌ ✎☛�r✲�❡♣✏✎✄✝�✍ ✝✎ �❡♣✡✆✍ ✄rr✄✌✡✝�✍

✡r�✡✞ ✡✆✍ ✍r✓✲✞�✡✞✎✆ ✡✌r✄s✂✏✝✂r�✑ ✙✎✂ ☎✡✓

✠✡☛� ✞��✆ ✄✆ ☎✡✆✓ ✝�✏�☛✄✞✄✎✆ ✡✍☛�r✝✄✞�☎�✆✝✞

✝✠✡✝ ☎✎✞✝ ☞✡r☎�r✞ ✠✡☛� ✝✠�✄r ✎✖✆ ✖�✏✏✞ ✡✆✍

✝✂✟�✲✖�✏✏✞ ✄✆ ✝✠�✄r ☞✡r☎✞ ☞✎r ✄rr✄✌✡✝✄✎✆ ✝✎

✄✆sr�✡✞� ✝✠�✄r ♣r✎✍✂s�✑ ✐✂✝ ✠✡☛� ✓✎✂ �☛�r

✖✎✆✍�r�✍ ✖✠✡✝ ✝✠✄✞ s✎✂✏✍ r�✞✂✏✝ ✄✆♦ ❚✠✡✝ ✄✝

☎✡✓ ✏�✡✍ ✝✎ ☞✡✏✏✄✆✌ ✌r✎✂✆✍✖✡✝�r ✏�☛�✏✞✕

✡✍☛�r✞�✏✓ ✡☞☞�s✝✄✆✌ ✖✡✝�r ✡☛✡✄✏✡✟✄✏✄✝✓ ✡✆✍ ☞✎✎✍

✞�s✂r✄✝✓ ✎☞ ✝✠� ♣�✎♣✏�✑

P✎✞✝✲✄✆✍�♣�✆✍�✆✝ ✒✆✍✄✡ ✖✄✝✆�✞✞�✍

✄✆✝�✆✞✄☛� ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏✄✞✡✝✄✎✆ ✡✆✍ ✂r✟✡✆✄✞✡✝✄✎✆✕

sr�✡✝✄✆✌ ☛✡✞✝ ✎♣♣✎r✝✂✆✄✝✄�✞ ☞✎r ✂✞✑ ❚✎✍✡✓✕

✏✡r✌� ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏ ✠✎✂✞�✞ ✡r� ✡✞ s✎☎☎✎✆♣✏✡s�

✡✞ ✝✠� ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄✡✏ ✂✆✄✝✞ ✎☞ ☎✡✆✓ ✘✇❛✞

✭✘✂✏✝✄✆✡✝✄✎✆✡✏ ❛✎r♣✎r✡✝✄✎✆✞✚✑ ❚✠� �☛�r✲

✄✆sr�✡✞✄✆✌ ✆✂☎✟�r ✎☞ ✄✆✍✂✞✝r✄�✞ ✠✡✞ ☎✡✍�

☎✡✝✝�r✞ ✖✎r✞� ✟✓ �❡�r✝✄✆✌ ♣r�✞✞✂r� ✎✆

�❡✄✞✝✄✆✌ ☞r�✞✠✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞✑ ✒✆✍✂✞✝r✄�✞✕

✡♣✡r✝ ☞r✎☎ ✟�✄✆✌ ✠�✡☛✓ ✂✞�r✞ ✎☞ ✖✡✝�r✕ ✡✏✞✎

r�✁✂✄r� ♣✎✖�r ✝✎ r✂✆ ✝✠�☎✑ ✘✂s✠ ✎☞ ✝✠✄✞

�✆�r✌✓ s✎☎�✞ ☞r✎☎ ✠✓✍r✎�✏�s✝r✄s ♣✎✖�r✑

❚✎✍✡✓✕ ✄✆ ✒✆✍✄✡ ✠✓✍r✎�s✏�s✝r✄s ♣✎✖�r

s✎✆✝r✄✟✂✝�✞ ✡♣♣r✎❡✄☎✡✝�✏✓ ❝❝ ♣�r s�✆✝ ✎☞ ✝✠�

✝✎✝✡✏ �✏�s✝r✄s✄✝✓ ♣r✎✍✂s�✍✑ ✘✎r�✎☛�r✕

☎✂✏✝✄♣✏✓✄✆✌ ✂r✟✡✆ s�✆✝r�✞ ✖✄✝✠ ✏✡r✌� ✡✆✍

✍�✆✞� ♣✎♣✂✏✡✝✄✎✆✞ ✡✆✍ ✂r✟✡✆ ✏✄☞�✞✝✓✏�✞ ✠✡☛�

✆✎✝ ✎✆✏✓ ✡✍✍�✍ ✝✎ ✖✡✝�r ✡✆✍ �✆�r✌✓

According to Falken Mark, a Swedish expert,water stress occurs when water availabilityis less than 1,000 cubic metre per personper day.

India�s rivers, especially the smaller ones,have all turned into toxic streams. And eventhe big ones like the Ganga and Yamunaare far from being pure. The assault onIndia�s rivers � from population growth,agricultural modernisation, urbanisation andindustrialisation � is enormous and growingby the day�.. This entire life standsthreatened.

✛✜✢✣✤✥✦ ✧★✩ ✪✫✬✫✮✩✯✰✱ ✴✫✵✬★ ✶✩✷✸✹✬✺ ✪✻✼✺ ✽✾✾✾✿

✙✎✂ ☎✡✓ ✠✡☛� ✡✏r�✡✍✓ r�✡✏✄✞�✍ ✝✠✡✝ ✝✠�

✆��✍ ✎☞ ✝✠� ✠✎✂r ✄✞ ✝✎ s✎✆✞�r☛� ✡✆✍ ☎✡✆✡✌�

✎✂r ✖✡✝�r r�✞✎✂rs�✞✕ ✝✎ ✞✡☞�✌✂✡r✍ ✎✂r✞�✏☛�✞

☞r✎☎ ✠�✡✏✝✠ ✠✡❤✡r✍✞✕ ✝✎ �✆✞✂r� ☞✎✎✍ ✞�s✂r✄✝✓✕

s✎✆✝✄✆✂✡✝✄✎✆ ✎☞ ✎✂r ✏✄☛� ✏✄✠✎✎✍✞ ✡✆✍

♣r✎✍✂s✝✄☛� ✡s✝✄☛✄✝✄�✞ ✡✆✍ ✡✏✞✎ ✝✎ ♣r�☛�✆✝

✍�✌r✡✍✡✝✄✎✆ ✎☞ ✎✂r ✆✡✝✂r✡✏ �s✎✞✓✞✝�☎✞✑ ❞☛�r

�❡♣✏✎✄✝✡✝✄✎✆ ✡✆✍ ☎✄✞☎✡✆✡✌�☎�✆✝ ✎☞ ✖✡✝�r

r�✞✎✂rs�✞ ✖✄✏✏ ✄☎♣✎☛�r✄✞✠ ✝✠✄✞ r�✞✎✂rs� ✡✆✍

s✡✂✞� �s✎✏✎✌✄s✡✏ sr✄✞✄✞ ✝✠✡✝ ☎✡✓ ✠✡☛�

♣r✎☞✎✂✆✍ ✄☎♣✡s✝ ✎✆ ✎✂r ✏✄☛�✞✑

From your everyday experiences, write a shortproposal on how you can conserve water.


▼❯�✁✂✲P❯✄P☎✆✝ ✥✂■✝✄ ✞✄☎❘✝✟✁✆ ❆✠✡

☛✠✁✝◆✄❆✁✝✡ ☞❆✁✝✄ ✥✝✆☎❯✄✟✝✆ ▼❆✠❆◆✝✌✝✠✁

❇✍✎✏ ✑✒✓ ✔✒ ✓✕ ✖✒✗✘✕✙✚✕ ✛✗✔ ✜✛✗✛✢✕ ✓✛✎✕✙✣

✤✙✖✑✛✕✒✦✒✢✧✖✛✦ ✛✗✔ ✑✧✘✎✒✙✧✖✛✦ ✙✕✖✒✙✔✘ ✘✑✒✓ ✎✑✛✎

❢✙✒✜ ✛✗✖✧✕✗✎ ✎✧✜✕✘ ✓✕ ✑✛✚✕ ★✕✕✗ ✖✒✗✘✎✙✍✖✎✧✗✢

✘✒s✑✧✘✎✧✖✛✎✕✔ ✑✩✔✙✛✍✦✧✖ ✘✎✙✍✖✎✍✙✕✘ ✦✧✪✕ ✔✛✜✘

★✍✧✦✎ ✒❢ ✘✎✒✗✕ ✙✍★★✦✕✏ ✙✕✘✕✙✚✒✧✙✘ ✒✙ ✦✛✪✕✘✏

✕✜★✛✗✪✜✕✗✎✘ ✛✗✔ ✖✛✗✛✦✘ ❢✒✙ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✧✒✗❡ ✫✒✎

✘✍✙s✙✧✘✧✗✢✦✩✏ ✓✕ ✑✛✚✕ ✖✒✗✎✧✗✍✕✔ ✎✑✧✘ ✎✙✛✔✧✎✧✒✗

✧✗ ✜✒✔✕✙✗ ✐✗✔✧✛ ★✩ ★✍✧✦✔✧✗✢ ✔✛✜✘ ✧✗ ✜✒✘✎ ✒❢

✒✍✙ ✙✧✚✕✙ ★✛✘✧✗✘❡

❲✑✛✎ ✛✙✕ ✔✛✜✘ ✛✗✔ ✑✒✓ ✔✒ ✎✑✕✩ ✑✕✦s ✍✘

✧✗ ✖✒✗✘✕✙✚✧✗✢ ✛✗✔ ✜✛✗✛✢✧✗✢ ✓✛✎✕✙✣ ✬✛✜✘

✓✕✙✕ ✎✙✛✔✧✎✧✒✗✛✦✦✩ ★✍✧✦✎ ✎✒ ✧✜s✒✍✗✔ ✙✧✚✕✙✘ ✛✗✔

✙✛✧✗✓✛✎✕✙ ✎✑✛✎ ✖✒✍✦✔ ★✕ ✍✘✕✔ ✦✛✎✕✙ ✎✒ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✕

✛✢✙✧✖✍✦✎✍✙✛✦ ❢✧✕✦✔✘❡ ❛✒✔✛✩✏ ✔✛✜✘ ✛✙✕ ★✍✧✦✎ ✗✒✎

❥✍✘✎ ❢✒✙ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✧✒✗ ★✍✎ ❢✒✙ ✕✦✕✖✎✙✧✖✧✎✩ ✢✕✗✕✙✛✎✧✒✗✏

✓✛✎✕✙ ✘✍ss✦✩ ❢✒✙ ✔✒✜✕✘✎✧✖ ✛✗✔ ✧✗✔✍✘✎✙✧✛✦

✍✘✕✘✏ ❢✦✒✒✔ ✖✒✗✎✙✒✦ ✏ ✙✕✖✙✕✛✎✧✒✗✏ ✧✗✦✛✗✔

✗✛✚✧✢✛✎✧✒✗ ✛✗✔ ❢✧✘✑ ★✙✕✕✔✧✗✢❡ ♥✕✗✖✕✏ ✔✛✜✘ ✛✙✕

✗✒✓ ✙✕❢✕✙✙✕✔ ✎✒ ✛✘ ✜✍✦✎✧✭s✍✙s✒✘✕ s✙✒❥✕✖✎✘

✓✑✕✙✕ ✎✑✕✜✛✗✩ ✍✘✕✘ ✒❢ ✎✑✕ ✧✜s✒✍✗✔✕✔ ✓✛✎✕✙

✛✙✕ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕✔ ✓✧✎✑ ✒✗✕ ✛✗✒✎✑✕✙❡ ✳✒✙ ✕✮✛✜s✦✕✏

✧✗ ✎✑✕ ✯✍✎✦✍❥✭❇✕✛✘ ✙✧✚✕✙ ★✛✘✧✗✏ ✎✑✕ ❇✑✛✪✙✛ ✰

✫✛✗✢✛✦ s✙✒❥✕✖✎ ✓✛✎✕✙ ✧✘ ★✕✧✗✢ ✍✘✕✔ ★✒✎✑ ❢✒✙

✑✩✔✕✦ s✒✓✕✙ s✙✒✔✍✖✎✧✒✗ ✛✗✔ ✧✙✙✧✢✛✎✧✒✗❡

✯✧✜✧✦✛✙✦✩✏ ✎✑✕ ♥✧✙✛✪✍✔ s✙✒❥✕✖✎ ✧✗ ✎✑✕

✱✛✑✛✗✛✔✧ ★✛✘✧✗ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕✘ ✖✒✗✘✕✙✚✛✎✧✒✗ ✒❢

✓✛✎✕✙ ✓✧✎✑ ❢✦✒✒✔ ✖✒✗✎✙✒✦❡

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India

� In the first century B.C., Sringaverapuranear Allahabad had sophisticated waterharvesting system channelling the floodwater of the river Ganga.

� During the time of Chandragupta Maurya,dams, lakes and irrigation systems wereextensively built.

� Evidences of sophisticated irrigation workshave also been found in Kalinga, (Orissa),Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh),Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur(Maharashtra), etc.

� In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of thelargest artificial lakes of its time was built.

� In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas,Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish forsupplying water to Siri Fort area.

❙✴✵✶✷✸✹ ❉✺✻✼✽ ✾✻✿❀❁❂❃ ❄❅❈❃ ❊❋❋●❍

❏❑▲❖ ◗❖❚✹ ❱✻❳❨❩❬❀ ❉❨❂

A dam is a barrier across flowing water thatobstructs, directs or retards the flow, oftencreating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.�Dam� refers to the reservoir rather than thestructure. Most dams have a section called aspillway or weir over which or through whichit is intended that water will flow eitherintermittently or continuously. Dams areclassified according to structure, intendedpurpose or height. Based on structure andthe materials used, dams are classified astimber dams, embankment dams or masonrydams, with several subtypes. According tothe height, dams can be categorised as largedams and major dams or alternatively as lowdams, medium height dams and high dams.

✱✍✦✎✧✭s✍✙s✒✘✕ s✙✒❥✕✖✎✘✏ ✦✛✍✗✖✑✕✔ ✛❢✎✕✙

✐✗✔✕s✕✗✔✕✗✖✕ ✓✧✎✑ ✎✑✕✧✙ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕✔ ✓✛✎✕✙

✙✕✘✒✍✙✖✕✘ ✜✛✗✛✢✕✜✕✗✎ ✛ss✙✒✛✖✑✏ ✓✕✙✕

✎✑✒✍✢✑✎ ✒❢ ✛✘ ✎✑✕ ✚✕✑✧✖✦✕ ✎✑✛✎ ✓✒✍✦✔ ✦✕✛✔ ✎✑✕

✗✛✎✧✒✗ ✎✒ ✔✕✚✕✦✒s✜✕✗✎ ✛✗✔ s✙✒✢✙✕✘✘✏

✒✚✕✙✖✒✜✧✗✢ ✎✑✕ ✑✛✗✔✧✖✛s ✒❢ ✧✎✘ ✖✒✦✒✗✧✛✦ s✛✘✎❡

❭✛✓✛✑✛✙✦✛✦ ✫✕✑✙✍ s✙✒✍✔✦✩ s✙✒✖✦✛✧✜✕✔ ✎✑✕

✔✛✜✘ ✛✘ ✎✑✕ ❞✎✕✜s✦✕✘ ✒❢ ✜✒✔✕✙✗ ✐✗✔✧✛❪❫ ✎✑✕

✙✕✛✘✒✗ ★✕✧✗✢ ✎✑✛✎ ✧✎ ✓✒✍✦✔ ✧✗✎✕✢✙✛✎✕

✔✕✚✕✦✒s✜✕✗✎ ✒❢ ✛✢✙✧✖✍✦✎✍✙✕ ✛✗✔ ✎✑✕ ✚✧✦✦✛✢✕

✕✖✒✗✒✜✩ ✓✧✎✑ ✙✛s✧✔ ✧✗✔✍✘✎✙✧✛✦✧✘✛✎✧✒✗ ✛✗✔

✢✙✒✓✎✑ ✒❢ ✎✑✕ ✍✙★✛✗ ✕✖✒✗✒✜✩❡

27WATER RESOURCES

■� ✁✂✄✂�☎ ✆✂✝✁✞✟ ✠✡☛☎☞✌✍✡✁✍✎✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ✝�✑

☛✝✁❧✂ ✑✝✠✞ ✒✝✓✂ ✄✎✠✂ ✡�✑✂✁ ❧✁✂✝☎ ✞✄✁✡☎☞�✆

✝�✑ ✎✍✍✎✞☞☎☞✎� ❛✎✁ ✝ ✓✝✁☞✂☎✆ ✎❛ ✁✂✝✞✎�✞✔

❘✂❧✡☛✝☎☞�❧ ✝�✑ ✑✝✠✠☞�❧ ✎❛ ✁☞✓✂✁✞ ✝❛❛✂✄☎ ☎✒✂☞✁

�✝☎✡✁✝☛ ❛☛✎♥ ✄✝✡✞☞�❧ ✍✎✎✁ ✞✂✑☞✠✂�☎ ❛☛✎♥ ✝�✑

✂❡✄✂✞✞☞✓✂ ✞✂✑☞✠✂�☎✝☎☞✎� ✝☎ ☎✒✂ ✕✎☎☎✎✠ ✎❛ ☎✒✂

✁✂✞✂✁✓✎☞✁✟ ✁✂✞✡☛☎☞�❧ ☞� ✁✎✄♦☞✂✁ ✞☎✁✂✝✠ ✕✂✑✞ ✝�✑

✍✎✎✁✂✁ ✒✝✕☞☎✝☎✞ ❛✎✁ ☎✒✂ ✁☞✓✂✁✞♣ ✝✖✡✝☎☞✄ ☛☞❛✂✔ ✗✝✠✞

✝☛✞✎ ❛✁✝❧✠✂�☎ ✁☞✓✂✁✞ ✠✝♦☞�❧ ☞☎ ✑☞❛❛☞✄✡☛☎ ❛✎✁

✝✖✡✝☎☞✄ ❛✝✡�✝ ☎✎ ✠☞❧✁✝☎✂✟ ✂✞✍✂✄☞✝☛☛✆ ❛✎✁

✞✍✝♥�☞�❧✔ s✒✂ ✁✂✞✂✁✓✎☞✁✞ ☎✒✝☎ ✝✁✂ ✄✁✂✝☎✂✑ ✎�

☎✒✂ ❛☛✎✎✑✍☛✝☞�✞ ✝☛✞✎ ✞✡✕✠✂✁❧✂ ☎✒✂ ✂❡☞✞☎☞�❧

✓✂❧✂☎✝☎☞✎� ✝�✑ ✞✎☞☛ ☛✂✝✑☞�❧ ☎✎ ☞☎✞ ✑✂✄✎✠✍✎✞☞☎☞✎�

✎✓✂✁ ✝ ✍✂✁☞✎✑ ✎❛ ☎☞✠✂✔

▼✡☛☎☞✌✍✡✁✍✎✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ✝�✑ ☛✝✁❧✂ ✑✝✠✞

✒✝✓✂ ✝☛✞✎ ✕✂✂� ☎✒✂ ✄✝✡✞✂ ✎❛ ✠✝�✆ �✂♥ ✞✎✄☞✝☛

✠✎✓✂✠✂�☎✞ ☛☞♦✂ ☎✒✂ ♠✘✝✁✠✝✑✝ ✙✝✄✒✝✎ ✚�✑✎☛✝�♣

✝�✑ ☎✒✂ ♠s✂✒✁☞ ✗✝✠ ✚�✑✎☛✝�♣ ✂☎✄✔ ❘✂✞☞✞☎✝�✄✂

☎✎ ☎✒✂✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ✒✝✞ ✍✁☞✠✝✁☞☛✆ ✕✂✂� ✑✡✂ ☎✎ ☎✒✂

☛✝✁❧✂✌✞✄✝☛✂ ✑☞✞✍☛✝✄✂✠✂�☎ ✎❛ ☛✎✄✝☛ ✄✎✠✠✡�☞☎☞✂✞✔

▲✎✄✝☛ ✍✂✎✍☛✂ ✎❛☎✂� ✒✝✑ ☎✎ ❧☞✓✂ ✡✍ ☎✒✂☞✁ ☛✝�✑✟

☛☞✓✂☛☞✒✎✎✑ ✝�✑ ☎✒✂☞✁ ✠✂✝❧✁✂ ✝✄✄✂✞✞ ✝�✑ ✄✎�☎✁✎☛

✎✓✂✁ ✁✂✞✎✡✁✄✂✞ ❛✎✁ ☎✒✂ ❧✁✂✝☎✂✁ ❧✎✎✑ ✎❛ ☎✒✂

�✝☎☞✎�✔ ✛✎✟ ☞❛ ☎✒✂ ☛✎✄✝☛ ✍✂✎✍☛✂ ✝✁✂ �✎☎ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎☞�❧

❛✁✎✠ ✞✡✄✒ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✞ ☎✒✂� ♥✒✎ ☞✞ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎✂✑❢

P✂✁✒✝✍✞✟ ☎✒✂ ☛✝�✑✎♥�✂✁✞ ✝�✑ ☛✝✁❧✂ ❛✝✁✠✂✁✞✟

☞�✑✡✞☎✁☞✝☛☞✞☎✞ ✝�✑ ❛✂♥ ✡✁✕✝� ✄✂�☎✁✂✞✔ s✝♦✂ ☎✒✂

✄✝✞✂ ✎❛ ☎✒✂ ☛✝�✑☛✂✞✞ ☞� ✝ ✓☞☛☛✝❧✂ ❝ ✑✎✂✞ ✒✂ ✁✂✝☛☛✆

❧✝☞� ❛✁✎✠ ✞✡✄✒ ✝ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎❢

■✁✁☞❧✝☎☞✎� ✒✝✞ ✝☛✞✎ ✄✒✝�❧✂✑ ☎✒✂ ✄✁✎✍✍☞�❧

✍✝☎☎✂✁� ✎❛ ✠✝�✆ ✁✂❧☞✎�✞ ♥☞☎✒ ❛✝✁✠✂✁✞ ✞✒☞❛☎☞�❧

☎✎ ♥✝☎✂✁ ☞�☎✂�✞☞✓✂ ✝�✑ ✄✎✠✠✂✁✄☞✝☛ ✄✁✎✍✞✔ s✒☞✞

✒✝✞ ❧✁✂✝☎ ✂✄✎☛✎❧☞✄✝☛ ✄✎�✞✂✖✡✂�✄✂✞ ☛☞♦✂

✞✝☛☞�☞✞✝☎☞✎� ✎❛ ☎✒✂ ✞✎☞☛✔ ✚☎ ☎✒✂ ✞✝✠✂ ☎☞✠✂✟ ☞☎ ✒✝✞

☎✁✝�✞❛✎✁✠✂✑ ☎✒✂ ✞✎✄☞✝☛ ☛✝�✑✞✄✝✍✂ ☞✔✂✔

☞�✄✁✂✝✞☞�❧ ☎✒✂ ✞✎✄☞✝☛ ❧✝✍ ✕✂☎♥✂✂� ☎✒✂ ✁☞✄✒✂✁

☛✝�✑✎♥�✂✁✞ ✝�✑ ☎✒✂ ☛✝�✑☛✂✞✞ ✍✎✎✁✔ ✚✞ ♥✂ ✄✝�

✞✂✂✟ ☎✒✂ ✑✝✠✞ ✑☞✑ ✄✁✂✝☎✂ ✄✎�❛☛☞✄☎✞ ✕✂☎♥✂✂�

✍✂✎✍☛✂♥✝�☎☞�❧ ✑☞❛❛✂✁✂�☎ ✡✞✂✞ ✝�✑ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎✞ ❛✁✎✠

☎✒✂ ✞✝✠✂ ♥✝☎✂✁ ✁✂✞✎✡✁✄✂✞✔ ■� t✡✏✝✁✝☎✟ ☎✒✂

✛✝✕✝✁✠✝☎☞✌✕✝✞☞� ❛✝✁✠✂✁✞ ♥✂✁✂ ✝❧☞☎✝☎✂✑ ✝�✑

✝☛✠✎✞☎ ✄✝✡✞✂✑ ✝ ✁☞✎☎ ✎✓✂✁ ☎✒✂ ✒☞❧✒✂✁ ✍✁☞✎✁☞☎✆

❧☞✓✂� ☎✎ ♥✝☎✂✁ ✞✡✍✍☛✆ ☞� ✡✁✕✝� ✝✁✂✝✞✟

✍✝✁☎☞✄✡☛✝✁☛✆ ✑✡✁☞�❧ ✑✁✎✡❧✒☎✞✔ ■�☎✂✁✌✞☎✝☎✂♥✝☎✂✁

✑☞✞✍✡☎✂✞ ✝✁✂ ✝☛✞✎ ✕✂✄✎✠☞�❧ ✄✎✠✠✎� ♥☞☎✒

✁✂❧✝✁✑ ☎✎ ✞✒✝✁☞�❧ ☎✒✂ ✄✎✞☎✞ ✝�✑ ✕✂�✂❛☞☎✞ ✎❛ ☎✒✂

✠✡☛☎☞✌✍✡✁✍✎✞✂ ✍✁✎✏✂✄☎✔

Find out more about any one traditionalmethod of building dams and irrigation works.

We have sown the crops in Asar

We will bring Bhadu in Bhadra

Floods have swollen the Damodar

The sailing boats cannot sail

Oh! Damodar, we fall at your feet

Reduce the floods a little

Bhadu will come a year later

Let the boats sail on your surface

✭✜✢✣✤ ✥✦✥✧★✩✪ ✫✢✩✬✧ ✤✦✮✯ ✣✮ ✰✢✱ ✲✩✳✦✬✩✪ ✴✩★★✱✵

✪✱✯✣✦✮ ✮✩✪✪✩✰✱✤ ✰✢✱ ✰✪✦✧r★✱✤ ✶✩✷✱✬ r✵ ✥✱✦✥★✱

✦✸✣✮✯ ✰✦ ✰✢✱ ✶★✦✦✬✣✮✯ ✦✶ ✲✩✳✦✬✩✪ ✪✣✴✱✪ ✹✮✦✸✮

✩✤ ✰✢✱ ✪✣✴✱✪ ✦✶ ✤✦✪✪✦✸✺✻

Narmada Bachao Andolan or SaveNarmada Movement is a NonGovernmental Organisation (NGO) thatmobil ised tr ibal people, farmers,environmentalists and human rightsactivists against the Sardar Sarovar Dambeing built across the Narmada river inGujarat. It originally focused on theenvironmental issues related to trees thatwould be submerged under the damwater. Recently it has re-focused theaim to enable poor citizens, especiallythe oustees (displaced people) to getfull rehabil i tation faci l i t ies fromthe government.

People felt that their suffering would notbe in vain� accepted the trauma ofdisplacement believing in the promise ofirrigated fields and plentiful harvests. So,often the survivors of Rihand told us that theyaccepted their sufferings as sacrifice for thesake of their nation. But now, after thirty bitteryears of being adrift, their livelihood havingeven being more precarious, they keepasking: �Are we the only ones chosen tomake sacrifices for the nation?�

❙✼✽✾✿❀❁ ❂❃ ❂❄❅❆❇❅❈ ❉❊❋●❍❏ ❑◆ ❖◆ ●❄❍ ◗❍❚❚❯ ❋❱ ●❄❍

❲❑❳❍❆❃ ❨❆❑❩❅❚ ❬❋◆❱❚❑❬●❭ ❋❳❍❆ ❏❍❳❍❚❋❪❇❍◆● ❑◆❫❅❆❇❅❏❅

❳❅❚❚❍❯❈ ✈❃ ◗❅❳❑❭❴❅❆❈ ❵❜❜❞❃


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☞✟✌ ✆✍✎ ✏✆✑✌

29WATER RESOURCES

▼�✁✂ �✄ ✂☎✆ �✝✞✆✟✂✠�✡✁ ✂� ✂☎✆ ☛☞�✞✆✟✂✁ ✌☞�✁✆

❞✍✆ ✂� ✂☎✆✠☞ ✄✌✠✎✍☞✆ ✂� ✌✟☎✠✆✏✆ ✂☎✆ ☛✍☞☛�✁✆✁ ✄�☞

✇☎✠✟☎ ✂☎✆✑✇✆☞✆ ✝✍✠✎✂✒ ✓☞�✡✠✟✌✎✎✑✔ ✂☎✆ ❞✌✕✁ ✂☎✌✂

✇✆☞✆ ✟�✡✁✂☞✍✟✂✆❞ ✂� ✟�✡✂☞�✎ ✄✎��❞✁ ☎✌✏✆

Make a list of inter-state water disputes.

❉� ✑�✍ ✖✡�✇ ✂☎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ✗☞✠✁☎✡✌✘✙�❞✌✏✌☞✠

❞✠✁☛✍✂✆ ✠✁ ❞✍✆ ✂� ✂☎✆ �✝✞✆✟✂✠�✡✁ ☞✌✠✁✆❞ ✝✑

✗✌☞✡✌✂✌✖✌ ✌✡❞ ❑✡❞☎☞✌ ✚☞✌❞✆✁☎

❣�✏✆☞✡✕✆✡✂✁✛ ✓✂ ✠✁ ☞✆❣✌☞❞✠✡❣ ✂☎✆ ❞✠✏✆☞✁✠�✡

�✄✕�☞✆✇✌✂✆☞ ✌✂✗�✑✡✌✝✑ ✂☎✆▼✌☎✌☞✌✁☎✂☞✌

❣�✏✆☞✡✕✆✡✂ ✄�☞✌✕✍✎✂✠☛✍☞☛�✁✆☛☞�✞✆✟✂✒ ✜☎✠✁

✇�✍✎❞ ☞✆❞✍✟✆ ❞�✇✡✁✂☞✆✌✕ ✄✎�✇ ✠✡ ✂☎✆✠☞

✁✂✌✂✆✁ ✇✠✂☎ ✌❞✏✆☞✁✆ ✟�✡✁✆s✍✆✡✟✆✁ ✄�☞

✌❣☞✠✟✍✎✂✍☞✆ ✌✡❞ ✠✡❞✍✁✂☞✑✒

✂☞✠❣❣✆☞✆❞ ✄✎��❞✁ ❞✍✆ ✂� ✁✆❞✠✕✆✡✂✌✂✠�✡ ✠✡ ✂☎✆

☞✆✁✆☞✏�✠☞✒ ▼�☞✆�✏✆☞✔ ✂☎✆ ✝✠❣ ❞✌✕✁ ☎✌✏✆ ✕�✁✂✎✑

✝✆✆✡ ✍✡✁✍✟✟✆✁✁✄✍✎ ✠✡ ✟�✡✂☞�✎✎✠✡❣ ✄✎��❞✁ ✌✂ ✂☎✆

✂✠✕✆ �✄ ✆t✟✆✁✁✠✏✆ ☞✌✠✡✄✌✎✎✒ ✢�✍ ✕✌✑ ☎✌✏✆ ✁✆✆✡

�☞ ☞✆✌❞ ☎�✇ ✂☎✆ ☞✆✎✆✌✁✆ �✄ ✇✌✂✆☞ ✄☞�✕ ❞✌✕✁

❞✍☞✠✡❣ ☎✆✌✏✑ ☞✌✠✡✁ ✌❣❣☞✌✏✌✂✆❞ ✂☎✆ ✄✎��❞

✁✠✂✍✌✂✠�✡ ✠✡▼✌☎✌☞✌✁☎✂☞✌ ✌✡❞✙✍✞✌☞✌✂ ✠✡ ✣✤✤✥✳

✜☎✆ ✄✎��❞✁ ☎✌✏✆ ✡�✂ �✡✎✑ ❞✆✏✌✁✂✌✂✆❞ ✎✠✄✆ ✌✡❞

☛☞�☛✆☞✂✑ ✝✍✂ ✌✎✁� ✟✌✍✁✆❞ ✆t✂✆✡✁✠✏✆ ✁�✠✎ ✆☞�✁✠�✡✒

❙✆❞✠✕✆✡✂✌✂✠�✡ ✌✎✁� ✕✆✌✡✂ ✂☎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ✄✎��❞ ☛✎✌✠✡✁

✇✆☞✆ ❞✆☛☞✠✏✆❞ �✄ ✁✠✎✂✔ ✌ ✡✌✂✍☞✌✎ ✄✆☞✂✠✎✠✁✆☞✔ ✄✍☞✂☎✆☞

✌❞❞✠✡❣ �✡ ✂� ✂☎✆ ☛☞�✝✎✆✕ �✄ ✎✌✡❞ ❞✆❣☞✌❞✌✂✠�✡✒

✓✂ ✇✌✁ ✌✎✁� �✝✁✆☞✏✆❞ ✂☎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ✕✍✎✂✠✘☛✍☞☛�✁✆

☛☞�✞✆✟✂✁ ✠✡❞✍✟✆❞ ✆✌☞✂☎s✍✌✖✆✁✔ ✟✌✍✁✆❞ ✇✌✂✆☞✘

✝�☞✡✆ ❞✠✁✆✌✁✆✁ ✌✡❞ ☛✆✁✂✁ ✌✡❞ ☛�✎✎✍✂✠�✡

☞✆✁✍✎✂✠✡❣ ✄☞�✕ ✆t✟✆✁✁✠✏✆ ✍✁✆ �✄ ✇✌✂✆☞✒

❘❆✦✧★❆❚✩✪ ✫❆✪❱✩✬❚✦✧✭

▼✌✡✑ ✂☎�✍❣☎✂ ✂☎✌✂ ❣✠✏✆✡ ✂☎✆ ❞✠✁✌❞✏✌✡✂✌❣✆✁

✌✡❞ ☞✠✁✠✡❣ ☞✆✁✠✁✂✌✡✟✆ ✌❣✌✠✡✁✂ ✂☎✆ ✕✍✎✂✠✘

❈✮✯✯✰✱✲ ✴✵✶✮✷✸✹✲✴✮✵ ✹✺✮✻✲ ✶✯✮✮✼ ✽✷✮✵✰ ✹✷✰✹✾ ✮✶ ✲✿✰ ✱✮✻✵✲✷❀


⑩ ❘��✁ ✂�✄ ☎✆✝✞ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✝✡ ☛�☞☞✠☛✂✠✌ ✍✡✝✞✎ ✆ ✏✑✒ ✄✝✄✠

⑩ ❋✝☞✂✠☎✠✌ ✍✡✝✞✎ ✡✆✞✌ ✆✞✌ ✓☎✝☛✔✡

⑩ ❯✞✌✠☎✎☎�✍✞✌ ✄✝✄✠ ✂✆✔✠✡ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✂� ✡✍✕✄ ✁�☎

✝✕✕✠✌✝✆✂✠ ✍✡✆✎✠

⑩ ❊✖☛✠✡✡ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✁☎�✕ ✂✗✠ ✡✍✕✄ ✝✡ ✂✆✔✠✞ ✂� ✂✗✠ ✟✠☞☞

⑩ ❲✆✂✠☎ ✁☎�✕ ✂✗✠ ✟✠☞☞ ☎✠☛✗✆☎✎✠✡ ✂✗✠ ✍✞✌✠☎✎☎�✍✞✌

⑩ ❚✆✔✠ ✟✆✂✠☎ ✁☎�✕ ✂✗✠ ✟✠☞☞ ✘☞✆✂✠☎✙

✘✓✙ ❘✠☛✗✆☎✎✠ ✂✗☎�✍✎✗ ✭✓✆✞✌�✞✠✌ ✚✍✎✟✠☞☞

✛✜✢ ✣✤✥✦ ✧★★✩✪★✫ ✧✬✮✯✰✬✪✱✲ ✳✬✲✴✱✵✪✮✯✶

♣✷✸♣✹✺✻ ♣✸✹✼✻✽✾✺✿ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❂❁✸❃✻✺✾❄❅❆ ✺❇✺✾✻❈

❀❁✺ ❁ ❃❄❁✇❉✻ ❁❉ ✾✻✸❅❁✾❄❃✻✿ ✇✹✾❂ ✺✹✽❄✹●

✻✽✹❅✹❈❄✽❁❉❉❇ ❁❅❡ ✻❅❃❄✸✹❅❈✻❅✾❁❉❉❇❍ ■❅ ❁❅✽❄✻❅✾

■❅❡❄❁✿ ❁❉✹❅❆ ❀❄✾❂ ✾❂✻ ✺✹♣❂❄✺✾❄✽❁✾✻❡ ❂❇❡✸❁✷❉❄✽

✺✾✸✷✽✾✷✸✻✺✿ ✾❂✻✸✻ ✻s❄✺✾✻❡ ❁❅ ✻s✾✸❁✹✸❡❄❅❁✸❇

✾✸❁❡❄✾❄✹❅ ✹t ❀❁✾✻✸●❂❁✸❃✻✺✾❄❅❆ ✺❇✺✾✻❈❍ ❏✻✹♣❉✻

❂❁❡ ❄❅●❡✻♣✾❂ ❤❅✹❀❉✻❡❆✻ ✹t ✸❁❄❅t❁❉❉ ✸✻❆❄❈✻✺

❁❅❡ ✺✹❄❉ ✾❇♣✻✺ ❁❅❡ ❡✻❃✻❉✹♣✻❡ ❀❄❡✻ ✸❁❅❆❄❅❆

✾✻✽❂❅❄❑✷✻✺ ✾✹ ❂❁✸❃✻✺✾ ✸❁❄❅❀❁✾✻✸✿ ❆✸✹✷❅❡❀❁✾✻✸✿

✸❄❃✻✸ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❁❅❡ t❉✹✹❡ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❄❅ ❤✻✻♣❄❅❆ ❀❄✾❂

✾❂✻ ❉✹✽❁❉ ✻✽✹❉✹❆❄✽❁❉ ✽✹❅❡❄✾❄✹❅✺ ❁❅❡ ✾❂✻❄✸ ❀❁✾✻✸

❅✻✻❡✺❍ ■❅ ❂❄❉❉ ❁❅❡ ❈✹✷❅✾❁❄❅✹✷✺ ✸✻❆❄✹❅✺✿

♣✻✹♣❉✻ ✇✷❄❉✾ ❡❄❃✻✸✺❄✹❅ ✽❂❁❅❅✻❉✺ ❉❄❤✻ ✾❂✻ ▲❆✷❉✺▼

✹✸ ▲❤✷❉✺▼ ✹t ✾❂✻ ♦✻✺✾✻✸❅ ♥❄❈❁❉❁❇❁✺ t✹✸

❁❆✸❄✽✷❉✾✷✸✻❍ ▲❛✹✹t✾✹♣ ✸❁❄❅ ❀❁✾✻✸ ❂❁✸❃✻✺✾❄❅❆▼

❀❁✺ ✽✹❈❈✹❅❉❇ ♣✸❁✽✾❄✺✻❡ ✾✹ ✺✾✹✸✻ ❡✸❄❅❤❄❅❆

❀❁✾✻✸✿ ♣❁✸✾❄✽✷❉❁✸❉❇ ❄❅ ❛❁✼❁✺✾❂❁❅❍ ■❅ ✾❂✻ t❉✹✹❡

♣❉❁❄❅✺ ✹t ◆✻❅❆❁❉✿ ♣✻✹♣❉✻ ❡✻❃✻❉✹♣✻❡ ❄❅✷❅❡❁✾❄✹❅

✽❂❁❅❅✻❉✺ ✾✹ ❄✸✸❄❆❁✾✻ ✾❂✻❄✸ t❄✻❉❡✺❍ ■❅ ❁✸❄❡ ❁❅❡

✺✻❈❄●❁✸❄❡ ✸✻❆❄✹❅✺✿ ❁❆✸❄✽✷❉✾✷✸❁❉ t❄✻❉❡✺ ❀✻✸✻

✽✹❅❃✻✸✾✻❡ ❄❅✾✹ ✸❁❄❅ t✻❡ ✺✾✹✸❁❆✻ ✺✾✸✷✽✾✷✸✻✺ ✾❂❁✾

❁❉❉✹❀✻❡ ✾❂✻ ❀❁✾✻✸ ✾✹ ✺✾❁❅❡ ❁❅❡ ❈✹❄✺✾✻❅ ✾❂✻

✺✹❄❉ ❉❄❤✻ ✾❂✻ ▲❤❂❁❡❄❅✺▼ ❄❅ ❖❁❄✺❁❉❈✻✸ ❁❅❡ ▲❖✹❂❁❡✺▼

❄❅ ✹✾❂✻✸ ♣❁✸✾✺ ✹t ❛❁✼❁✺✾❂❁❅❍

✛✜✢✤ ✣✤✣

✘✆✙ ❘✠☛✗✆☎✎✠ ✂✗☎�✍✎✗ P✆✞✌ ✏✍✕✄

31WATER RESOURCES

❋�✁ ✂✄☎✆ ❚r✝✞✟✠✟✡☛✝☞ ✌✍✠✎✡✞ ✡✏ r✝✟☛ ✑✝✠✍r ✎✝r✒✍✓✠✟☛✔

❆ ✕✖✗ ✗✘✙✚✛ ✜✢ ✙ ✣✤✥✣✖✗✙✥ ✦✤✗✗✙✧✘ ✜✙★✕✩ ✙✛ ✜✪✘ ✙✫✢✦✘

✤★ ✜✪✘ ✐✙✬✙ ✦✤✗✗✙✧✘✩ ✭✥✢✮ ✯✪✤✣✪ ✯✙✜✘✥ ✤✛ ✥✘✗✘✙✛✘✚ ✙✛

✙★✚ ✯✪✘★ ✥✘❛✖✤✥✘✚✰

■✱ ✲✳✴ ✵✴✶✷✸✹✺✷✻ ✹✱✻ ✹✺✷✻ ✺✴✼✷✽✱✵ ✽✾

❘✹✿✹✵✲✳✹✱❀ ❁✹✺✲✷❂❃❄✹✺❄❅ ✷✱❇✷❈✹✱✴✺❀ ❉✳✹❄✽✻✷ ✹✱✻

❇✹✺✶✴✺❀ ✹❄✶✽✵✲ ✹❄❄ ✲✳✴ ✳✽❃✵✴✵ ✲✺✹✻✷✲✷✽✱✹❄❄❅ ✳✹✻

❃✱✻✴✺✼✺✽❃✱✻ ✲✹✱❈✵ ✽✺ t❊●❍❊❏ ✾✽✺ ✵✲✽✺✷✱✼

✻✺✷✱❈✷✱✼ ❞✹✲✴✺❑ ▲✳✴ ✲✹✱❈✵ ❂✽❃❄✻ ▼✴ ✹✵ ❄✹✺✼✴ ✹✵

✹▼✷✼ ✺✽✽✶◆✽✱✴✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻ ✷✱❉✳✹❄✽✻✷✳✹✻ ✹ ✲✹✱❈

✲✳✹✲❞✹✵ ❖❑P✶✴✲✺✴✵ ✻✴✴❁❀ ◗❑❙❯✶✴✲✺✴✵ ❄✽✱✼ ✹✱✻

❙❑◗◗ ✶✴✲✺✴✵ ❞✷✻✴❑ ▲✳✴ ✲✹✱❈✹✵ ❞✴✺✴ ❁✹✺✲ ✽✾ ✲✳✴

❞✴❄❄✸✻✴✇✴❄✽❁✴✻ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼

✵❅✵✲✴✶ ✹✱✻❞✴✺✴ ▼❃✷❄✲ ✷✱✵✷✻✴ ✲✳✴✶✹✷✱ ✳✽❃✵✴ ✽✺

✲✳✴ ❂✽❃✺✲❅✹✺✻❑ ▲✳✴❅ ❞✴✺✴ ❂✽✱✱✴❂✲✴✻ ✲✽ ✲✳✴

✵❄✽❁✷✱✼ ✺✽✽✾✵ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✳✽❃✵✴✵ ✲✳✺✽❃✼✳ ✹ ❁✷❁✴❑❘✹✷✱

✾✹❄❄✷✱✼ ✽✱ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁✵ ❞✽❃❄✻ ✲✺✹✇✴❄ ✻✽❞✱ ✲✳✴

❁✷❁✴ ✹✱✻ ❞✹✵ ✵✲✽✺✴✻ ✷✱ ✲✳✴✵✴ ❃✱✻✴✺✼✺✽❃✱✻

➅✲✹✱❈✹✵❱❑ ▲✳✴ ✾✷✺✵✲ ✵❁✴❄❄ ✽✾ ✺✹✷✱ ❞✹✵ ❃✵❃✹❄❄❅ ✱✽✲

❂✽❄❄✴❂✲✴✻ ✹✵ ✲✳✷✵ ❞✽❃❄✻ ❂❄✴✹✱ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✾✵ ✹✱✻ ✲✳✴

❁✷❁✴✵❑ ▲✳✴ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✾✺✽✶ ✲✳✴ ✵❃▼✵✴♣❃✴✱✲

✵✳✽❞✴✺✵❞✹✵ ✲✳✴✱ ❂✽❄❄✴❂✲✴✻❑

▲✳✴ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ❂✹✱ ▼✴ ✵✲✽✺✴✻ ✷✱ ✲✳✴ ❲❳❨❩❳❬

✲✷❄❄ ✲✳✴ ✱✴❭✲ ✺✹✷✱✾✹❄❄ ✶✹❈✷✱✼ ✷✲ ✹✱ ✴❭✲✺✴✶✴❄❅

✺✴❄✷✹▼❄✴ ✵✽❃✺❂✴ ✽✾ ✻✺✷✱❈✷✱✼ ❞✹✲✴✺ ❞✳✴✱ ✹❄❄ ✽✲✳✴✺

✵✽❃✺❂✴✵ ✹✺✴ ✻✺✷✴✻ ❃❁❀ ❁✹✺✲✷❂❃❄✹✺❄❅ ✷✱ ✲✳✴

✵❃✶✶✴✺✵❑ ❘✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺❀ ✽✺ ❪❳❫❳❴ ❪❳❨❵❀ ✹✵

❂✽✶✶✽✱❄❅ ✺✴✾✴✺✺✴✻ ✲✽ ✷✱ ✲✳✴✵✴ ❁✹✺✲✵❀ ✷✵

❂✽✱✵✷✻✴✺✴✻ ✲✳✴ ❁❃✺✴✵✲ ✾✽✺✶ ✽✾ ✱✹✲❃✺✹❄ ❞✹✲✴✺❑

❜✹✱❅ ✳✽❃✵✴✵ ❂✽✱✵✲✺❃❂✲✴✻❃✱✻✴✺✼✺✽❃✱✻ ✺✽✽✶✵

✹✻✿✽✷✱✷✱✼ ✲✳✴ ➅✲✹✱❈✹❱ ✲✽ ▼✴✹✲ ✲✳✴ ✵❃✶✶✴✺ ✳✴✹✲

✹✵ ✷✲ ❞✽❃❄✻ ❈✴✴❁ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✶ ❂✽✽❄❑

❘✽✽✾ ✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✷✵ ✲✳✴ ✶✽✵✲

❂✽✶✶✽✱ ❁✺✹❂✲✷❂✴ ✷✱ ❝✳✷❄❄✽✱✼❀ ❜✴✼✳✹❄✹❅✹❑

■✲ ✷✵ ✷✱✲✴✺✴✵✲✷✱✼ ▼✴❂✹❃✵✴ ❡✳✴✺✹❁❃✱✿✴✴ ✹✱✻

❜✹❞✵❅✱✺✹✶ ✵✷✲❃✹✲✴✻ ✹✲ ✹ ✻✷✵✲✹✱❂✴ ✽✾ ❢❢

❈✶❑ ✾✺✽✶ ❝✳✷❄❄✽✱✼ ✺✴❂✴✷✇✴ ✲✳✴ ✳✷✼✳✴✵✲

✺✹✷✱✾✹❄❄ ✷✱ ✲✳✴ ❞✽✺❄✻❀ ❅✴✲ ✲✳✴ ✵✲✹✲✴ ❂✹❁✷✲✹❄

❝✳✷❄❄✽✱✼ ✾✹❂✴✵ ✹❂❃✲✴ ✵✳✽✺✲✹✼✴ ✽✾ ❞✹✲✴✺❑

❣✴✹✺❄❅ ✴✇✴✺❅ ✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻ ✷✱ ✲✳✴ ❂✷✲❅ ✳✹✵ ✹

✺✽✽✾ ✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✵✲✺❃❂✲❃✺✴❑

❣✴✹✺❄❅ P❢✸❙❢ ❁✴✺ ❂✴✱✲ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✲✽✲✹❄ ❞✹✲✴✺

✺✴♣❃✷✺✴✶✴✱✲ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻ ❂✽✶✴✵ ✾✺✽✶

✺✽✽✾ ✲✽❁ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼❑

▲✽✻✹❅❀ ✷✱ ❞✴✵✲✴✺✱ ❘✹✿✹✵✲✳✹✱❀ ✵✹✻❄❅ ✲✳✴

❁✺✹❂✲✷❂✴ ✽✾ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✷✵ ✽✱ ✲✳✴

✻✴❂❄✷✱✴ ✹✵ ❁❄✴✱✲❅ ✽✾ ❞✹✲✴✺ ✷✵ ✹✇✹✷❄✹▼❄✴ ✻❃✴ ✲✽ ✲✳✴

❁✴✺✴✱✱✷✹❄❘✹✿✹✵✲✳✹✱❡✹✱✹❄❀ ✲✳✽❃✼✳ ✵✽✶✴✳✽❃✵✴✵

✵✲✷❄❄ ✶✹✷✱✲✹✷✱ ✲✳✴ ✲✹✱❈✹✵ ✵✷✱❂✴ ✲✳✴❅ ✻✽ ✱✽✲ ❄✷❈✴

✲✳✴ ✲✹✵✲✴ ✽✾ ✲✹❁❞✹✲✴✺❑ ❤✽✺✲❃✱✹✲✴❄❅❀ ✷✱✶✹✱❅❁✹✺✲✵

✽✾ ✺❃✺✹❄ ✹✱✻ ❃✺▼✹✱ ■✱✻✷✹❀ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁ ✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺

✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✷✵ ▼✴✷✱✼ ✵❃❂❂✴✵✵✾❃❄❄❅ ✹✻✹❁✲✴✻ ✲✽ ✵✲✽✺✴

✹✱✻ ❂✽✱✵✴✺✇✴ ❞✹✲✴✺❑ ■✱ ❥✴✱✻✹✲✳❃✺❀ ✹ ✺✴✶✽✲✴

▼✹❂❈❞✹✺✻ ✇✷❄❄✹✼✴ ✷✱❜❅✵✽✺✴❀ ❦✹✺✱✹✲✹❈✹❀ ✇✷❄❄✹✼✴✺✵

✳✹✇✴ ✷✱✵✲✹❄❄✴✻❀ ✷✱ ✲✳✴✷✺ ✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻❱✵ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁❀

✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺ ✳✹✺✇✴✵✲✷✱✼ ✵❅✵✲✴✶ ✲✽ ✶✴✴✲ ✲✳✴✷✺ ❞✹✲✴✺

✱✴✴✻✵❑❣✴✹✺❄❅❙♥♥✳✽❃✵✴✳✽❄✻✵✳✹✇✴ ✷✱✵✲✹❄❄✴✻ ✲✳✷✵

✵❅✵✲✴✶ ✹✱✻ ✲✳✴ ✇✷❄❄✹✼✴ ✳✹✵ ✴✹✺✱✴✻ ✲✳✴ ✺✹✺✴

✻✷✵✲✷✱❂✲✷✽✱✽✾ ▼✴✷✱✼ ✺✷❂✳ ✷✱✺✹✷✱❞✹✲✴✺❑❝✴✴ ❤✷✼❑ ❧❑❖

✾✽✺ ✹ ▼✴✲✲✴✺ ❃✱✻✴✺✵✲✹✱✻✷✱✼ ✽✾ ✲✳✴ ✺✽✽✾✲✽❁

Find out other rainwater harvesting systemsexisting in and around your locality.

❋�✁✄ ✂✄♠

♦✢✢✭✜✢q ✪✙✥✦✘✛✜✤★✧ ✯✙✛ ✣✢✮✮✢★ ✙✣✥✢✛✛ ✜✪✘ ✜✢✯★✛

✙★✚ ✦✤✗✗✙✧✘✛ ✢✭ ✜✪✘ s✪✙✥✰ ♦✙✤★✯✙✜✘✥ ✜✪✙✜ ✭✙✗✗✛ ✢★

✜✪✘ ✛✗✢q✤★✧ ✥✢✢✭✛ ✢✭ ✪✢✖✛✘✛ ✤✛ ✜✙✕✘★ ✜✪✥✢✖✧✪ ✙ q✤q✘

✤★✜✢ ✙★ ✖★✚✘✥✧✥✢✖★✚ ✠✝☛✉✝ ✈✣✤✥✣✖✗✙✥ ✪✢✗✘✛ ✤★ ✜✪✘

✧✥✢✖★✚①✰ ✫✖✤✗✜ ✤★ ✜✪✘ ✮✙✤★ ✪✢✖✛✘ ✢✥ ✤★ ✜✪✘ ✣✢✖✥✜②✙✥✚✰

s✪✘ q✤✣✜✖✥✘ ✙✫✢✦✘ ✛✪✢✯✛ ✯✙✜✘✥ ✫✘✤★✧ ✭✢✥✮ ✙

★✘✤✧✪✫✢✖✥③✛ ✥✢✢✭ ✜✪✥✢✖✧✪ ✙ ✗✢★✧ q✤q✘✰ ④✘✥✘ ✜✪✘

★✘✤✧✪✫✢✖✥③✛ ✥✢✢✭✜✢q ✪✙✛ ✫✘✘★ ✖✛✘✚ ✭✢✥ ✣✢✗✗✘✣✜✤✢★ ✢✭

✥✙✤★✯✙✜✘✥✰ s✪✘ q✤✣✜✖✥✘ ✛✪✢✯✛ ✙ ✪✢✗✘ ✜✪✥✢✖✧✪ ✯✪✤✣✪

✥✙✤★✯✙✜✘✥ ✭✗✢✯✛ ✚✢✯★ ✤★✜✢ ✙★ ✖★✚✘✥✧✥✢✖★✚ ✠✝☛✉✝✰


❋�✁ ✂✄☎

❇❆✆✝✞✞ ✥❘✟✠ ✡❘❘✟☛❆☞✟✞✌ ✍❨✎☞✏✆

■✑ ✒✓✔✕✖✗✖✘✖✙ ✖ ✚✛✛✜✘✓✖✢✜✲✗✣ ✤✘✤✦✓✧ ✲★ ✦✖✩✩✪✑✔ ✤✦✢✓✖✧

✖✑✣ ✤✩✢✪✑✔ ❛✖✦✓ ✫✘ ✬✤✪✑✔ ✫✖✧✫✲✲ ✩✪✩✓✤✙ ✪✤ ✩✢✓✭✖✗✓✑✦✮ ✯✫✲✬✦

✶✰✜✚✛ ✗✪✦✢✓✤ ✲★ ❛✖✦✓✢ ✓✑✦✓✢✤ ✦✕✓ ✫✖✧✫✲✲ ✩✪✩✓ ✤✘✤✦✓✧✙ ✔✓✦✤

✦✢✖✑✤✩✲✢✦✓✣ ✲✭✓✢ ✕✬✑✣✢✓✣✤ ✲★ ✧✓✦✢✓✤✙ ✖✑✣ ★✪✑✖✗✗✘ ✢✓✣✬t✓✤

✦✲ ✚✛✜✰✛ ✣✢✲✩✤ ✩✓✢ ✧✪✑✬✦✓ ✖✦✓ ✦✕✓ ✤✪✦✓ ✲★ ✦✕✓ ✩✗✖✑✦✮

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ✸ ✹✺✻✂✼ ❚✽✾ ✿✽❀❁❁✾❂ ❃✾✿❄❅❈❁❃❉❊❀●✾ ❈❍ ❏❀❊❏❈❈❉●❅❑✾▲❄▼❀❄✾▲❄❈ ❄✽✾ ◆❂❀❁❄ ❃❅❄✾ ▼✽✾▲✾ ❅❄ ❅❃ ●❅❃❄▲❅❏❖❄✾● ❅❁❄❈ ❏▲❀❁✿✽✾❃❉❀◗❀❅❁❊❀●✾❀❁●❂❀❅● ❈❖❄ ▼❅❄✽ ●❅❍❍✾▲✾❁❄ ❍❈▲❊❃ ❈❍ ❏❀❊❏❈❈ ◆❅◆✾❃❧ ❚✽✾ ❍❂❈▼ ❈❍ ▼❀❄✾▲ ❅❁❄❈

❄✽✾ ◆❅◆✾❃ ❅❃ ✿❈❁❄▲❈❂❂✾● ❏❙ ❊❀❁❅◆❖❂❀❄❅❁◗ ❄✽✾ ◆❅◆✾ ◆❈❃❅❄❅❈❁❃❧

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ❯✼ ❱❀❊❏❈❈ ◆❅◆✾❃ ❀▲✾ ❖❃✾● ❄❈ ●❅❑✾▲❄ ◆✾▲✾❁❁❅❀❂ ❃◆▲❅❁◗❃ ❈❁❄✽✾ ✽❅❂❂❄❈◆❃ ❄❈ ❄✽✾ ❂❈▼✾▲ ▲✾❀✿✽✾❃ ❏❙ ◗▲❀❑❅❄❙❧

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ❲ ✹✺✻ ❳

❩✾●❖✿✾● ✿✽❀❁❁✾❂ ❃✾✿❄❅❈❁❃

❀❁● ●❅❑✾▲❃❅❈❁ ❖❁❅❄❃ ❀▲✾❖❃✾● ❀❄ ❄✽✾ ❂❀❃❄ ❃❄❀◗✾ ❈❍▼❀❄✾▲❀◆◆❂❅✿❀❄❅❈❁❧ ❚✽✾ ❂❀❃❄✿✽❀❁❁✾❂ ❃✾✿❄❅❈❁ ✾❁❀❏❂✾❃

▼❀❄✾▲ ❄❈ ❏✾ ●▲❈◆◆✾● ❁✾❀▲❄✽✾ ▲❈❈❄❃ ❈❍ ❄✽✾ ◆❂❀❁❄❧

P�✱✳✴✵✷ ❬✼ ❭❍ ❄✽✾ ◆❅◆✾❃ ◆❀❃❃ ❀ ▲❈❀●❉❄✽✾❙ ❀▲✾ ❄❀❪✾❁ ✽❅◗✽ ❀❏❈❑✾ ❄✽✾ ❂❀❁●❧

❫❴❵❜❝ ❞❴❡❢ ❜❣ ❤✐❥ ❦❜♠❣❤ ❴♥❡ ❤✐❥ ♦♥❝♣ ❣❤❴❤❥

❜♥ q♥❡❜❴r✐❜s✐✐❴❣❵❴❡❥ ♠♦♦❦ ❤♦✉ ♠❴❜♥r❴❤❥♠

✐❴♠✈❥❣❤❜♥✇ ❣❤♠❢s❤❢♠❥ s♦❵✉❢❝❣♦♠♣ ❤♦ ❴❝❝ ❤✐❥

✐♦❢❣❥❣ ❴s♠♦❣❣ ❤✐❥ ❣❤❴❤❥① ❫✐❥♠❥ ❴♠❥ ❝❥✇❴❝

✉♠♦✈❜❣❜♦♥❣ ❤♦ ✉❢♥❜❣✐ ❤✐❥ ❡❥❦❴❢❝❤❥♠❣①

♠❴❜♥r❴❤❥♠ ✐❴♠✈❥❣❤❜♥✇ ❣♣❣❤❥❵ r✐❜s✐ ❜❣ ❴❡❴✉❤❥❡

✐❥♠❥①②❥♥❡❴❤✐❢♠ ♠❥s❥❜✈❥❣ ❴♥ ❴♥♥❢❴❝ ✉♠❥s❜✉❜❤❴❤❜♦♥

♦❦ ③④⑤⑤⑤ ❵❵④ ❴♥❡ r❜❤✐ ⑥⑤ ✉❥♠ s❥♥❤ ♦❦ s♦❝❝❥s❤❜♦♥

❥❦❦❜s❜❥♥s♣ ❴♥❡ ♦❦ ❴⑦♦❢❤ ③⑤ ❦❜❝❝❜♥✇❣④ ❥✈❥♠♣ ✐♦❢❣❥

s❴♥ s♦❝❝❥s❤ ❴♥❡ ❢❣❥ ❴⑦♦❢❤ ⑧⑤④⑤⑤⑤ ❝❜❤♠❥❣ ♦❦ r❴❤❥♠

❴♥♥❢❴❝❝♣① ⑨♠♦❵ ❤✐❥ ⑩⑤ ✐♦❢❣❥❣④ ❤✐❥ ♥❥❤ ❴❵♦❢♥❤

♦❦ ♠❴❜♥r❴❤❥♠ ✐❴♠✈❥❣❤❥❡ ❴♥♥❢❴❝❝♣ ❴❵♦❢♥❤❣ ❤♦

③④⑤⑤④⑤⑤⑤ ❝❜❤♠❥❣①

33WATER RESOURCES


✶� ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✝ ✞✟✠☎✞✝ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛✌

✭✍✎ ❇✏☛✝✑ ✠☞ ✄✟✝ ☎☞✒✠✓✔✏✄☎✠☞ ✕☎✖✝☞ ✗✝✂✠✘ ✞✂✏☛☛☎✒✙ ✝✏✞✟ ✠✒ ✄✟✝ ☛☎✄✁✏✄☎✠☞☛ ✏☛

➅☛✁✒✒✝✓☎☞✕ ✒✓✠✔ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙✚ ✠✓ ➅☞✠✄ ☛✁✒✒✝✓☎☞✕ ✒✓✠✔ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙✚✌

✭✛✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✘☎✄✟ ✟☎✕✟ ✏☞☞✁✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂✌

✭✜✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✟✏✖☎☞✕ ✟☎✕✟ ✏☞☞✁✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂ ✏☞✑ ✂✏✓✕✝ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✄☎✠☞✌

✭✢✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✟✏✖☎☞✕ ✟☎✕✟ ✏☞☞✁✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂ ✗✁✄ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☎☛ ✟☎✕✟✂✙ ✆✠✂✂✁✄✝✑✌

✭✣✎ ❘✝✕☎✠☞ ✟✏✖☎☞✕ ✂✠✘ ✓✏☎☞✒✏✂✂ ✏☞✑ ✂✠✘ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✄☎✠☞✌

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✒ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✂✂✠✘☎☞✕ ☛✄✏✄✝✔✝☞✄☛ ☎☛ ☞✠✄ ✏☞ ✏✓✕✁✔✝☞✄ ☎☞ ✒✏✖✠✁✓ ✠✒ ✔✁✂✄☎✤

✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✓☎✖✝✓ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛✥

✭✛✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✗✓☎☞✕ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✄✠ ✄✟✠☛✝ ✏✓✝✏☛ ✘✟☎✞✟ ☛✁✒✒✝✓ ✒✓✠✔

✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙✌

✭✜✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✗✙ ✓✝✕✁✂✏✄☎☞✕ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✒✂✠✘ ✟✝✂✆☛ ✄✠ ✞✠☞✄✓✠✂ ✒✂✠✠✑☛✌

✭✢✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✂✝✏✑ ✄✠ ✂✏✓✕✝ ☛✞✏✂✝ ✑☎☛✆✂✏✞✝✔✝☞✄☛ ✏☞✑ ✂✠☛☛ ✠✒

✂☎✖✝✂☎✟✠✠✑✌

✭✣✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛ ✕✝☞✝✓✏✄✝ ✝✂✝✞✄✓☎✞☎✄✙ ✒✠✓ ✠✁✓ ☎☞✑✁☛✄✓☎✝☛ ✏☞✑ ✠✁✓

✟✠✔✝☛✌

✭✍✍✍✎ ❍✝✓✝ ✏✓✝ ☛✠✔✝ ✒✏✂☛✝ ☛✄✏✄✝✔✝☞✄☛✌ ✦✑✝☞✄☎✒✙ ✄✟✝ ✔☎☛✄✏✧✝☛ ✏☞✑ ✓✝✘✓☎✄✝ ✄✟✝✔

✞✠✓✓✝✞✄✂✙✌

✭✛✎ ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✙☎☞✕ ✁✓✗✏☞ ✞✝☞✄✓✝☛ ✘☎✄✟ ✂✏✓✕✝ ✏☞✑ ✑✝☞☛✝ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✄☎✠☞☛ ✏☞✑ ✁✓✗✏☞

✂☎✒✝☛✄✙✂✝☛ ✟✏✖✝ ✟✝✂✆✝✑ ☎☞ ✆✓✠✆✝✓ ✁✄☎✂☎☛✏✄☎✠☞ ✠✒ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✓✝☛✠✁✓✞✝☛✌

✭✜✎ ❘✝✕✁✂✏✄☎☞✕ ✏☞✑ ✑✏✔✔☎☞✕ ✠✒ ✓☎✖✝✓☛ ✑✠✝☛ ☞✠✄ ✏✒✒✝✞✄ ✄✟✝ ✓☎✖✝✓✚☛ ☞✏✄✁✓✏✂

✒✂✠✘ ✏☞✑ ☎✄☛ ☛✝✑☎✔✝☞✄ ✒✂✠✘✌

✭✢✎ ✦☞ ■✁♣✏✓✏✄★ ✄✟✝ ✩✏✗✏✓✔✏✄☎ ✗✏☛☎☞ ✒✏✓✔✝✓☛ ✘✝✓✝ ☞✠✄ ✏✕☎✄✏✄✝✑ ✘✟✝☞ ✟☎✕✟✝✓

✆✓☎✠✓☎✄✙ ✘✏☛ ✕☎✖✝☞ ✄✠ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✁✆✆✂✙ ☎☞ ✁✓✗✏☞ ✏✓✝✏☛★ ✆✏✓✄☎✞✁✂✏✓✂✙ ✑✁✓☎☞✕

✑✓✠✁✕✟✄☛✌

✭✣✎ ❚✠✑✏✙ ☎☞ ❘✏♣✏☛✄✟✏☞★ ✄✟✝ ✆✓✏✞✄☎✞✝ ✠✒ ✓✠✠✒✄✠✆ ✓✏☎☞✘✏✄✝✓ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✟✏✓✖✝☛✄☎☞✕

✟✏☛ ✕✏☎☞✝✑ ✆✠✆✁✂✏✓☎✄✙ ✑✝☛✆☎✄✝ ✟☎✕✟ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✏✖✏☎✂✏✗☎✂☎✄✙ ✑✁✝ ✄✠ ✄✟✝

❘✏♣✏☛✄✟✏☞ ✪✏☞✏✂✌

✷✫ ❆☞☛✘✝✓ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✂✂✠✘☎☞✕ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✏✗✠✁✄ ✬✮ ✘✠✓✑☛✌

✭✍✎ ❊✯✆✂✏☎☞ ✟✠✘ ✘✏✄✝✓ ✗✝✞✠✔✝☛ ✏ ✓✝☞✝✘✏✗✂✝ ✓✝☛✠✁✓✞✝✌

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟✏✄ ☎☛ ✘✏✄✝✓ ☛✞✏✓✞☎✄✙ ✏☞✑ ✘✟✏✄ ✏✓✝ ☎✄☛ ✔✏☎☞ ✞✏✁☛✝☛✥

✭✍✍✍✎ ✪✠✔✆✏✓✝ ✄✟✝ ✏✑✖✏☞✄✏✕✝☛ ✏☞✑ ✑☎☛✏✑✖✏☞✄✏✕✝☛ ✠✒ ✔✁✂✄☎✤✆✁✓✆✠☛✝ ✓☎✖✝✓ ✆✓✠♣✝✞✄☛✌

✸✫ ❆☞☛✘✝✓ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✂✂✠✘☎☞✕ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✏✗✠✁✄ ✰✱✮ ✘✠✓✑☛✌

✭✍✎ ❉☎☛✞✁☛☛ ✟✠✘ ✓✏☎☞✘✏✄✝✓ ✟✏✓✖✝☛✄☎☞✕ ☎☞ ☛✝✔☎✤✏✓☎✑ ✓✝✕☎✠☞☛ ✠✒ ❘✏♣✏☛✄✟✏☞ ☎☛

✞✏✓✓☎✝✑ ✠✁✄✌

✭✍✍✎ ❉✝☛✞✓☎✗✝ ✟✠✘ ✔✠✑✝✓☞ ✏✑✏✆✄✏✄☎✠☞☛ ✠✒ ✄✓✏✑☎✄☎✠☞✏✂ ✓✏☎☞✘✏✄✝✓ ✟✏✓✖✝☛✄☎☞✕

✔✝✄✟✠✑☛ ✏✓✝ ✗✝☎☞✕ ✞✏✓✓☎✝✑ ✠✁✄ ✄✠ ✞✠☞☛✝✓✖✝ ✏☞✑ ☛✄✠✓✝ ✘✏✄✝✓✌

1. Collect information on how industries are polluting our water resources.2. Enact with your classmates a scene of water dispute in your locality.

■�✁✂✄ ✂☎ ✄� ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠✠☛ ✂☞✌✍✝✡✄�✡ ✞✍✟�✡✝☛✎

❚✏✍✑✡✒✂✝✁☎ ✍✓ ✂✡☎ ✌✍✌✟✠✄✡✂✍� ✂☎ ✔�✆✄✆✔✁ ✂�

✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠ ✄✞✡✂❛✂✡✂✔☎✎ ✕✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✄ ✌✝✂☞✄✝☛

✄✞✡✂❛✂✡☛✖ ✏✒✂✞✒ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✔☎ ☞✍☎✡ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ✓✍✍✁ ✡✒✄✡

✏✔ ✞✍�☎✟☞✔✎ ✇✔☎✂✁✔☎ ✓✍✍✁ ✆✝✄✂�☎✖ ✂✡ ✄✠☎✍

✌✝✍✁✟✞✔☎ ✝✄✏ ☞✄✡✔✝✂✄✠ ✓✍✝ ❛✄✝✂✍✟☎ ✂�✁✟☎✡✝✂✔☎✎

❈✗✘ ✙✚✛ ✘✗✜✢ ✣✚✜✢ ✤✘✥✛✣✦✧✤✢✣ ★✗✣✢✥ ✚✘

✗✩✧✤✪✛✫✦✛✧✗✫ ✧✗✬ ✜✗✦✢✧✤✗✫✭

▼✍✝✔✍❛✔✝✖ ☎✍☞✔ ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✡☎ ✠✂♦✔

✡✔✄✖ ✞✍✓✓✔✔✖ ☎✌✂✞✔☎✖ ✔✡✞✎ ✄✝✔ ✄✠☎✍ ✔t✌✍✝✡✔✁✎

✮❨✯✰✱ ❖✲ ✳❆✴✵✶✷✸

✕✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✄� ✄✆✔✑✍✠✁ ✔✞✍�✍☞✂✞ ✄✞✡✂❛✂✡☛ ✂�

✍✟✝ ✞✍✟�✡✝☛✎ ✹❛✔✝ ✡✒✔☎✔ ☛✔✄✝☎✖ ✞✟✠✡✂❛✄✡✂✍�

☞✔✡✒✍✁☎ ✒✄❛✔ ✞✒✄�✆✔✁ ☎✂✆�✂✓✂✞✄�✡✠☛ ✁✔✌✔�✁✂�✆

✟✌✍� ✡✒✔ ✞✒✄✝✄✞✡✔✝✂☎✡✂✞☎ ✍✓ ✌✒☛☎✂✞✄✠

✔�❛✂✝✍�☞✔�✡✖ ✡✔✞✒�✍✠✍✆✂✞✄✠ ♦�✍✏✑✒✍✏ ✄�✁

☎✍✞✂✍✑✞✟✠✡✟✝✄✠ ✌✝✄✞✡✂✞✔☎✎ s✄✝☞✂�✆ ❛✄✝✂✔☎ ✓✝✍☞

☎✟✺☎✂☎✡✔�✞✔ ✡✍ ✞✍☞☞✔✝✞✂✄✠ ✡☛✌✔✎ ✕✡ ✌✝✔☎✔�✡✖ ✂�

✁✂✓✓✔✝✔�✡ ✌✄✝✡☎ ✍✓ ■�✁✂✄✖ ✡✒✔ ✓✍✠✠✍✏✂�✆ ✓✄✝☞✂�✆

☎☛☎✡✔☞☎ ✄✝✔ ✌✝✄✞✡✂☎✔✁✎

P✻✼✽✼✾✼✿❀ ❁❂❃❄✼❄✾❀❅❇❀ ❉❊✻✽✼❅❋

❚✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ✓✄✝☞✂�✆ ✂☎ ☎✡✂✠✠ ✌✝✄✞✡✂☎✔✁ ✂� ✓✔✏

✌✍✞♦✔✡☎ ✍✓ ■�✁✂✄✎ ♣✝✂☞✂✡✂❛✔ ☎✟✺☎✂☎✡✔�✞✔

✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✌✝✄✞✡✂☎✔✁ ✍� ☎☞✄✠✠ ✌✄✡✞✒✔☎ ✍✓

✠✄�✁ ✏✂✡✒ ✡✒✔ ✒✔✠✌ ✍✓ ✌✝✂☞✂✡✂❛✔ ✡✍✍✠☎ ✠✂♦✔ ✒✍✔✖

✁✄✍ ✄�✁ ✁✂✆✆✂�✆ ☎✡✂✞♦☎✖ ✄�✁ ✓✄☞✂✠☛❞✞✍☞☞✟�✂✡☛

✠✄✺✍✟✝✎ ❚✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ✓✄✝☞✂�✆ ✁✔✌✔�✁☎ ✟✌✍�

☞✍�☎✍✍�✖ �✄✡✟✝✄✠ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂✡☛ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ☎✍✂✠ ✄�✁

☎✟✂✡✄✺✂✠✂✡☛ ✍✓ ✍✡✒✔✝ ✔�❛✂✝✍�☞✔�✡✄✠ ✞✍�✁✂✡✂✍�☎

✡✍ ✡✒✔ ✞✝✍✌☎ ✆✝✍✏�✎

■✡ ✂☎ ✄ ●☎✠✄☎✒ ✄�✁ ✺✟✝�❍ ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔✎

s✄✝☞✔✝☎ ✞✠✔✄✝ ✄ ✌✄✡✞✒ ✍✓ ✠✄�✁ ✄�✁ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✔

✞✔✝✔✄✠☎ ✄�✁ ✍✡✒✔✝ ✓✍✍✁ ✞✝✍✌☎ ✡✍ ☎✟☎✡✄✂� ✡✒✔✂✝

✓✄☞✂✠☛✎ ❢✒✔� ✡✒✔ ☎✍✂✠ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂✡☛ ✁✔✞✝✔✄☎✔☎✖ ✡✒✔

✓✄✝☞✔✝☎ ☎✒✂✓✡ ✄�✁ ✞✠✔✄✝ ✄ ✓✝✔☎✒ ✌✄✡✞✒ ✍✓ ✠✄�✁

✓✍✝ ✞✟✠✡✂❛✄✡✂✍�✎ ❚✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ☎✒✂✓✡✂�✆ ✄✠✠✍✏☎

◆✄✡✟✝✔ ✡✍ ✝✔✌✠✔�✂☎✒ ✡✒✔ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂✡☛ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ☎✍✂✠

✡✒✝✍✟✆✒ �✄✡✟✝✄✠ ✌✝✍✞✔☎☎✔☎❏ ✠✄�✁ ✌✝✍✁✟✞✡✂❛✂✡☛

✂� ✡✒✂☎ ✡☛✌✔ ✍✓ ✄✆✝✂✞✟✠✡✟✝✔ ✂☎ ✠✍✏ ✄☎ ✡✒✔ ✓✄✝☞✔✝

✁✍✔☎ �✍✡ ✟☎✔ ✓✔✝✡✂✠✂☎✔✝☎ ✍✝ ✍✡✒✔✝ ☞✍✁✔✝�

✂�✌✟✡☎✎ ■✡ ✂☎ ♦�✍✏� ✺☛ ✁✂✓✓✔✝✔�✡ �✄☞✔☎ ✂�

✁✂✓✓✔✝✔�✡ ✌✄✝✡☎ ✍✓ ✡✒✔ ✞✍✟�✡✝☛✎

❈✗✘ ✙✚✛ ✘✗✜✢ ✣✚✜✢ ✣✛✪❑ ✦✙▲✢✣ ✚◗ ◗✗✧✜✤✘✩✣✭

■✡ ✂☎ ❥❘❙❯❯❱❲❳ ✂� �✍✝✡✒✑✔✄☎✡✔✝� ☎✡✄✡✔☎ ✠✂♦✔

✕☎☎✄☞✖ ▼✔✆✒✄✠✄☛✄✖ ▼✂❩✍✝✄☞ ✄�✁ ◆✄✆✄✠✄�✁❏

♣✄☞✠✍✟ ✂� ▼✄�✂✌✟✝✖ ❬✂✌✄ ✂� ✇✄☎✡✄✝ ✁✂☎✡✝✂✞✡ ✍✓

❭✒✄✡✡✂☎✒✆✄✝✒✖ ✄�✁ ✂� ✕�✁✄☞✄� ✄�✁ ◆✂✞✍✺✄✝

■☎✠✄�✁☎✎

Jhumming: The �slash and burn� agricultureis known as �Milpa� in Mexico and CentralAmerica, �Conuco� in Venzuela, �Roca� inBrazil, �Masole� in Central Africa, �Ladang�in Indonesia, �Ray� in Vietnam.

In India, this primitive form of cultivationis called �Bewar� or �Dahiya� in MadhyaPradesh, �Podu� or �Penda� in Andhra Pradesh,�Pama Dabi� or �Koman� or Bringa� in Orissa,�Kumari� in Western Ghats, �Valre� or �Waltre�in South-eastern Rajasthan, �Khil� in theHimalayan belt, �Kuruwa� in Jharkhand, and�Jhumming� in the North-eastern region.

❪❫❴❵ ❜❵❝

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆ ✥✝✞✝✞✝ ✟✠✝✞✡✝✡☛☞✞ ☛✞ ✌☞✍✡✎✏✑✞

✟✝✑✡ ☞♣ ✒✞✓☛✝

❋�✁✂ ✄✂✔✆ ✥✝✕✖☞☞ ✟✠✝✞✡✝✡☛☞✞ ☛✞ ✗☞✑✡✎✘✏✝✙✡

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✛✚✤✦ ✧★✦ ✧✜✩✦ ✢✪ ✪✚✫✤♠✛✬ ✭♠✛✮★✚✯✰

✪✚✤♠❢✜ ♠✰ ✦✛✬✚✬✦✱ ♠✛✲

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✦✛❢♠✰✧ ✰✢✤✦ ✳✫✢✩✰ ✴★♠✳★ ✚✫✦ ✬✫✢✴✛

♠✛ ✰✣✳★ ✪✚✫✤♠✛✬✲

■✵✶✷✵✸✹✺✷ ✻✼✽✸✹✸✶✷✵✾✷ ✿❀❁❂✹✵❃

❚❄❅❆ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖ ❅❆ ❊▲❑P❇❅❆●◗ ❅◆ ❑▲●❑❆ ❍❏

❄❅❖❄ ❊❍❊❤❘❑❇❅❍◆ ❊▲●❆❆❤▲● ❍◆ ❘❑◆◗❡ ❙❇ ❅❆ ❘❑❯❍❤▲❱

❅◆❇●◆❆❅✐● ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖❲ ❳❄●▲● ❄❅❖❄ ◗❍❆●❆ ❍❏

❯❅❍P❄●▼❅P❑❘ ❅◆❊❤❇❆ ❑◆◗ ❅▲▲❅❖❑❇❅❍◆ ❑▲● ❤❆●◗ ❏❍▲

❍❯❇❑❅◆❅◆❖ ❄❅❖❄●▲ ❊▲❍◗❤P❇❅❍◆❡

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✛✚✤✦ ✰✢✤✦ ✢✪ ✧★✦ ✰✧✚✧✦✰ ✢✪ ❨✛✱♠✚

✴★✦✫✦ ✰✣✳★ ✪✚✫✤♠✛✬ ♠✰ ✩✫✚✳✧♠✰✦✱✲

❚❄❍❤❖❄ ❇❄● ❩▲❅❖❄❇ ❍❏ ❅◆❄●▲❅❇❑◆P●❬ ❘●❑◗❅◆❖ ❇❍

❇❄● ◗❅✐❅❆❅❍◆ ❍❏ ❘❑◆◗ ❑▼❍◆❖ ❆❤PP●❆❆❅✐●

❖●◆●▲❑❇❅❍◆❆ ❄❑❆ ▲●◆◗●▲●◗ ❘❑◆◗❱❄❍❘◗❅◆❖ ❆❅❣●

❤◆●P❍◆❍▼❅P❑❘❲ ❇❄● ❏❑▲▼●▲❆ P❍◆❇❅◆❤● ❇❍ ❇❑✉●

▼❑❭❅▼❤▼ ❍❤❇❊❤❇ ❏▲❍▼ ❇❄● ❘❅▼❅❇●◗ ❘❑◆◗ ❅◆ ❇❄●

❑❯❆●◆P● ❍❏ ❑❘❇●▲◆❑❇❅✐● ❆❍❤▲P● ❍❏ ❘❅✐●❘❅❄❍❍◗❡

❚❄❤❆❲ ❇❄●▲● ❅❆ ●◆❍▲▼❍❤❆ ❊▲●❆❆❤▲● ❍◆

❑❖▲❅P❤❘❇❤▲❑❘ ❘❑◆◗❡

❪❫❂❂✷❁✾✹❀❴ ✿❀❁❂✹✵❃

❚❄●▼❑❅◆ P❄❑▲❑P❇●▲❅❆❇❅P ❍❏ ❇❄❅❆ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖

❅❆ ❇❄● ❤❆● ❍❏ ❄❅❖❄●▲ ◗❍❆●❆ ❍❏ ▼❍◗●▲◆ ❅◆❊❤❇❆❲

●❡❖❡ ❄❅❖❄ ❉❅●❘◗❅◆❖ ✐❑▲❅●❇❉ ❵❛❜❝❞ ❆●●◗❆❲ P❄●▼❅P❑❘

❏●▲❇❅❘❅❆●▲❆❲ ❅◆❆●P❇❅P❅◗●❆ ❑◆◗ ❊●❆❇❅P❅◗●❆ ❅◆ ❍▲◗●▲

❇❍ ❍❯❇❑❅◆ ❄❅❖❄●▲ ❊▲❍◗❤P❇❅✐❅❇❉❡ ❚❄● ◗●❖▲●● ❍❏

P❍▼▼●▲P❅❑❘❅❆❑❇❅❍◆ ❍❏ ❑❖▲❅P❤❘❇❤▲● ✐❑▲❅●❆ ❏▲❍▼

❍◆● ▲●❖❅❍◆ ❇❍ ❑◆❍❇❄●▲❡ ❥❍▲ ●❭❑▼❊❘●❲ ▲❅P● ❅❆ ❑

P❍▼▼●▲P❅❑❘ P▲❍❊ ❅◆ ❛❑▲❉❑◆❑ ❑◆◗ ❦❤◆❧❑❯❲ ❯❤❇

❅◆ ♥▲❅❆❆❑❲ ❅❇ ❅❆ ❑ ❆❤❯❆❅❆❇●◆P● P▲❍❊❡

❈✚✛ ✜✢✣ ✬♠♦✦ ✰✢✤✦ ✤✢✫✦ ✦q✚✤✩❢✦✰ ✢✪ ✳✫✢✩✰

✴★♠✳★ ✤✚✜ ✇✦ ✳✢✤✤✦✫✳♠✚❢ ♠✛ ✢✛✦ ✫✦✬♠✢✛ ✚✛✱

✤✚✜ ✩✫✢♦♠✱✦ ✰✣✇✰♠✰✧✦✛✳✦ ♠✛ ✚✛✢✧★✦✫ ✫✦✬♠✢✛✲

❦❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆ ❅❆ ❑❘❆❍ ❑ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ P❍▼▼●▲P❅❑❘

❏❑▲▼❅◆❖❡ ❙◆ ❇❄❅❆ ❇❉❊● ❍❏ ❏❑▲▼❅◆❖❲ ❑ ❆❅◆❖❘● P▲❍❊

❅❆ ❖▲❍❳◆ ❍◆ ❑ ❘❑▲❖● ❑▲●❑❡ ❚❄● ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆ ❄❑❆

❑◆ ❅◆❇●▲❏❑P● ❍❏ ❑❖▲❅P❤❘❇❤▲● ❑◆◗ ❅◆◗❤❆❇▲❉❡

❦❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆❆ P❍✐●▲ ❘❑▲❖● ❇▲❑P❇❆ ❍❏ ❘❑◆◗❲ ❤❆❅◆❖

P❑❊❅❇❑❘ ❅◆❇●◆❆❅✐● ❅◆❊❤❇❆❲ ❳❅❇❄ ❇❄● ❄●❘❊ ❍❏

▼❅❖▲❑◆❇ ❘❑❯❍❤▲●▲❆❡ r❘❘ ❇❄● ❊▲❍◗❤P● ❅❆ ❤❆●◗ ❑❆

▲❑❳▼❑❇●▲❅❑❘ ❅◆ ▲●❆❊●P❇❅✐● ❅◆◗❤❆❇▲❅●❆❡

❙◆ ❙◆◗❅❑❲ ❇●❑❲ P❍❏❏●●❲ ▲❤❯❯●▲❲ ❆❤❖❑▲P❑◆●❲

❯❑◆❑◆❑❲ ●❇P❡❡ ❑▲● ❅▼❊❍▲❇❑◆❇ ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆ P▲❍❊❆❡

❚●❑ ❅◆ r❆❆❑▼ ❑◆◗ s❍▲❇❄ t●◆❖❑❘ P❍❏❏●● ❅◆

Rinjha lived with her family in a small villageat the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoyswatching her family members clearing,slashing and burning a patch of land forcultivation. She often helps them in irrigatingthe fields with water running through abamboo canal from the nearby spring. Sheloves the surroundings and wants to stayhere as long as she can, but this little girlhas no idea about the declining fertility ofthe soil and her family�s search for fresh apatch of land in the next season.

✈❑▲◆❑❇❑✉❑❑▲● ❆❍▼●❍❏ ❇❄● ❅▼❊❍▲❇❑◆❇ ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆

P▲❍❊❆ ❖▲❍❳◆ ❅◆ ❇❄●❆● ❆❇❑❇●❆❡ ①❅◆P● ❇❄●

❊▲❍◗❤P❇❅❍◆ ❅❆ ▼❑❅◆❘❉ ❏❍▲ ▼❑▲✉●❇❲ ❑ ❳●❘❘❱

◗●✐●❘❍❊●◗ ◆●❇❳❍▲✉ ❍❏ ❇▲❑◆❆❊❍▲❇ ❑◆◗

P❍▼▼❤◆❅P❑❇❅❍◆ P❍◆◆●P❇❅◆❖ ❇❄● ❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆

❑▲●❑❆❲ ❊▲❍P●❆❆❅◆❖ ❅◆◗❤❆❇▲❅●❆ ❑◆◗▼❑▲✉●❇❆ ❊❘❑❉❆

❑◆ ❅▼❊❍▲❇❑◆❇ ▲❍❘● ❅◆ ❇❄● ◗●✐●❘❍❊▼●◆❇ ❍❏

❊❘❑◆❇❑❇❅❍◆❆❡

35AGRICULTURE


❈❘�✁✁✂✄☎ ✥❆✆✆✝❘✄

❨♦✞ ✟✠✡☛ ☞✌✞✍✎☛✍ ✌✟☛ ✏✟✑☞✎✒✠✓ ✍✎✡☛✔☞✎✌✎☛☞ ✠✕✍

✏✓✞✔✠✓✎✌✑ ♦♣ ✒✞✓✌✞✔☛☞ ✎✕ ✖✕✍✎✠✗ ✘✟☛☞☛ ✠✔☛ ✠✓☞♦

✔☛♣✓☛✒✌☛✍ ✎✕ ✠r✔✎✒✞✓✌✞✔✠✓ ✏✔✠✒✌✎✒☛☞ ✠✕✍

✒✔♦✏✏✎✕r ✏✠✌✌☛✔✕☞ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑✗ ♥✠✔✎♦✞☞

✌✑✏☛☞ ♦♣ ♣♦♦✍ ✠✕✍ ♣✎t✔☛ ✒✔♦✏☞✙ ✡☛r☛✌✠t✓☛☞ ✠✕✍

♣✔✞✎✌☞✙ ☞✏✎✒☛☞ ✠✕✍ ✒♦✕✍✎❢☛✕✌☞✙ ☛✌✒✗✗ ✒♦✕☞✌✎✌✞✌☛

☞♦❢☛ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✒✔♦✏☞ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✌✟☛

✒♦✞✕✌✔✑✗ ✖✕✍✎✠ ✟✠☞ ✌✟✔☛☛ ✒✔♦✏✏✎✕r ☞☛✠☞♦✕☞ ❝

✚✛✜✢✙ ❦✣✛✚✢✤ ✠✕✍ ③✛✢✦✗

✧✠t✎ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ ☞♦s✕ ✎✕ s✎✕✌☛✔ ♣✔♦❢★✒✌♦t☛✔

✌♦ ✩☛✒☛❢t☛✔ ✠✕✍ ✟✠✔✡☛☞✌☛✍ ✎✕ ☞✞❢❢☛✔ ♣✔♦❢

✪✏✔✎✓ ✌♦ ✫✞✕☛✗ ✬♦❢☛ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✔✠t✎ ✒✔♦✏☞

✠✔☛ s✟☛✠✌✙ t✠✔✓☛✑✙ ✏☛✠☞✙ r✔✠❢ ✠✕✍ ❢✞☞✌✠✔✍✗

✘✟♦✞r✟✙ ✌✟☛☞☛ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✓✠✔r☛ ✏✠✔✌☞

♦♣ ✖✕✍✎✠✙ ☞✌✠✌☛☞ ♣✔♦❢ ✌✟☛ ✕♦✔✌✟ ✠✕✍ ✕♦✔✌✟✭

s☛☞✌☛✔✕ ✏✠✔✌☞ ☞✞✒✟ ✠☞ ✇✞✕✮✠t✙ ✯✠✔✑✠✕✠✙

✯✎❢✠✒✟✠✓ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟✙ ✫✠❢❢✞ ✠✕✍ ❍✠☞✟❢✎✔✙

❯✌✌✠✔✠✕✒✟✠✓ ✠✕✍ ❯✌✌✠✔ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟ ✠✔☛ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌

♣♦✔ ✌✟☛ ✏✔♦✍✞✒✌✎♦✕ ♦♣ s✟☛✠✌ ✠✕✍ ♦✌✟☛✔ ✔✠t✎

✒✔♦✏☞✗ ✪✡✠✎✓✠t✎✓✎✌✑ ♦♣ ✏✔☛✒✎✏✎✌✠✌✎♦✕ ✍✞✔✎✕r

s✎✕✌☛✔ ❢♦✕✌✟☞ ✍✞☛ ✌♦ ✌✟☛ s☛☞✌☛✔✕ ✌☛❢✏☛✔✠✌☛

✒✑✒✓♦✕☛☞ ✟☛✓✏☞ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ ☞✞✒✒☛☞☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛☞☛ ✒✔♦✏☞✗

✯♦s☛✡☛✔✙ ✌✟☛ ☞✞✒✒☛☞☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ r✔☛☛✕ ✔☛✡♦✓✞✌✎♦✕

✎✕ ✇✞✕✮✠t✙ ✯✠✔✑✠✕✠✙ s☛☞✌☛✔✕ ❯✌✌✠✔ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟

✠✕✍ ✏✠✔✌☞ ♦♣ ✧✠✮✠☞✌✟✠✕ ✟✠☞ ✠✓☞♦ t☛☛✕ ✠✕

✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ♣✠✒✌♦✔ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ r✔♦s✌✟ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✠t♦✡☛✭

❢☛✕✌✎♦✕☛✍ ✔✠t✎ ✒✔♦✏☞✗

❍✟✠✔✎♣ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕ s✎✌✟ ✌✟☛ ♦✕☞☛✌ ♦♣

❢♦✕☞♦♦✕ ✎✕ ✍✎♣♣☛✔☛✕✌ ✏✠✔✌☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑ ✠✕✍

✌✟☛☞☛ ✠✔☛ ✟✠✔✡☛☞✌☛✍ ✎✕ ✬☛✏✌☛❢t☛✔✭★✒✌♦t☛✔✗

✖❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✒✔♦✏☞ r✔♦s✕ ✍✞✔✎✕r ✌✟✎☞ ☞☛✠☞♦✕ ✠✔☛

✏✠✍✍✑✙ ❢✠✎✰☛✙ ✮♦s✠✔✙ t✠✮✔✠✙ ✌✞✔ ✱✠✔✟✠✔❤✙ ❢♦♦✕r✙

✞✔✠✍✙ ✒♦✌✌♦✕✙ ✮✞✌☛✙ r✔♦✞✕✍✕✞✌ ✠✕✍ ☞♦✑✠t☛✠✕✗

✬♦❢☛ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ❢♦☞✌ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌ ✔✎✒☛✭r✔♦s✎✕r

✔☛r✎♦✕☞✠✔☛ ✪☞☞✠❢✙❡☛☞✌ ✲☛✕r✠✓✙ ✒♦✠☞✌✠✓ ✔☛r✎♦✕☞

♦♣★✔✎☞☞✠✙ ✪✕✍✟✔✠✇✔✠✍☛☞✟✙ ✘✠❢✎✓ ✳✠✍✞✙ ❍☛✔✠✓✠

✠✕✍ ❛✠✟✠✔✠☞✟✌✔✠✙ ✏✠✔✌✎✒✞✓✠✔✓✑ ✌✟☛ ✱❍♦✕✴✠✕

✒♦✠☞✌❤ ✠✓♦✕r s✎✌✟ ❯✌✌✠✔ ✇✔✠✍☛☞✟ ✠✕✍ ✲✎✟✠✔✗

✧☛✒☛✕✌✓✑✙ ✏✠✍✍✑ ✟✠☞ ✠✓☞♦ t☛✒♦❢☛ ✠✕ ✎❢✏♦✔✌✠✕✌

✒✔♦✏ ♦♣ ✇✞✕✮✠t ✠✕✍ ✯✠✔✑✠✕✠✗ ✖✕ ☞✌✠✌☛☞ ✓✎✴☛

✪☞☞✠❢✙❡☛☞✌ ✲☛✕r✠✓ ✠✕✍★✔✎☞☞✠✙ ✌✟✔☛☛ ✒✔♦✏☞ ♦♣

✏✠✍✍✑ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✠ ✑☛✠✔✗ ✘✟☛☞☛ ✠✔☛ ✵✶✷✙

✵✸✹✺ ✠✕✍ ❇✻✼✻✗

✖✕ t☛✌s☛☛✕ ✌✟☛ ✔✠t✎ ✠✕✍ ✌✟☛ ✴✟✠✔✎♣ ☞☛✠☞♦✕☞✙

✌✟☛✔☛ ✎☞ ✠ ☞✟♦✔✌ ☞☛✠☞♦✕ ✍✞✔✎✕r ✌✟☛ ☞✞❢❢☛✔

❢♦✕✌✟☞ ✴✕♦s✕ ✠☞ ✌✟☛ ❩✛✢✦ ☞☛✠☞♦✕✗ ✬♦❢☛ ♦♣

✌✟☛ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✏✔♦✍✞✒☛✍ ✍✞✔✎✕r ✽✰✠✎✍✾ ✠✔☛

s✠✌☛✔❢☛✓♦✕✙ ❢✞☞✴❢☛✓♦✕✙ ✒✞✒✞❢t☛✔✙

✡☛r☛✌✠t✓☛☞ ✠✕✍ ♣♦✍✍☛✔ ✒✔♦✏☞✗ ✬✞r✠✔✒✠✕☛ ✌✠✴☛☞

✠✓❢♦☞✌ ✠ ✑☛✠✔ ✌♦ r✔♦s✗

▼✛✿❀✚ ❁✚❀❂❃

✪ ✡✠✔✎☛✌✑ ♦♣ ♣♦♦✍ ✠✕✍ ✕♦✕ ♣♦♦✍ ✒✔♦✏☞ ✠✔☛ r✔♦s✕

✎✕ ✍✎♣♣☛✔☛✕✌ ✏✠✔✌☞ ♦♣ ✌✟☛ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑ ✍☛✏☛✕✍✎✕r

✞✏♦✕ ✌✟☛ ✡✠✔✎✠✌✎♦✕☞ ✎✕ ☞♦✎✓✙ ✒✓✎❢✠✌☛ ✠✕✍

✒✞✓✌✎✡✠✌✎♦✕ ✏✔✠✒✌✎✒☛☞✗ ❛✠✮♦✔ ✒✔♦✏☞ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕

✖✕✍✎✠ ✠✔☛ ✔✎✒☛✙ s✟☛✠✌✙❢✎✓✓☛✌☞✙ ✏✞✓☞☛☞✙ ✌☛✠✙ ✒♦♣♣☛☛✙

☞✞r✠✔✒✠✕☛✙ ♦✎✓ ☞☛☛✍☞✙ ✒♦✌✌♦✕ ✠✕✍ ✮✞✌☛✙ ☛✌✒✗

❄❅❉❊❋ ✖✌ ✎☞ ✌✟☛ ☞✌✠✏✓☛ ♣♦♦✍ ✒✔♦✏ ♦♣ ✠ ❢✠✮♦✔✎✌✑ ♦♣

✌✟☛ ✏☛♦✏✓☛ ✎✕ ✖✕✍✎✠✗ ★✞✔ ✒♦✞✕✌✔✑ ✎☞ ✌✟☛ ☞☛✒♦✕✍

✓✠✔r☛☞✌ ✏✔♦✍✞✒☛✔ ♦♣ ✔✎✒☛ ✎✕ ✌✟☛s♦✔✓✍ ✠♣✌☛✔ ❧✟✎✕✠✗

✖✌ ✎☞ ✠ ✴✟✠✔✎♣ ✒✔♦✏ s✟✎✒✟ ✔☛■✞✎✔☛☞ ✟✎r✟

✌☛❢✏☛✔✠✌✞✔☛✙ ✱✠t♦✡☛ ●❏❑❧❤ ✠✕✍ ✟✎r✟ ✟✞❢✎✍✎✌✑

s✎✌✟ ✠✕✕✞✠✓ ✔✠✎✕♣✠✓✓ ✠t♦✡☛ ▲◆◆ ✒❢✗ ✖✕ ✌✟☛ ✠✔☛✠☞

♦♣ ✓☛☞☞ ✔✠✎✕♣✠✓✓✙ ✎✌ r✔♦s☞s✎✌✟ ✌✟☛ ✟☛✓✏♦♣ ✎✔✔✎r✠✌✎♦✕✗

✧✎✒☛ ✎☞ r✔♦s✕ ✎✕ ✌✟☛ ✏✓✠✎✕☞ ♦♣ ✕♦✔✌✟ ✠✕✍

✕♦✔✌✟✭☛✠☞✌☛✔✕ ✖✕✍✎✠✙ ✒♦✠☞✌✠✓ ✠✔☛✠☞ ✠✕✍ ✌✟☛

✍☛✓✌✠✎✒ ✔☛r✎♦✕☞✗ ✩☛✡☛✓♦✏❢☛✕✌ ♦♣ ✍☛✕☞☛ ✕☛✌s♦✔✴

❖P◗❙ ❚❙❚ ❱❲❳❬ ❭❪❫❴ ❪❵ ❜❴❞❣✐ ❥♠ q❴ ✉❞❜✈❴❵❥❴❣ ❪① ❥✉❴ ②❪❴④❣

❖P◗❙ ❚❙❚ ❱⑤❳❬ ❭❪❫❴ ⑥⑦④❥❪✈❞❥❪♠①

37AGRICULTURE

■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✆✎✏


♦� ✁✂✄✂☎ ✆✝✝✆✞✂✟✆♦✄ ✂✄✠ ✟✡☛☞✌☞☎☎✍ ✎✂✏☞ ✑✂✠☞ ✆✟

♣♦✍✍✆☛☎☞ ✟♦ ✞✝♦✌ ✝✆✁☞ ✆✄ ✂✝☞✂✍ ♦� ☎☞✍✍ ✝✂✆✄�✂☎☎

✍✡✁✎ ✂✍ s✡✄✒✂☛✓ ✔✂✝✕✂✄✂ ✂✄✠ ✌☞✍✟☞✝✄ ✖✟✟✂✝

s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✄✠ ♣✂✝✟✍ ♦� P✂✒✂✍✟✎✂✄✗

❲✘✙✚✛✜ ✥✎✆✍ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ✍☞✁♦✄✠ ✑♦✍✟ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟

✁☞✝☞✂☎ ✁✝♦♣✗ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ✑✂✆✄ �♦♦✠ ✁✝♦♣✓ ✆✄ ✄♦✝✟✎

✂✄✠ ✄♦✝✟✎❛✌☞✍✟☞✝✄ ♣✂✝✟ ♦� ✟✎☞ ✁♦✡✄✟✝✕✗ ✥✎✆✍

✝✂☛✆ ✁✝♦♣ ✝☞r✡✆✝☞✍ ✂ ✁♦♦☎ ✞✝♦✌✆✄✞ ✍☞✂✍♦✄ ✂✄✠

✂ ☛✝✆✞✎✟ ✍✡✄✍✎✆✄☞ ✂✟ ✟✎☞ ✟✆✑☞ ♦� ✝✆♣☞✄✆✄✞✗ ❝✟

✝☞r✡✆✝☞✍ ✢✣ ✟♦ ✤✢ ✁✑ ♦� ✂✄✄✡✂☎ ✝✂✆✄�✂☎☎ ☞✏☞✄☎✕❛

✠✆✍✟✝✆☛✡✟☞✠ ♦✏☞✝ ✟✎☞ ✞✝♦✌✆✄✞ ✍☞✂✍♦✄✗ ✥✎☞✝☞ ✂✝☞

✟✌♦ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ ✌✎☞✂✟❛✞✝♦✌✆✄✞ t♦✄☞✍ ✆✄ ✟✎☞

✁♦✡✄✟✝✕ ✦ ✟✎☞ ✧✂✄✞✂❛★✂✟☎✡✒ ♣☎✂✆✄✍ ✆✄ ✟✎☞ ✄♦✝✟✎❛

✌☞✍✟ ✂✄✠ ☛☎✂✁✇ ✍♦✆☎ ✝☞✞✆♦✄ ♦� ✟✎☞ ✩☞✁✁✂✄✗ ✥✎☞

✑✂✒♦✝ ✌✎☞✂✟❛♣✝♦✠✡✁✆✄✞ ✍✟✂✟☞✍ ✂✝☞ s✡✄✒✂☛✓

✔✂✝✕✂✄✂✓✖✟✟✂✝ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓ ❍✆✎✂✝✓ P✂✒✂✍✟✎✂✄ ✂✄✠

♣✂✝✟✍ ♦� ✪✂✠✎✕✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✗

❋✫✬✭ ✮✭✯✰ ✱✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✵✹✺✴✵✹✻✼

▼✽✾✾✙✛✿✜ ❀♦✌✂✝✓ ☛✂✒✝✂ ✂✄✠ ✝✂✞✆ ✂✝☞ ✟✎☞

✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ ✑✆☎☎☞✟✍ ✞✝♦✌✄ ✆✄ ❝✄✠✆✂✗ ✥✎♦✡✞✎✓

✟✎☞✍☞ ✂✝☞ ✇✄♦✌✄ ✂✍ ✁♦✂✝✍☞ ✞✝✂✆✄✍✓ ✟✎☞✕ ✎✂✏☞

✏☞✝✕ ✎✆✞✎ ✄✡✟✝✆✟✆♦✄✂☎ ✏✂☎✡☞✗ ✈♦✝ ☞❁✂✑♣☎☞✓ ✝✂✞✆

✆✍ ✏☞✝✕ ✝✆✁✎ ✆✄ ✆✝♦✄✓ ✁✂☎✁✆✡✑✓ ♦✟✎☞✝ ✑✆✁✝♦

✄✡✟✝✆☞✄✟✍ ✂✄✠ ✝♦✡✞✎✂✞☞✗ ❀♦✌✂✝ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ✟✎✆✝✠

✑♦✍✟ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ �♦♦✠ ✁✝♦♣ ✌✆✟✎ ✝☞✍♣☞✁✟ ✟♦ ✂✝☞✂

✂✄✠ ♣✝♦✠✡✁✟✆♦✄✗ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✂ ✝✂✆✄❛�☞✠ ✁✝♦♣ ✑♦✍✟☎✕

✞✝♦✌✄ ✆✄ ✟✎☞ ✑♦✆✍✟ ✂✝☞✂✍ ✌✎✆✁✎ ✎✂✝✠☎✕ ✄☞☞✠✍

✆✝✝✆✞✂✟✆♦✄✗✪✂✎✂✝✂✍✎✟✝✂ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝

♦� ✒♦✌✂✝ �♦☎☎♦✌☞✠ ☛✕ ❂✂✝✄✂✟✂✇✂✓ ❃✄✠✎✝✂

s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✄✠ ✪✂✠✎✕✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✗

❍✂✒✝✂ ✞✝♦✌✍ ✌☞☎☎ ♦✄ ✍✂✄✠✕ ✍♦✆☎✍ ✂✄✠ ✍✎✂☎☎♦✌

☛☎✂✁✇ ✍♦✆☎✗ P✂✒✂✍✟✎✂✄ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝ ♦�

☛✂✒✝✂ �♦☎☎♦✌☞✠ ☛✕ ✖✟✟✂✝ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓✪✂✎✂✝✂✍✎✟✝✂✓

✧✡✒✂✝✂✟ ✂✄✠ ✔✂✝✕✂✄✂✗ P✂✞✆ ✆✍ ✂ ✁✝♦♣ ♦� ✠✝✕

❋✫✬✭ ✮✭❄✰ ❅✴❆❇✴ ✶✷✸✵✹✺✴✵✹✻✼

✝☞✞✆♦✄✍ ✂✄✠ ✞✝♦✌✍ ✌☞☎☎ ♦✄ ✝☞✠✓ ☛☎✂✁✇✓ ✍✂✄✠✕✓

☎♦✂✑✕ ✂✄✠ ✍✎✂☎☎♦✌ ☛☎✂✁✇ ✍♦✆☎✍✗ ❂✂✝✄✂✟✂✇✂ ✆✍

✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝ ♦� ✝✂✞✆ �♦☎☎♦✌☞✠ ☛✕ ✥✂✑✆☎

◆✂✠✡✗ ❃♣✂✝✟ �✝♦✑ ✟✎☞✍☞ ✍✟✂✟☞✍✓ ✔✆✑✂✁✎✂☎

s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓✖✟✟✂✝✂✄✁✎✂☎✓ ★✆✇✇✆✑✓ ❀✎✂✝✇✎✂✄✠ ✂✄✠

❃✝✡✄✂✁✎✂☎ s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✝☞ ✂☎✍♦ ✆✑♣♦✝✟✂✄✟ �♦✝ ✟✎☞

♣✝♦✠✡✁✟✆♦✄ ♦� ✝✂✞✆✗

▼✚✽❈✙✜ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✂ ✁✝♦♣ ✌✎✆✁✎ ✆✍ ✡✍☞✠ ☛♦✟✎ ✂✍ �♦♦✠

✂✄✠ �♦✠✠☞✝✗ ❝✟ ✆✍ ✂ ✇✎✂✝✆� ✁✝♦♣ ✌✎✆✁✎ ✝☞r✡✆✝☞✍

❋✫✬✭ ✮✭❉✰ ❊✴✹●✳ ✶✷✸✵✹✺✴✵✹✻✼

✟☞✑♣☞✝✂✟✡✝☞ ☛☞✟✌☞☞✄ ■❏❑▲ ✟♦ ■✤❑▲ ✂✄✠ ✞✝♦✌✍

✌☞☎☎ ✆✄ ♦☎✠ ✂☎☎✡✏✆✂☎ ✍♦✆☎✗ ❝✄ ✍♦✑☞ ✍✟✂✟☞✍ ☎✆✇☞ ❍✆✎✂✝

✑✂✆t☞ ✆✍ ✞✝♦✌✄ ✆✄ ✝✂☛✆ ✍☞✂✍♦✄ ✂☎✍♦✗ ✖✍☞ ♦�

✑♦✠☞✝✄ ✆✄♣✡✟✍ ✍✡✁✎ ✂✍ ✔♠❖ ✍☞☞✠✍✓ �☞✝✟✆☎✆✍☞✝✍

✂✄✠ ✆✝✝✆✞✂✟✆♦✄ ✎✂✏☞ ✁♦✄✟✝✆☛✡✟☞✠ ✟♦ ✟✎☞ ✆✄✁✝☞✂✍✆✄✞

♣✝♦✠✡✁✟✆♦✄ ♦� ✑✂✆t☞✗ ✪✂✒♦✝ ✑✂✆t☞❛♣✝♦✠✡✁✆✄✞

✍✟✂✟☞✍ ✂✝☞ ❂✂✝✄✂✟✂✇✂✓ ✖✟✟✂✝ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✓ ❍✆✎✂✝✓

❃✄✠✎✝✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎ ✂✄✠ ✪✂✠✎✕✂ s✝✂✠☞✍✎✗

◗❘✾✿✙✿✜ ❝✄✠✆✂ ✆✍ ✟✎☞ ☎✂✝✞☞✍✟ ♣✝♦✠✡✁☞✝ ✂✍ ✌☞☎☎

✂✍ ✟✎☞ ✁♦✄✍✡✑☞✝ ♦� ♣✡☎✍☞✍ ✆✄ ✟✎☞ ✌♦✝☎✠✗ ✥✎☞✍☞

✂✝☞ ✟✎☞✑✂✒♦✝ ✍♦✡✝✁☞ ♦� ♣✝♦✟☞✆✄ ✆✄ ✂ ✏☞✞☞✟✂✝✆✂✄

39AGRICULTURE

■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✎✏✑✞


s�✁✂❝✄ �☎ s✁✆✝✂✱ ✆✁✂ ✞✟✝✆✆✝✂✠✡✱ ☛☞✝✌✍s✝✂✎ ✝✌✍

♠�✏✝ss✄s✑ ✒☞✄ ♠✝✟�✂ s✁✆✝✂❝✝✌✄✓✔✂�✍✁❝✎✌✆

s✕✝✕✄s ✝✂✄ ✖✕✕✝✂ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱ ✘✝☞✝✂✝s☞✕✂✝✱

❑✝✂✌✝✕✝☛✝✱ ✒✝♠✎✏ ✙✝✍✁✱ ✚✌✍☞✂✝ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱

❇✎☞✝✂✱ ✗✁✌✟✝✛ ✝✌✍ ✜✝✂✠✝✌✝✑

❖✢✣ ✤✥✥✦✧★ ■✌✍✎✝ ✎s ✕☞✄ ✏✝✂✆✄s✕ ✔✂�✍✁❝✄✂ �☎ �✎✏✓

s✄✄✍s ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✩�✂✏✍✑ ✪✎☎☎✄✂✄✌✕ �✎✏ s✄✄✍s ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌

❝�✫✄✂✎✌✆ ✝✔✔✂�✬✎♠✝✕✄✏✠ ✭✮ ✔✄✂ ❝✄✌✕ �☎ ✕☞✄ ✕�✕✝✏

❝✂�✔✔✄✍ ✝✂✄✝ �☎ ✕☞✄ ❝�✁✌✕✂✠✑ ✘✝✎✌ �✎✏✓s✄✄✍s

✔✂�✍✁❝✄✍ ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✁✌✍✌✁✕✱ ♠✁s✕✝✂✍✱

❝�❝�✌✁✕✱ s✄s✝♠✁♠ ✞✕✎✏✡✱ s�✠✝✛✄✝✌✱ ❝✝s✕�✂ s✄✄✍s✱

❝�✕✕�✌ s✄✄✍s✱ ✏✎✌s✄✄✍ ✝✌✍ s✁✌☎✏�✩✄✂✑ ✘�s✕ �☎

✕☞✄s✄ ✝✂✄ ✄✍✎✛✏✄ ✝✌✍ ✁s✄✍ ✝s ❝��☛✎✌✆♠✄✍✎✁♠s✑

✜�✩✄✫✄✂✱ s�♠✄ �☎ ✕☞✄s✄ ✝✂✄ ✝✏s� ✁s✄✍ ✝s ✂✝✩

♠✝✕✄✂✎✝✏ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✔✂�✍✁❝✕✎�✌ �☎ s�✝✔✱ ❝�s♠✄✕✎❝s

✝✌✍ �✎✌✕♠✄✌✕s✑

●✂�✁✌✍✌✁✕ ✎s ✝ ☛☞✝✂✎☎ ❝✂�✔ ✝✌✍ ✝❝❝�✁✌✕s

☎�✂ ✝✛�✁✕ ☞✝✏☎ �☎ ✕☞✄ ♠✝✟�✂ �✎✏s✄✄✍s ✔✂�✍✁❝✄✍

✎✌ ✕☞✄ ❝�✁✌✕✂✠✑ ✚✌✍☞✂✝ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞ ✎s ✕☞✄ ✏✝✂✆✄s✕

✔✂�✍✁❝✄✂ �☎ ✆✂�✁✌✍✌✁✕ ☎�✏✏�✩✄✍ ✛✠ ✒✝♠✎✏

✙✝✍✁✱ ❑✝✂✌✝✕✝☛✝✱ ●✁✟✝✂✝✕ ✝✌✍✘✝☞✝✂✝s☞✕✂✝ ◆

✏✎✌s✄✄✍ ✝✌✍♠✁s✕✝✂✍ ✝✂✄ ✂✝✛✎ ❝✂�✔s✑ ❧✄s✝♠✁♠

✎s ✝ ☛☞✝✂✎☎ ❝✂�✔ ✎✌ ✌�✂✕☞ ✝✌✍ ✂✝✛✎ ❝✂�✔ ✎✌ s�✁✕☞

■✌✍✎✝✑ ✯✝s✕�✂ s✄✄✍ ✎s ✆✂�✩✌ ✛�✕☞ ✝s ✂✝✛✎ ✝✌✍

☛☞✝✂✎☎ ❝✂�✔✑

❚✥✰★ ✒✄✝ ❝✁✏✕✎✫✝✕✎�✌ ✎s ✝✌ ✄✬✝♠✔✏✄ �☎

✔✏✝✌✕✝✕✎�✌ ✝✆✂✎❝✁✏✕✁✂✄✑ ■✕ ✎s ✝✏s� ✝✌ ✎♠✔�✂✕✝✌✕

✛✄✫✄✂✝✆✄ ❝✂�✔ ✎✌✕✂�✍✁❝✄✍ ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✎✌✎✕✎✝✏✏✠ ✛✠

✕☞✄ ❇✂✎✕✎s☞✑ ✒�✍✝✠✱ ♠�s✕ �☎ ✕☞✄ ✕✄✝ ✔✏✝✌✕✝✕✎�✌s

✝✂✄ �✩✌✄✍ ✛✠ ■✌✍✎✝✌s✑ ✒☞✄ ✕✄✝ ✔✏✝✌✕ ✆✂�✩s ✩✄✏✏

✎✌ ✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ✝✌✍ s✁✛✓✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ❝✏✎♠✝✕✄s ✄✌✍�✩✄✍

✩✎✕☞ ✍✄✄✔ ✝✌✍ ☎✄✂✕✎✏✄ ✩✄✏✏✓✍✂✝✎✌✄✍ s�✎✏✱ ✂✎❝☞ ✎✌

☞✁♠✁s ✝✌✍ �✂✆✝✌✎❝ ♠✝✕✕✄✂✑ ✒✄✝ ✛✁s☞✄s

✂✄r✁✎✂✄ ✩✝✂♠ ✝✌✍ ♠�✎s✕ ☎✂�s✕✓☎✂✄✄ ❝✏✎♠✝✕✄ ✝✏✏

✕☞✂�✁✆☞ ✕☞✄ ✠✄✝✂✑ ✳✂✄r✁✄✌✕ s☞�✩✄✂s ✄✫✄✌✏✠

✍✎s✕✂✎✛✁✕✄✍ �✫✄✂ ✕☞✄ ✠✄✝✂ ✄✌s✁✂✄ ❝�✌✕✎✌✁�✁s

✆✂�✩✕☞ �☎ ✕✄✌✍✄✂ ✏✄✝✫✄s✑ ✒✄✝ ✎s ✝ ✏✝✛�✁✂✓

✎✌✕✄✌s✎✫✄ ✎✌✍✁s✕✂✠✑ ■✕ ✂✄r✁✎✂✄s ✝✛✁✌✍✝✌✕✱

❋✲✴✵ ✶✵✷✸ ✹✺✻✼✽✾✼✿❀ ❁✺❂❃❄❅✼❃❄❆✿

❋✲✴✵ ✶✵❈✸ ❉✽❆✺✿❊✿✺❃❍ ❏✺✿▲❂❆▼❀✽ ✼✿❊ P✺❏❃✼✽❊ ✼✽❀ ✽❀✼❊◗ ❃❆ ❘❀ ❙✼✽❅❀❏❃❀❊ ❄✿ ❃❙❀ ▲❄❀❂❊

✍✎✄✕✑ ✘✝✟�✂ ✔✁✏s✄s ✕☞✝✕ ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✝✂✄

✕✁✂ ✞✝✂☞✝✂✡✱ ✁✂✝✍✱ ♠��✌✆✱ ♠✝s✁✂✱ ✔✄✝s ✝✌✍

✆✂✝♠✑ ✯✝✌ ✠�✁ ✍✎s✕✎✌✆✁✎s☞ ✩☞✎❝☞ �☎ ✕☞✄s✄

✔✁✏s✄s ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ☛☞✝✂✎☎ s✄✝s�✌ ✝✌✍

✩☞✎❝☞ ✝✂✄ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✂✝✛✎ s✄✝s�✌✇ ✗✁✏s✄s

✌✄✄✍ ✏✄ss ♠�✎s✕✁✂✄ ✝✌✍ s✁✂✫✎✫✄ ✄✫✄✌ ✎✌ ✍✂✠

❝�✌✍✎✕✎�✌s✑ ❇✄✎✌✆ ✏✄✆✁♠✎✌�✁s ❝✂�✔s✱ ✝✏✏ ✕☞✄s✄

❝✂�✔s ✄✬❝✄✔✕ ✝✂☞✝✂ ☞✄✏✔ ✎✌ ✂✄s✕�✂✎✌✆ s�✎✏ ☎✄✂✕✎✏✎✕✠

✛✠ ☎✎✬✎✌✆ ✌✎✕✂�✆✄✌ ☎✂�♠ ✕☞✄ ✝✎✂✑ ✒☞✄✂✄☎�✂✄✱ ✕☞✄s✄

✝✂✄ ♠�s✕✏✠ ✆✂�✩✌ ✎✌ ✂�✕✝✕✎�✌ ✩✎✕☞ �✕☞✄✂ ❝✂�✔s✑

✘✝✟�✂ ✔✁✏s✄ ✔✂�✍✁❝✎✌✆ s✕✝✕✄s ✎✌ ■✌✍✎✝ ✝✂✄

✘✝✍☞✠✝ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱ ✖✕✕✝✂ ✗✂✝✍✄s☞✱ ❯✝✟✝s✕☞✝✌✱

✘✝☞✝✂✝s☞✕✂✝ ✝✌✍ ❑✝✂✌✝✕✝☛✝✑

❱❲❲❳ ❨❩❲❬❭ ❲❪❫❴❩ ❪❫❵❛ ❜❩❵❞❛❭

✤❡❢✰❣❤✰✐✥★ ■✕ ✎s ✝ ✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ✝s ✩✄✏✏ ✝s ✝

s✁✛✕✂�✔✎❝✝✏ ❝✂�✔✑ ■✕ ✆✂�✩s ✩✄✏✏ ✎✌ ☞�✕ ✝✌✍

☞✁♠✎✍ ❝✏✎♠✝✕✄ ✩✎✕☞ ✝ ✕✄♠✔✄✂✝✕✁✂✄ �☎ ✮✭❥✯ ✕�

✮❦❥✯ ✝✌✍ ✝✌ ✝✌✌✁✝✏ ✂✝✎✌☎✝✏✏ ✛✄✕✩✄✄✌ ❦♥❝♠✑

✝✌✍ ✭♦♦❝♠✑ ■✂✂✎✆✝✕✎�✌ ✎s ✂✄r✁✎✂✄✍ ✎✌ ✕☞✄ ✂✄✆✎�✌s

�☎ ✏�✩ ✂✝✎✌☎✝✏✏✑ ■✕ ❝✝✌ ✛✄ ✆✂�✩✌ �✌ ✝ ✫✝✂✎✄✕✠ �☎

s�✎✏s ✝✌✍ ✌✄✄✍s ♠✝✌✁✝✏ ✏✝✛�✁✂ ☎✂�♠ s�✩✎✌✆ ✕�

☞✝✂✫✄s✕✎✌✆✑ ■✌✍✎✝ ✎s ✕☞✄ s✄❝�✌✍ ✏✝✂✆✄s✕ ✔✂�✍✁❝✄✂

�☎ s✁✆✝✂❝✝✌✄ �✌✏✠ ✝☎✕✄✂ ❇✂✝♣✎✏✑ ■✕ ✎s ✕☞✄ ♠✝✎✌

41AGRICULTURE

❝�✁✂✄ ✂☎✆ ✝✞✟✠✠✁✆ ✠✂✡☛☞✌✳

❚✁✂ ✟✝ ✄✌☛❝✁✝✝✁✆ ✍✟✎�✟☎

✎�✁ ✎✁✂ t✂✌✆✁☎ ✎☛ ✌✁✝✎☛✌✁

✟✎✝ ✐✌✁✝�☎✁✝✝✳ ✏✂✑☛✌ ✎✁✂✒

✄✌☛✆☞❝✟☎t ✝✎✂✎✁✝ ✂✌✁

❆✝✝✂✓✔ �✟✠✠✝ ☛✐ ✕✂✌✑✁✁✠✟☎t

✂☎✆ ❛✂✠✄✂✟t☞✌✟ ✆✟✝✎✌✟❝✎✝✔

❲✁✝✎ ❡✁☎t✂✠✔ ❚✂✓✟✠ ✖✂✆☞

✂☎✆ ✗✁✌✂✠✂✳ ❆✄✂✌✎ ✐✌☛✓

✎�✁✝✁✔ ✘✟✓✂❝�✂✠ ✙✌✂✆✁✝�✔

❯✎✎✂✌✂☎❝�✂✠✔ ✏✁t�✂✠✂✚✂✔

❆☎✆�✌✂ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆

❚✌✟✄☞✌✂ ✂✌✁ ✂✠✝☛ ✎✁✂✒✄✌☛✆☞❝✟☎t ✝✎✂✎✁✝ ✟☎ ✎�✁

❝☛☞☎✎✌✚✳ ✛☎✆✟✂ ✟✝ ✎�✁ ✠✁✂✆✟☎t ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ✂✝ ✍✁✠✠

✂✝ ✁✜✄☛✌✎✁✌ ☛✐ ✎✁✂ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✳

❈✢✣✣✤✤✥ ✛☎✆✟✂ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✝ ✂✡☛☞✎ ✐☛☞✌ ✄✁✌ ❝✁☎✎ ☛✐

✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✦✝ ❝☛✐✐✁✁ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✎✟☛☎✳ ✛☎✆✟✂☎ ❝☛✐✐✁✁ ✟✝

✞☎☛✍☎ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆ ✐☛✌ ✟✎✝ t☛☛✆ ❦☞✂✠✟✎✚✳ ❚�✁

❆✌✂✡✟❝✂ ✧✂✌✟✁✎✚ ✟☎✟✎✟✂✠✠✚ ✡✌☛☞t�✎ ✐✌☛✓ ♦✁✓✁☎ ✟✝

✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✆ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ❝☛☞☎✎✌✚✳ ❚�✟✝ ✧✂✌✟✁✎✚ ✟✝ ✟☎ t✌✁✂✎

✆✁✓✂☎✆ ✂✠✠ ☛✧✁✌ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✳ ✛☎✎✟✂✠✠✚ ✟✎✝❝☞✠✎✟✧✂✎✟☛☎

✍✂✝ ✟☎✎✌☛✆☞❝✁✆ ☛☎ ✎�✁ ❡✂✡✂ ❡☞✆✂☎ ✘✟✠✠✝ ✂☎✆

✛☎✆✟✂ ✟✝ ✂ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ☛✐ ✎✌☛✄✟❝✂✠ ✂✝ ✍✁✠✠ ✂✝

✎✁✓✄✁✌✂✎✁ ✐✌☞✟✎✝✳ ✏✂☎t☛✁✝ ☛✐ ✏✂�✂✌✂✝�✎✌✂✔

❆☎✆�✌✂ ✙✌✂✆✁✝�✔ ❯✎✎✂✌ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆ ❲✁✝✎

❡✁☎t✂✠✔ ☛✌✂☎t✁✝ ☛✐ ✖✂t✄☞✌ ✂☎✆ ❇�✁✌✌✂✄☞☎✑✁✁

✭✏✁t�✂✠✂✚✂★✔ ✡✂☎✂☎✂✝ ☛✐ ✗✁✌✂✠✂✔ ✏✟✩☛✌✂✓✔

✏✂�✂✌✂✝�✎✌✂ ✂☎✆ ❚✂✓✟✠ ✖✂✆☞✔ ✠✟❝�✟ ✂☎✆ t☞✂✧✂

☛✐ ❯✎✎✂✌ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆ ❡✟�✂✌✔ ✄✟☎✁✂✄✄✠✁✝ ☛✐

✏✁t�✂✠✂✚✂✔ t✌✂✄✁✝ ☛✐ ❆☎✆�✌✂ ✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂☎✆

✏✂�✂✌✂✝�✎✌✂✔ ✂✄✄✠✁✝✔ ✄✁✂✌✝✔ ✂✄✌✟❝☛✎✝ ✂☎✆

✍✂✠☎☞✎✝ ☛✐ ❛✂✓✓☞ ✂☎✆ ✗✂✝�✓✟✌ ✂☎✆ ✘✟✓✂❝�✂✠

✙✌✂✆✁✝� ✂✌✁ ✟☎ t✌✁✂✎ ✆✁✓✂☎✆ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆ ☛✧✁✌✳

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯✰✱ ✲✴✵✶✷✸✹✺✻ ✼✴✴✽✾ ✼✿❀ ✴✸❁✾❂✵✼✿✼✹✾

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯❃✱ ❄❅✽✹✶❉✼✹✶✸✿ ✸❊ ❉✾❂✾✹✼●✽✾✺ ➊ ✴✾✼✺✻ ✷✼❅✽✶❊✽✸❍✾✵✻ ✹✸❁✼✹✸ ✼✿❀ ●✵✶✿❂✼✽

✁✧✁☎ ✎☛✆✂✚ ✟✎✝❝☞✠✎✟✧✂✎✟☛☎ ✟✝❝☛☎✐✟☎✁✆ ✎☛ ✎�✁✖✟✠t✟✌✟

✟☎ ✗✂✌☎✂✎✂✞✂✔ ✗✁✌✂✠✂ ✂☎✆ ❚✂✓✟✠ ✖✂✆☞✳

■✢❏❑▲▼◆❖❑◆❏✤ ❈❏✢P◗✥ ✛☎✆✟✂ ✟✝ ✎�✁ ✠✂✌t✁✝✎

✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ☛✐ ✐✌☞✟✎✝ ✂☎✆ ✧✁t✁✎✂✡✠✁✝ ✟☎ ✎�✁ ✍☛✌✠✆✳

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯❘✱ ❙✾✼ ❄❅✽✹✶❉✼✹✶✸✿

✛☎✆✟✂ ✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✝ ✂✡☛☞✎ ❱❳ ✄✁✌ ❝✁☎✎ ☛✐ ✎�✁

✍☛✌✠✆ ✦✝ ✧✁t✁✎✂✡✠✁✝✳ ✛✎ ✟✝ ✂☎ ✟✓✄☛✌✎✂☎✎

✄✌☛✆☞❝✁✌ ☛✐ ✄✁✂✔ ❝✂☞✠✟✐✠☛✍✁✌✔ ☛☎✟☛☎✔ ❝✂✡✡✂t✁✔

✎☛✓✂✎☛✔ ✡✌✟☎✑✂✠ ✂☎✆ ✄☛✎✂✎☛✳

❋✪✫✬ ✮✬✯✯✱ ❙✾✼❨✽✾✼❉✾✺ ❩✼✵❉✾✺✹✶✿❂


❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✄✆ ✥✝✞✟✠✡☛☞✌✝✞ ✝✍ ✞✎☞✠✏✎✑ ✏✠✒✒✓✏

◆✔✕✖✗✔✔✘ ✙✚✔✛✜

❘✢✣✣✤✦✧ ■★ ✩✪ ✫✬ ✭✮✯✫★✰✱✩✫✲ ✳✱✰✴✵ ✶✯★ ✯✬✷✭✱

✪✴✭✳✩✫✲ ✳✰✬✷✩★✩✰✬✪✵ ✩★ ✩✪ ✫✲✪✰ s✱✰✸✬ ✩✬ ★✱✰✴✩✳✫✲

✫✬✷ ✪✯✶❛★✱✰✴✩✳✫✲ ✫✱✭✫✪✹ ■★ ✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✪ ✺✰✩✪★ ✫✬✷

❤✯✺✩✷ ✳✲✩✺✫★✭ ✸✩★❤ ✱✫✩✬✻✫✲✲ ✰✻ ✺✰✱✭ ★❤✫✬ ✼✽✽

✳✺✹ ✫✬✷ ★✭✺✴✭✱✫★✯✱✭ ✫✶✰❝✭ ✼✾✿❀✹

❁✯✶✶✭✱ ✩✪ ✫✬ ✩✺✴✰✱★✫✬★ ✩✬✷✯✪★✱✩✫✲ ✱✫✸

✺✫★✭✱✩✫✲✹ ■★ ✩✪ ✺✫✩✬✲♠ s✱✰✸✬ ✩✬ ❂✭✱✫✲✫✵ ❃✫✺✩✲

❄✫✷✯✵ ❂✫✱✬✫★✫❅✫ ✫✬✷ ❆✬✷✫✺✫✬ ✫✬✷ ❄✩✳✫✶✫✱

✩✪✲✫✬✷✪✫✬✷✐✫✱✰❤✩✲✲✪✰✻❇✭s❤✫✲✫♠✫✹■✬✷✩✫✱✫✬❅✪

✻✩✻★❤✫✺✰✬s★❤✭✸✰✱✲✷❢✪✬✫★✯✱✫✲✱✯✶✶✭✱✴✱✰✷✯✳✭✱✪✹

✩✱✱✩s✫★✩✰✬✵ ✼❈✽ ✻✱✰✪★❛✻✱✭✭ ✷✫♠✪ ✫✬✷ ✶✱✩s❤★ ✪✯✬❛

✪❤✩✬✭ ✻✰✱ ✩★✪ s✱✰✸★❤✹ ■★ ✩✪ ✫ ❅❤✫✱✩✻ ✳✱✰✴ ✫✬✷

✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✪ r ★✰ ❉ ✺✰✬★❤✪ ★✰ ✺✫★✯✱✭✹ ❇✫❊✰✱

✳✰★★✰✬❛✴✱✰✷✯✳✩✬s ✪★✫★✭✪ ✫✱✭ ➊ ❇✫❤✫✱✫✪❤★✱✫✵

✐✯❊✫✱✫★✵ ❇✫✷❤♠✫ ●✱✫✷✭✪❤✵ ❂✫✱✬✫★✫❅✫✵

❆✬✷❤✱✫ ●✱✫✷✭✪❤✵ ❃✫✺✩✲ ❄✫✷✯✵ ●✯✬❊✫✶✵

❍✫✱♠✫✬✫ ✫✬✷ ❏★★✫✱ ●✱✫✷✭✪❤✹

❑✢▲✤✧ ■★ ✩✪ ❅✬✰✸✬ ✫✪ ★❤✭ s✰✲✷✭✬ ✻✩✶✱✭✹ ▼✯★✭

s✱✰✸✪ ✸✭✲✲ ✰✬ ✸✭✲✲❛✷✱✫✩✬✭✷ ✻✭✱★✩✲✭ ✪✰✩✲✪ ✩✬ ★❤✭

✻✲✰✰✷ ✴✲✫✩✬✪ ✸❤✭✱✭ ✪✰✩✲✪ ✫✱✭ ✱✭✬✭✸✭✷ ✭❝✭✱♠

♠✭✫✱✹ ❍✩s❤ ★✭✺✴✭✱✫★✯✱✭ ✩✪ ✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✷ ✷✯✱✩✬s ★❤✭

★✩✺✭ ✰✻ s✱✰✸★❤✹ ♦✭✪★ ❡✭✬s✫✲✵ ❡✩❤✫✱✵ ❆✪✪✫✺✵

❖✱✩✪✪✫ ✫✬✷ ❇✭s❤✫✲✫♠✫ ✫✱✭ ★❤✭ ✺✫❊✰✱ ❊✯★✭

✴✱✰✷✯✳✩✬s ✪★✫★✭✪✹ ■★ ✩✪ ✯✪✭✷ ✩✬ ✺✫❅✩✬s s✯✬✬♠

✶✫s✪✵ ✺✫★✪✵ ✱✰✴✭✪✵ ♠✫✱✬✵ ✳✫✱✴✭★✪ ✫✬✷ ✰★❤✭✱

✫✱★✭✻✫✳★✪✹ P✯✭ ★✰ ✩★✪ ❤✩s❤ ✳✰✪★✵ ✩★ ✩✪ ✲✰✪✩✬s

✺✫✱❅✭★ ★✰ ✪♠✬★❤✭★✩✳ ✻✩✶✱✭✪ ✫✬✷ ✴✫✳❅✩✬s

✺✫★✭✱✩✫✲✪✵ ✴✫✱★✩✳✯✲✫✱✲♠ ★❤✭ ✬♠✲✰✬✹

❚◗❙❯✕✔❱✔❲❳❙❨❱ ❨✕✘ ❩✕✜❬❳❬❭❬❳✔✕❨❱ ❪◗❫✔✚❴✜

■★ ✸✫✪ ✺✭✬★✩✰✬✭✷ ✩✬ ★❤✭ ✴✱✭❝✩✰✯✪ ✴✫s✭✪ ★❤✫★

✫s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✭ ❤✫✪ ✶✭✭✬ ✴✱✫✳★✩✪✭✷ ✩✬ ■✬✷✩✫ ✻✰✱

★❤✰✯✪✫✬✷✪ ✰✻ ♠✭✫✱✪✹ t✯✪★✫✩✬✭✷ ✯✪✭✪ ✰✻ ✲✫✬✷

✸✩★❤✰✯★ ✳✰✺✴✫★✩✶✲✭ ★✭✳❤✬✰❛✩✬✪★✩★✯★✩✰✬✫✲

✳❤✫✬s✭✪ ❤✫❝✭ ❤✩✬✷✭✱✭✷ ★❤✭ ✴✫✳✭ ✰✻

✫s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✫✲ ✷✭❝✭✲✰✴✺✭✬★✹ ■✬✪✴✩★✭ ✰✻

✷✭❝✭✲✰✴✺✭✬★ ✰✻ ✪✰✯✱✳✭✪ ✰✻ ✩✱✱✩s✫★✩✰✬ ✺✰✪★ ✰✻

★❤✭ ✻✫✱✺✭✱✪ ✩✬ ✲✫✱s✭ ✴✫✱★✪ ✰✻ ★❤✭ ✳✰✯✬★✱♠ ✪★✩✲✲

✷✭✴✭✬✷ ✯✴✰✬ ✺✰✬✪✰✰✬ ✫✬✷ ✬✫★✯✱✫✲ ✻✭✱★✩✲✩★♠

✩✬ ✰✱✷✭✱ ★✰ ✳✫✱✱♠ ✰✬ ★❤✭✩✱ ✫s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✭✹ ❵✰✱ ✫

s✱✰✸✩✬s ✴✰✴✯✲✫★✩✰✬✵ ★❤✩✪ ✴✰✪✭✪ ✫ ✪✭✱✩✰✯✪

✳❤✫✲✲✭✬s✭✹ ❆s✱✩✳✯✲★✯✱✭ ✸❤✩✳❤ ✴✱✰❝✩✷✭✪

✲✩❝✭✲✩❤✰✰✷ ✻✰✱ ✺✰✱✭ ★❤✫✬ r✽ ✴✭✱ ✳✭✬★ ✰✻ ✩★✪

✴✰✴✯✲✫★✩✰✬✵ ✬✭✭✷✪ ✪✰✺✭ ✪✭✱✩✰✯✪ ★✭✳❤✬✩✳✫✲ ✫✬✷

✩✬✪★✩★✯★✩✰✬✫✲ ✱✭✻✰✱✺✪✹ ❃❤✯✪✵ ✳✰✲✲✭✳★✩❝✩✪✫★✩✰✬✵

List the items which are made of rubber andare used by us.

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎❜✆ ✥✝☞☞✝✞ ✥✠✑☞✌❞✎☞✌✝✞

❣❥✣✦✤ ❦✦❧♥♣✧ ❀✰★★✰✬✵ ❊✯★✭✵ ❤✭✺✴ ✫✬✷ ✬✫★✯✱✫✲

✪✩✲❅ ✫✱✭ ★❤✭ ✻✰✯✱✺✫❊✰✱ ✻✩✶✱✭ ✳✱✰✴✪s✱✰✸✬ ✩✬ ■✬✷✩✫✹

❃❤✭ ✻✩✱✪★ ★❤✱✭✭ ✫✱✭✷✭✱✩❝✭✷ ✻✱✰✺★❤✭ ✳✱✰✴✪ s✱✰✸✬

✩✬ ★❤✭ ✪✰✩✲✵ ★❤✭ ✲✫★★✭✱ ✩✪ ✰✶★✫✩✬✭✷ ✻✱✰✺✳✰✳✰✰✬✪ ✰✻

★❤✭ ✪✩✲❅✸✰✱✺✪ ✻✭✷ ✰✬ s✱✭✭✬ ✲✭✫❝✭✪ ✪✴✭✳✩✫✲✲♠

✺✯✲✶✭✱✱♠✹ ❁✭✫✱✩✬s ✰✻ ✪✩✲❅ ✸✰✱✺✪ ✻✰✱ ★❤✭

✴✱✰✷✯✳★✩✰✬ ✰✻ ✪✩✲❅ ✻✩✶✱✭ ✩✪ ❅✬✰✸✬ ✫✪ ✜◗✚❳❙❭❱❬❭✚◗✹

❦❧▲▲❧q✧ ■✬✷✩✫ ✩✪ ✶✭✲✩✭❝✭✷ ★✰ ✶✭ ★❤✭ ✰✱✩s✩✬✫✲

❤✰✺✭ ✰✻ ★❤✭ ✳✰★★✰✬ ✴✲✫✬★✹ ❀✰★★✰✬ ✩✪ ✰✬✭ ✰✻ ★❤✭

✺✫✩✬ ✱✫✸ ✺✫★✭✱✩✫✲✪ ✻✰✱ ✳✰★★✰✬ ★✭✉★✩✲✭ ✩✬✷✯✪★✱♠✹

■✬✷✩✫ ✩✪ ★❤✭ ★❤✩✱✷❛✲✫✱s✭✪★ ✴✱✰✷✯✳✭✱ ✰✻ ✳✰★★✰✬

✩✬ ★❤✭ ✸✰✱✲✷✹ ❀✰★★✰✬ s✱✰✸✪ ✸✭✲✲ ✩✬ ✷✱✩✭✱ ✴✫✱★✪

✰✻ ★❤✭ ✶✲✫✳❅ ✳✰★★✰✬ ✪✰✩✲ ✰✻ ★❤✭ P✭✳✳✫✬ ✴✲✫★✭✫✯✹

■★ ✱✭✮✯✩✱✭✪ ❤✩s❤ ★✭✺✴✭✱✫★✯✱✭✵ ✲✩s❤★ ✱✫✩✬✻✫✲✲ ✰✱

43AGRICULTURE

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆✝ ✥✞✟✠✡☛ ☞✠✌✍☛✞✎✞✏✑✌✒✎ ✠✓✔✑✕✖✠☛☞✗ ✔✗✠✟ ✑☛ ✒✏✡✑✌✔✎☞✔✡✠

Bhoodan � Gramdan

Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave ashis spiritual heir. He also participated inSatyagraha as one of the foremostsatyagrahis. He was one of the votaries ofGandhi�s concept of gram swarajya. AfterGandhiji�s martyrdom, Vinobha Bhaveundertook padyatra to spread Gandhiji�smessage covered almost the entire country.Once, when he was delivering a lecture atPochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poorlandless villagers demanded some land fortheir economic well-being. Vinoba Bhavecould not promise it to them immediatelybut assured them to talk to the Governmentof India regarding provision of land for themif they undertook cooperative farming.Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stoodup and offered 80 acres of land to bedistributed among 80 land-less villagers.This act was known as �Bhoodan�. Later hetravelled and introduced his ideas widely allover India. Some zamindars, owners ofmany villages offered to distribute somevillages among the landless. It was knownas Gramdan. However, many land-ownerschose to provide some part of their land to

❝✘✙✚✘✛✜✢✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✧✘✛✢✜✙★✚✩ ❝✘✘✪✫✬✣✤✜✘✙ ✣✙✢

✣❛✘✛✜✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✭✣✮✜✙✢✣✬✜✩ ✫✤❝✯ ✰✫✬✫ ★✜✱✫✙ ✪✬✜✘✬✜✤✲

✤✘ ❛✬✜✙★ ✣❛✘t✤ ✜✙✚✤✜✤t✤✜✘✙✣✛ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✚ ✜✙ ✤✧✫

❝✘t✙✤✬✲ ✣✦✤✫✬ ✳✙✢✫✪✫✙✢✫✙❝✫✯ ✴✵✣✙✢ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✶ ✰✣✚

✤✧✫ ✮✣✜✙ ✦✘❝t✚ ✘✦ ✘t✬ ✷✜✬✚✤ ✷✜✱✫ ✸✫✣✬ ❡✛✣✙✯ ✹✧✫

✬✜★✧✤ ✘✦ ✜✙✧✫✬✜✤✣✙❝✫ ✧✣✢ ✣✛✬✫✣✢✲ ✛✫✣✢ ✤✘

✦✬✣★✮✫✙✤✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✛✣✙✢ ✧✘✛✢✜✙★✚ ✙✫❝✫✚✚✜✤✣✤✜✙★

❝✘✙✚✘✛✜✢✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✧✘✛✢✜✙★✚✯

✹✧✫ ✛✣✰✚ ✘✦ ✛✣✙✢ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✚✰✫✬✫ ✫✙✣❝✤✫✢ ❛t✤

✤✧✫ ✛✣✰✚ ✘✦ ✜✮✪✛✫✮✫✙✤✣✤✜✘✙ ✰✣✚ ✛✣❝✺✜✙★ ✘✬

✛t✺✫✰✣✬✮✯ ✹✧✫ ❧✘✱✫✬✙✮✫✙✤ ✘✦ ✳✙✢✜✣

✫✮❛✣✬✺✫✢ t✪✘✙ ✜✙✤✬✘✢t❝✜✙★ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✣✛

✬✫✦✘✬✮✚ ✤✘ ✜✮✪✬✘✱✫ ✳✙✢✜✣✙ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✫ ✜✙ ✤✧✫

✻✼✽✾✚ ✣✙✢ ✻✼✿✾✚✯ ✹✧✫ ❧✬✫✫✙ ❀✫✱✘✛t✤✜✘✙

❛✣✚✫✢ ✘✙ ✤✧✫ t✚✫ ✘✦ ✪✣❝✺✣★✫ ✤✫❝✧✙✘✛✘★✲ ✣✙✢

✤✧✫ ❁✧✜✤✫ ❀✫✱✘✛t✤✜✘✙ ❂❃✪✫✬✣✤✜✘✙ ✷✛✘✘✢❄ ✰✫✬✫

✚✘✮✫ ✘✦ ✤✧✫ ✚✤✬✣✤✫★✜✫✚ ✜✙✜✤✜✣✤✫✢ ✤✘ ✜✮✪✬✘✱✫ ✤✧✫

✛✘✤ ✘✦ ✳✙✢✜✣✙ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✫✯ ❅t✤✩ ✤✧✜✚ ✤✘✘ ✛✫✢ ✤✘

✤✧✫ ❝✘✙❝✫✙✤✬✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦ ✢✫✱✫✛✘✪✮✫✙✤ ✜✙ ✦✫✰

✚✫✛✫❝✤✫✢ ✣✬✫✣✚✯ ✹✧✫✬✫✦✘✬✫✩ ✜✙ ✤✧✫ ✻✼s✾✚ ✣✙✢

✻✼✼✾✚✩ ✣ ❝✘✮✪✬✫✧✫✙✚✜✱✫ ✛✣✙✢ ✢✫✱✫✛✘✪✮✫✙✤

✪✬✘★✬✣✮✮✫✰✣✚ ✜✙✜✤✜✣✤✫✢✩ ✰✧✜❝✧ ✜✙❝✛t✢✫✢ ❛✘✤✧

✜✙✚✤✜✤t✤✜✘✙✣✛ ✣✙✢ ✤✫❝✧✙✜❝✣✛ ✬✫✦✘✬✮✚✯ ❡✬✘✱✜✚✜✘✙

✦✘✬ ❝✬✘✪ ✜✙✚t✬✣✙❝✫ ✣★✣✜✙✚✤ ✢✬✘t★✧✤✩ ✦✛✘✘✢✩

❝✲❝✛✘✙✫✩ ✦✜✬✫ ✣✙✢ ✢✜✚✫✣✚✫✩ ✫✚✤✣❛✛✜✚✧✮✫✙✤ ✘✦

❧✬✣✮✫✫✙ ❛✣✙✺✚✩ ❝✘✘✪✫✬✣✤✜✱✫ ✚✘❝✜✫✤✜✫✚ ✣✙✢

❛✣✙✺✚ ✦✘✬ ✪✬✘✱✜✢✜✙★ ✛✘✣✙ ✦✣❝✜✛✜✤✜✫✚ ✤✘ ✤✧✫

✦✣✬✮✫✬✚ ✣✤ ✛✘✰✫✬ ✬✣✤✫✚ ✘✦ ✜✙✤✫✬✫✚✤ ✰✫✬✫ ✚✘✮✫

✜✮✪✘✬✤✣✙✤ ✚✤✫✪✚ ✜✙ ✤✧✜✚ ✢✜✬✫❝✤✜✘✙✯

❑✜✚✚✣✙ ❆✬✫✢✜✤ ❆✣✬✢ ❂❑❆❆❄✩ ❡✫✬✚✘✙✣✛

❇❝❝✜✢✫✙✤ ✳✙✚t✬✣✙❝✫ ❈❝✧✫✮✫ ❂❡❇✳❈❄ ✣✬✫ ✚✘✮✫

✘✤✧✫✬ ✚❝✧✫✮✫✚ ✜✙✤✬✘✢t❝✫✢ ❛✲ ✤✧✫ ❧✘✱✫✬✙✮✫✙✤

✘✦ ✳✙✢✜✣ ✦✘✬ ✤✧✫ ❛✫✙✫✦✜✤ ✘✦ ✤✧✫ ✦✣✬✮✫✬✚✯ ♠✘✬✫✘✱✫✬✩

✚✪✫❝✜✣✛ ✰✫✣✤✧✫✬ ❛t✛✛✫✤✜✙✚ ✣✙✢ ✣★✬✜❝t✛✤t✬✣✛

✪✬✘★✬✣✮✮✫✚ ✦✘✬ ✦✣✬✮✫✬✚ ✰✫✬✫ ✜✙✤✬✘✢t❝✫✢ ✘✙

✤✧✫ ✬✣✢✜✘ ✣✙✢ ✤✫✛✫✱✜✚✜✘✙✯ ✹✧✫ ★✘✱✫✬✙✮✫✙✤ ✣✛✚✘

✣✙✙✘t✙❝✫✚ ✮✜✙✜✮t✮ ✚t✪✪✘✬✤ ✪✬✜❝✫✩

✬✫✮t✙✫✬✣✤✜✱✫ ✣✙✢ ✪✬✘❝t✬✫✮✫✙✤ ✪✬✜❝✫✚ ✦✘✬

✜✮✪✘✬✤✣✙✤ ❝✬✘✪✚ ✤✘ ❝✧✫❝✺ ✤✧✫ ✫✐✪✛✘✜✤✣✤✜✘✙ ✘✦

✦✣✬✮✫✬✚ ❛✲ ✚✪✫❝t✛✣✤✘✬✚ ✣✙✢ ✮✜✢✢✛✫✮✫✙✯


❋�✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✝✞✁✟✆ ✄✝✞✠✆✡ ☛✄ ☛☞ ✌✠✆✝� ✄☎✝✄ ✄☎✁✍✎☎

✄☎✆ t✏✑ ✎�✁✒✄☎ �✝✄✆ ☛☞ ☛✓✌�✆✝☞☛✓✎ ✁✟✆� ✄☎✆

②✆✝�☞✡ ☛✄ ☛☞ ✓✁✄ ✎✆✓✆�✝✄ ☛✓✎ ☞✍✔✔☛✌ ☛✆✓✄

✆✂❡✠✁②✂✆✓✄ ✁❡❡✁�✄✍✓☛✄☛✆☞ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�②✕ ✖☎✆

✎�✁✒✄☎ �✝✄✆ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☛☞ ❣✆✌✆✠✆�✝✄☛✓✎

✒☎☛✌☎ ☛☞ ✝✓ ✝✠✝�✂☛✓✎ ☞☛✄✍✝✄☛✁✓✕ ✖✁❣✝②✡ ✇✓❣☛✝✓

✔✝�✂✆�☞ ✝�✆ ✔✝✌☛✓✎ ✝ ✞☛✎ ✌☎✝✠✠✆✓✎✆ ✔�✁✂

☛✓✄✆�✓✝✄☛✁✓✝✠ ✌✁✂❡✆✄☛✄☛✁✓ ✝✓❣ ✁✍� ✎✁✟✆�✓✂✆✓✄

☛☞ ✎✁☛✓✎ ✝☎✆✝❣ ✒☛✄☎ �✆❣✍✌✄☛✁✓ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ❡✍✞✠☛✌

☛✓✟✆☞✄✂✆✓✄ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☞✆✌✄✁� ❡✝�✄☛✌✍✠✝�✠②

☛✓ ☛��☛✎✝✄☛✁✓✡ ❡✁✒✆�✡ �✍�✝✠ �✁✝❣☞✡ ✂✝�♦✆✄ ✝✓❣

✂✆✌☎✝✓☛☞✝✄☛✁✓✕ ♠✍✞☞☛❣② ✁✓ ✔✆�✄☛✠☛☞✆�☞ ☛☞

❣✆✌�✆✝☞✆❣ ✠✆✝❣☛✓✎ ✄✁ ☛✓✌�✆✝☞✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✌✁☞✄ ✁✔

❡�✁❣✍✌✄☛✁✓✕ ✗✁�✆✁✟✆�✡ �✆❣✍✌✄☛✁✓ ☛✓ ☛✂❡✁�✄

❣✍✄☛✆☞ ✁✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✝✠ ❡�✁❣✍✌✄☞ ☎✝✟✆ ❡�✁✟✆❣

❣✆✄�☛✂✆✓✄✝✠ ✄✁ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�②✕

❋✝�✂✆�☞ ✝�✆ ✒☛✄☎❣�✝✒☛✓✎ ✄☎✆☛� ☛✓✟✆☞✄✂✆✓✄

✔�✁✂ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ✌✝✍☞☛✓✎ ✝ ❣✁✒✓✔✝✠✠ ☛✓ ✄☎✆

✆✂❡✠✁②✂✆✓✄ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆✕

❲✘✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✚✛✣✜✛✤ ✥✦✣✣✧★★✧✩✪ ✤✫✧✥✧✬✜✤ ✧✩

✤✜s✜✛✚✭ ✤★✚★✜✤ ✦✢ ★✘✜ ✥✦✫✩★✛✙✮

❈✯✰✱✲✳✴✵✱✳✯✰ ✯✶ ✷✸✲✳✹✵✺✱✵✲✻ ✱✯ ✱✼✻ ✰✷✱✳✯✰✷✺

✻✹✯✰✯✽✾✿ ✻✽❀✺✯✾✽✻✰✱ ✷✰❁ ✯✵✱❀✵✱

❆✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☎✝☞ ✞✆✆✓ ✄☎✆ ✞✝✌♦✞✁✓✆ ✁✔ ✄☎✆

✇✓❣☛✝✓ ✆✌✁✓✁✂② ✄☎✁✍✎☎ ☛✄☞ ☞☎✝�✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ t�✁☞☞

✏✁✂✆☞✄☛✌ ✑�✁❣✍✌✄ ❉t✏✑❂ ☎✝☞ �✆✎☛☞✄✆�✆❣ ✝

❣✆✌✠☛✓☛✓✎ ✄�✆✓❣ ✔�✁✂ ❞❃❄❞ ✁✓✒✝�❣☞❅ ②✆✄ ☛✄☞

☞☎✝�✆ ☛✓ ❡�✁✟☛❣☛✓✎ ✆✂❡✠✁②✂✆✓✄ ✝✓❣ ✠☛✟✆✠☛☎✁✁❣

✄✁ ✄☎✆ ❡✁❡✍✠✝✄☛✁✓ ✌✁✓✄☛✓✍✆☞ ✄✁ ✞✆ ✝☞ ☎☛✎☎ ✝☞

❇❊ ❡✆� ✌✆✓✄ ☛✓ ●❍❍❞✕

✖☎✆ ❣✆✌✠☛✓☛✓✎ ☞☎✝�✆ ✁✔ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ☛✓ ✄☎✆

t✏✑ ☛☞ ✝ ✂✝✄✄✆� ✁✔ ☞✆�☛✁✍☞ ✌✁✓✌✆�✓ ✞✆✌✝✍☞✆

✝✓② ❣✆✌✠☛✓✆ ✝✓❣ ☞✄✝✎✓✝✄☛✁✓ ☛✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ✒☛✠✠

✠✆✝❣ ✄✁ ✝ ❣✆✌✠☛✓✆ ☛✓ ✁✄☎✆� ☞❡☎✆�✆☞ ✁✔ ✄☎✆

✆✌✁✓✁✂②☎✝✟☛✓✎ ✒☛❣✆� ☛✂❡✠☛✌✝✄☛✁✓☞ ✔✁� ☞✁✌☛✆✄②✕

■✁✓☞☛❣✆�☛✓✎ ✄☎✆ ☛✂❡✁�✄✝✓✌✆ ✁✔ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆

☛✓ ✇✓❣☛✝✡ ✄☎✆ t✁✟✆�✓✂✆✓✄ ✁✔ ✇✓❣☛✝ ✂✝❣✆

✌✁✓✌✆�✄✆❣ ✆✔✔✁�✄☞ ✄✁ ✂✁❣✆�✓☛☞✆ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆✕

❏☞✄✝✞✠☛☞☎✂✆✓✄ ✁✔ ✇✓❣☛✝✓ ■✁✍✓✌☛✠ ✁✔ ❆✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✝✠

❘✆☞✆✝�✌☎ ❉✇■❆❘❂✡ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✝✠ ✍✓☛✟✆�☞☛✄☛✆☞✡

✟✆✄✆�☛✓✝�② ☞✆�✟☛✌✆☞ ✝✓❣ ✝✓☛✂✝✠ ✞�✆✆❣☛✓✎

✌✆✓✄�✆☞✡ ☎✁�✄☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆ ❣✆✟✆✠✁❡✂✆✓✄✡ �✆☞✆✝�✌☎

✝✓❣❣✆✟✆✠✁❡✂✆✓✄ ☛✓ ✄☎✆ ✔☛✆✠❣ ✁✔✂✆✄✆✁�✁✠✁✎② ✝✓❣

✒✆✝✄☎✆� ✔✁�✆✌✝☞✄✡ ✆✄✌✕ ✒✆�✆ ✎☛✟✆✓ ❡�☛✁�☛✄② ✔✁�

☛✂❡�✁✟☛✓✎ ✇✓❣☛✝✓ ✝✎�☛✌✍✠✄✍�✆✕ ❆❡✝�✄ ✔�✁✂ ✄☎☛☞✡

☛✂❡�✁✟☛✓✎ ✄☎✆ �✍�✝✠ ☛✓✔�✝☞✄�✍✌✄✍�✆ ✒✝☞ ✝✠☞✁

✌✁✓☞☛❣✆�✆❣ ✆☞☞✆✓✄☛✝✠ ✔✁� ✄☎✆ ☞✝✂✆✕

Find out why an Indian farmer does not wanthis son to become a farmer.

❚❑▲▼◆ ❖P◗❙ ❯❱❳❨❑❙ ❩❬❭❪❫❴ ❭❵ ❩❛❜ ❑❱❳

❝❑❢❭❬ ❤◆✐❫❭❬❤ ❥❨❱ ❦❧

♥◆✐❫❭❬ ◗♣qr✉ ◗♣♣✈✉ ✈rr✈✉r①

♣◗ ✈rr◗ ❥❚◆❱❫❴ ③▼❑❱

③❬❭❢◆✐❫◆❳❧

④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩❶⑨⑥❷ ❸❹❺ ❸❹❸ ❻❹❼

❽❾❿⑨➀❶⑥⑦❷➀ ➁❹➂ ❺❹➃ ➄❹➃

➅❷⑥➆⑦⑧❷➀ ❺❹➁ ➇❹➈ ➄❹➂

➉➊➋ ➃❹❺ ❺❹❻ ➇❹❼

➌✦✫✛✥✜➍ ➎➏➐➑➒ ➓➔→➏ ➣➏↔↕ ➙➛↔➐➜ ➝➞➞➝➟➞➠

When farmers have been facing so manyproblems and land under agriculture isdecreasing, can we think of alternativeemployment opportunities in the agriculturesector?

➡➢➢➤ ➥➦➧➨➩➫➭➯

➲✁✍ ♦✓✁✒ ✄☎✝✄ ✔✁✁❣ ☛☞ ✝ ✞✝☞☛✌ ✓✆✆❣ ✝✓❣ ✆✟✆�②

✌☛✄☛➳✆✓ ✁✔ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�② ☞☎✁✍✠❣ ☎✝✟✆ ✝✌✌✆☞☞ ✄✁

✔✁✁❣ ✒☎☛✌☎ ❡�✁✟☛❣✆☞ ✂☛✓☛✂✍✂ ✓✍✄�☛✄☛✁✓✝✠

✠✆✟✆✠✕ ✇✔ ✝✓② ☞✆✎✂✆✓✄ ✁✔ ✁✍� ❡✁❡✍✠✝✄☛✁✓ ❣✁✆☞

✓✁✄ ☎✝✟✆ ✄☎☛☞ ✝✌✌✆☞☞✡ ✄☎✝✄ ☞✆✎✂✆✓✄ ☞✍✔✔✆�☞ ✔�✁✂

✠✝✌♦ ✁✔ ✔✁✁❣ ☞✆✌✍�☛✄②✕ ✖☎✆ ✓✍✂✞✆� ✁✔ ❡✆✁❡✠✆

✒☎✁ ❣✁ ✓✁✄ ☎✝✟✆ ✔✁✁❣ ☞✆✌✍�☛✄② ☛☞

❣☛☞❡�✁❡✁�✄☛✁✓✝✄✆✠② ✠✝�✎✆ ☛✓ ☞✁✂✆ �✆✎☛✁✓☞ ✁✔

✁✍� ✌✁✍✓✄�②✡ ❡✝�✄☛✌✍✠✝�✠② ☛✓ ✆✌✁✓✁✂☛✌✝✠✠② ✠✆☞☞

❣✆✟✆✠✁❡✆❣ ☞✄✝✄✆☞ ✒☛✄☎ ☎☛✎☎✆� ☛✓✌☛❣✆✓✌✆ ✁✔

❡✁✟✆�✄②✕ ✖☎✆ �✆✂✁✄✆ ✝�✆✝☞ ✁✔ ✄☎✆ ✌✁✍✓✄�② ✝�✆

✂✁�✆ ❡�✁✓✆ ✄✁ ✓✝✄✍�✝✠ ❣☛☞✝☞✄✆�☞ ✝✓❣ ✍✓✌✆�✄✝☛✓

✔✁✁❣ ☞✍❡❡✠②✕ ✇✓ ✁�❣✆� ✄✁ ✆✓☞✍�✆ ✝✟✝☛✠✝✞☛✠☛✄② ✁✔

✔✁✁❣ ✄✁ ✝✠✠ ☞✆✌✄☛✁✓☞ ✁✔ ☞✁✌☛✆✄② ✁✍� ✎✁✟✆�✓✂✆✓✄

✌✝�✆✔✍✠✠② ❣✆☞☛✎✓✆❣ ✝ ✓✝✄☛✁✓✝✠ ✔✁✁❣ ☞✆✌✍�☛✄②

☞②☞✄✆✂✕ ✇✄ ✌✁✓☞☛☞✄☞ ✁✔ ✄✒✁ ✌✁✂❡✁✓✆✓✄☞ ❉✝❂

✞✍✔✔✆� ☞✄✁✌♦ ✝✓❣ ❉✞❂ ❡✍✞✠☛✌ ❣☛☞✄�☛✞✍✄☛✁✓

☞②☞✄✆✂ ❉✑✏♠❂✕

the poor farmers due to the fear of landceiling act. This Bhoodan-Gramdanmovement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is alsoknown as the Blood-less Revolution.

45AGRICULTURE

❆� ✁✂✄ ☎✆✂✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛� ☞ ✌✍✂✎✍☞✏✏✑ ✝✒☛✓✒

✌✍✂♣☛✔✑� ✕✂✂✔ ✎✍☞☛✆� ☞✆✔ ✂✖✒✑✍ ✑��✑✆✖☛☞✗

✓✂✏✏✂✔☛✖☛✑� ☞✖ �✄❝�☛✔☛�✑✔ ✌✍☛✓✑� ☛✆ ✍✄✍☞✗ ☞✆✔

✄✍❝☞✆ ☞✍✑☞�✉

■✆✔☛☞✘� ✕✂✂✔ �✑✓✄✍☛✖✁ ✌✂✗☛✓✁ ✒☞� ☞ ✌✍☛✏☞✍✁

✂❝♦✑✓✖☛♣✑ ✖✂ ✑✆�✄✍✑ ☞♣☞☛✗☞❝☛✗☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆�

✖✂ ✖✒✑ ✓✂✏✏✂✆ ✌✑✂✌✗✑ ☞✖ ☞✆ ☞✕✕✂✍✔☞❝✗✑ ✌✍☛✓✑✉

■✖ ✒☞� ✑✆☞❝✗✑✔ ✖✒✑ ✌✂✂✍ ✖✂ ✒☞♣✑ ☞✓✓✑�� ✖✂ ✕✂✂✔✉

❚✒✑ ✕✂✓✄� ✂✕ ✖✒✑ ✌✂✗☛✓✁ ☛� ✂✆ ✎✍✂✝✖✒ ☛✆

☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑ ✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☞✆✔ ✂✆ ✕☛❛☛✆✎ ✖✒✑

�✄✌✌✂✍✖ ✌✍☛✓✑ ✕✂✍ ✌✍✂✓✄✍✑✏✑✆✖ ✂✕ ✝✒✑☞✖ ☞✆✔

✍☛✓✑✞ ✖✂ ✏☞☛✆✖☞☛✆ ✖✒✑☛✍ �✖✂✓☎�✉ r✂✂✔

❈✂✍✌✂✍☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ■✆✔☛☞ ✙r❈■✚ ☛� ✍✑�✌✂✆�☛❝✗✑ ✕✂✍

✌✍✂✓✄✍☛✆✎ ☞✆✔ �✖✂✓☎☛✆✎ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆�✞ ✝✒✑✍✑☞�

✔☛�✖✍☛❝✄✖☛✂✆ ☛� ✑✆�✄✍✑✔ ❝✁ ✌✄❝✗☛✓ ✔☛�✖✍☛❝✄✖☛✂✆

�✁�✖✑✏ ✙✟✠✡✚✉

❚✒✑ r❈■ ✌✍✂✓✄✍✑� ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆� ✕✍✂✏ ✖✒✑

✕☞✍✏✑✍� ☞✖ ✖✒✑ ✎✂♣✑✍✆✏✑✆✖ ☞✆✆✂✄✆✓✑✔

✏☛✆☛✏✄✏ �✄✌✌✂✍✖ ✌✍☛✓✑ ✙♠✡✟✚✉ ❚✒✑

✎✂♣✑✍✆✏✑✆✖ ✄�✑✔ ✖✂ ✌✍✂♣☛✔✑ �✄❝�☛✔☛✑� ✂✆

☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑ ☛✆✌✄✖� �✄✓✒ ☞� ✕✑✍✖☛✗☛✛✑✍�✞ ✌✂✝✑✍

☞✆✔ ✝☞✖✑✍✉ ❚✒✑�✑ �✄❝�☛✔☛✑� ✒☞♣✑ ✆✂✝ ✍✑☞✓✒✑✔

✄✆�✄�✖☞☛✆☞❝✗✑ ✗✑♣✑✗� ☞✆✔ ✒☞♣✑ ☞✗�✂ ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✗☞✍✎✑

�✓☞✗✑ ☛✆✑✕✕☛✓☛✑✆✓☛✑� ☛✆ ✖✒✑ ✄�✑ ✂✕ ✖✒✑�✑ �✓☞✍✓✑

☛✆✌✄✖�✉ ✐❛✓✑��☛♣✑ ☞✆✔ ☛✏✌✍✄✔✑✆✖ ✄�✑ ✂✕

✕✑✍✖☛✗☛✛✑✍� ☞✆✔ ✝☞✖✑✍ ✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✝☞✖✑✍✗✂✎✎☛✆✎✞

�☞✗☛✆☛✖✁ ☞✆✔ ✔✑✌✗✑✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✑��✑✆✖☛☞✗

✏☛✓✍✂✆✄✖✍☛✑✆✖� ☛✆ ✖✒✑ �✂☛✗✉ ❚✒✑ ✒☛✎✒ ♠✡✟✞

�✄❝�☛✔☛✑� ☛✆ ☛✆✌✄✖ ☞✆✔ ✓✂✏✏☛✖✖✑✔ r❈■

✌✄✍✓✒☞�✑� ✒☞♣✑✔☛�✖✂✍✖✑✔ ✖✒✑ ✓✍✂✌✌☛✆✎ ✌☞✖✖✑✍✆✉

❲✒✑☞✖ ☞✆✔ ✌☞✔✔✁ ✓✍✂✌� ☞✍✑ ❝✑☛✆✎ ✎✍✂✝✆ ✏✂✍✑

✕✂✍ ✖✒✑ ♠✡✟ ✖✒✑✁ ✎✑✖✉ ✟✄✆♦☞❝ ☞✆✔ ❢☞✍✁☞✆☞ ☞✍✑

✕✂✍✑✏✂�✖ ✑❛☞✏✌✗✑�✉ ❚✒☛� ✒☞� ☞✗�✂ ✓✍✑☞✖✑✔ ☞

�✑✍☛✂✄� ☛✏❝☞✗☞✆✓✑ ☛✆ ☛✆✖✑✍✲✓✍✂✌ ✌☞✍☛✖☛✑�✉

❨✂✄ ☞✗✍✑☞✔✁ ☎✆✂✝ ✖✒☞✖ ✖✒✑ ✓✂✆�✄✏✑✍� ☞✍✑

✔☛♣☛✔✑✔ ☛✆✖✂ ✖✝✂ ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍☛✑� ❞ ❝✑✗✂✝ ✌✂♣✑✍✖✁ ✗☛✆✑

✙✭✟✜✚ ☞✆✔ ☞❝✂♣✑ ✌✂♣✑✍✖✁ ✗☛✆✑ ✙❆✟✜✚✞ ✝☛✖✒ ✖✒✑

☛��✄✑ ✌✍☛✓✑ ❝✑☛✆✎ ✔☛✕✕✑✍✑✆✖ ✕✂✍ ✑☞✓✒ ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍✁✉

❢✂✝✑♣✑✍✞ ✖✒☛� ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍☛�☞✖☛✂✆ ☛� ✆✂✖ ✌✑✍✕✑✓✖ ☞✆✔

☞ ✆✄✏❝✑✍ ✂✕ ✔✑�✑✍♣☛✆✎ ✌✂✂✍ ✒☞♣✑ ❝✑✑✆

✑❛✓✗✄✔✑✔ ✕✍✂✏ ✖✒✑ ✭✟✜ ✓☞✖✑✎✂✍✁✉ ♠✂✍✑✂♣✑✍✞

�✂✏✑ ✂✕ ✖✒✑ �✂ ✓☞✗✗✑✔ ❆✟✜ �✗☛✌ ❝☞✓☎ ✖✂ ✭✟✜✞

❝✑✓☞✄�✑ ✂✕ ✖✒✑ ✕☞☛✗✄✍✑ ✂✕ ✑♣✑✆ ✂✆✑ ✓✍✂✌ ☞✆✔ ☛✖

☛� ☞✔✏☛✆☛�✖✍☞✖☛♣✑✗✁ ✔☛✕✕☛✓✄✗✖ ✖✂ ☞✓✓✂✏✏✂✔☞✖✑

�✄✓✒ �✒☛✕✖�✉

✐☞✓✒ ✔☛�✖✍☛✓✖ ☞✆✔ ❝✗✂✓☎ ✓☞✆ ❝✑ ✏☞✔✑ �✑✗✕

�✄✕✕☛✓☛✑✆✖ ☛✆ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆ ✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✕ ✎✂♣✑✍✆✏✑✆✖

✌✍✂♣☛✔✑� ✌✍✂✌✑✍ ☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍☞✗ ☛✆✕✍☞�✖✍✄✓✖✄✍✑✞

✓✍✑✔☛✖ ✗☛✆☎☞✎✑� ☞✆✔ ☞✗�✂ ✑✆✓✂✄✍☞✎✑� ✖✒✑ ✄�✑ ✂✕

✗☞✖✑�✖ ✖✑✓✒✆☛❧✄✑�✉ ■✆�✖✑☞✔ ✂✕ ✓✂✆✓✑✆✖✍☞✖☛✆✎ ✂✆✗✁

✂✆ ✍☛✓✑ ✂✍ ✝✒✑☞✖✞ ✖✒✑ ✕✂✂✔ ✓✍✂✌ ✝☛✖✒ ☞ ❝✑✖✖✑✍

✎✍✂✝✖✒ ✌✂✖✑✆✖☛☞✗ ☛✆ ✖✒☞✖ ✌☞✍✖☛✓✄✗☞✍ ☞✍✑☞ ✏✄�✖

❝✑ ✑✆✓✂✄✍☞✎✑✔✉ ❈✍✑☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✆✑✓✑��☞✍✁

☛✆✕✍☞�✖✍✄✓✖✄✍✑ ✗☛☎✑ ☛✍✍☛✎☞✖☛✂✆ ✕☞✓☛✗☛✖☛✑�✞

☞♣☞☛✗☞❝☛✗☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✑✗✑✓✖✍☛✓☛✖✁ ✑✖✓✉ ✏☞✁ ☞✗�✂ ☞✖✖✍☞✓✖

✌✍☛♣☞✖✑ ☛✆♣✑�✖✏✑✆✖� ☛✆ ☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑✉

❚✒✑ ✕✂✓✄� ✂✆ ☛✆✓✍✑☞�☛✆✎ ✕✂✂✔✎✍☞☛✆

✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ✝✒☛✓✒ �✒✂✄✗✔ ❝✑ ✂✆ ☞ �✄�✖☞☛✆☞❝✗✑

❝☞�☛� ☞✆✔ ☞✗�✂ ✕✍✑✑ ✖✍☞✔✑ ☛✆ ✎✍☞☛✆� ✝☛✗✗ ✓✍✑☞✖✑

✏☞��☛♣✑ ✑✏✌✗✂✁✏✑✆✖ ☞✆✔ ✍✑✔✄✓✑ ✌✂♣✑✍✖✁ ☛✆

✍✄✍☞✗ ☞✍✑☞�✉

❚✒✑✍✑ ✒☞� ❝✑✑✆ ☞ ✎✍☞✔✄☞✗ �✒☛✕✖ ✕✍✂✏

✓✄✗✖☛♣☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✕✂✂✔ ✓✍✂✌� ✖✂ ✓✄✗✖☛♣☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✕✍✄☛✖�✞

♣✑✎✑✖☞❝✗✑�✞ ✂☛✗✲�✑✑✔� ☞✆✔ ☛✆✔✄�✖✍☛☞✗ ✓✍✂✌�✉ ❚✒☛�

✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✖✒✑ ✍✑✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✆ ✆✑✖ �✂✝✆ ☞✍✑☞ ✄✆✔✑✍

✓✑✍✑☞✗� ☞✆✔ ✌✄✗�✑�✉ ❲☛✖✒ ✖✒✑ ✎✍✂✝☛✆✎

✌✂✌✄✗☞✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ■✆✔☛☞✞ ✖✒✑ ✔✑✓✗☛✆☛✆✎ ✕✂✂✔

✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ✌✄✖� ☞ ❝☛✎ ❧✄✑�✖☛✂✆ ✏☞✍☎ ✂♣✑✍ ✖✒✑

✓✂✄✆✖✍✁✘� ✕✄✖✄✍✑ ✕✂✂✔ �✑✓✄✍☛✖✁✉ ❚✒✑ ✓✂✏✌✑✖☛✖☛✂✆

✕✂✍ ✗☞✆✔ ❝✑✖✝✑✑✆ ✆✂✆✲☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍☞✗ ✄�✑� �✄✓✒

☞� ✒✂✄�☛✆✎ ✑✖✓✉ ☞✆✔ ☞✎✍☛✓✄✗✖✄✍✑ ✒☞� ✍✑�✄✗✖✑✔

☛✆ ✍✑✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✆ ✖✒✑ ✆✑✖ �✂✝✆ ☞✍✑☞✉ ❚✒✑

✌✍✂✔✄✓✖☛♣☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✗☞✆✔ ✒☞� �✖☞✍✖✑✔ �✒✂✝☛✆✎ ☞

✔✑✓✗☛✆☛✆✎ ✖✍✑✆✔✉ r✑✍✖☛✗☛�✑✍�✞ ✌✑�✖☛✓☛✔✑� ☞✆✔

☛✆�✑✓✖☛✓☛✔✑�✞ ✝✒☛✓✒ ✂✆✓✑ �✒✂✝✑✔ ✔✍☞✏☞✖☛✓

✍✑�✄✗✖�✞ ☞✍✑ ✆✂✝ ❝✑☛✆✎ ✒✑✗✔ ✍✑�✌✂✆�☛❝✗✑ ✕✂✍

✔✑✎✍☞✔☛✆✎ ✖✒✑ �✂☛✗�✉ ✟✑✍☛✂✔☛✓ �✓☞✍✓☛✖✁ ✂✕ ✝☞✖✑✍

✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✍✑✔✄✓✖☛✂✆ ☛✆ ☞✍✑☞ ✄✆✔✑✍ ☛✍✍☛✎☞✖☛✂✆✉

■✆✑✕✕☛✓☛✑✆✖ ✝☞✖✑✍ ✏☞✆☞✎✑✏✑✆✖ ✒☞� ✗✑✔ ✖✂ ✝☞✖✑✍

✗✂✎✎☛✆✎ ☞✆✔ �☞✗☛✆☛✖✁✉

❉✢ ✣✢✤ ✥✦✢✧ ✧★✣ ✩✢✢✪✫✬✮✯✦✰ ✱✬✢✪✤✳✴✯✢✦✰

★✮✰ ✬❤✵✮✯✦❤✪ ✰✴✮✫✦✮✦✴ ✢✬ ✩✮✶✶❤✦ ✩✢✬ ✰✯✷

✳✢✦✰❤✳✤✴✯✸❤ ✣❤✮✬✰✹

❖✆✑ ☛✏✌✂✍✖☞✆✖ ✍✑☞�✂✆ ☛� ✗☞✆✔ ✔✑✎✍☞✔☞✖☛✂✆✉

r✍✑✑ ✌✂✝✑✍ ✖✂ ☞ �✑✓✖☛✂✆ ✂✕ ✕☞✍✏✑✍� ✒☞�

✑✆✓✂✄✍☞✎✑✔ ✖✒✑✏ ✖✂ ✌✄✏✌ ✎✍✂✄✆✔✝☞✖✑✍ ✖✂

✺✻✼✽✾ ✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❅❇✻❂ ❊❋❋❅●❍✻❇❄❏ ❑❍❋❅▲▼◆❇❋❄

P◗❘❙❙❘❯❱ ❳❯❱❩❬

❭❪❫❪❴❵❜ ❡❣❣❣❥ ❦♥♥♥❥ ❦♥♥❡❥ ❦♥♥❦❥ ❦♥♥q❥ ❦♥♥s❥

❦♥♥♥ ❦♥♥❡ ❦♥♥❦ ❦♥♥q ❦♥♥s ❦♥♥t

✈✇①② ③④⑤⑥ ③⑦⑤⑧ ④⑨⑤⑨ ⑥⑩⑤③ ③③⑤⑨ ③⑦⑤⑨

❶❷②❸❹ ⑥❺⑤❻ ❺④⑤⑥ ⑥❼⑤③ ❺⑦⑤③ ⑥❼⑤⑩ ⑥❼⑤⑧

❽❾❸❿➀② ⑨⑧⑤⑨ ⑨⑩⑤⑩ ⑨⑨⑤❻ ❼❺⑤⑩ ⑨③⑤⑩ ⑨⑨⑤④

➁➂➃➀②➀ ⑩⑨⑤❻ ⑩⑩⑤⑩ ⑩⑨⑤❻ ⑩⑩⑤⑩ ⑩❻⑤④ ⑩⑨⑤❻

➄➅➆❴❵ ❦♥❣➇➈ ❡❣➉➇➈ ❦❡❦➇❣ ❡➊s➇➈ ❦❡q➇t ❦♥s➇➉

➋✢✤✬✳❤➌ ➍➎❯❱❯◗❘➎ ➏➐➑➒➓➔→ ➣↔↔↕➙↔➛


❣r♦� �✁✂✄r✲☎✆✂✄✆✝☎✞✄ ✟r♦✠✝ ☎✆ ✡♦�✲r✁☎✆☛✁✡✡

✁r✄✁✝ ❛r☎✟✄ ☎✆ ☞✌✆✍✁✎✏ ✝✌❣✁r✟✁✆✄ ☎✆

▼✁✑✁r✁✝✑✂r✁✒✓ ✔✑☎✝ ✌✆✝✌✝✂✁☎✆✁✎✡✄ ✠✌✕✠☎✆❣

✑✁✝ r✄❤✌✟✄❤ �✁✂✄r ✝✂♦r✁❣✄ ☎✆ ✁✖✌☎☛✄r✝✓

❈♦✆✝✄✖✌✄✆✂✡✗✏ ✕✁✆✗ �✄✡✡✝ ✁✆❤ ✂✌✎✄�✄✡✡✝ ✑✁✞✄

r✌✆ ❤r✗✓ ✔✑☎✝ ✑✁✝ ✠✌✝✑✄❤ ✂✑✄ ✕✁r❣☎✆✁✡ ✁✆❤

✝✕✁✡✡ ☛✁r✕✄r✝ ♦✌✂ ♦☛ ✟✌✡✂☎✞✁✂☎♦✆✓

✔✑✄ ✎☎❣ ☛✁r✕✄r✝ �☎✂✑ ❤✄✄✠✄r ✂✌✎✄�✄✡✡✝ ✝✂☎✡✡

✑✁✞✄ �✁✂✄r✏ ✎✌✂✕✁✆✗ ♦✂✑✄r✝ ☛✁✟✄ ✁�✁✂✄r ✟r☎✝☎✝✓

■✆✁❤✄✖✌✁✂✄ ✝✂♦r✁❣✄ ✁✆❤✕✁r✘✄✂☎✆❣ ☛✁✟☎✡☎✂☎✄✝ ✁✡✝♦

✁✟✂ ✁✝ ✁ ❤☎✝☎✆✟✄✆✂☎✞✄ ✂♦ ✂✑✄ ☛✁r✕✄r✓ ✔✑✌✝✏ ✂✑✄

☛✁r✕✄r✝ ✁r✄ ✎✁❤✡✗ ✁☛☛✄✟✂✄❤ ✎✗ ✂✑✄ ✌✆✟✄r✂✁☎✆✂☎✄✝

♦☛ ✠r♦❤✌✟✂☎♦✆ ✁✆❤ ✕✁r✘✄✂✓ ✔✑✄✗ ✝✌☛☛✄r ☛r♦✕ ✁

❤♦✌✎✡✄ ❤☎✝✁❤✞✁✆✂✁❣✄ ✁✝ ✂✑✄✗ ✠✁✗ ✑☎❣✑ ✠r☎✟✄✝

☛♦r ☎✆✠✌✂✝ ✝✌✟✑ ✁✝❢✙✚ ✝✄✄❤✝✏ ☛✄r✂☎✡☎✝✄r✝ ✄✂✟✓ ✎✌✂

✡✁✟✘ ✂✑✄ ✎✁r❣✁☎✆☎✆❣ ✠♦�✄r ✂♦ ☛☎❧ ✠r☎✟✄✝ ☎✆ ✂✑✄☎r

☛✁✞♦✌r✓ ✳✡✡ ✂✑✄ ✠r♦❤✌✟✂☎♦✆ r✄✁✟✑✄✝ ✂✑✄ ✕✁r✘✄✂

✝☎✕✌✡✂✁✆✄♦✌✝✡✗✓ ✔✑✄ ✑☎❣✑✄r ✂✑✄ ✝✌✠✠✡✗ ✂✑✄

✡♦�✄r ☎✝ ✂✑✄ ❤✄✕✁✆❤✓ ✔✑☎✝ ✟✁✌✝✄✝ ❤☎✝✂r✄✝✝ ✝✁✡✄

✁✡✝♦✓ ✔✑✄r✄☛♦r✄✏ ✂✑✄r✄ ✟✁✆ ✎✄ ✆♦ ☛♦♦❤ ✝✄✟✌r☎✂✗

�☎✂✑♦✌✂ ✂✑✄ ✝✄✟✌r☎✂✗ ♦☛ ✂✑✄ ✝✕✁✡✡ ☛✁r✕✄r✝✓

✛✜✢✣✤✥ ✦✧ ★✩✦✪✣✩✫✬✣✥✫✦✭ ✦✭ ✮✯✰✫✤✱✩✥✱✰✴

●✡♦✎✁✡☎✝✁✂☎♦✆ ☎✝ ✆♦✂ ✁ ✆✄�✠✑✄✆♦✕✄✆♦✆✓ ■✂ �✁✝

✂✑✄r✄ ✁✂ ✂✑✄ ✂☎✕✄ ♦☛ ✟♦✡♦✆☎✝✁✂☎♦✆✓ ■✆ ✂✑✄

✆☎✆✄✂✄✄✆✂✑ ✟✄✆✂✌r✗ �✑✄✆ ♥✌r♦✠✄✁✆ ✂r✁❤✄r✝

✟✁✕✄ ✂♦ ■✆❤☎✁✏ ✁✂ ✂✑✁✂ ✂☎✕✄ ✂♦♦✏ ■✆❤☎✁✆ ✝✠☎✟✄✝

�✄r✄ ✄❧✠♦r✂✄❤ ✂♦ ❤☎☛☛✄r✄✆✂ ✟♦✌✆✂r☎✄✝ ♦☛ ✂✑✄ �♦r✡❤

✁✆❤ ☛✁r✕✄r✝ ♦☛ ✝♦✌✂✑ ■✆❤☎✁ �✄r✄ ✄✆✟♦✌r✁❣✄❤

✂♦ ❣r♦� ✂✑✄✝✄ ✟r♦✠✝✓ ✔☎✡✡ ✂♦❤✁✗ ☎✂ ☎✝ ♦✆✄ ♦☛ ✂✑✄

☎✕✠♦r✂✁✆✂ ☎✂✄✕✝ ♦☛ ✄❧✠♦r✂ ☛r♦✕ ■✆❤☎✁✓

❉✌r☎✆❣ ✂✑✄ ✵r☎✂☎✝✑ ✠✄r☎♦❤ ✟♦✂✂♦✆ ✎✄✡✂✝ ♦☛

■✆❤☎✁ ✁✂✂r✁✟✂✄❤ ✂✑✄ ✵r☎✂☎✝✑ ✁✆❤ ✌✡✂☎✕✁✂✄✡✗

✟♦✂✂♦✆ �✁✝ ✄❧✠♦r✂✄❤ ✂♦ ✵r☎✂✁☎✆ ✁✝ ✁ r✁�✕✁✂✄r☎✁✡

☛♦r ✂✑✄☎r ✂✄❧✂☎✡✄ ☎✆❤✌✝✂r☎✄✝✓ ❈♦✂✂♦✆ ✂✄❧✂☎✡✄

☎✆❤✌✝✂r✗ ☎✆ ▼✁✆✟✑✄✝✂✄r ✁✆❤ ✐☎✞✄r✠♦♦✡

☛✡♦✌r☎✝✑✄❤ ❤✌✄ ✂♦ ✂✑✄ ✁✞✁☎✡✁✎☎✡☎✂✗ ♦☛ ❣♦♦❤

✖✌✁✡☎✂✗ ✟♦✂✂♦✆ ☛r♦✕ ■✆❤☎✁✓ ✙♦✌ ✑✁✞✄ r✄✁❤ ✁✎♦✌✂

Organise a debate on food security of India, its need and efforts

47AGRICULTURE

t�✁ ✂�✄☎✆✄✝✄✞ ☎✟✠✁☎✁✞t ✡�☛☞� ✌t✄✝t✁✍ ☛✞

✶✎✶✏ ☛✞ ✑☛�✄✝✳ ✒�☛✌ ✡✄✌ ✌t✄✝t✁✍ ✓✁☞✄✔✌✁

❢✄✝☎✁✝✌ ✟❢ t�✄t ✝✁✕☛✟✞ ✡✁✝✁ ❢✟✝☞✁✍ t✟ ✕✝✟✡

☛✞✍☛✕✟ ✟✞ t�✁☛✝ ✐✄✞✍ ✓✁☞✄✔✌✁ ☛t ✡✄✌ ✞✁☞✁✌✌✄✝✖

❢✟✝ t�✁ t✁✗t☛✐✁ ☛✞✍✔✌t✝☛✁✌ ✡�☛☞� ✡✁✝✁ ✐✟☞✄t✁✍ ☛✞

✑✝☛t✄☛✞✳ ✒�✁✖ ✡✁✝✁ ✔✞✄✓✐✁ t✟ ✕✝✟✡ ❢✟✟✍✕✝✄☛✞✌

t✟ ✌✔✌t✄☛✞ t�✁☛✝ ❢✄☎☛✐☛✁✌✳

❯✞✍✁✝ ✕✐✟✓✄✐☛✌✄t☛✟✞✘ ✆✄✝t☛☞✔✐✄✝✐✖ ✄❢t✁✝

✶✎✎✙✘ t�✁ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌ ☛✞ ✚✞✍☛✄ �✄✠✁ ✓✁✁✞ ✁✗✆✟✌✁✍

t✟ ✞✁✡ ☞�✄✐✐✁✞✕✁✌✳ ✛✁✌✆☛t✁ ✓✁☛✞✕ ✄✞ ☛☎✆✟✝t✄✞t

✆✝✟✍✔☞✁✝ ✟❢ ✝☛☞✁✘ ☞✟tt✟✞✘ ✝✔✓✓✁✝✘ t✁✄✘ ☞✟❢❢✁✁✘ ✜✔t✁

✄✞✍ ✌✆☛☞✁✌ ✟✔✝ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✄✐ ✆✝✟✍✔☞t✌ ✄✝✁ ✞✟t

✄✓✐✁ t✟ ☞✟☎✆✁t✁ ✡☛t� t�✁ ✍✁✠✁✐✟✆✁✍ ☞✟✔✞t✝☛✁✌

✓✁☞✄✔✌✁ ✟❢ t�✁ �☛✕�✐✖ ✌✔✓✌☛✍☛✌✁✍ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✁

☛✞ t�✟✌✁ ☞✟✔✞t✝☛✁✌✳

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✦✧★ ✩✪✫✫✬✭ ✮✬✯✰✬✱✭ ❡✲ ✰✭✴✵ ✮✯❡✷✭✫

Genetic engineering is recognised as apowerful supplement in inventing newhybrid varieties of seeds.

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✦✸★ ✹✱❡✺✯✭✻✫ ✴✫✫❡✮✪✴✰✭✼✽✪✰✾ ✾✭✴✿❀ ❁✭✫✰✪✮✪✼✭

✬✫✭ ✴✱✭✽✪✼✭✯❀ ✱✭✮❡✉✷✪✫✭✼ ✪✷ ✼✭✿✭✯❡❁✭✼ ✴✷✼

✼✭✿✭✯❡❁✪✷✉ ✮❡✬✷✰✱✪✭✫

Change in cropping pattern for example from cereals to high-value crops willmean that India will have to import food. During 1960�s this would have beenseen as a disaster. But if India imports cereals while exporting high-valuecommodities, it will be following successful economies like Italy, Israel and Chile.These countries exports farm products (fruits, olives, speciality seeds and wine)and import cereals. Are we ready to take this risk? Debate the issue.

✒✟✍✄✖✘ ✚✞✍☛✄✞ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✁ ❢☛✞✍✌ ☛t✌✁✐❢ ✄t t�✁

☞✝✟✌✌✝✟✄✍✌✳ ✒✟☎✄❝✁ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✁ ✌✔☞☞✁✌✌❢✔✐ ✄✞✍

✆✝✟❢☛t✄✓✐✁✘ ✆✝✟✆✁✝ t�✝✔✌t ✌�✟✔✐✍ ✓✁ ✕☛✠✁✞ t✟ t�✁

☛☎✆✝✟✠✁☎✁✞t ✟❢ t�✁ ☞✟✞✍☛t☛✟✞ ✟❢ ☎✄✝✕☛✞✄✐ ✄✞✍

✌☎✄✐✐ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌✳ ✒�✁ ✕✝✁✁✞ ✝✁✠✟✐✔t☛✟✞ ✆✝✟☎☛✌✁✍

☎✔☞�✳ ✑✔t t✟✍✄✖ ☛t♠✌ ✔✞✍✁✝ ☞✟✞t✝✟✠✁✝✌☛✁✌✳ ✚t ☛✌

✓✁☛✞✕ ✄✐✐✁✕✁✍ t�✄t ☛t �✄✌ ☞✄✔✌✁✍ ✐✄✞✍

✍✁✕✝✄✍✄t☛✟✞ ✍✔✁ t✟ ✟✠✁✝✔✌✁ ✟❢ ☞�✁☎☛☞✄✐✌✘ ✍✝✖☛✞✕

✄❛✔☛❢✁✝✌ ✄✞✍ ✠✄✞☛✌�☛✞✕ ✓☛✟✍☛✠✁✝✌☛t✖✳ ✒�✁

❝✁✖✡✟✝✍ t✟✍✄✖ ☛✌ ❦✕✁✞✁ ✝✁✠✟✐✔t☛✟✞❂✳ ❃�☛☞�

☛✞☞✐✔✍✁✌ ✕✁✞✁t☛☞ ✁✞✕☛✞✁✁✝☛✞✕✳

❈❄❅ ❆❇❉ ❅❄❊● ❄❅❆ ❍●❅● ❊❇■❏❑❏●■ ▲●●■ ❉▲●■

✈❄▲▼◆❆ ❏❅ ❖❅■❏❄P

✚✞❢✄☞t ✟✝✕✄✞☛☞ ❢✄✝☎☛✞✕ ☛✌ ☎✔☞� ☛✞ ✠✟✕✔✁

t✟✍✄✖ ✓✁☞✄✔✌✁ ☛t ☛✌ ✆✝✄☞t☛✌✁✍ ✡☛t�✟✔t ❢✄☞t✟✝✖

☎✄✍✁ ☞�✁☎☛☞✄✐✌ ✌✔☞� ✄✌ ❢✁✝t☛✐☛✌✁✝✌ ✄✞✍

✆✁✌t☛☞☛✍✁✌✳ ♣✁✞☞✁✘ ☛t ✍✟✁✌✞✟t ✄❢❢✁☞t ✁✞✠☛✝✟✞☎✁✞t

☛✞ ✄ ✞✁✕✄t☛✠✁ ☎✄✞✞✁✝✳

◗ ❢✁✡ ✁☞✟✞✟☎☛✌t✌ t�☛✞❝ t�✄t ✚✞✍☛✄✞ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌

�✄✠✁ ✄ ✓✐✁✄❝ ❢✔t✔✝✁ ☛❢ t�✁✖ ☞✟✞t☛✞✔✁ ✕✝✟✡☛✞✕

❢✟✟✍✕✝✄☛✞✌ ✟✞ t�✁ �✟✐✍☛✞✕✌ t�✄t ✕✝✟✡ ✌☎✄✐✐✁✝

✄✞✍ ✌☎✄✐✐✁✝ ✄✌ t�✁ ✆✟✆✔✐✄t☛✟✞ ✝☛✌✁✌✳ ✚✞✍☛✄♠✌

✝✔✝✄✐ ✆✟✆✔✐✄t☛✟✞ ☛✌ ✄✓✟✔t r✙✙ ☎☛✐✐☛✟✞ ✡�☛☞�

✍✁✆✁✞✍✌ ✔✆✟✞ ❞❘✙ ☎☛✐✐☛✟✞ ❙✄✆✆✝✟✗☛☎✄t✁❚

�✁☞t✄✝✁✌ ✟❢ ✄✕✝☛☞✔✐t✔✝✄✐ ✐✄✞✍✘ ✄✞ ✄✠✁✝✄✕✁ ✟❢ ✐✁✌✌

t�✄✞ �✄✐❢ ✄ �✁☞t✄✝✁ ✆✁✝ ✆✁✝✌✟✞✳

✚✞✍☛✄✞ ❢✄✝☎✁✝✌ ✌�✟✔✐✍ ✍☛✠✁✝✌☛❢✖ t�✁☛✝

☞✝✟✆✆☛✞✕ ✆✄tt✁✝✞ ❢✝✟☎ ☞✁✝✁✄✐✌ t✟ �☛✕�❱✠✄✐✔✁

☞✝✟✆✌✳ ✒�☛✌ ✡☛✐✐ ☛✞☞✝✁✄✌✁ ☛✞☞✟☎✁✌ ✄✞✍ ✝✁✍✔☞✁

✁✞✠☛✝✟✞☎✁✞t✄✐ ✍✁✕✝✄✍✄t☛✟✞ ✌☛☎✔✐t✄✞✁✟✔✌✐✖✳

✑✁☞✄✔✌✁ ❢✝✔☛t✌✘ ☎✁✍☛☞☛✞✄✐ �✁✝✓✌✘ ❢✐✟✡✁✝✌✘

✠✁✕✁t✄✓✐✁✌✘ ✓☛✟❱✍☛✁✌✁✐ ☞✝✟✆✌ ✐☛❝✁ ✜✄t✝✟✆�✄

✄✞✍ ✜✟✜✟✓✄ ✞✁✁✍ ☎✔☞� ✐✁✌✌ ☛✝✝☛✕✄t☛✟✞ t�✄✞

✝☛☞✁ ✟✝ ✌✔✕✄✝☞✄✞✁✳ ✚✞✍☛✄♠✌ ✍☛✠✁✝✌✁ ☞✐☛☎✄t✁

☞✄✞ ✓✁ �✄✝✞✁✌✌✁✍ t✟ ✕✝✟✡ ✄ ✡☛✍✁ ✝✄✞✕✁ ✟❢

�☛✕�❱✠✄✐✔✁ ☞✝✟✆✌✳



✶� ▼✁✂✄☎✆✂✝ ✞✟✠☎✞✝ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛✌

✭✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ✓✝☛✞✔☎✕✝☛ ✖ ☛✗☛✄✝✘ ✠✏ ✖✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝ ✑✟✝✔✝ ✖ ☛☎☞✒✂✝

✞✔✠✆ ☎☛ ✒✔✠✑☞ ✠☞ ✖ ✂✖✔✒✝ ✖✔✝✖❝

✭✙✎ ❙✟☎✏✄☎☞✒ ✚✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✛✎ P✂✖☞✄✖✄☎✠☞ ✚✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✜✎ ❍✠✔✄☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✢✎ ■☞✄✝☞☛☎✣✝ ✚✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝

✭✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ☎☛ ✖ ✔✖✕☎ ✞✔✠✆❝

✭✙✎ ❘☎✞✝ ✭✜✎ ▼☎✂✂✝✄☛

✭✛✎ ●✔✖✘ ✭✢✎ ❈✠✄✄✠☞

✭✍✍✍✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ☎☛ ✖ ✂✝✒✁✘☎☞✠✁☛ ✞✔✠✆❝

✭✙✎ P✁✂☛✝☛ ✭✜✎ ▼☎✂✂✝✄☛

✭✛✎ ❏✖✑✖✔ ✭✢✎ ❙✝☛✖✘✁✘

✭✍✤✎ ❲✟☎✞✟ ✠☞✝ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ☎☛ ✖☞☞✠✁☞✞✝✓ ✕✗ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✣✝✔☞✘✝☞✄ ☎☞ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✠✏

✖ ✞✔✠✆❝

✭✙✎ ▼✖✥☎✘✁✘ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✭✛✎ ▼☎☞☎✘✁✘ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✭✜✎ ▼✠✓✝✔✖✄✝ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✭✢✎ ■☞✏✂✁✝☞✄☎✖✂ ☛✁✆✆✠✔✄ ✆✔☎✞✝

✷� ✚☞☛✑✝✔ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ❆✦ ✑✠✔✓☛✌

✭✍✎ ◆✖✘✝ ✠☞✝ ☎✘✆✠✔✄✖☞✄ ✕✝✣✝✔✖✒✝ ✞✔✠✆ ✖☞✓ ☛✆✝✞☎✏✗ ✄✟✝ ✒✝✠✒✔✖✆✟☎✞✖✂ ✞✠☞✓☎✄☎✠☞☛

✔✝✡✁☎✔✝✓ ✏✠✔ ☎✄☛ ✒✔✠✑✄✟✌

✭✍✍✎ ◆✖✘✝ ✠☞✝ ☛✄✖✆✂✝ ✞✔✠✆ ✠✏ ■☞✓☎✖ ✖☞✓ ✄✟✝ ✔✝✒☎✠☞☛ ✑✟✝✔✝ ☎✄ ☎☛ ✆✔✠✓✁✞✝✓✌

✭✍✍✍✎ ❊☞✂☎☛✄ ✄✟✝ ✣✖✔☎✠✁☛ ☎☞☛✄☎✄✁✄☎✠☞✖✂ ✔✝✏✠✔✘ ✆✔✠✒✔✖✘✘✝☛ ☎☞✄✔✠✓✁✞✝✓ ✕✗ ✄✟✝

✒✠✣✝✔☞✘✝☞✄ ☎☞ ✄✟✝ ☎☞✄✝✔✝☛✄ ✠✏ ✏✖✔✘✝✔☛✌

✭✍✤✎ ❚✟✝ ✂✖☞✓ ✁☞✓✝✔ ✞✁✂✄☎✣✖✄☎✠☞ ✟✖☛ ✒✠✄ ✔✝✓✁✞✝✓ ✓✖✗ ✕✗ ✓✖✗✌ ❈✖☞ ✗✠✁ ☎✘✖✒☎☞✝

☎✄☛ ✞✠☞☛✝✡✁✝☞✞✝☛❝

✸✧ ✚☞☛✑✝✔ ✄✟✝ ✏✠✂✂✠✑☎☞✒ ✡✁✝☛✄☎✠☞☛ ☎☞ ✖✕✠✁✄ ★✩✦ ✑✠✔✓☛✌

✭✍✎ ❙✁✒✒✝☛✄ ✄✟✝ ☎☞☎✄☎✖✄☎✣✝ ✄✖✪✝☞ ✕✗ ✄✟✝ ✒✠✣✝✔☞✘✝☞✄ ✄✠ ✝☞☛✁✔✝ ✄✟✝ ☎☞✞✔✝✖☛✝ ☎☞

✖✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✖✂ ✆✔✠✓✁✞✄☎✠☞✌

✭✍✍✎ ❍✠✑ ✓☎✓ ✄✟✝ ✆✖✔✄☎✄☎✠☞ ✠✏ ✄✟✝ ✞✠✁☞✄✔✗ ☎☞ ★✫✬✮ ✖✏✏✝✞✄ ✄✟✝ ✯✁✄✝ ☎☞✓✁☛✄✔✗❝

✭✍✍✍✎ ❉✝☛✞✔☎✕✝ ✄✟✝ ☎✘✆✖✞✄ ✠✏ ✒✂✠✕✖✂☎☛✖✄☎✠☞ ✠☞ ■☞✓☎✖☞ ✖✒✔☎✞✁✂✄✁✔✝✌

✭✍✤✎ ❉✝☛✞✔☎✕✝ ✄✟✝ ✒✝✠✒✔✖✆✟☎✞✖✂ ✞✠☞✓☎✄☎✠☞☛ ✔✝✡✁☎✔✝✓ ✏✠✔ ✄✟✝ ✒✔✠✑✄✟ ✠✏ ✔☎✞✝✌

PROJECT WORK

✶� ●✔✠✁✆ ✓☎☛✞✁☛☛☎✠☞ ✠☞ ✄✟✝ ☞✝✞✝☛☛☎✄✗ ✠✏ ✂☎✄✝✔✖✞✗ ✖✘✠☞✒ ✏✖✔✘✝✔☛✌

✷� ❖☞ ✖☞ ✠✁✄✂☎☞✝ ✘✖✆ ✠✏ ■☞✓☎✖ ☛✟✠✑ ✑✟✝✖✄ ✆✔✠✓✁✞☎☞✒ ✖✔✝✖☛✌

49AGRICULTURE

ACTIVITY

❙�✁✂✄ ☎✆✄ ✝✞✟✟✁✄ ✠✡ ☛�✁✁�☞✌✍✎ ✡�✞✏ ✑✄✒✏✓✆ ✆�✏✌✟�✍☎✒✁✁✡ ✒✍✔ ✂✄✏☎✌✓✒✁✁✡ ☎� ☛✌✍✔ ☎✆✄

✆✌✔✔✄✍ ✒✍✑☞✄✏✑❤

✶✕ ❚✆✄ ☎☞� ✑☎✒✝✁✄ ☛��✔ ✓✏�✝✑ �☛ ✖✍✔✌✒❤

✷✕ ❚✆✌✑ ✌✑ ☎✆✄ ✑✞✗✗✄✏ ✓✏�✝✝✌✍✎ ✑✄✒✑�✍ �☛ ✖✍✔✌✒❤

✸✕ P✞✁✑✄✑ ✁✌✘✄ ✒✏✆✒✏✱ ✗��✍✎✱ ✎✏✒✗✱ ✞✏✒✔ ✓�✍☎✒✌✍✙

✹✕ ✖☎ ✌✑ ✒ ✓�✒✏✑✄ ✎✏✒✌✍❤

✺✕ ❚✆✄ ☎☞� ✌✗✝�✏☎✒✍☎ ✠✄✂✄✏✒✎✄✑ ✌✍ ✖✍✔✌✒ ✒✏✄✙

✻✕ ❖✍✄ �☛ ☎✆✄ ☛�✞✏ ✗✒✚�✏ ☛✌✠✄✏✑ ✎✏�☞✍ �✍ ✠✁✒✓✘ ✑�✌✁✑❤

❆ ❩ ▼ ❳ ◆ ✛ ✜ ❱ ◆ ❳ ❆ ❍ ❉ ◗

❙ ❉ ❊ ❲ ❙ ❘ ❏ ❉ ◗ ❏ ❩ ❱ ❘ ❊

❉ ✢ ❍ ❆ ❘ ✖ ❋ ● ❲ ❋ ▼ ❘ ❋ ❲

❋ ◆ ▲ ❘ ● ✛ ❍ ❍ ❘ ❙ ✜ ❙ ❱ ❚

● ✜ ✛ ❲ ❍ ❊ ❆ ❚ ❨ ❆ ✛ ❍ ✜ ❘

❍ ❘ ❚ ✢ ❆ ❙ ❙ ❊ P ❍ ❳ ❆ ◆ ❲

❏ ✖ ❊ ❙ ❏ ❖ ❲ ❆ ❘ ❏ ❩ ❍ ❉ ❚

✢ ✛ ▲ ❆ ❊ ● ❆ ✛ ❖ ❋ ❋ ❊ ❊ ❨

▲ ❚ ❊ ❋ ❨ ▼ ❚ ❆ ❚ ❙ ❙ ❘ ● ✖

P ❉ ❊ ❏ ❖ ❯ ❨ ❱ ❊ ❏ ● ❋ ❆ ❯

❖ ❯ ▼ ❍ ◗ ❙ ❯ ❉ ✖ ❚ ❙ ❲ ❙ P

❯ ❖ ❆ ✛ ❖ ❚ ❚ ❖ ◆ ❊ ❆ ❍ ❋ ❖

❨ ❖ ▲ ❋ ▲ ❯ ❙ ❘ ◗ ◗ ❉ ❚ ❲ ✖

❚ ▼ ❯ ❆ ❍ ❘ ● ❨ ✢ ❚ ❘ ❆ ✜ ❋

❊ ❆ ✢ ❉ ● ❉ ◗ ❍ ❙ ❯ ❖ ✖ ❲ ❍

❲ ◗ ❩ ✛ ❳ ❱ ✜ ◆ ▼ ✢ ❏ ❆ ❙ ▲

❲❡ ✥�❡ ✁✂✄✄❡❢❡☎✆ ✆✝✂☎✞� ✂☎ ✟✥❢ ✁✠✂✡☛ ✡✂✄❡ ☞✠✁❡

✄❢✟☞ ☞❡✆✠✡✌ ✍✠☎ ☛✟✥ ✡✂�✆ ✠ ☎✥☞✎❡❢ ✟✄ ✂✆❡☞�

✥�❡✁ ✂☎ ☛✟✥❢ ✝✟✥�❡☞✠✁❡ ✟✄ ☞❡✆✠✡�✌ ❲✝❡❢❡ ✁✟

✆✝❡�❡☞❡✆✠✡� t✟☞❡ ✄❢✟☞✏

❨✟✥ ✝✠♦❡ �✆✥✁✂❡✁ ✆✝✠✆ ✆✝❡ ❡✠❢✆✝✑� t❢✥�✆ ✂�

☞✠✁❡ ✥♠ ✟✄ ✁✂✄✄❡❢❡☎✆☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ❡☞✎❡✁✁❡✁ ✂☎ ✆✝❡

❢✟t✒�✌ ✓✠❢✂✟✥�☞❡✆✠✡� ✠❢❡ ❡✔✆❢✠t✆❡✁ ✄❢✟☞ ✆✝❡�❡

☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠✄✆❡❢ ♠❢✟♠❡❢ ❢❡✄✂☎❡☞❡☎✆✌

▼✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠❢❡ ✠☎ ✂☎✁✂�♠❡☎�✠✎✡❡ ♠✠❢✆ ✟✄ ✟✥❢

✡✂♦❡�✌ ❧✡☞✟�✆ ❡♦❡❢☛✆✝✂☎✞ ✕❡ ✥�❡✖ ✄❢✟☞ ✠ ✆✂☎☛ ♠✂☎

✆✟ ✠ ✆✟✕❡❢✂☎✞ ✎✥✂✡✁✂☎✞ ✟❢ ✠ ✎✂✞ �✝✂♠✖ ✠✡✡ ✠❢❡

☞✠✁❡ ✄❢✟☞☞✂☎❡❢✠✡�✌ ✗✝❡ ❢✠✂✡✕✠☛ ✡✂☎❡� ✠☎✁ ✆✝❡

✆✠❢☞✠t ✘♠✠♦✂☎✞✙ ✟✄ ✆✝❡ ❢✟✠✁�✖ ✟✥❢ ✂☞♠✡❡☞❡☎✆�

✠☎✁ ☞✠t✝✂☎❡❢☛ ✆✟✟ ✠❢❡ ☞✠✁❡ ✄❢✟☞ ☞✂☎❡❢✠✡�✌

✍✠❢�✖ ✎✥�❡�✖ ✆❢✠✂☎�✖ ✠❡❢✟♠✡✠☎❡� ✠❢❡

☞✠☎✥✄✠t✆✥❢❡✁ ✄❢✟☞ ☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠☎✁ ❢✥☎ ✟☎

♠✟✕❡❢ ❢❡�✟✥❢t❡� ✁❡❢✂♦❡✁ ✄❢✟☞ ✆✝❡ ❡✠❢✆✝✌ ♣♦❡☎

✆✝❡ ✄✟✟✁ ✆✝✠✆ ✕❡ ❡✠✆ t✟☎✆✠✂☎� ☞✂☎❡❢✠✡�✌ ✚☎ ✠✡✡

�✆✠✞❡� ✟✄ ✁❡♦❡✡✟♠☞❡☎✆✖ ✝✥☞✠☎ ✎❡✂☎✞� ✝✠♦❡

✥�❡✁☞✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✄✟❢ ✆✝❡✂❢ ✡✂♦❡✡✂✝✟✟✁✖ ✁❡t✟❢✠✆✂✟☎✖

✄❡�✆✂♦✂✆✂❡�✖ ❢❡✡✂✞✂✟✥� ✠☎✁ t❡❢❡☞✟☎✂✠✡ ❢✂✆❡�✌

Haban comes to Guwahati with his fatherfrom a remote village.

He sees people getting into strangehouse like objects which move along theroad. He also sees a �kitchen� dragging anumber of house along with it. He is amazedand asked his father �Why don�t our housesmove like the one we saw in Guwahati, Ba?�

Ba replies, �These are not houses, theyare buses and trains. Unlike our houses theseare not made of bricks and stones, metal likeiron and alluminium are used in makingthese. They do not move on their own. Theyare driven by an engine which needs energyto work.�

A bright smile from toothpasteand minerals

Toothpaste cleans your teeth. Abrasiveminerals like silica, limestone, aluminiumoxide and various phosphate minerals do thecleaning. Fluoride which is used to reducecavities, comes from a mineral fluorite. Mosttoothpaste are made white with titaniumoxide, which comes from minerals calledrutile, ilmenite and anatase. The sparkle insome toothpastes comes from mica. Thetoothbrush and tube containing the paste aremade of plastics from petroleum. Find outwhere these minerals are found?

Dig a little deeper and find out how manyminerals are used to make a light bulb?

All living things need minerals

Life processes cannot occur without minerals.Although our mineral intake represents onlyabout 0.3 per cent of our total intake ofnutrients, they are so potent and so importantthat without them we would not be able toutilise the other 99.7 per cent of foodstuffs.

Dig a little deeper and collect �NutritionalFacts� printed on food labels.

✛✜✢✣ ✤✦ ✢ ✧✤★✩✪✢✫✬

●❡✟✡✟✞✂�✆� ✁❡✄✂☎❡☞✂☎❡❢✠✡ ✠� ✠ ✭✝✟☞✟✞❡☎✟✥�✖

☎✠✆✥❢✠✡✡☛ ✟tt✥❢❢✂☎✞ �✥✎�✆✠☎t❡✕✂✆✝ ✠ ✁❡✄✂☎✠✎✡❡

✂☎✆❡❢☎✠✡ �✆❢✥t✆✥❢❡✌✐ ▼✂☎❡❢✠✡� ✠❢❡ ✄✟✥☎✁ ✂☎

♦✠❢✂❡✁ ✄✟❢☞� ✂☎ ☎✠✆✥❢❡✖ ❢✠☎✞✂☎✞ ✄❢✟☞ ✆✝❡

✝✠❢✁❡�✆ ✁✂✠☞✟☎✁ ✆✟ ✆✝❡ �✟✄✆❡�✆ ✆✠✡t✌ ❲✝☛ ✠❢❡

✆✝❡☛ �✟ ♦✠❢✂❡✁✏

❨♦� ✁✂✄☎ ✂✆✝☎✂✞✟ ✆☎✂✝♥✠ ✂✡♦�✠ ✝♦☛☞✌✍ ✎♦☛☞✌

✂✝☎ ☛♦❛✡✏♥✂✠✏♦♥✌ ♦✑ ✁♦❛♦✒☎♥♦�✌ ✌�✡✌✠✂♥☛☎✌

☛✂✆✆☎✞ ♠✓✔✕✖✗✘✙✍ ✳♦❛☎ ✝♦☛☞✌✚ ✑♦✝ ✏♥✌✠✂♥☛☎

✆✏❛☎✌✠♦♥☎✚ ☛♦♥✌✏✌✠ ♦✑ ✂ ✌✏♥✒✆☎ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ♦♥✆✟✚ ✡�✠

❛✂✛♦✝✏✠✟ ♦✑ ✠✁☎ ✝♦☛☞ ☛♦♥✌✏✌✠ ♦✑ ✌☎✄☎✝✂✆ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌

✏♥ ✄✂✝✟✏♥✒ ✐✝♦✐♦✝✠✏♦♥✌✍ ✜✆✠✁♦�✒✁✚ ♦✄☎✝ ✢✣✣✣

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✁✂✄☎ ✡☎☎♥ ✏✞☎♥✠✏✑✏☎✞✚ ♦♥✆✟ ✂ ✑☎✤ ✂✝☎

✂✡�♥✞✂♥✠✆✟ ✑♦�♥✞ ✏♥ ❛♦✌✠ ♦✑ ✠✁☎ ✝♦☛☞✌✍

✜ ✐✂✝✠✏☛�✆✂✝ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ✠✁✂✠ ✤✏✆✆ ✡☎ ✑♦✝❛☎✞

✑✝♦❛ ✂ ☛☎✝✠✂✏♥ ☛♦❛✡✏♥✂✠✏♦♥ ♦✑ ☎✆☎❛☎♥✠✌

✞☎✐☎♥✞✌ �✐♦♥ ✠✁☎ ✐✁✟✌✏☛✂✆ ✂♥✞ ☛✁☎❛✏☛✂✆

☛♦♥✞✏✠✏♦♥✌ �♥✞☎✝ ✤✁✏☛✁ ✠✁☎ ❛✂✠☎✝✏✂✆ ✑♦✝❛✌✍

❚✁✏✌✚ ✏♥ ✠�✝♥✚ ✝☎✌�✆✠✌ ✏♥ ✂✤✏✞☎ ✝✂♥✒☎ ♦✑ ☛♦✆♦�✝✌✚

✁✂✝✞♥☎✌✌✚ ☛✝✟✌✠✂✆ ✑♦✝❛✌✚ ✆�✌✠✝☎ ✂♥✞✞☎♥✌✏✠✟ ✠✁✂✠

✂ ✐✂✝✠✏☛�✆✂✝ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ✐♦✌✌☎✌✌☎✌✍ ✥☎♦✆♦✒✏✌✠✌ �✌☎

✠✁☎✌☎ ✐✝♦✐☎✝✠✏☎✌ ✠♦ ☛✆✂✌✌✏✑✟ ✠✁☎ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌✍

Study of Minerals by Geographersand Geologists

Geographers study minerals as part of theearth�s crust for a better understanding oflandforms. The distribution of mineralresources and associated economic activitiesare of interest to geographers. A geologist,however, is interested in the formation ofminerals, their age and physical andchemical composition.

✦♦✤☎✄☎✝✚ ✑♦✝ ✒☎♥☎✝✂✆ ✂♥✞ ☛♦❛❛☎✝☛✏✂✆

✐�✝✐♦✌☎✌ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ☛✂♥ ✡☎ ☛✆✂✌✌✏✑✏☎✞ ✂✌ �♥✞☎✝✍

▼❖✧★ ❖✩ ✪❈❈✫✬✬★✭❈★ ❖✩ ▼■✭★✬✮✯✰

❲✱✲✴✲ ✵✴✲ ✶✱✲✷✲ ✸✹✺✲✴✵✻✷ ✼✽✾✺✿❀

❁✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✂✝☎ �✌�✂✆✆✟ ✑♦�♥✞ ✏♥ ❂♦✝☎✌❃✍ ❚✁☎

✠☎✝❛ ♦✝☎ ✏✌ �✌☎✞ ✠♦ ✞☎✌☛✝✏✡☎ ✂♥ ✂☛☛�❛�✆✂✠✏♦♥

♦✑ ✂♥✟ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ❛✏❄☎✞ ✤✏✠✁ ♦✠✁☎✝ ☎✆☎❛☎♥✠✌✍ ❚✁☎

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ☛♦♥✠☎♥✠ ♦✑ ✠✁☎ ♦✝☎ ❛�✌✠ ✡☎ ✏♥ ✌�✑✑✏☛✏☎♥✠

☛♦♥☛☎♥✠✝✂✠✏♦♥ ✠♦ ❛✂☞☎ ✏✠✌ ☎❄✠✝✂☛✠✏♦♥

☛♦❛❛☎✝☛✏✂✆✆✟ ✄✏✂✡✆☎✍ ❚✁☎ ✠✟✐☎ ♦✑ ✑♦✝❛✂✠✏♦♥ ♦✝

✌✠✝�☛✠�✝☎ ✏♥ ✤✁✏☛✁ ✠✁☎✟ ✂✝☎ ✑♦�♥✞ ✞☎✠☎✝❛✏♥☎✌

✠✁☎ ✝☎✆✂✠✏✄☎ ☎✂✌☎ ✤✏✠✁ ✤✁✏☛✁ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆ ♦✝☎✌ ❛✂✟

✡☎ ❛✏♥☎✞✍ ❚✁✏✌ ✂✆✌♦ ✞☎✠☎✝❛✏♥☎✌ ✠✁☎ ☛♦✌✠ ♦✑

☎❄✠✝✂☛✠✏♦♥✍ ❡✠ ✏✌✚ ✠✁☎✝☎✑♦✝☎✚ ✏❛✐♦✝✠✂♥✠ ✑♦✝ �✌ ✠♦

�♥✞☎✝✌✠✂♥✞ ✠✁☎ ❛✂✏♥ ✠✟✐☎✌ ♦✑ ✑♦✝❛✂✠✏♦♥✌ ✏♥

✤✁✏☛✁❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ♦☛☛�✝✍

❁✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✒☎♥☎✝✂✆✆✟ ♦☛☛�✝ ✏♥ ✠✁☎✌☎ ✑♦✝❛✌❅

❆❇❉ ❡♥ ✏✒♥☎♦�✌ ✂♥✞ ❛☎✠✂❛♦✝✐✁✏☛ ✝♦☛☞✌

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ❛✂✟ ♦☛☛�✝ ✏♥ ✠✁☎ ☛✝✂☛☞✌✚

☛✝☎✄✏☛☎✌✚ ✑✂�✆✠✌ ♦✝ ✛♦✏♥✠✌✍ ❚✁☎ ✌❛✂✆✆☎✝

♦☛☛�✝✝☎♥☛☎✌ ✂✝☎ ☛✂✆✆☎✞ ✈✕✓✔✙ ✂♥✞ ✠✁☎

✆✂✝✒☎✝ ✂✝☎ ☛✂✆✆☎✞ ✘❧❊✕✙✍ ❡♥ ❛♦✌✠ ☛✂✌☎✌✚

✠✁☎✟ ✂✝☎ ✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✤✁☎♥ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✏♥ ✆✏t�✏✞❋

❛♦✆✠☎♥ ✂♥✞ ✒✂✌☎♦�✌ ✑♦✝❛✌ ✂✝☎ ✑♦✝☛☎✞

�✐✤✂✝✞ ✠✁✝♦�✒✁ ☛✂✄✏✠✏☎✌ ✠♦✤✂✝✞✌ ✠✁☎

☎✂✝✠✁●✌ ✌�✝✑✂☛☎✍ ❚✁☎✟ ☛♦♦✆ ✂♥✞ ✌♦✆✏✞✏✑✟ ✂✌

✠✁☎✟ ✝✏✌☎✍ ❁✂✛♦✝ ❛☎✠✂✆✆✏☛ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✆✏☞☎ ✠✏♥✚

☛♦✐✐☎✝✚ ❍✏♥☛ ✂♥✞ ✆☎✂✞ ☎✠☛✍ ✂✝☎ ♦✡✠✂✏♥☎✞

✑✝♦❛ ✄☎✏♥✌ ✂♥✞ ✆♦✞☎✌✍

❆❇❇❉ ❡♥ ✌☎✞✏❛☎♥✠✂✝✟ ✝♦☛☞✌ ✂ ♥�❛✡☎✝ ♦✑ ❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌

♦☛☛�✝ ✏♥ ❜✕❊✙ ♦✝ ✘✗❏✕✖✙✍ ❚✁☎✟ ✁✂✄☎ ✡☎☎♥

✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✂✌ ✂ ✝☎✌�✆✠ ♦✑ ✞☎✐♦✌✏✠✏♦♥✚

✂☛☛�❛�✆✂✠✏♦♥ ✂♥✞ ☛♦♥☛☎♥✠✝✂✠✏♦♥ ✏♥

✁♦✝✏❍♦♥✠✂✆ ✌✠✝✂✠✂✍ ❤♦✂✆ ✂♥✞ ✌♦❛☎ ✑♦✝❛✌ ♦✑

✏✝♦♥ ♦✝☎ ✁✂✄☎ ✡☎☎♥ ☛♦♥☛☎♥✠✝✂✠☎✞ ✂✌ ✂ ✝☎✌�✆✠

♦✑ ✆♦♥✒ ✐☎✝✏♦✞✌ �♥✞☎✝ ✒✝☎✂✠ ✁☎✂✠ ✂♥✞

✐✝☎✌✌�✝☎✍ ✜♥♦✠✁☎✝ ✒✝♦�✐ ♦✑ ✌☎✞✏❛☎♥✠✂✝✟

❛✏♥☎✝✂✆✌ ✏♥☛✆�✞☎ ✒✟✐✌�❛✚ ✐♦✠✂✌✁ ✌✂✆✠ ✂♥✞

✌♦✞✏�❛ ✌✂✆✠✍ ❚✁☎✌☎ ✂✝☎ ✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✂✌ ✂ ✝☎✌�✆✠

♦✑ ✕✈✗❑❧✖✗▲✓❧✔ ☎✌✐☎☛✏✂✆✆✟ ✏♥ ✂✝✏✞ ✝☎✒✏♦♥✌✍

❆❇❇❇❉ ✜♥♦✠✁☎✝ ❛♦✞☎ ♦✑ ✑♦✝❛✂✠✏♦♥ ✏♥✄♦✆✄☎✌ ✠✁☎

✞☎☛♦❛✐♦✌✏✠✏♦♥ ♦✑ ✌�✝✑✂☛☎ ✝♦☛☞✌✚ ✂♥✞ ✠✁☎

✝☎❛♦✄✂✆ ♦✑ ✌♦✆�✡✆☎ ☛♦♥✌✠✏✠�☎♥✠✌✚ ✆☎✂✄✏♥✒ ✂

✖✕✙✓❊r✗✘ ♠✗✙✙ ❧◆ P✕✗▲◗✕✖✕❊ ♠✗▲✕✖✓✗✘

☛♦♥✠✂✏♥✏♥✒ ♦✝☎✌✍ ❝✂�❄✏✠☎ ✏✌ ✑♦✝❛☎✞ ✠✁✏✌✤✂✟✍


❘❙❯❱ ❳❱❩


✭�✁✂ ❈✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✠✝☞ ✌✍✍✎☎ ✝☛ ❛✏✏✑✒✓❛✏

❞✔✕✖✗✓✘✗ ✞✟ ☛✝✟✥☛ ✌✙ ✚✝✡✡✄☞ ✙✡✌✌☎☛ ✝✟✥ ✆✛✄

❜✝☛✄ ✌✙ ✛✞✡✡☛✜ ✢✛✄☛✄ ✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛ ✝☎✄ ✍✝✡✡✄✥

➅✣✡✝✍✄☎ ✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛✤ ✝✟✥ ✦✄✟✄☎✝✡✡☞ ✍✌✟✆✝✞✟

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛♠ ✧✛✞✍✛ ✝☎✄ ✟✌✆ ✍✌☎☎✌✥✄✥ ❜☞ ✧✝✆✄☎✜

●✌✡✥♠ ☛✞✡✚✄☎♠ ✆✞✟ ✝✟✥ ✣✡✝✆✞✟✎✠ ✝☎✄ ✠✌☛✆

✞✠✣✌☎✆✝✟✆ ✝✠✌✟✦ ☛✎✍✛✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜

✭✁✂ ✢✛✄ ✌✍✄✝✟ ✧✝✆✄☎☛ ✍✌✟✆✝✞✟ ✚✝☛✆ ❚✎✝✟✆✞✆✞✄☛

✌✙ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛♠ ❜✎✆✠✌☛✆ ✌✙ ✆✛✄☛✄ ✝☎✄ ✆✌✌✧✞✥✄✡☞

✥✞✙✙✎☛✄✥ ✆✌ ❜✄ ✌✙ ✄✍✌✟✌✠✞✍ ☛✞✦✟✞✙✞✍✝✟✍✄✜

❍✌✧✄✚✄☎♠ ✍✌✠✠✌✟ ☛✝✡✆♠ ✠✝✦✟✄☛✞✎✠ ✝✟✥

❜☎✌✠✞✟✄ ✝☎✄ ✡✝☎✦✄✡☞ ✥✄☎✞✚✄✥ ✙☎✌✠ ✌✍✄✝✟

✧✝✆✄☎☛✜ ✢✛✄ ✌✍✄✝✟ ❜✄✥☛♠ ✆✌✌♠ ✝☎✄ ☎✞✍✛ ✞✟

✠✝✟✦✝✟✄☛✄ ✟✌✥✎✡✄☛✜

▲✄✆ ✎☛ ✟✌✧ ☛✆✎✥☞ ✆✛✄ ✥✞☛✆☎✞❜✎✆✞✌✟ ✌✙ ✝ ✙✄✧

✠✝★✌☎✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✞✟ ✩✟✥✞✝✜ ✪✡✧✝☞☛ ☎✄✠✄✠❜✄☎ ✆✛✝✆

✆✛✄ ✍✌✟✍✄✟✆☎✝✆✞✌✟ ✌✙✠✞✟✄☎✝✡ ✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✌☎✄♠ ✆✛✄ ✄✝☛✄

✌✙ ✄♦✆☎✝✍✆✞✌✟ ✝✟✥ ✍✡✌☛✄✟✄☛☛ ✆✌ ✆✛✄✠✝☎✫✄✆ ✣✡✝☞

✝✟ ✞✠✣✌☎✆✝✟✆ ☎✌✡✄ ✞✟ ✝✙✙✄✍✆✞✟✦ ✆✛✄ ✄✍✌✟✌✠✞✍

✚✞✝❜✞✡✞✆☞ ✌✙ ✝ ☎✄☛✄☎✚✄✜ ✢✛✎☛♠ ✆✌✠✄✄✆ ✆✛✄✥✄✠✝✟✥♠

✝ ✍✛✌✞✍✄ ✛✝☛ ✆✌ ❜✄✠✝✥✄ ❜✄✆✧✄✄✟ ✝ ✟✎✠❜✄☎ ✌✙

✣✌☛☛✞❜✡✄ ✌✣✆✞✌✟☛✜ ♣✛✄✟ ✆✛✞☛ ✞☛ ✥✌✟✄ ✝✠✞✟✄☎✝✡

➅✥✄✣✌☛✞✆✤ ✌☎ ➅☎✄☛✄☎✚✄✤ ✆✎☎✟☛ ✞✟✆✌ ✝ ✬✓✮✔✜

❋✔✯✯✖✑✗ ✰✓✮✔✯❛✏✗

✱✄☎☎✌✎☛ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✝✍✍✌✎✟✆ ✙✌☎ ✝❜✌✎✆ ✆✛☎✄✄✲

✙✌✎☎✆✛☛ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✆✌✆✝✡ ✚✝✡✎✄ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✣☎✌✥✎✍✆✞✌✟ ✌✙

✠✄✆✝✡✡✞✍ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ✢✛✄☞ ✣☎✌✚✞✥✄ ✝ ☛✆☎✌✟✦ ❜✝☛✄

✙✌☎ ✆✛✄ ✥✄✚✄✡✌✣✠✄✟✆ ✌✙ ✠✄✆✝✡✡✎☎✦✞✍✝✡

✞✟✥✎☛✆☎✞✄☛✜ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✄♦✣✌☎✆☛ ☛✎❜☛✆✝✟✆✞✝✡

❚✎✝✟✆✞✆✞✄☛ ✌✙ ✙✄☎☎✌✎☛ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✝✙✆✄☎ ✠✄✄✆✞✟✦

✛✄☎ ✞✟✆✄☎✟✝✡ ✥✄✠✝✟✥☛✜

■✳✴✵ ✶✳✷

✩☎✌✟ ✌☎✄ ✞☛ ✆✛✄ ❜✝☛✞✍✠✞✟✄☎✝✡ ✝✟✥ ✆✛✄ ❜✝✍✫❜✌✟✄

✌✙ ✞✟✥✎☛✆☎✞✝✡ ✥✄✚✄✡✌✣✠✄✟✆✜ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✞☛ ✄✟✥✌✧✄✥

✧✞✆✛ ✙✝✞☎✡☞ ✝❜✎✟✥✝✟✆ ☎✄☛✌✎☎✍✄☛ ✌✙ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄✜ ✩✟✥✞✝

✞☛ ☎✞✍✛ ✞✟ ✦✌✌✥ ❚✎✝✡✞✆☞ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄☛✜ ✐✝✦✟✄✆✞✆✄ ✞☛

✆✛✄ ✙✞✟✄☛✆ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄ ✧✞✆✛ ✝ ✚✄☎☞ ✛✞✦✛ ✍✌✟✆✄✟✆ ✌✙

✞☎✌✟✎✣ ✆✌ ✸✹ ✣✄☎ ✍✄✟✆✜ ✩✆ ✛✝☛ ✄♦✍✄✡✡✄✟✆✠✝✦✟✄✆✞✍

❚✎✝✡✞✆✞✄☛♠ ✄☛✣✄✍✞✝✡✡☞ ✚✝✡✎✝❜✡✄ ✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✄✡✄✍✆☎✞✍✝✡

✞✟✥✎☛✆☎☞✜ ❍✄✠✝✆✞✆✄ ✌☎✄ ✞☛ ✆✛✄ ✠✌☛✆ ✞✠✣✌☎✆✝✟✆

✞✟✥✎☛✆☎✞✝✡ ✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄ ✞✟ ✆✄☎✠☛ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ❚✎✝✟✆✞✆☞

✎☛✄✥♠ ❜✎✆ ✛✝☛ ✝ ☛✡✞✦✛✆✡☞ ✡✌✧✄☎ ✞☎✌✟ ✍✌✟✆✄✟✆ ✆✛✝✟

✠✝✦✟✄✆✞✆✄✜ ✺✻✹✲✼✹ ✣✄☎ ✍✄✟✆✽✜

❘✝✆✲❍✌✡✄ ✐✞✟✞✟✦✜ ✾✌ ☞✌✎ ✫✟✌✧ ✆✛✝✆ ✠✌☛✆

✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✞✟ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✝☎✄ ✟✝✆✞✌✟✝✡✞☛✄✥

✝✟✥ ✆✛✄✞☎ ✄♦✆☎✝✍✆✞✌✟ ✞☛ ✣✌☛☛✞❜✡✄ ✌✟✡☞ ✝✙✆✄☎

✌❜✆✝✞✟✞✟✦ ✥✎✄ ✣✄☎✠✞☛☛✞✌✟ ✙☎✌✠ ✆✛✄

✦✌✚✄☎✟✠✄✟✆❣✿✎✆ ✞✟✠✌☛✆✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✆☎✞❜✝✡ ✝☎✄✝☛

✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✟✌☎✆✛✲✄✝☛✆ ✩✟✥✞✝♠ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛ ✝☎✄

✌✧✟✄✥ ❜☞ ✞✟✥✞✚✞✥✎✝✡☛ ✌☎ ✍✌✠✠✎✟✞✆✞✄☛✜ ✩✟

✐✄✦✛✝✡✝☞✝♠ ✆✛✄☎✄ ✝☎✄ ✡✝☎✦✄✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛ ✌✙ ✍✌✝✡♠

✞☎✌✟ ✌☎✄♠ ✡✞✠✄☛✆✌✟✄ ✝✟✥ ✥✌✡✌✠✞✆✄ ✄✆✍✜ ❈✌✝✡

✠✞✟✞✟✦ ✞✟ ❀✌✧✝✞ ✝✟✥ ❈✛✄☎✝✣✎✟★✄✄ ✞☛ ✥✌✟✄

❜☞ ✙✝✠✞✡☞ ✠✄✠❜✄☎ ✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✙✌☎✠ ✌✙ ✝ ✡✌✟✦

✟✝☎☎✌✧ ✆✎✟✟✄✡♠✫✟✌✧✟✝☛ ➅❘✝✆✛✌✡✄✤✠✞✟✞✟✦✜

Dig a little deeper: What is the differencebetween an open pit mine, a quarry and an

underground mine with shafts?

✩✟✥✞✝ ✞☛ ✙✌☎✆✎✟✝✆✄ ✆✌✛✝✚✄✙✝✞☎✡☞ ☎✞✍✛✝✟✥ ✚✝☎✞✄✥

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡ ☎✄☛✌✎☎✍✄☛✜❍✌✧✄✚✄☎♠ ✆✛✄☛✄ ✝☎✄✎✟✄✚✄✟✡☞

✥✞☛✆☎✞❜✎✆✄✥✜✿☎✌✝✥✡☞ ☛✣✄✝✫✞✟✦♠ ✣✄✟✞✟☛✎✡✝☎ ☎✌✍✫☛

✍✌✟✆✝✞✟ ✠✌☛✆ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ☎✄☛✄☎✚✄☛ ✌✙ ✍✌✝✡♠ ✠✄✆✝✡✡✞✍

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛♠ ✠✞✍✝ ✝✟✥ ✠✝✟☞ ✌✆✛✄☎ ✟✌✟✲✠✄✆✝✡✡✞✍

✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ❁✄✥✞✠✄✟✆✝☎☞ ☎✌✍✫☛✌✟ ✆✛✄✧✄☛✆✄☎✟ ✝✟✥

✄✝☛✆✄☎✟ ✙✡✝✟✫☛ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✣✄✟✞✟☛✎✡✝♠ ✞✟ ●✎★✝☎✝✆ ✝✟✥

✪☛☛✝✠ ✛✝✚✄ ✠✌☛✆ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✣✄✆☎✌✡✄✎✠ ✥✄✣✌☛✞✆☛✜

❘✝★✝☛✆✛✝✟✧✞✆✛ ✆✛✄☎✌✍✫☛☞☛✆✄✠☛✌✙ ✆✛✄✣✄✟✞✟☛✎✡✝♠

✛✝☛ ☎✄☛✄☎✚✄☛ ✌✙✠✝✟☞ ✟✌✟✲✙✄☎☎✌✎☛✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ✢✛✄

✚✝☛✆ ✝✡✡✎✚✞✝✡ ✣✡✝✞✟☛ ✌✙ ✟✌☎✆✛ ✩✟✥✞✝ ✝☎✄ ✝✡✠✌☛✆

✥✄✚✌✞✥ ✌✙ ✄✍✌✟✌✠✞✍ ✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜ ✢✛✄☛✄ ✚✝☎✞✝✆✞✌✟☛

✄♦✞☛✆ ✡✝☎✦✄✡☞ ❜✄✍✝✎☛✄ ✌✙ ✆✛✄ ✥✞✙✙✄☎✄✟✍✄☛ ✞✟ ✆✛✄

✦✄✌✡✌✦✞✍✝✡ ☛✆☎✎✍✆✎☎✄♠ ✣☎✌✍✄☛☛✄☛✝✟✥ ✆✞✠✄ ✞✟✚✌✡✚✄✥

✞✟ ✆✛✄ ✙✌☎✠✝✆✞✌✟ ✌✙✠✞✟✄☎✝✡☛✜

❂❃❄❅ ❆❅❇❉ ❊❏❑▼◆❖P◗❑❙ ❑❯ ◗❏❑❙ ❑❏❱ ❲❳❑❨◗❙❩

❲PsP❱❨◗❲❱ ❲❳s❏❱ ◗❙ ❬❱❏ ❖❱❙P❭ ❪❫❫❴❵❫❝


❚�✁ ✂✄☎✆✝ ✞✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ✠✁✡☛☞ ✞✟ ✌✟✍✞✄ ✄✝✁✎

⑩ ❖✏✑✒✒✓✔✕✖✓✏✗✖✓✘✙ ✚✛✜✢✎ ✌✟ ✿✝✞☞☞✄ �✞✣�

✣✝✄✍✁ �✁✂✄☛✞☛✁ ✆✝✁ ✞☞ ❣✆✤✟✍ ✞✟ ✥✄✍✄✂✦✄�✄✝

✂✞✟✁☞ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ♠✄✧✤✝✠�✄✟☎ ✄✟✍ ★✁✟✍✤☎�✄✝

✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛☞✩ ✌✟ ☛�✁ ✄✍☎✆✞✟✞✟✣ ✪✞✟✣✠�✤✂

✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛ ✆❣ ✫�✄✝✬�✄✟✍ �✄✁✂✄☛✞☛✁ ✞✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ✞☞

✂✞✟✁✍ ✞✟ ✭✤✄ ✄✟✍ ✮✆✄✂✤✟✍✞✩

⑩ ❉✯✏✰✔✱✓✒✢✓✏✔✲✖✓✘✙✏✓✳✯✏ ✚✛✜✢ ✡✞✁☞ ✞✟

❈��✄☛☛✞☞✣✄✝� ✄✟✍♠✄�✄✝✄☞�☛✝✄✩ ❤✁✝✧ �✞✣�

✣✝✄✍✁ �✁✂✄☛✞☛✁☞ ✄✝✁ ❣✆✤✟✍ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ❣✄✂✆✤☞

✥✄✞✡✄✍✞✡✄ ✝✄✟✣✁ ✆❣ �✞✡✡☞ ✞✟ ☛�✁✥✄☞☛✄✝ ✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛

✆❣ ❈�✄☛☛✞☞✣✄✝�✩ ❚�✁ ✝✄✟✣✁ ✆❣ �✞✡✡☞ ❞✆✂✦✝✞☞✁

✆❣ ♦✴ ✍✁✦✆☞✞☛☞ ✆❣ ☞✤✦✁✝ �✞✣� ✣✝✄✍✁ �✁✂✄☛✞☛✁

✞✝✆✟ ✆✝✁✩ ✌☛ �✄☞ ☛�✁ ✠✁☞☛ ✦�✧☞✞❞✄✡ ✦✝✆✦✁✝☛✞✁☞

✟✁✁✍✁✍ ❣✆✝ ☞☛✁✁✡ ✂✄✬✞✟✣✩ ✌✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ❣✝✆✂ ☛�✁☞✁

✂✞✟✁☞ ✞☞ ✁✵✦✆✝☛✁✍ ☛✆ ✫✄✦✄✟ ✄✟✍ ✪✆✤☛�

★✆✝✁✄ ❑✞✄ ❤✞☞�✄✬✄✦✄☛✟✄✂ ✦✆✝☛✩

⑩ ✱✛✜✜✓✏❇✔✲✖✑✢✏✓✙✯✏✰✓✶❈✖✑✗✷✓✰✜✯✏✔✸✯✷✗✯✏

✚✛✜✢ ✞✟ ★✄✝✟✄☛✄✬✄ �✄☞ ✡✄✝✣✁ ✝✁☞✁✝❑✁☞ ✆❣ ✞✝✆✟

✆✝✁✩ ❚�✁ ★✤✍✁✝✂✤✬�✂✞✟✁☞ ✡✆❞✄☛✁✍ ✞✟ ☛�✁

❲✁☞☛✁✝✟ ✭�✄☛☞ ✆❣ ★✄✝✟✄☛✄✬✄ ✄✝✁ ✄ ♦❡❡ ✦✁✝

❞✁✟☛ ✁✵✦✆✝☛ ✤✟✞☛✩ ★✤✍✝✁✂✤✬� ✍✁✦✆☞✞☛☞ ✄✝✁

✬✟✆❦✟ ☛✆ ✠✁ ✆✟✁ ✆❣ ☛�✁ ✡✄✝✣✁☞☛ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ❦✆✝✡✍✩

❚�✁ ✆✝✁ ✞☞ ☛✝✄✟☞✦✆✝☛✁✍ ✄☞ ☞✡✤✝✝✧ ☛�✝✆✤✣� ✄

✦✞✦✁✡✞✟✁ ☛✆ ✄ ✦✆✝☛ ✟✁✄✝ ♠✄✟✣✄✡✆✝✁✩

⑩ ▼✓✖✓✏✓✒✖✢✏✓✔✹✺✓ ✚✛✜✢ ✞✟❞✡✤✍✁☞ ☛�✁ ☞☛✄☛✁

✆❣ ✭✆✄ ✄✟✍ ✻✄☛✟✄✣✞✝✞ ✍✞☞☛✝✞❞☛ ✆❣

♠✄�✄✝✄☞�☛✝✄✩ ❚�✆✤✣�✼ ☛�✁ ✆✝✁☞ ✄✝✁ ✟✆☛ ✆❣

❑✁✝✧ �✞✣� ✈✤✄✡✞☛✧✼ ✧✁☛ ☛�✁✧ ✄✝✁ ✁❣❣✞❞✞✁✟☛✡✧

✁✵✦✡✆✞☛✁✍✩ ✌✝✆✟ ✆✝✁ ✞☞ ✁✵✦✆✝☛✁✍ ☛�✝✆✤✣�

♠✄✝✂✄✣✄✆ ✦✆✝☛✩

✽✾❀❁✾❀❂❃❂

♠✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁ ✞☞ ✂✄✞✟✡✧ ✤☞✁✍ ✞✟ ☛�✁

✂✄✟✤❣✄❞☛✤✝✞✟✣ ✆❣ ☞☛✁✁✡ ✄✟✍ ❣✁✝✝✆✶✂✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁

✄✡✡✆✧✩ ✮✁✄✝✡✧ ♦❡ ✬✣ ✆❣ ✂✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁ ✞☞ ✝✁✈✤✞✝✁✍

☛✆ ✂✄✟✤❣✄❞☛✤✝✁ ✆✟✁ ☛✆✟✟✁ ✆❣ ☞☛✁✁✡✩ ✌☛ ✞☞ ✄✡☞✆

✤☞✁✍ ✞✟ ✂✄✟✤❣✄❞☛✤✝✞✟✣ ✠✡✁✄❞�✞✟✣ ✦✆❦✍✁✝✼

✞✟☞✁❞☛✞❞✞✍✁☞ ✄✟✍ ✦✄✞✟☛☞✩

❋❄❅❆ ❊❆●❍ ■❏▲◆ ▲❏P ◗❘◆P

❋❄❅❆ ❊❆❙❍ ❯❏▲❱❳❨❩❘▲◆ ▲❬ ❭❪◆❫❪◆P❴P ❴❵▲❛❘◆❫

❴❩❪❩P❛❘❴P ❴❵❪❏P ❘◆ sP❏ ❨P◆❩❜ ❝❢❢✐❥❝❢❢❧

✿✝✞☞☞✄ ✞☞ ☛�✁ ✡✄✝✣✁☞☛ ✦✝✆✍✤❞✁✝ ✆❣✂✄✟✣✄✟✁☞✁

✆✝✁☞ ✞✟ ✌✟✍✞✄✩ ✌☛ ✄❞❞✆✤✟☛✁✍ ❣✆✝ ✆✟✁✶☛�✞✝✍ ✆❣ ☛�✁

❞✆✤✟☛✝✧♥☞ ☛✆☛✄✡ ✦✝✆✍✤❞☛✞✆✟ ✞✟ ♣❡❡❡✶❡♦✩

Dig a little deeper: Superimpose the mapsshowing distribution of iron ore, manganese,coal and iron and steel industry. Do you see

any correlation. Why?

qrt✉✇①②②r③④ ⑤⑥t①②⑦⑧④

✌✟✍✞✄♥☞ ✝✁☞✁✝❑✁☞ ✄✟✍ ✦✝✆✍✤❞☛✞✆✟ ✆❣ ✟✆✟✶ ❣✁✝✝✆✤☞

✂✞✟✁✝✄✡☞ ✞☞ ✟✆☛ ❑✁✝✧☞✄☛✞☞❣✄❞☛✆✝✧✩ ⑨✆❦✁❑✁✝✼ ☛�✁☞✁

✂✞✟✁✝✄✡☞✼ ❦�✞❞� ✞✟❞✡✤✍✁ ❞✆✦✦✁✝✼ ✠✄✤✵✞☛✁✼ ✡✁✄✍✼

❶✞✟❞ ✄✟✍ ✣✆✡✍ ✦✡✄✧ ✄ ❑✞☛✄✡ ✝✆✡✁ ✞✟ ✄ ✟✤✂✠✁✝ ✆❣

✂✁☛✄✡✡✤✝✣✞❞✄✡✼ ✁✟✣✞✟✁✁✝✞✟✣ ✄✟✍ ✁✡✁❞☛✝✞❞✄✡

✞✟✍✤☞☛✝✞✁☞✩ ❷✁☛ ✤☞ ☞☛✤✍✧ ☛�✁ ✍✞☞☛✝✞✠✤☛✞✆✟ ✆❣

❞✆✦✦✁✝ ✄✟✍ ✠✄✤✵✞☛✁✩

★✤✍✝✁ ✞✟ ★✄✟✟✄✍✄ ✂✁✄✟☞ �✆✝☞✁✩ ❚�✁

�✞✣�✁☞☛ ✦✁✄✬ ✞✟ ☛�✁ ❦✁☞☛✁✝✟ ✣�✄☛☞ ✆❣

★✄✝✟✄☛✄✬✄ ✝✁☞✁✂✠✡✁☞ ☛�✁ ❣✄❞✁ ✆❣ ✄ �✆✝☞✁✩

❚�✁ ✥✄✞✡✄✍✞✡✄ �✞✡✡☞ ✡✆✆✬ ✡✞✬✁ ☛�✁ �✤✂✦ ✆❣

✄✟ ✆✵✼ ✄✟✍ �✁✟❞✁ ✞☛☞ ✟✄✂✁✩


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✟☛☞ ✎✟✏✑ ✒✓☞✔✓☞✏✝✏✑ ✕✓✡✖✆✞✏ ✓☞✗ ✒✆✘✓


❈�✁✁✂✄

■☎✆✝✞ ✝✟ ✠✡✝☛✝✠✞☞☞✌ ✆✍✎✝✠✝✍☎☛ ✝☎ ☛✏✍ ✡✍✟✍✡✑✍ ✞☎✆

♣✡♦✆✒✠☛✝♦☎ ♦✎ ✠♦♣♣✍✡✳ ✓✍✝☎✔✕✞☞☞✍✞✖☞✍✗ ✆✒✠☛✝☞✍

✞☎✆ ✞ ✔♦♦✆ ✠♦☎✆✒✠☛♦✡✗ ✠♦♣♣✍✡ ✝✟ ✕✞✝☎☞✌ ✒✟✍✆

✝☎ ✍☞✍✠☛✡✝✠✞☞ ✠✞✖☞✍✟✗ ✍☞✍✠☛✡♦☎✝✠✟ ✞☎✆ ✠✏✍✕✝✠✞☞

❋✘✙✚ ✛✚✛✜ ✥✢✣✣✤✦ ✧★✩✤✪ ✫✬ ✭✫✮✫✩✯✰✱✫✩✲

❋✘✙✚ ✛✚✴✜ ✵✦✢✲✶✷✬★✢✩ ✢✸ ✥✢✣✣✤✦ ✪✱✢✹★✩✺ ✪✬✫✬✤✻✹★✪✤

✪✱✫✦✤ ★✩ ✣✤✦ ✷✤✩✬s ✼✽✽✾✻✽✿

❇❀❁❂❃❄✂

❚✏♦✒✔✏✗ ✟✍✑✍✡✞☞ ♦✡✍✟ ✠♦☎☛✞✝☎ ✞☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕✗ ✝☛ ✝✟

✎✡♦✕ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍✗ ✞ ✠☞✞✌❅☞✝❆✍ ✟✒✖✟☛✞☎✠✍ ☛✏✞☛

✞☞✒✕✝☎✞ ✞☎✆ ☞✞☛✍✡ ✞☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕ ✝✟ ♦✖☛✞✝☎✍✆✳

✓✞✒❢✝☛✍ ✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✞✡✍ ✎♦✡✕✍✆ ✖✌ ☛✏✍

✆✍✠♦✕♣♦✟✝☛✝♦☎ ♦✎ ✞ ❞✝✆✍ ✑✞✡✝✍☛✌ ♦✎ ✡♦✠❆✟ ✡✝✠✏

✝☎ ✞☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕ ✟✝☞✝✠✞☛✍✟✳

❋✘✙✚ ✛✚❉✜ ✵✦✢✲✶✷✬★✢✩ ✢✸ ❊✫✶●★✬✤ ✪✱✢✹★✩✺ ✪✬✫✬✤✻✹★✪✤

✪✱✫✦✤ ★✩ ✣✤✦ ✷✤✩✬s ✼✽✽✾✻✽✿

❋✘✙✚✛✚❍✜ ❊✫✶●★✬✤ ✭★✩✤

✝☎✆✒✟☛✡✝✍✟✳ ❚✏✍ ✓✞☞✞✔✏✞☛ ✕✝☎✍✟ ✝☎ ✐✞✆✏✌✞

P✡✞✆✍✟✏ ♣✡♦✆✒✠✍ ❏❑ ♣✍✡ ✠✍☎☛ ♦✎ ■☎✆✝✞▲✟ ✠♦♣♣✍✡✳

❚✏✍ ▼✝☎✔✖✏✒✕ ✆✝✟☛✡✝✠☛ ♦✎ ◆✏✞✡❆✏✞☎✆ ✝✟ ✞☞✟♦ ✞

☞✍✞✆✝☎✔ ♣✡♦✆✒✠✍✡ ♦✎ ✠♦♣♣✍✡✳ ❚✏✍ ❖✏✍☛✡✝ ✕✝☎✍✟

✝☎ ◗✞❘✞✟☛✏✞☎ ✞✡✍ ✞☞✟♦ ✎✞✕♦✒✟✳

❙☞✒✕✝☎✝✒✕ ✝✟ ✞☎ ✝✕♣♦✡☛✞☎☛✕✍☛✞☞ ✖✍✠✞✒✟✍

✝☛ ✠♦✕✖✝☎✍✟ ☛✏✍ ✟☛✡✍☎✔☛✏ ♦✎✕✍☛✞☞✟ ✟✒✠✏ ✞✟ ✝✡♦☎✗

❞✝☛✏ ✍❢☛✡✍✕✍ ☞✝✔✏☛☎✍✟✟ ✞☎✆ ✞☞✟♦ ❞✝☛✏ ✔♦♦✆

✠♦☎✆✒✠☛✝✑✝☛✌ ✞☎✆ ✔✡✍✞☛ ✕✞☞☞✍✞✖✝☞✝☛✌✳

■☎✆✝✞▲✟ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍ ✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✞✡✍ ✕✞✝☎☞✌ ✎♦✒☎✆

✝☎ ☛✏✍ ❙✕✞✡❆✞☎☛✞❆ ♣☞✞☛✍✞✒✗ ✐✞✝❆✞☞ ✏✝☞☞✟ ✞☎✆

☛✏✍ ♣☞✞☛✍✞✒ ✡✍✔✝♦☎ ♦✎ ✓✝☞✞✟♣✒✡❅ ❖✞☛☎✝✳

❯✡✝✟✟✞ ✝✟ ☛✏✍ ☞✞✡✔✍✟☛ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍ ♣✡♦✆✒✠✝☎✔

✟☛✞☛✍ ✝☎ ■☎✆✝✞ ❞✝☛✏ ❱❏ ♣✍✡ ✠✍☎☛ ♦✎ ☛✏✍ ✠♦✒☎☛✡✌▲✟

☛♦☛✞☞ ♣✡♦✆✒✠☛✝♦☎ ✝☎ ❑ttt❅t❲✳ P✞☎✠✏♣✞☛✕✞☞✝

✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✝☎ ❖♦✡✞♣✒☛ ✆✝✟☛✡✝✠☛ ✞✡✍ ☛✏✍ ✕♦✟☛

✝✕♣♦✡☛✞☎☛ ✖✞✒❢✝☛✍ ✆✍♣♦✟✝☛✟ ✝☎ ☛✏✍ ✟☛✞☛✍✳

Dig a little deeper: Locate the mines ofBauxite on the physical map of India.


◆�✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✞✟✠ ✄✟✁☎✡✝✞☛

▼☞✌✍ ✥✎ ✏ ✑✥✒✓✔✏✕ ✑✏✖✓ ✗✘ ✙✚ ✏ ✎✓✔✥✓✎ ✙✚ ✘✕✏✛✓✎

✙✔ ✕✓✏♦✓✎✜ ✢✛ ✎✘✕✥✛✎ ✓✏✎✥✕✣ ✥✒✛✙ ✛✤✥✒ ✎✤✓✓✛✎✜ ✦✤✓✎✓

✎✤✓✓✛✎ s✏✒ ✧✓ ✎✙ ✛✤✥✒ ✛✤✏✛ ✏ ✛✤✙✗✎✏✒✖ s✏✒ ✧✓

✕✏✣✓✔✓✖ ✥✒✛✙ ✏ ✑✥s✏ ✎✤✓✓✛ ✙✚ ✏ ✚✓❧ s✓✒✛✥✑✓✛✓✔✎

✤✥❤✤✜ ★✥s✏ s✏✒ ✧✓ s✕✓✏✔✱ ✧✕✏s✩✱ ❤✔✓✓✒✱ ✔✓✖ ✣✓✕✕✙❧

✙✔ ✧✔✙❧✒✜ ✪✗✓ ✛✙ ✥✛✎ ✓✫s✓✕✕✓✒✛ ✖✥✬✓✕✓s✛✔✥s

✎✛✔✓✒❤✛✤✱ ✕✙❧ ✘✙❧✓✔ ✕✙✎✎ ✚✏s✛✙✔✱ ✥✒✎✗✕✏✛✥✒❤

✘✔✙✘✓✔✛✥✓✎ ✏✒✖ ✔✓✎✥✎✛✏✒s✓ ✛✙ ✤✥❤✤ ♦✙✕✛✏❤✓✱ ✑✥s✏

✥✎ ✙✒✓ ✙✚ ✛✤✓ ✑✙✎✛ ✥✒✖✥✎✘✓✒✎✏✧✕✓ ✑✥✒✓✔✏✕✎ ✗✎✓✖

✥✒ ✓✕✓s✛✔✥s ✏✒✖ ✓✕✓s✛✔✙✒✥s ✥✒✖✗✎✛✔✥✓✎✜

★✥s✏ ✖✓✘✙✎✥✛✎ ✏✔✓ ✚✙✗✒✖ ✥✒ ✛✤✓ ✒✙✔✛✤✓✔✒

✓✖❤✓ ✙✚ ✛✤✓ ❡✤✙✛✏ ✭✏❤✘✗✔ ✘✕✏✛✓✏✗✜ ✮✙✖✓✔✑✏

●✏✣✏ ✯ ✰✏✲✏✔✥✧✏❤✤ ✧✓✕✛ ✙✚ ✳✤✏✔✩✤✏✒✖ ✥✎ ✛✤✓

✕✓✏✖✥✒❤ ✘✔✙✖✗s✓✔✜

✢✒ ■✏✴✏✎✛✤✏✒✱ ✛✤✓ ✑✏✴✙✔ ✑✥s✏ ✘✔✙✖✗s✥✒❤

✏✔✓✏ ✥✎ ✏✔✙✗✒✖ ✵✴✑✓✔✜ ✭✓✕✕✙✔✓ ✑✥s✏ ✧✓✕✛ ✙✚

✵✒✖✤✔✏ ❆✔✏✖✓✎✤ ✥✎ ✏✕✎✙ ✏✒ ✥✑✘✙✔✛✏✒✛ ✘✔✙✖✗s✓✔

✥✒ ✛✤✓ s✙✗✒✛✔✣✜

✵✚✛✓✔ ✛✤✓ ✖✥✎s✙♦✓✔✣ ✙✚ ✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✶✑✘✓✔✙✔

✭✏✘✙✕✓✙✒ ✢✢✢ ❧✙✔✓ ✧✗✛✛✙✒✎ ✏✒✖ ✤✙✙✩✎ ✙✒

✤✥✎ s✕✙✛✤✓✎ ✑✏✖✓ ✙✚ ✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✏✒✖ ✎✓✔♦✓✖

✚✙✙✖ ✛✙ ✤✥✎ ✑✙✔✓ ✥✕✕✗✎✛✔✥✙✗✎ ❤✗✓✎✛✎ ✥✒

✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✗✛✓✒✎✥✕✎ ✏✒✖ ✛✤✓ ✕✓✎✎

✤✙✒✙✗✔✏✧✕✓ ✙✒✓✎ ❧✓✔✓ ✎✓✔♦✓✖ ✥✒ ❤✙✕✖ ✏✒✖

✎✥✕♦✓✔ ✗✛✓✒✎✥✕✎✜ ✦✤✥✔✛✣ ✣✓✏✔✎ ✏✚✛✓✔ ✛✤✥✎

✥✒s✥✖✓✒✛ ✏✕✗✑✥✒✥✗✑ ✧✙❧✕✎ ❧✓✔✓ ✑✙✎✛

s✙✑✑✙✒ ❧✥✛✤ ✛✤✓ ✧✓❤❤✏✔✎ ✥✒ ❆✏✔✥✎✜

❋✷✸✹ ✺✹✻✼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂❃❄✿❅ ✿❇ ❈❄❉❊❍❃✿❅❊ ❍❏✿❑❄❅▲ ❍❃❖❃❊P

❑❄❍❊ ❍❏❖✾❊ ❄❅ ✇❊✾ ❂❊❅❃◗ ❘❙❙❚P❙❯

❱�✠❲ ✄✟✁☎✡✝✞☛

❳☞❨❩❬❭❪❫❩ ✥✎ ✚✙✗✒✖ ✥✒ ✏✎✎✙s✥✏✛✥✙✒ ❧✥✛✤ ✔✙s✩✎

s✙✑✘✙✎✓✖ ✙✚ s✏✕s✥✗✑ s✏✔✧✙✒✏✛✓✎ ✙✔ s✏✕s✥✗✑

✏✒✖ ✑✏❤✒✓✎✥✗✑ s✏✔✧✙✒✏✛✓✎✜ ✢✛ ✥✎ ✚✙✗✒✖ ✥✒

✎✓✖✥✑✓✒✛✏✔✣ ✔✙s✩✎ ✙✚ ✑✙✎✛ ❤✓✙✕✙❤✥s✏✕

✚✙✔✑✏✛✥✙✒✎✜ ❢✥✑✓✎✛✙✒✓ ✥✎ ✛✤✓ ✧✏✎✥s ✔✏❧ ✑✏✛✓✔✥✏✕

✚✙✔ ✛✤✓ s✓✑✓✒✛ ✥✒✖✗✎✛✔✣ ✏✒✖ ✓✎✎✓✒✛✥✏✕ ✚✙✔

✎✑✓✕✛✥✒❤ ✥✔✙✒ ✙✔✓ ✥✒ ✛✤✓ ✧✕✏✎✛ ✚✗✔✒✏s✓✜

Dig a little deeper: Study the maps to explainwhy Chota Nagpur is a storehouse of minerals.

Hazards of Mining

Have you ever wondered about the efforts the miners make in making life comfortablefor you? What are the impacts of mining onthe health of the miners and the environment?

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled byminers make them vulnerable to pulmonarydiseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs,inundation and fires in coalmines are aconstant threat to miners.

The water sources in the region getcontaminated due to mining. Dumping of wasteand slurry leads to degradation of land, soil,and increase in stream and river pollution.

❋✷✸✹ ✺✹❴❵✼ ❛❄✾ ✇✿❜❜❁❃❄✿❅ ❀❁❊ ❃✿

▲❊❅❊✾❖❃❄✿❅ ✿❇ ❀❁❍❃ ❄❅ ❉❄❅❄❅▲ ❖✾❊❖❍


❙�✁✂✄�☎✁ ✆✝✞☎�✟ ✁☎✠✡☛✝�✂☞✌✆ ✝✌✍

✂✐✎☛☎✐☎✌�✝�✂☞✌ ☞✞ ☎✌✏✂✁☞✌✐☎✌�✝☛ ☛✝✑✆ ✝✁☎

☎✆✆☎✌�✂✝☛ �☞ ✎✁☎✏☎✌� ✐✂✌✂✌✠ ✞✁☞✐ ❡☎✄☞✐✂✌✠ ✝

➇✒✂☛☛☎✁ ✂✌✍✡✆�✁✟✓✔

❈❖✕✖✗✘❱❆❚✙❖✕ ❖✚ ✥✙✕✗✘❆■✖

❲☎ ✝☛☛ ✝✎✎✁☎✄✂✝�☎ �✛☎ ✆�✁☞✌✠ ✍☎✎☎✌✍☎✌✄☎ ☞✞

✂✌✍✡✆�✁✟ ✝✌✍ ✝✠✁✂✄✡☛�✡✁☎ ✡✎☞✌ ✐✂✌☎✁✝☛

✍☎✎☞✆✂�✆ ✝✌✍ �✛☎ ✆✡❡✆�✝✌✄☎✆ ✐✝✌✡✞✝✄�✡✁☎✍

✞✁☞✐ �✛☎✐✔ ❢✛☎ �☞�✝☛ ✏☞☛✡✐☎ ☞✞ ✑☞✁✒✝❡☛☎

✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✍☎✎☞✆✂�✆ ✂✆ ✝✌ ✂✌✆✂✠✌✂✞✂✄✝✌� ✞✁✝✄�✂☞✌

✂✔☎✔ ☞✌☎ ✎☎✁ ✄☎✌� ☞✞ �✛☎ ☎✝✁�✛✜✆ ✄✁✡✆�✔ ❲☎ ✝✁☎

✁✝✎✂✍☛✟ ✄☞✌✆✡✐✂✌✠ ✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✁☎✆☞✡✁✄☎✆ �✛✝�

✁☎r✡✂✁☎✍ ✐✂☛☛✂☞✌✆ ☞✞ ✟☎✝✁✆ �☞ ❡☎ ✄✁☎✝�☎✍ ✝✌✍

✄☞✌✄☎✌�✁✝�☎✍✔ ❢✛☎ ✠☎☞☛☞✠✂✄✝☛ ✎✁☞✄☎✆✆☎✆ ☞✞

✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✞☞✁✐✝�✂☞✌ ✝✁☎ ✆☞ ✆☛☞✑ �✛✝� �✛☎ ✁✝�☎✆

☞✞ ✁☎✎☛☎✌✂✆✛✐☎✌� ✝✁☎ ✂✌✞✂✌✂�☎☛✟ ✆✐✝☛☛ ✂✌

✄☞✐✎✝✁✂✆☞✌ �☞ �✛☎ ✎✁☎✆☎✌� ✁✝�☎✆ ☞✞

✄☞✌✆✡✐✎�✂☞✌✔ ❝✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✁☎✆☞✡✁✄☎✆ ✝✁☎✢

�✛☎✁☎✞☞✁☎✢ ✞✂✌✂�☎ ✝✌✍ ✌☞✌t✁☎✌☎✑✝❡☛☎✔ ✣✂✄✛

✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ✍☎✎☞✆✂�✆ ✝✁☎ ☞✡✁ ✄☞✡✌�✁✟✜✆ ☎♠�✁☎✐☎☛✟

✏✝☛✡✝❡☛☎ ❡✡� ✆✛☞✁�t☛✂✏☎✍ ✎☞✆✆☎✆✆✂☞✌✆✔

✤☞✌�✂✌✡☎✍ ☎♠�✁✝✄�✂☞✌ ☞✞ ☞✁☎✆ ☛☎✝✍✆ �☞

✂✌✄✁☎✝✆✂✌✠ ✄☞✆�✆ ✝✆ ✐✂✌☎✁✝☛ ☎♠�✁✝✄�✂☞✌ ✄☞✐☎✆

✞✁☞✐ ✠✁☎✝�☎✁ ✍☎✎�✛✆ ✝☛☞✌✠ ✑✂�✛ ✍☎✄✁☎✝✆☎

✂✌ r✡✝☛✂�✟✔


❆ �✁✂�✄☎✆✄✝ ✄✞✞✁☎✆ ✟✠✡ ✆✁ ☛✄ ☞✠✝✄ ✌✂ ✁☎✝✄☎

✆✁ t✡✄ ✁t☎☞✌✂✄☎✠✍ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ ✌✂ ✠ ✎✍✠✂✂✄✝ ✠✂✝

✡t✡✆✠✌✂✠☛✍✄ ☞✠✂✂✄☎✳ ✏☞✎☎✁✑✄✝ ✆✄�✟✂✁✍✁✒✌✄✡

✂✄✄✝ ✆✁ ☛✄ �✁✂✡✆✠✂✆✍♥ ✄✑✁✍✑✄✝ ✆✁ ✠✍✍✁✓ t✡✄ ✁✞

✍✁✓ ✒☎✠✝✄ ✁☎✄✡ ✠✆ ✍✁✓ �✁✡✆✡✳ ❧✄�♥�✍✌✂✒ ✁✞☞✄✆✠✍✡✔

t✡✌✂✒ ✡�☎✠✎ ☞✄✆✠✍✡ ✠✂✝ ✁✆✟✄☎ ✡t☛✡✆✌✆t✆✄✡ ✠☎✄

✡✆✄✎✡ ✌✂ �✁✂✡✄☎✑✌✂✒ ✁t☎ ☞✌✂✄☎✠✍ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ ✞✁☎

✆✟✄ ✞t✆t☎✄✳

Dig a little deeper: Make a list of items wheresubstitutes are being used instead of minerals.

Where are these substitutes obtained from?

❊✕✖✗✘✙ ✚✖✛✜✢✗✣✖✛

✤✂✄☎✒♥ ✌✡ ☎✄✥t✌☎✄✝ ✞✁☎ ✠✍✍ ✠�✆✌✑✌✆✌✄✡✳ ✏✆ ✌✡ ✂✄✄✝✄✝

✆✁ �✁✁✦✔ ✆✁ ✎☎✁✑✌✝✄ ✍✌✒✟✆ ✠✂✝ ✟✄✠✆✔ ✆✁ ✎☎✁✎✄✍

✑✄✟✌�✍✄✡ ✠✂✝ ✆✁ ✝☎✌✑✄ ☞✠�✟✌✂✄☎♥ ✌✂ ✌✂✝t✡✆☎✌✄✡✳

✤✂✄☎✒♥ �✠✂ ☛✄ ✒✄✂✄☎✠✆✄✝ ✞☎✁☞ ✞t✄✍☞✌✂✄☎✠✍✡

✍✌✦✄ �✁✠✍✔ ✎✄✆☎✁✍✄t☞✔ ✂✠✆t☎✠✍ ✒✠✡✔ t☎✠✂✌t☞ ✠✂✝

✞☎✁☞ ✄✍✄�✆☎✌�✌✆♥✳ ✤✂✄☎✒♥ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ �✠✂ ☛✄

�✍✠✡✡✌✞✌✄✝ ✠✡ �✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✠✂✝ ✂✁✂❝

�✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✡✁t☎�✄✡✳ ✧✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✡✁t☎�✄✡

✌✂�✍t✝✄✐ ✞✌☎✄✓✁✁✝✔ �✠✆✆✍✄ ✝t✂✒ �✠✦✄✔ �✁✠✍✔

✎✄✆☎✁✍✄t☞✔ ✂✠✆t☎✠✍ ✒✠✡ ✠✂✝ ✄✍✄�✆☎✌�✌✆♥ ♣☛✁✆✟

✟♥✝✄✍ ✠✂✝ ✆✟✄☎☞✠✍❤✳ ★✁✂❝�✁✂✑✄✂✆✌✁✂✠✍ ✡✁t☎�✄✡

✌✂�✍t✝✄ ✡✁✍✠☎✔ ✓✌✂✝✔ ✆✌✝✠✍✔ ✒✄✁✆✟✄☎☞✠✍✔ ☛✌✁✒✠✡

✠✂✝ ✠✆✁☞✌� ✄✂✄☎✒♥✳ ❛✌☎✄✓✁✁✝ ✠✂✝ �✠✆✆✍✄ ✝t✂✒

�✠✦✄ ✠☎✄ ☞✁✡✆ �✁☞☞✁✂ ✌✂ ☎t☎✠✍ ✏✂✝✌✠✳

❆��✁☎✝✌✂✒ ✆✁ ✁✂✄ ✄✡✆✌☞✠✆✄ ☞✁☎✄ ✆✟✠✂ ✩✪ ✎✄☎

�✄✂✆ ✄✂✄☎✒♥ ☎✄✥t✌☎✄☞✄✂✆ ✌✂ ☎t☎✠✍ ✟✁t✡✄✟✁✍✝✡

✌✡ ☞✄✆ ☛♥ ✆✟✄✡✄ ✆✓✁ ✫ �✁✂✆✌✂t✠✆✌✁✂ ✁✞ ✆✟✄✡✄ ✌✡

✌✂�☎✄✠✡✌✂✒✍♥ ☛✄�✁☞✌✂✒ ✝✌✞✞✌�t✍✆ ✝t✄ ✆✁

✝✄�☎✄✠✡✌✂✒ ✞✁☎✄✡✆ ✠☎✄✠✳ ❞✁☎✄✁✑✄☎✔ t✡✌✂✒ ✝t✂✒

�✠✦✄ ✆✁✁ ✌✡ ☛✄✌✂✒ ✝✌✡�✁t☎✠✒✄✝ ☛✄�✠t✡✄ ✌✆

�✁✂✡t☞✄✡☞✁✡✆ ✑✠✍t✠☛✍✄ ☞✠✂t☎✄ ✓✟✌�✟ �✁t✍✝

☛✄ t✡✄✝ ✌✂ ✠✒☎✌�t✍✆t☎✄✳

❈✜✕✬✖✕✭✮✜✕✯✰ ✱✜✢✗✣✖✛ ✜✲ ❊✕✖✗✘✙

✴✵✶✷✸ ✏✂ ✏✂✝✌✠✔ �✁✠✍ ✌✡ ✆✟✄ ☞✁✡✆ ✠☛t✂✝✠✂✆✍♥

✠✑✠✌✍✠☛✍✄ ✞✁✡✡✌✍ ✞t✄✍✳ ✏✆ ✎☎✁✑✌✝✄✡ ✠ ✡t☛✡✆✠✂✆✌✠✍

✎✠☎✆ ✁✞ ✆✟✄ ✂✠✆✌✁✂✹✡ ✄✂✄☎✒♥ ✂✄✄✝✡✳ ✏✆ ✌✡ t✡✄✝ ✞✁☎

✎✁✓✄☎ ✒✄✂✄☎✠✆✌✁✂✔ ✆✁ ✡t✎✎✍♥ ✄✂✄☎✒♥ ✆✁ ✌✂✝t✡✆☎♥

✠✡ ✓✄✍✍ ✠✡ ✞✁☎ ✝✁☞✄✡✆✌� ✂✄✄✝✡✳ ✏✂✝✌✠ ✌✡ ✟✌✒✟✍♥

✝✄✎✄✂✝✄✂✆ ✁✂ �✁✠✍ ✞✁☎☞✄✄✆✌✂✒ ✌✆✡ �✁☞☞✄☎�✌✠✍

✄✂✄☎✒♥ ☎✄✥t✌☎✄☞✄✂✆✡✳

❆✡ ♥✁t ✠☎✄ ✠✍☎✄✠✝♥ ✠✓✠☎✄ ✆✟✠✆ �✁✠✍ ✌✡

✞✁☎☞✄✝ ✝t✄ ✆✟✄ �✁☞✎☎✄✡✡✌✁✂ ✁✞ ✎✍✠✂✆

☞✠✆✄☎✌✠✍ ✁✑✄☎ ☞✌✍✍✌✁✂✡ ✁✞ ♥✄✠☎✡✳ ✧✁✠✍✔

✆✟✄☎✄✞✁☎✄✔ ✌✡ ✞✁t✂✝ ✌✂ ✠ ✑✠☎✌✄✆♥ ✁✞ ✞✁☎☞✡

✝✄✎✄✂✝✌✂✒ ✁✂ ✆✟✄ ✝✄✒☎✄✄✡ ✁✞ �✁☞✎☎✄✡✡✌✁✂

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✾✾ ✿❀❁❂ ❃ ❄❅❇❉ ●❍■❏ ❅❑▲❅▼❇ ■● ◆ ❖■◆P ❏❅❑❇

❋✺✻✼ ✽✼✾✾ ✿◗❁❂ ❃ ❄❅❇❉ ●❍■❏ ■❘❙▲❅▼❇ ■● ◆ ❖■◆P ❏❅❑❇

✠✂✝ ✆✟✄ ✝✄✎✆✟ ✠✂✝ ✆✌☞✄ ✁✞ ☛t☎✌✠✍✳ ❚✄�✠♥✌✂✒

✎✍✠✂✆✡ ✌✂ ✡✓✠☞✎✡ ✎☎✁✝t�✄ ✎✄✠✆✳ ❲✟✌�✟ ✟✠✡

✠ ✍✁✓ �✠☎☛✁✂ ✠✂✝ ✟✌✒✟ ☞✁✌✡✆t☎✄ �✁✂✆✄✂✆✡

✠✂✝ ✍✁✓ ✟✄✠✆✌✂✒ �✠✎✠�✌✆♥✳ ❯✮✘✕✮✭✖ ✌✡ ✠ ✍✁✓

✒☎✠✝✄ ☛☎✁✓✂ �✁✠✍✔ ✓✟✌�✟ ✌✡ ✡✁✞✆ ✓✌✆✟ ✟✌✒✟

☞✁✌✡✆t☎✄ �✁✂✆✄✂✆✳ ♠✟✄ ✎☎✌✂�✌✎✠✍ ✍✌✒✂✌✆✄

☎✄✡✄☎✑✄✡ ✠☎✄ ✌✂ ★✄♥✑✄✍✌ ✌✂ ♠✠☞✌✍ ★✠✝t ✠✂✝

✠☎✄ t✡✄✝ ✞✁☎ ✒✄✂✄☎✠✆✌✁✂ ✁✞ ✄✍✄�✆☎✌�✌✆♥✳ ✧✁✠✍

✆✟✠✆ ✟✠✡ ☛✄✄✂ ☛t☎✌✄✝ ✝✄✄✎ ✠✂✝ ✡t☛❱✄�✆✄✝ ✆✁

✌✂�☎✄✠✡✄✝ ✆✄☞✎✄☎✠✆t☎✄✡ ✌✡ ❜✮✭✢❳✮✕✜✢✛ �✁✠✍✳

✏✆ ✌✡ ✆✟✄ ☞✁✡✆ ✎✁✎t✍✠☎ �✁✠✍ ✌✂ �✁☞☞✄☎�✌✠✍

t✡✄✳ ❞✄✆✠✍✍t☎✒ ✌�✠✍ �✁✠✍ ✌✡ ✟✌✒✟ ✒☎✠✝✄

☛✌✆t☞✌✂✁t✡ �✁✠✍ ✓✟✌�✟ ✟✠✡ ✠ ✡✎✄�✌✠✍ ✑✠✍t✄

✞✁☎ ✡☞✄✍✆ ✌✂✒ ✌☎✁✂ ✌✂ ☛✍✠✡✆ ✞t☎✂✠�✄✡✳

❨✕✭❩✗✯✣✮✭✖ ✌✡ ✆✟✄ ✟✌✒✟✄✡✆ ✥t✠✍✌✆♥ ✟✠☎✝ �✁✠✍✳

✏✂ ✏✂✝✌✠ �✁✠✍ ✁��t☎✡ ✌✂ ☎✁�✦ ✡✄☎✌✄✡ ✁✞ ✆✓✁

☞✠✌✂ ✒✄✁✍✁✒✌�✠✍ ✠✒✄✡✔ ✂✠☞✄✍♥❬✁✂✝✓✠✂✠✔ ✠ ✍✌✆✆✍✄

✁✑✄☎ ♦✪✪ ☞✌✍✍✌✁✂ ♥✄✠☎✡ ✌✂ ✠✒✄ ✠✂✝ ✌✂ ✆✄☎✆✌✠☎♥

✝✄✎✁✡✌✆✡ ✓✟✌�✟ ✠☎✄ ✁✂✍♥ ✠☛✁t✆ ❭❭☞✌✍✍✌✁✂ ♥✄✠☎✡

✁✍✝✳ ♠✟✄ ☞✠❱✁☎ ☎✄✡✁t☎�✄✡ ✁✞ ❬✁✂✝✓✠✂✠ �✁✠✍✔

✓✟✌�✟ ✠☎✄ ☞✄✆✠✍✍t☎✒✌�✠✍ �✁✠✍✔ ✠☎✄ ✍✁�✠✆✄✝ ✌✂


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍☛✎✏✑ ✒✆✏ ✎☞✓ ✔✎✞✡✟✎✏ ✕✎✝


❉�✁✂✄�☎ ✆�✝✝✞✟ ✠✡✞❡☛ ☞✞✌✍�✝✎✏✑�☎✒✑�✌✄✓✔

✏✑�☎❏�✕ ✖�✌❏✍�✌✗✕ ☞✂✒�☎✂ �☎✞ ❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛

❝✂�✝✙❏✞✝✄❡✔ ✚✑✞ ✛✂✄�✆�☎❏✕ ✜�✑�✌�✄❏✕ ✢✂✌ �✌✄

✡�☎✄✑� ✆�✝✝✞✟❡ �✝❡✂ ❝✂✌☛�❏✌ ❝✂�✝ ✄✞✘✂❡❏☛❡✔

✚✞☎☛❏�☎✟ ❝✂�✝❡ ✂❝❝❚☎ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ✌✂☎☛✑ ✞�❡☛✞☎✌

❡☛�☛✞❡ ✂✙ ✜✞✍✑�✝�✟�✕ s❡❡�✁✕ s☎❚✌�❝✑�✝

P☎�✄✞❡✑ �✌✄ ✣�✍�✝�✌✄✔

✖✞✁✞✁❘✞☎ ❝✂�✝ ❏❡ � ❘❚✝✒✟ ✁�☛✞☎❏�✝✕ ✤✑❏❝✑

✝✂❡✞❡ ✤✞❏✍✑☛ ✂✌ ❚❡✞ �❡ ❏☛ ❏❡ ☎✞✄❚❝✞✄ ☛✂ �❡✑✔

❍✞✌❝✞✕ ✑✞�✆✟ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡ �✌✄ ☛✑✞☎✁�✝ ✘✂✤✞☎

❡☛�☛❏✂✌ �☎✞ ✝✂❝�☛✞✄ ✂✌ ✂☎ ✌✞�☎ ☛✑✞ ❝✂�✝✙❏✞✝✄❡✔

✥✦✧★✩✪✦✫✬

P✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ ✂☎ ✁❏✌✞☎�✝ ✂❏✝ ❏❡ ☛✑✞ ✌✞✭☛ ✁�✗✂☎

✞✌✞☎✍✟ ❡✂❚☎❝✞ ❏✌ ✮✌✄❏� �✙☛✞☎ ❝✂�✝✔ ✮☛ ✘☎✂✆❏✄✞❡

✙❚✞✝ ✙✂☎ ✑✞�☛ �✌✄ ✝❏✍✑☛❏✌✍✕ ✝❚❘☎❏❝�✌☛❡ ✙✂☎

✁�❝✑❏✌✞☎✟ �✌✄ ☎�✤ ✁�☛✞☎❏�✝❡ ✙✂☎ � ✌❚✁❘✞☎ ✂✙

✁�✌❚✙�❝☛❚☎❏✌✍ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡✔ P✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁

☎✞✙❏✌✞☎❏✞❡ �❝☛ �❡ � r✌✂✄�✝ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎✟✯ ✙✂☎

❡✟✌☛✑✞☛❏❝ ☛✞✭☛❏✝✞✕ ✙✞☎☛❏✝❏❡✞☎ �✌✄ ✌❚✁✞☎✂❚❡

❝✑✞✁❏❝�✝ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡✔

✜✂❡☛ ✂✙ ☛✑✞ ✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ ✂❝❝❚☎☎✞✌❝✞❡ ❏✌ ✮✌✄❏�

�☎✞ �❡❡✂❝❏�☛✞✄ ✤❏☛✑ �✌☛❏❝✝❏✌✞❡ �✌✄ ✙�❚✝☛ ☛☎�✘❡

❏✌ ☛✑✞ ☎✂❝✒ ✙✂☎✁�☛❏✂✌❡ ✂✙ ☛✑✞ ☛✞☎☛❏�☎✟ �✍✞✔ ✮✌

☎✞✍❏✂✌❡ ✂✙ ✙✂✝✄❏✌✍✕ �✌☛❏❝✝❏✌✞❡ ✂☎ ✄✂✁✞❡✕ ❏☛ ✂❝❝❚☎❡

✤✑✞☎✞ ✂❏✝ ❏❡ ☛☎�✘✘✞✄ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❝☎✞❡☛ ✂✙ ☛✑✞ ❚✘✙✂✝✄✔

✚✑✞ ✂❏✝ ❘✞�☎❏✌✍ ✝�✟✞☎ ❏❡ � ✘✂☎✂❚❡ ✝❏✁✞❡☛✂✌✞ ✂☎

❡�✌✄❡☛✂✌✞ ☛✑☎✂❚✍✑ ✤✑❏❝✑ ✂❏✝ ✁�✟ ✙✝✂✤✔ ✚✑✞ ✂❏✝

❏❡ ✘☎✞✆✞✌☛✞✄ ✙☎✂✁ ☎❏❡❏✌✍ ✂☎ ❡❏✌✒❏✌✍ ❘✟

❏✌☛✞☎✆✞✌❏✌✍ ✌✂✌✎✘✂☎✂❚❡ ✝�✟✞☎❡✔

P✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ ❏❡ �✝❡✂ ✙✂❚✌✄ ❏✌ ✙�❚✝☛ ☛☎�✘❡

❘✞☛✤✞✞✌ ✘✂☎✂❚❡ �✌✄ ✌✂✌✎✘✂☎✂❚❡ ☎✂❝✒❡✔ ✛�❡✕

❘✞❏✌✍ ✝❏✍✑☛✞☎ ❚❡❚�✝✝✟ ✂❝❝❚☎❡ �❘✂✆✞ ☛✑✞ ✂❏✝✔

s❘✂❚☛ ❆✰ ✘✞☎ ❝✞✌☛ ✂✙ ✮✌✄❏�✱❡ ✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁

✘☎✂✄❚❝☛❏✂✌ ❏❡ ✙☎✂✁ ✜❚✁❘�❏ ❍❏✍✑✕ ♣✲ ✘✞☎ ❝✞✌☛

✙☎✂✁ ✛❚✗�☎�☛ �✌✄ ♣❆ ✘✞☎ ❝✞✌☛ ✙☎✂✁ s❡❡�✁✔

❋☎✂✁ ☛✑✞✁�✘ ✝✂❝�☛✞ ☛✑✞✰✁�✗✂☎ ✂✙✙ ❡✑✂☎✞ ✙❏✞✝✄❡

✂✙ ✤✞❡☛✞☎✌ ✮✌✄❏�✔ s✌✒✞✝✞❡✑✤�☎ ❏❡ ☛✑✞ ✁✂❡☛

❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ ✙❏✞✝✄ ✂✙ ✛❚✗�☎�☛✔ s❡❡�✁ ❏❡ ☛✑✞ ✂✝✄✞❡☛

✂❏✝ ✘☎✂✄❚❝❏✌✍ ❡☛�☛✞ ✂✙ ✮✌✄❏�✔ ❉❏✍❘✂❏✕

✣�✑�☎✒�☛❏✟� �✌✄ ✜✂☎�✌✎❍❚✍☎❏✗�✌ �☎✞ ☛✑✞

❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ ✂❏✝ ✙❏✞✝✄❡ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❡☛�☛✞✔

◆✳✧✫★✳✪ ✴✳✵

✣�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ❏❡ �✌ ❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ ❝✝✞�✌ ✞✌✞☎✍✟

☎✞❡✂❚☎❝✞ ✙✂❚✌✄ ❏✌ �❡❡✂❝❏�☛❏✂✌ ✤❏☛✑ ✂☎ ✤❏☛✑✂❚☛

✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁✔ ✮☛ ❏❡ ❚❡✞✄ �❡ � ❡✂❚☎❝✞ ✂✙ ✞✌✞☎✍✟ �❡

✤✞✝✝ �❡ �✌ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏�✝ ☎�✤ ✁�☛✞☎❏�✝ ❏✌ ☛✑✞

✘✞☛☎✂❝✑✞✁❏❝�✝ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎✟✔

✣�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ❏❡ ❝✂✌❡❏✄✞☎✞✄ �✌ ✞✌✆❏☎✂✌✁✞✌☛

✙☎❏✞✌✄✝✟ ✙❚✞✝ ❘✞❝�❚❡✞ ✂✙ ✝✂✤ ❝�☎❘✂✌ ✄❏✂✭❏✄✞

✞✁❏❡❡❏✂✌❡ �✌✄ ❏❡✕ ☛✑✞☎✞✙✂☎✞✕ ☛✑✞ ✙❚✞✝ ✙✂☎ ☛✑✞

✘☎✞❡✞✌☛ ❝✞✌☛❚☎✟✔

▲�☎✍✞ ☎✞❡✞☎✆✞❡ ✂✙ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ✑�✆✞ ❘✞✞✌

✄❏❡❝✂✆✞☎✞✄ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❞☎❏❡✑✌�✎ ✛✂✄�✆�☎❏ ❘�❡❏✌✔

s✝✂✌✍ ☛✑✞✤✞❡☛ ❝✂�❡☛ ☛✑✞ ☎✞❡✞☎✆✞❡ ✂✙ ☛✑✞✜❚✁❘�❏

❍❏✍✑ �✌✄ �✝✝❏✞✄ ✙❏✞✝✄❡ �☎✞ ❡❚✘✘✝✞✁✞✌☛✞✄ ❘✟

✙❏✌✄❡ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ✛❚✝✙ ✂✙ ❢�✁❘�✟✔ s✌✄�✁�✌ �✌✄

✣❏❝✂❘�☎ ❏❡✝�✌✄❡ �☎✞ �✝❡✂ ❏✁✘✂☎☛�✌☛ �☎✞�❡

✑�✆❏✌✍ ✝�☎✍✞ ☎✞❡✞☎✆✞❡ ✂✙ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡✔

✚✑✞ ♣✶✷✷ ✒✁ ✝✂✌✍ ❍�✸❏☎�✎☞❏✗�❏✘❚☎ ✎

✏�✍✄❏❡✑✘❚☎ ❝☎✂❡❡ ❝✂❚✌☛☎✟ ✍�❡ ✘❏✘✞✝❏✌✞ ✝❏✌✒❡

✜❚✁❘�❏ ❍❏✍✑ �✌✄ ☞�❡❡❏✞✌ ✤❏☛✑ ☛✑✞ ✙✞☎☛❏✝❏✸✞☎✕

✘✂✤✞☎ �✌✄ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏�✝ ❝✂✁✘✝✞✭✞❡ ❏✌ ✤✞❡☛✞☎✌ �✌✄

✌✂☎☛✑✞☎✌ ✮✌✄❏�✔ ✚✑❏❡ �☎☛✞☎✟ ✑�❡ ✘☎✂✆❏✄✞✄ �✌

❏✁✘✞☛❚❡ ☛✂ ✮✌✄❏�✱❡ ✍�❡ ✘☎✂✄❚❝☛❏✂✌✔ ✚✑✞ ✘✂✤✞☎

�✌✄ ✙✞☎☛❏✝❏✸✞☎ ❏✌✄❚❡☛☎❏✞❡ �☎✞ ☛✑✞ ✒✞✟ ❚❡✞☎❡ ✂✙

✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡✔ ♥❡✞ ✂✙ ❢✂✁✘☎✞❡❡✞✄ ✣�☛❚☎�✝ ✛�❡

✠❢✣✛ ✓ ✙✂☎ ✆✞✑❏❝✝✞❡ ☛✂ ☎✞✘✝�❝✞ ✝❏✹❚❏✄ ✙❚✞✝❡ ❏❡

✍�❏✌❏✌✍ ✤❏✄✞ ✘✂✘❚✝�☎❏☛✟ ❏✌ ☛✑✞ ❝✂❚✌☛☎✟✔

❊✪✦✺✧★✻✺✻✧✼

✽✝✞❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟ ✑�❡ ❡❚❝✑ � ✤❏✄✞ ☎�✌✍✞ ✂✙

�✘✘✝❏❝�☛❏✂✌❡ ❏✌ ☛✂✄�✟✱❡ ✤✂☎✝✄ ☛✑�☛✕ ❏☛❡ ✘✞☎✎

❝�✘❏☛� ❝✂✌❡❚✁✘☛❏✂✌ ❏❡ ❝✂✌❡❏✄✞☎✞✄ �❡ �✌ ❏✌✄✞✭

✂✙ ✄✞✆✞✝✂✘✁✞✌☛✔ ✽✝✞❝❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟ ❏❡ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄✁�❏✌✝✟

❏✌ ☛✤✂ ✤�✟❡✐ ❘✟ ☎❚✌✌❏✌✍ ✤�☛✞☎ ✤✑❏❝✑ ✄☎❏✆✞❡

✑✟✄☎✂ ☛❚☎❘❏✌✞❡ ☛✂ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞ ❤✾✿❀❁ ❂❃❂❄❅❀❇❄❇❅✾❈

�✌✄ ❘✟ ❘❚☎✌❏✌✍ ✂☛✑✞☎ ✙❚✞✝❡ ❡❚❝✑ �❡ ❝✂�✝✕

✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ �✌✄ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡ ☛✂ ✄☎❏✆✞ ☛❚☎❘❏✌✞❡

☛✂ ✘☎✂✄❚❝✞ ❅❤❂❀♠●❃ ■❁❑❂❀▼ ❖✌❝✞ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄ ☛✑✞

✞✝✞❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟ ❏❡ ✞✭�❝☛✝✟ ☛✑✞ ❡�✁✞✔

Name some river valley projects and writethe names of the dams built on these rivers.

◗✾✿❀❁ ❂❃❂❄❅❀❇❄❇❅✾ ❏❡ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄ ❘✟ ✙�❡☛

✙✝✂✤❏✌✍ ✤�☛✞☎✕ ✤✑❏❝✑ ❏❡ � ☎✞✌✞✤�❘✝✞ ☎✞❡✂❚☎❝✞✔

✮✌✄❏� ✑�❡ � ✌❚✁❘✞☎ ✂✙ ✁❚✝☛❏✎✘❚☎✘✂❡✞ ✘☎✂✗✞❝☛❡

✝❏✒✞ ☛✑✞ ☞✑�✒☎� ✣�✌✍�✝✕ ❉�✁✂✄�☎ ❧�✝✝✞✟

❝✂☎✘✂☎�☛❏✂✌✕ ☛✑✞ ❞✂✘❏✝❏ ❍✟✄✞✝ P☎✂✗✞❝☛ ✞☛❝✔

✘☎✂✄❚❝❏✌✍ ✑✟✄☎✂✞✝✞❝☛☎❏❝ ✘✂✤✞☎✔

❙❤❂❀♠●❃ ❂❃❂❄❅❀❇❄❇❅✾ ❏❡ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛✞✄ ❘✟ ❚❡❏✌✍

❝✂�✝✕ ✘✞☛☎✂✝✞❚✁ �✌✄ ✌�☛❚☎�✝ ✍�❡✔ ✚✑✞ ☛✑✞☎✁�✝

✘✂✤✞☎ ❡☛�☛❏✂✌❡ ❚❡✞ ✌✂✌✎☎✞✌✞✤�❘✝✞ ✙✂❡❡❏✝ ✙❚✞✝❡

✙✂☎ ✍✞✌✞☎�☛❏✌✍ ✞✝✞❝☛☎❏❝❏☛✟✔ ✚✑✞☎✞ �☎✞ ✂✆✞☎ ✰♣✷

☛✑✞☎✁�✝ ✘✂✤✞☎ ✘✝�✌☛❡ ❏✌ ✮✌✄❏�✔


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍✡✎✏✑✒✟ ✒☞✓ ✔✕✑✟✖✒✏ ✗☛✘✑✟ ✗✏✒☞✞✝

Rawat Bhata


❋�✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✂✝✞ ✟✠✆✡✄✟☛☞ ✝ ✄☎✆�✂✝♠ ✞✁✌✆�

s✄✝✄✟✁✡ ✟✡ ☞✁✍� s✄✝✄✆ ✝✡✠ ✝♠s✁ ✡✝✂✆ ✄☎✆ ☛✍✆♠

✄☎✝✄ ✟s ✍s✆✠ ✄☎✆�✆t

◆✎✏✑✒✓✔ ✕✔ ✖✗✕✘✙✏ ✚✛✒✔✜✢ ✐✣ ✤✥✦✧✐★✩✪ ✥✫

✧❛✦✩✬✐★✭ ✦✮✩ ✣✦✬✯✰✦✯✬✩ ✤✱ ✧✦✤✲✣✳ ✴✮✩★ ✣✯✰✮ ✧★

✧❛✦✩✬✧✦✐✤★ ✐✣✲✧✪✩✵ ✲✯✰✮ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐✣ ✬✩❛✩✧✣✩✪ ✐★

✦✮✩ ✱✤✬✲ ✤✱ ✮✩✧✦ ✧★✪ ✦✮✐✣ ✐✣ ✯✣✩✪ ✦✤ ✭✩★✩✬✧✦✩

✩❛✩✰✦✬✐✰ ❡✤✶✩✬✳ ✷✬✧★✐✯✲ ✧★✪ ✦✮✤✬✐✯✲✵ ✶✮✐✰✮

✧✬✩ ✧✸✧✐❛✧✥❛✩ ✐★ ✹✮✧✬✺✮✧★✪ ✧★✪ ✦✮✩ ✻✬✧✸✧❛❛✐

✬✧★✭✩✣ ✤✱ r✧✼✧✣✦✮✧★ ✧✬✩ ✯✣✩✪ ✱✤✬ ✭✩★✩✬✧✦✐★✭

✧✦✤✲✐✰ ✤✬ ★✯✰❛✩✧✬ ❡✤✶✩✬✳ ✽✮✩ ✾✤★✧✿✐✦✩ ✣✧★✪✣

✤✱ ♦✩✬✧❛✧ ✐✣ ✧❛✣✤ ✬✐✰✮ ✐★ ✦✮✤✬✐✯✲✳

▲✁❀✝✄✆ ✄☎✆ ❁ ✡✍❀♠✆✝� ✞✁✌✆� s✄✝✄✟✁✡s ✝✡✠ ☛✟✡✠

✁✍✄ ✄☎✆ s✄✝✄✆ ✟✡ ✌☎✟❀☎ ✄☎✆☞ ✝�✆ ♠✁❀✝✄✆✠t

❂❃❄❅❆❃❄❇❈❄❉❊❃❄●❍ ■❃❏❑▼❈❖ ❃P ◗❄❈❑❘❙

✽✮✩ ✭✬✤✶✐★✭ ✰✤★✣✯✲❡✦✐✤★ ✤✱ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✮✧✣

✬✩✣✯❛✦✩✪ ✐★ ✦✮✩ ✰✤✯★✦✬✫ ✥✩✰✤✲✐★✭

✐★✰✬✩✧✣✐★✭❛✫ ✪✩❡✩★✪✩★✦ ✤★ ✱✤✣✣✐❛ ✱✯✩❛✣ ✣✯✰✮

✧✣ ✰✤✧❛✵ ✤✐❛ ✧★✪ ✭✧✣✳ r✐✣✐★✭ ❡✬✐✰✩✣ ✤✱ ✤✐❛ ✧★✪

✭✧✣ ✧★✪ ✦✮✩✐✬ ❡✤✦✩★✦✐✧❛ ✣✮✤✬✦✧✭✩✣ ✮✧✸✩ ✬✧✐✣✩✪

✯★✰✩✬✦✧✐★✦✐✩✣ ✧✥✤✯✦ ✦✮✩ ✣✩✰✯✬✐✦✫ ✤✱ ✩★✩✬✭✫

✣✯❡❡❛✫ ✐★ ✱✯✦✯✬✩✵ ✶✮✐✰✮ ✐★ ✦✯✬★ ✮✧✣ ✣✩✬✐✤✯✣

✬✩❡✩✬✰✯✣✣✐✤★✣ ✤★ ✦✮✩ ✭✬✤✶✦✮ ✤✱ ✦✮✩ ★✧✦✐✤★✧❛

✩✰✤★✤✲✫✳ ✾✤✬✩✤✸✩✬✵ ✐★✰✬✩✧✣✐★✭ ✯✣✩ ✤✱ ✱✤✣✣✐❛

✱✯✩❛✣ ✧❛✣✤ ✰✧✯✣✩✣ ✣✩✬✐✤✯✣ ✩★✸✐✬✤★✲✩★✦✧❛

❡✬✤✥❛✩✲✣✳ ♣✩★✰✩✵ ✦✮✩✬✩ ✐✣ ✧ ❡✬✩✣✣✐★✭ ★✩✩✪ ✦✤

✯✣✩ ✬✩★✩✶✧✥❛✩ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✣✤✯✬✰✩✣ ❛✐✺✩ ✣✤❛✧✬

✩★✩✬✭✫✵ ✶✐★✪✵ ✦✐✪✩✵ ✥✐✤✲✧✣✣ ✧★✪ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✱✬✤✲

✶✧✣✦✩ ✲✧✦✩✬✐✧❛✳ ✽✮✩✣✩ ✧✬✩ ✰✧❛❛✩✪ ★✤★✇

✰✤★✸✩★✦✐✤★✧❛ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✣✤✯✬✰✩✣✳

❚★✪✐✧ ✐✣ ✥❛✩✣✣✩✪ ✶✐✦✮ ✧★ ✧✥✯★✪✧★✰✩ ✤✱

✣✯★❛✐✭✮✦✵ ✶✧✦✩✬✵ ✶✐★✪ ✧★✪ ✥✐✤✲✧✣✣✳ ❚✦ ✮✧✣ ✦✮✩

❛✧✬✭✩✣✦ ❡✬✤✭✬✧✲✲✩✣ ✱✤✬ ✦✮✩ ✪✩✸✩❛✤❡✲✩★✦ ✤✱

✦✮✩✣✩ ✬✩★✩✶✧✥❛✩ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✬✩✣✤✯✬✰✩✣✳

❯❱❲❳❨ ❩❬❭❨❪❫

❚★✪✐✧ ✐✣ ✧ ✦✬✤❡✐✰✧❛ ✰✤✯★✦✬✫✳ ❚✦ ✮✧✣ ✩★✤✬✲✤✯✣

❡✤✣✣✐✥✐❛✐✦ ✐✩✣ ✤✱ ✦✧❡❡✐★✭ ✣✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫✳

❴✮✤✦✤✸✤❛✦✧✐✰ ✦✩✰✮★✤❛✤✭✫ ✰✤★✸✩✬✦✣ ✣✯★❛✐✭✮✦

✪✐✬✩✰✦❛✫ ✐★✦✤ ✩❛✩✰✦✬✐✰✐✦✫✳ ❞✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐✣ ✱✧✣✦

✥✩✰✤✲✐★✭ ❡✤❡✯❛✧✬ ✐★ ✬✯✬✧❛ ✧★✪ ✬✩✲✤✦✩ ✧✬✩✧✣✳

✽✮✩ ❛✧✬✭✩✣✦ ✣✤❛✧✬ ❡❛✧★✦ ✤✱ ❚★✪✐✧ ✐✣ ❛✤✰✧✦✩✪ ✧✦

✾✧✪✮✧❡✯✬✵ ★✩✧✬ ❵✮✯✼✵ ✶✮✩✬✩ ✣✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐✣

✯✣✩✪ ✦✤ ✣✦✩✬❛✐✣✩ ✲✐❛✺ ✰✧★✣✳ ❚✦ ✐✣ ✩✉❡✩✰✦✩✪ ✦✮✧✦

✯✣✩ ✤✱ ✣✤❛✧✬ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✶✐❛❛ ✥✩ ✧✥❛✩ ✦✤✲✐★✐✲✐✣✩ ✦✮✩

✪✩❡✩★✪✩★✰✩ ✤✱ ✬✯✬✧❛ ✮✤✯✣✩✮✤❛✪✣ ✤★ ✱✐✬✩✶✤✤✪

✧★✪ ✪✯★✭ ✰✧✺✩✣✵ ✶✮✐✰✮ ✐★ ✦✯✬★ ✶✐❛❛ ✰✤★✦✬✐✥✯✦✩

✦✤ ✩★✸✐✬✤★✲✩★✦✧❛ ✰✤★✣✩✬✸✧✦✐✤★ ✧★✪ ✧✪✩❜✯✧✦✩

✣✯❡❡❛✫ ✤✱ ✲✧★✯✬✩ ✐★ ✧✭✬✐✰✯❛✦✯✬✩✳

❝❢❣❤ ❥❤❦❧♥ q✈①②③ ✈④⑤③②⑥⑤⑦ ⑤①⑤⑧⑥③✈⑨⑩⑧ ❶⑩①❷

⑥⑤❸⑥⑩⑨❹ ⑤❺❻⑩④❶⑤⑨⑥

❝❢❣❤ ❥❤❦❼♥ ❽⑩⑨⑦ ❶⑩①①❸ ❾ ❿②❹②③⑧✈⑩①

➀➁❬➂ ➃❱➄❭❨

❚★✪✐✧ ★✤✶ ✬✧★✺✣ ✧✣ ✧ ➅✶✐★✪ ✣✯❡✩✬ ❡✤✶✩✬➆ ✐★

✦✮✩ ✶✤✬❛✪✳ ✽✮✩ ❛✧✬✭✩✣✦ ✶✐★✪ ✱✧✬✲ ✰❛✯✣✦✩✬ ✐✣

❛✤✰✧✦✩✪ ✐★ ✽✧✲✐❛ ➇✧✪✯ ✱✬✤✲ ➇✧✭✧✬✰✤✐❛ ✦✤

✾✧✪✯✬✧✐✳ ✻❡✧✬✦ ✱✬✤✲ ✦✮✩✣✩✵ ✻★✪✮✬✧ ❴✬✧✪✩✣✮✵

♦✧✬★✧✦✧✺✧✵ ➈✯✼✧✬✧✦✵ ♦✩✬✧❛✧✵ ✾✧✮✧✬✧✣✮✦✬✧ ✧★✪

➉✧✺✣✮✧✪✶✩✩❡ ✮✧✸✩ ✐✲❡✤✬✦✧★✦ ✶✐★✪ ✱✧✬✲✣✳

➇✧✭✧✬✰✤✐❛ ✧★✪ ✹✧✐✣✧❛✲✩✬ ✧✬✩ ✶✩❛❛ ✺★✤✶★ ✱✤✬

✩✱✱✩✰✦✐✸✩ ✯✣✩ ✤✱ ✶✐★✪ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✐★ ✦✮✩ ✰✤✯★✦✬✫✳

➊➁❱❪❳➋

❞✮✬✯✥✣✵ ✱✧✬✲✶✧✣✦✩✵ ✧★✐✲✧❛ ✧★✪ ✮✯✲✧★✶✧✣✦✩

✧✬✩ ✯✣✩✪ ✦✤ ❡✬✤✪✯✰✩ ✥✐✤✭✧✣ ✱✤✬ ✪✤✲✩✣✦✐✰

✰✤★✣✯✲❡✦✐✤★ ✐★ ✬✯✬✧❛ ✧✬✩✧✣✳ ➌✩✰✤✲❡✤✣✐✦✐✤★ ✤✱

✤✬✭✧★✐✰ ✲✧✦✦✩✬ ✫✐✩❛✪✣ ✭✧✣✵ ✶✮✐✰✮ ✮✧✣ ✮✐✭✮✩✬

✦✮✩✬✲✧❛ ✩✱✱✐✰✐✩★✰✫ ✐★ ✰✤✲❡✧✬✐✣✤★ ✦✤ ✺✩✬✤✣✩★✩✵

✪✯★✭ ✰✧✺✩ ✧★✪ ✰✮✧✬✰✤✧❛✳ ❵✐✤✭✧✣ ❡❛✧★✦✣ ✧✬✩ ✣✩✦

✯❡ ✧✦ ✲✯★✐✰✐❡✧❛✵ ✰✤✤❡✩✬✧✦✐✸✩ ✧★✪ ✐★✪✐✸✐✪✯✧❛

❛✩✸✩❛✣✳ ✽✮✩ ❡❛✧★✦✣ ✯✣✐★✭ ✰✧✦✦❛✩ ✪✯★✭ ✧✬✩ ✺★✤✶

✧✣ ➍➎✕➏✓✔ ✜✓➐ ➑✑✓✛✗➐➒ ✐★ ✬✯✬✧❛ ❚★✪✐✧✳ ✽✮✩✣✩

❡✬✤✸✐✪✩ ✦✶✐★ ✥✩★✩✱✐✦✣ ✦✤ ✦✮✩ ✱✧✬✲✩✬ ✐★ ✦✮✩ ✱✤✬✲

✤✱ ✩★✩✬✭✫ ✧★✪ ✐✲❡✬✤✸✩✪ ❜✯✧❛✐✦✫ ✤✱ ✲✧★✯✬✩✳


❇�✁✂✄☎ �☎ ✆✝ ✞✄✟ ✠✡☛ ☞✁☎✠ ☛✞✞�✌�☛✍✠ ✎☎☛ ✁✞ ✌✄✠✠✏☛

❞✎✍✂✑ ✒✠ �☞✓✟✁✔☛☎ ✠✡☛ ✕✎✄✏�✠✝ ✁✞ ☞✄✍✎✟☛ ✄✍❞

✄✏☎✁ ✓✟☛✔☛✍✠☎ ✠✡☛ ✏✁☎☎ ✁✞ ✠✟☛☛☎ ✄✍❞ ☞✄✍✎✟☛ ❞✎☛

✠✁ ✆✎✟✍�✍✂ ✁✞ ✞✎☛✏ t✁✁❞ ✄✍❞ ✌✁t ❞✎✍✂ ✌✄✖☛☎✑

✄✠ ☎✡✄✏✏✁t ❞☛✓✠✡☎✑ ❛✟✁✎✍❞t✄✠☛✟ �✍ ☎✎✌✡ ✄✟☛✄☎

✄✆☎✁✟✆☎ ✡☛✄✠ ✞✟✁☞ ✠✡☛ ✟✁✌✖☎ ✄✍❞ ✆☛✌✁☞☛☎ ✡✁✠✑

✒✠ �☎ ☎✁ ✡✁✠ ✠✡✄✠ t✡☛✍ �✠ ✟�☎☛☎ ✠✁ ✠✡☛ ☛✄✟✠✡■☎

☎✎✟✞✄✌☛s �✠ ✠✎✟✍☎ �✍✠✁ ☎✠☛✄☞✑ ✗✡�☎ ☎✠☛✄☞ �☎ ✎☎☛❞

✠✁ ❞✟�✔☛ ✠✎✟✆�✍☛☎ ✄✍❞ ✂☛✍☛✟✄✠☛ ☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝✑

✗✡☛✟☛ ✄✟☛ ☎☛✔☛✟✄✏ ✡✎✍❞✟☛❞ ✡✁✠ ☎✓✟�✍✂☎ �✍

✒✍❞�✄s t✡�✌✡ ✌✁✎✏❞ ✆☛ ✎☎☛❞ ✠✁ ✂☛✍☛✟✄✠☛

☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝✑ ✗t✁ ☛❡✓☛✟�☞☛✍✠✄✏ ✓✟✁✘☛✌✠☎ ✡✄✔☛✆☛☛✍

☎☛✠ ✎✓ �✍ ✒✍❞�✄ ✠✁ ✡✄✟✍☛☎☎ ✂☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑

❖✍☛ �☎ ✏✁✌✄✠☛❞ �✍ ✠✡☛ ✙✄✟✔✄✠� ✔✄✏✏☛✝ ✍☛✄✟

▼✄✍�✖✄✟✍ �✍ ✚�☞✄✌✡✄✏ ✙✟✄❞☛☎✡ ✄✍❞ ✠✡☛ ✁✠✡☛✟

�☎ ✏✁✌✄✠☛❞ �✍ ✠✡☛ ✙✎✂✄ ✐✄✏✏☛✝s ✛✄❞✄✖✡✑

❈✜✢✣✤✥✦✧★✩✜✢ ✜✪ ✫✢✤✥✬✭ ✮✤✣✜✯✥✰✤✣

❊✍☛✟✂✝ �☎ ✄ ✆✄☎�✌ ✟☛✕✎�✟☛☞☛✍✠ ✞✁✟ ☛✌✁✍✁☞�✌

❞☛✔☛✏✁✓☞☛✍✠✑ ❊✔☛✟✝ ☎☛✌✠✁✟ ✁✞ ✠✡☛ ✍✄✠�✁✍✄✏

☛✌✁✍✁☞✝ ✱ ✄✂✟�✌✎✏✠✎✟☛s �✍❞✎☎✠✟✝s ✠✟✄✍☎✓✁✟✠s

✌✁☞☞☛✟✌�✄✏ ✄✍❞ ❞✁☞☛☎✠�✌ ✱ ✍☛☛❞☎ �✍✓✎✠☎ ✁✞

☛✍☛✟✂✝✑ ✗✡☛ ☛✌✁✍✁☞�✌ ❞☛✔☛✏✁✓☞☛✍✠ ✓✏✄✍☎

�☞✓✏☛☞☛✍✠☛❞ ☎�✍✌☛ ✒✍❞☛✓☛✍❞☛✍✌☛ ✍☛✌☛☎☎✄✟�✏✝

✟☛✕✎�✟☛❞ �✍✌✟☛✄☎�✍✂ ✄☞✁✎✍✠☎ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✠✁

✟☛☞✄�✍ ✁✓☛✟✄✠�✁✍✄✏✑ ✲☎ ✄ ✟☛☎✎✏✠s ✌✁✍☎✎☞✓✠�✁✍

✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ �✍ ✄✏✏ ✞✁✟☞☎ ✡✄☎ ✆☛☛✍ ☎✠☛✄❞�✏✝ ✟�☎�✍✂

✄✏✏ ✁✔☛✟ ✠✡☛ ✌✁✎✍✠✟✝✑

✒✍ ✠✡�☎ ✆✄✌✖✂✟✁✎✍❞s ✠✡☛✟☛ �☎ ✄✍✎✟✂☛✍✠ ✍☛☛❞

✠✁ ❞☛✔☛✏✁✓ ✄ ☎✎☎✠✄�✍✄✆✏☛ ✓✄✠✡ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝

❞☛✔☛✏✁✓☞☛✍✠✑ ✙✟✁☞✁✠�✁✍ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✌✁✍☎☛✟✔✄✠�✁✍

✄✍❞ �✍✌✟☛✄☎☛❞ ✎☎☛ ✁✞ ✟☛✍☛t✄✆✏☛ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ☎✁✎✟✌☛☎

✄✟☛ ✠✡☛ ✠t�✍ ✓✏✄✍✖☎ ✁✞ ☎✎☎✠✄�✍✄✆✏☛ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑

✒✍❞�✄ �☎ ✓✟☛☎☛✍✠✏✝ ✁✍☛ ✁✞ ✠✡☛ ✏☛✄☎✠ ☛✍☛✟✂✝

☛✞✞�✌�☛✍✠ ✌✁✎✍✠✟�☛☎ �✍ ✠✡☛ t✁✟✏❞✑ ❢☛ ✡✄✔☛ ✠✁

✄❞✁✓✠ ✄ ✌✄✎✠�✁✎☎ ✄✓✓✟✁✄✌✡ ✞✁✟ ✠✡☛ ✘✎❞�✌�✁✎☎

✎☎☛ ✁✞ ✁✎✟ ✏�☞�✠☛❞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✟☛☎✁✎✟✌☛☎✑ ✉✁✟

☛❡✄☞✓✏☛s ✄☎ ✌✁✍✌☛✟✍☛❞ ✌�✠�✳☛✍☎ t☛ ✌✄✍ ❞✁ ✁✎✟

✆�✠ ✆✝ ✎☎�✍✂ ✓✎✆✏�✌ ✠✟✄✍☎✓✁✟✠ ☎✝☎✠☛☞☎ �✍☎✠☛✄❞

✁✞ �✍❞�✔�❞✎✄✏ ✔☛✡�✌✏☛☎♦ ☎t�✠✌✡�✍✂ ✁✞✞ ☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝

t✡☛✍ ✍✁✠ �✍ ✎☎☛s ✎☎�✍✂ ✓✁t☛✟✴☎✄✔�✍✂ ❞☛✔�✌☛☎

✄✍❞ ✎☎�✍✂ ✍✁✍✴✌✁✍✔☛✍✠�✁✍✄✏ ☎✁✎✟✌☛☎ ✁✞ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑

✲✞✠☛✟ ✄✏✏s ❆☛✍☛✟✂✝ ☎✄✔☛❞ �☎ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✓✟✁❞✎✌☛❞✵✑

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✺✻✼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❁❅❉

❚●❍❏❑ ▲◆P◗❘②

❖✌☛✄✍�✌ ✠�❞☛☎ ✌✄✍ ✆☛ ✎☎☛❞ ✠✁ ✂☛✍☛✟✄✠☛

☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝✑ ✉✏✁✁❞✂✄✠☛ ❞✄☞☎ ✄✟☛ ✆✎�✏✠ ✄✌✟✁☎☎

�✍✏☛✠☎✑ ❙✎✟�✍✂ ✡�✂✡ ✠�❞☛ t✄✠☛✟ ✞✏✁t☎ �✍✠✁ ✠✡☛

�✍✏☛✠ ✄✍❞ ✂☛✠☎ ✠✟✄✓✓☛❞ t✡☛✍ ✠✡☛ ✂✄✠☛ �☎ ✌✏✁☎☛❞✑

✲✞✠☛✟ ✠✡☛ ✠�❞☛ ✞✄✏✏☎ ✁✎✠☎�❞☛ ✠✡☛ ✞✏✁✁❞ ✂✄✠☛s ✠✡☛

t✄✠☛✟ ✟☛✠✄�✍☛❞ ✆✝ ✠✡☛ ✞✏✁✁❞✂✄✠☛ ✞✏✁t☎ ✆✄✌✖ ✠✁

✠✡☛ ☎☛✄ ✔�✄ ✄ ✓�✓☛ ✠✡✄✠ ✌✄✟✟�☛☎ �✠ ✠✡✟✁✎✂✡ ✄

✓✁t☛✟✴✂☛✍☛✟✄✠�✍✂ ✠✎✟✆�✍☛✑

✒✍ ✒✍❞�✄s ✠✡☛❛✎✏✞ ✁✞ ❯✎✌✡✌✡✡s✓✟✁✔�❞☛☎ �❞☛✄✏

✌✁✍❞�✠�✁✍☎ ✞✁✟ ✎✠�✏�☎�✍✂ ✠�❞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝✑ ✲ ❝❱❱☞t

✠�❞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✓✁t☛✟ ✓✏✄✍✠ �☎ ☎☛✠ ✎✓ ✡☛✟☛ ✆✝ ✠✡☛

❲✄✠�✁✍✄✏ ✚✝❞✟✁✓✁t☛✟ ❳✁✟✓✁✟✄✠�✁✍✑

❨P❩ ❚❬P◗♠❏❑ ▲◆P◗❘②

❛☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ✟☛✞☛✟☎ ✠✁ ✠✡☛ ✡☛✄✠ ✄✍❞

☛✏☛✌✠✟�✌�✠✝ ✓✟✁❞✎✌☛❞ ✆✝ ✎☎�✍✂ ✠✡☛ ✡☛✄✠ ✞✟✁☞ ✠✡☛

�✍✠☛✟�✁✟ ✁✞ ✠✡☛ ❊✄✟✠✡✑❛☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏ ☛✍☛✟✂✝ ☛❡�☎✠☎

✆☛✌✄✎☎☛s ✠✡☛ ❊✄✟✠✡ ✂✟✁t☎ ✓✟✁✂✟☛☎☎�✔☛✏✝ ✡✁✠✠☛✟

t�✠✡ �✍✌✟☛✄☎�✍✂ ❞☛✓✠✡✑ ❢✡☛✟☛ ✠✡☛ ✂☛✁✠✡☛✟☞✄✏

✂✟✄❞�☛✍✠ �☎ ✡�✂✡s ✡�✂✡ ✠☛☞✓☛✟✄✠✎✟☛☎ ✄✟☛ ✞✁✎✍❞


❭❪ ❫❴❵❜❣❤❵❥ ❦❧♥❣❦❥ ♣❴❥q❜❣♥rq✈

✇①③ ④❧❣❦❧ ♥r❥ ♥⑤ ❜❧❥ ⑤♥❵❵♥⑥❣r⑦ ⑧❣r❥⑨⑩❵q ❣q ⑤♥⑨⑧❥❶ ❷❸ ❶❥❦♥⑧❤♥q❣❜❣♥r ♥⑤ ⑨♥❦❹q❺

❵❥⑩❻❣r⑦ ⑩ ⑨❥q❣❶❴⑩❵ ⑧⑩qq ♥⑤ ⑥❥⑩❜❧❥⑨❥❶ ⑧⑩❜❥⑨❣⑩❵❼

✇❽③ ❦♥⑩❵ ✇❾③ ❷⑩❴❿❣❜❥ ✇➀③ ⑦♥❵❶ ✇➁③ ➂❣r❦

✇①①③ ➃♥❶❥⑨⑧⑩❺ ❣r ➄❧⑩⑨❹❧⑩r❶ ❣q ❜❧❥ ❵❥⑩❶❣r⑦ ❤⑨♥❶❴❦❥⑨ ♥⑤ ⑥❧❣❦❧ ♥r❥ ♥⑤ ❜❧❥ ⑤♥❵❵♥⑥❣r⑦

⑧❣r❥⑨⑩❵q❼

✇❽③ ❷⑩❴❿❣❜❥ ✇❾③ ⑧❣❦⑩ ✇➀③ ❣⑨♥r ♥⑨❥ ✇➁③ ❦♥❤❤❥⑨


✭��✁ ▼✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✝✆☎ ✠☎✡☛✟✂☞☎✠ ✝✄✠ ✝✌✌✍✎✍✞✝☞☎✠ ✂✄ ☞✏☎ ✟☞✆✝☞✝✟ ☛✑ ✒✏✂✌✏ ☛✑ ☞✏☎

✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✆☛✌✓✟✔

✕✝✮ ✟☎✠✂✎☎✄☞✝✆s ✆☛✌✓✟ ✕✌✮ ✂❢✄☎☛✍✟ ✆☛✌✓✟

✕❜✮ ✎☎☞✝✎☛✆✡✏✂✌ ✆☛✌✓✟ ✕✠✮ ✄☛✄☎ ☛✑ ☞✏☎ ✝❜☛♥☎

✭�✖✁ ❲✏✂✌✏ ☛✄☎ ☛✑ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✂✟ ✌☛✄☞✝✂✄☎✠ ✂✄ ☞✏☎ ▼☛✄✝✗✂☞☎ ✟✝✄✠✔

✭✘✁ ☛✂✞ ✭✙✁ ✍✆✝✄✂✍✎ ✭✚✁ ☞✏☛✆✂✍✎ ✭✛✁ ✌☛✝✞

✷✜ ❆✄✟✒☎✆ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✢✍☎✟☞✂☛✄✟ ✂✄ ✝❜☛✍☞ ✣✤ ✒☛✆✠✟✥

✭�✁ ❉✂✟☞✂✄❢✍✂✟✏ ❜☎☞✒☎☎✄ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✂✄ ✄☛☞ ✎☛✆☎ ☞✏✝✄ ✣✤ ✒☛✆✠✟✥

✭✘✁ ✑☎✆✆☛✍✟ ✝✄✠ ✄☛✄✦✑☎✆✆☛✍✟ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✟

✭✙✁ ✌☛✄♥☎✄☞✂☛✄✝✞ ✝✄✠ ✄☛✄✦✌☛✄♥☎✄☞✂☛✄✝✞ ✟☛✍✆✌☎✟ ☛✑ ☎✄☎✆❢s

✭��✁ ❲✏✝☞ ✂✟ ✝ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✔

✭��✁ ❍☛✒ ✝✆☎ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✑☛✆✎☎✠ ✂✄ ✂❢✄☎☛✍✟ ✝✄✠ ✎☎☞✝✎☛✆✡✏✂✌ ✆☛✌✓✟✔

✭�✖✁ ❲✏s ✠☛ ✒☎ ✄☎☎✠ ☞☛ ✌☛✄✟☎✆♥☎ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✆☎✟☛✍✆✌☎✟ ✔

✸✜ ❆✄✟✒☎✆ ☞✏☎ ✑☛✞✞☛✒✂✄❢ ✢✍☎✟☞✂☛✄✟ ✂✄ ✝❜☛✍☞ ✧★✤ ✒☛✆✠✟✥

✭�✁ ❉☎✟✌✆✂❜☎ ☞✏☎ ✠✂✟☞✆✂❜✍☞✂☛✄ ☛✑ ✌☛✝✞ ✂✄ ✩✄✠✂✝✥

✕✂✂✮ ❲✏s ✠☛ s☛✍ ☞✏✂✄✓ ☞✏✝☞ ✟☛✞✝✆ ☎✄☎✆❢s ✏✝✟ ✝ ❜✆✂❢✏☞ ✑✍☞✍✆☎ ✂✄ ✩✄✠✂✝✔

ACTIVITY

❋✂✞✞ ☞✏☎ ✄✝✎☎ ☛✑ ☞✏☎ ✌☛✆✆☎✌☞ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✂✄ ☞✏☎ ✌✆☛✟✟✒☛✆✠ ❜☎✞☛✒✪

✫❖✬✯

✶✜ ❋☛✍✄✠ ✂✄ ✡✞✝✌☎✆ ✠☎✡☛✟✂☞ ✕✰✮

✷✜ ✩✆☛✄ ☛✆☎ ✎✂✄☎✠ ✂✄ ■✝✂✞✝✠✂✞✝ ✕✱✮

✸✜ ✩✄✠✂✟✡☎✄✟✝❜✞☎ ✑☛✆ ☎✞☎✌☞✆✂✌✝✞ ✂✄✠✍✟☞✆s ✕✰✮

✹✜ ●☎☛✞☛❢✂✌✝✞ ❆❢☎ ☛✑ ✌☛✝✞ ✑☛✍✄✠ ✂✄ ✄☛✆☞✏ ☎✝✟☞

✩✄✠✂✝ ✕✱✮

✺✜ ❋☛✆✎☎✠ ✂✄ ♥☎✂✄✟ ✝✄✠ ✞☛✠☎✟ ✕✣✮

✲❈✳❖✴✴

✶✜ ❆ ✑☎✆✆☛✍✟ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✕✵✮

✷✜ ❘✝✒ ✎✝☞☎✆✂✝✞ ✑☛✆ ✌☎✎☎✄☞ ✂✄✠✍✟☞✆s ✕✵✮

✸✜ ❋✂✄☎✟☞ ✂✆☛✄ ☛✆☎ ✒✂☞✏ ✎✝❢✄☎☞✂✌ ✡✆☛✡☎✆☞✂☎✟ ✕✵✮

✹✜ ❍✂❢✏☎✟☞ ✢✍✝✞✂☞s ✏✝✆✠ ✌☛✝✞ ✕✧✤✮

✺✜ ❆✞✍✎✂✄✂✍✎ ✂✟ ☛❜☞✝✂✄☎✠ ✑✆☛✎ ☞✏✂✟ ☛✆☎ ✕✻✮

✼✜ ❑✏☎☞✆✂ ✎✂✄☎✟ ✝✆☎ ✑✝✎☛✍✟ ✑☛✆ ☞✏✂✟ ✎✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✕✽✮

✾✜ ❋☛✆✎☎✠ ✠✍☎ ☞☛ ☎♥✝✡☛✆✝☞✂☛✄ ✕✽✮

✿ ❀▼

❁▼

❂

▼✿

❂❚

❃

❀

☛

❄s

❅ ❅❚

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✠✁✁✂✡ ✝✞ ☛☞�✠✌ ✍✄☞✞✆✝✆✝✌✡ ☞✟✆✌�

♣�✁☎✌✡✡✝✞✠ ✟�✁✎ �☞✏ ✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ✆✁ ✎✁�✌

✈☞☛✄☞✑☛✌ ♣�✁✂✄☎✆✡ ✝✡ ☎☞☛☛✌✂✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠✒ ✓✁

②✁✄ ✔✞✁✏ ✆✕☞✆ ♣☞♣✌� ✝✡ ✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌✂ ✟�✁✎

✏✁✁✂✇ ✡✄✠☞� ✟�✁✎ ✡✄✠☞�☎☞✞✌✇ ✝�✁✞ ☞✞✂ ✡✆✌✌☛

✟�✁✎ ✝�✁✞ ✁�✌ ☞✞✂ ☞☛✄✎✝✞✝✄✎ ✟�✁✎ ✑☞✄❢✝✆✌✖

✓✁ ②✁✄ ☞☛✡✁ ✔✞✁✏ ✆✕☞✆ ✡✁✎✌ ✆②♣✌✡ ✁✟ ☎☛✁✆✕✌✡

☞�✌ ✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌✂ ✟�✁✎ ②☞�✞ ✏✕✝☎✕ ✝✆✡✌☛✟ ✝✡ ☞✞

✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝☞☛ ♣�✁✂✄☎✆✖

P✌✁♣☛✌ ✌✎♣☛✁②✌✂ ✝✞ ✆✕✌ ✡✌☎✁✞✂☞�② ☞☎✆✝✈✝✆✝✌✡

✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌ ✆✕✌ ♣�✝✎☞�② ✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ✝✞✆✁

✟✝✞✝✡✕✌✂ ✠✁✁✂✡✒ ✗✕✌ ✏✁�✔✌�✡ ✌✎♣☛✁②✌✂ ✝✞ ✡✆✌✌☛

✟☞☎✆✁�✝✌✡✇ ☎☞�✇ ✑�✌✏✌�✝✌✡✇ ✆✌❢✆✝☛✌ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡✇

✑☞✔✌�✝✌✡ ✌✆☎✒ ✟☞☛☛ ✝✞✆✁ ✆✕✝✡ ☎☞✆✌✠✁�②✒ ❜✁✎✌♣✌✁♣☛✌

☞�✌ ✌✎♣☛✁②✌✂ ✝✞ ♣�✁✈✝✂✝✞✠ ✡✌�✈✝☎✌✡✒ ❛✞ ✆✕✝✡

☎✕☞♣✆✌�✇ ✏✌ ☞�✌ ✎☞✝✞☛② ☎✁✞☎✌�✞✌✂ ✏✝✆✕

✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✏✕✝☎✕ ✟☞☛☛ ✝✞ ✆✕✌

✡✌☎✁✞✂☞�② ✡✌☎✆✁�✒

✗✕✌ ✌☎✁✞✁✎✝☎ ✡✆�✌✞✠✆✕ ✁✟ ☞ ☎✁✄✞✆�② ✝✡

✎✌☞✡✄�✌✂ ✑② ✆✕✌ ✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✁✟

✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡✒

■▼✘✙✚❚❆✛✜✢ ✙❖ ✥❆✛✣❖❆✜❚✣✚✤✛✦

✧☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠✡✌☎✆✁� ✝✡☎✁✞✡✝✂✌�✌✂ ✆✕✌✑☞☎✔✑✁✞✌

✁✟ ✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✝✞ ✠✌✞✌�☞☛ ☞✞✂ ✌☎✁✞✁✎✝☎

✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✝✞ ♣☞�✆✝☎✄☛☞�✎☞✝✞☛② ✑✌☎☞✄✡✌❞

⑩ ✧☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✞✁✆ ✁✞☛② ✕✌☛♣ ✝✞

✎✁✂✌�✞✝✡✝✞✠ ☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✌✇ ✏✕✝☎✕ ✟✁�✎✡ ✆✕✌

✑☞☎✔✑✁✞✌ ✁✟ ✁✄� ✌☎✁✞✁✎②✇ ✆✕✌② ☞☛✡✁ �✌✂✄☎✌

✆✕✌ ✕✌☞✈② ✂✌♣✌✞✂✌✞☎✌ ✁✟ ♣✌✁♣☛✌ ✁✞

☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�☞☛ ✝✞☎✁✎✌ ✑② ♣�✁✈✝✂✝✞✠ ✆✕✌✎ ★✁✑✡

✝✞ ✡✌☎✁✞✂☞�② ☞✞✂ ✆✌�✆✝☞�② ✡✌☎✆✁�✡✒

⑩ ❛✞✂✄✡✆�✝☞☛ ✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ✝✡ ☞ ♣�✌☎✁✞✂✝✆✝✁✞ ✟✁�

✌�☞✂✝☎☞✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✄✞✌✎♣☛✁②✎✌✞✆ ☞✞✂ ♣✁✈✌�✆②

✟�✁✎ ✁✄� ☎✁✄✞✆�②✒ ✗✕✝✡ ✏☞✡ ✆✕✌ ✎☞✝✞

♣✕✝☛✁✡✁♣✕② ✑✌✕✝✞✂ ♣✄✑☛✝☎ ✡✌☎✆✁� ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡

☞✞✂ ★✁✝✞✆ ✡✌☎✆✁� ✈✌✞✆✄�✌✡ ✝✞ ❛✞✂✝☞✒ ❛✆ ✏☞✡ ☞☛✡✁

☞✝✎✌✂ ☞✆ ✑�✝✞✠✝✞✠ ✂✁✏✞ �✌✠✝✁✞☞☛ ✂✝✡♣☞�✝✆✝✌✡

✑② ✌✡✆☞✑☛✝✡✕✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✝✞ ✆�✝✑☞☛ ☞✞✂

✑☞☎✔✏☞�✂ ☞�✌☞✡✒

⑩ ❊❢♣✁�✆ ✁✟ ✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✌✂ ✠✁✁✂✡ ✌❢♣☞✞✂✡

✆�☞✂✌ ☞✞✂ ☎✁✎✎✌�☎✌✇ ☞✞✂ ✑�✝✞✠✡ ✝✞ ✎✄☎✕

✞✌✌✂✌✂ ✟✁�✌✝✠✞ ✌❢☎✕☞✞✠✌✒

⑩ ❈✁✄✞✆�✝✌✡ ✆✕☞✆ ✆�☞✞✡✟✁�✎ ✆✕✌✝� �☞✏

✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ✝✞✆✁ ☞ ✏✝✂✌ ✈☞�✝✌✆② ✁✟ ✟✄�✞✝✡✕✌✂

✠✁✁✂✡ ✁✟ ✕✝✠✕✌� ✈☞☛✄✌ ☞�✌ ♣�✁✡♣✌�✁✄✡✒

❛✞✂✝☞✩✡ ♣�✁✡♣✌�✝✆② ☛✝✌✡ ✝✞ ✝✞☎�✌☞✡✝✞✠ ☞✞✂

✂✝✈✌�✡✝✟②✝✞✠ ✝✆✡✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ☞✡

✍✄✝☎✔☛② ☞✡ ♣✁✡✡✝✑☛✌✒

✪✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✌ ☞✞✂ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�② ☞�✌ ✞✁✆ ✌❢☎☛✄✡✝✈✌

✁✟ ✌☞☎✕ ✁✆✕✌�✒ ✗✕✌② ✎✁✈✌ ✕☞✞✂ ✝✞ ✕☞✞✂✒ ✳✁�

✝✞✡✆☞✞☎✌✇ ✆✕✌ ☞✠�✁✐✝✞✂✄✡✆�✝✌✡ ✝✞ ❛✞✂✝☞✕☞✈✌ ✠✝✈✌✞

☞ ✎☞★✁� ✑✁✁✡✆ ✆✁ ☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✌ ✑② �☞✝✡✝✞✠ ✝✆✡

♣�✁✂✄☎✆✝✈✝✆②✒ ✗✕✌② ✂✌♣✌✞✂ ✁✞ ✆✕✌ ☛☞✆✆✌� ✟✁� �☞✏

✎☞✆✌�✝☞☛✡ ☞✞✂ ✡✌☛☛ ✆✕✌✝� ♣�✁✂✄☎✆✡ ✡✄☎✕ ☞✡

✝��✝✠☞✆✝✁✞ ♣✄✎♣✡✇ ✟✌�✆✝☛✝✡✌�✡✇ ✝✞✡✌☎✆✝☎✝✂✌✡✇

♣✌✡✆✝☎✝✂✌✡✇ ♣☛☞✡✆✝☎ ☞✞✂P✫❈♣✝♣✌✡✇✎☞☎✕✝✞✌✡ ☞✞✂

✆✁✁☛✡✇✌✆☎✒ ✆✁✆✕✌ ✟☞�✎✌�✡✒ ✗✕✄✡✇✂✌✈✌☛✁♣✎✌✞✆ ☞✞✂

☎✁✎♣✌✆✝✆✝✈✌✞✌✡✡ ✁✟✎☞✞✄✟☞☎✆✄�✝✞✠ ✝✞✂✄✡✆�② ✕☞✡

✞✁✆ ✁✞☛② ☞✡✡✝✡✆✌✂ ☞✠�✝☎✄☛✆✄�✝✡✆✡ ✝✞ ✝✞☎�✌☞✡✝✞✠

On the occassion of Diwali, Harish went toa market with his parents. They purchasedshoes and clothes for him. His motherpurchased utensils, sugar, tea and diyas(earthen lamps). Harish observed that theshops in the market were flooded withitems for sale. He wondered how so manyitems could be made in such largequantities. His father explained that shoes,clothes, sugar etc. are manufactured bymachines in large industries, some utensilsare manufactured in small industries, whileitems like diyas are made by individualartisans in household industry.

❉✬ ✭✬✮ ✯✰✱✲ ✴✬✵✲ ✶✷✲✰✴ ✰✸✬✮✹ ✹✯✲✴✲

✶✺✷✮✴✹✻✶✲✴✼


t�✁✂✄ ☎✄✆✝✞✟t✂✆✠ ✡✞t ☛☞✌✆✍☛✝✁ t�✁ ☎✄✆✝✞✟t✂✆✠

☎✄✆✟✁✌✌✁✌ ♣✁✄✎ ✁✏✏✂✟✂✁✠t✑

■✠ t�✁ ☎✄✁✌✁✠t ✝☛✎ ✒✆✄☞✝ ✆✏ ✓☞✆✡☛☞✂✌☛t✂✆✠✔

✆✞✄ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎ ✠✁✁✝✌ t✆ ✡✁ ✍✆✄✁ ✁✏✏✂✟✂✁✠t ☛✠✝

✟✆✍☎✁t✂t✂♣✁✑ ❝✁☞✏✕✌✞✏✏✂✟✂✁✠✟✎ ☛☞✆✠✁ ✂✌ ✠✆t

✁✠✆✞✓�✑ ❡✞✄✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✁✝ ✓✆✆✝✌ ✍✞✌t ✡✁ ☛t

☎☛✄ ✂✠ ✖✞☛☞✂t✎ ✒✂t� t�✆✌✁ ✂✠ t�✁ ✂✠t✁✄✠☛t✂✆✠☛☞

✍☛✄♠✁t✑ ❡✠☞✎ t�✁✠✔ ✒✂☞☞ ✒✁ ✡✁ ☛✡☞✁ t✆ ✟✆✍☎✁t✁

✂✠ t�✁ ✂✠t✁✄✠☛t✂✆✠☛☞✍☛✄♠✁t✑

❈✗✘✙✚✛✜✢✙✛✗✘ ✗✣ ✤✘✥✢✦✙✚✧ ✙✗ ★✩✙✛✗✘✩✪

❊✫✗✘✗✬✧

❡♣✁✄ t�✁ ☞☛✌t t✒✆ ✝✁✟☛✝✁✌✔ t�✁ ✌�☛✄✁ ✆✏

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✌✁✟t✆✄ �☛✌ ✌t☛✓✠☛t✁✝ ☛t ✭✮ ☎✁✄

✟✁✠t ✆✏ ✯✰✱ ✲ ✆✞t ✆✏ ☛ t✆t☛☞ ✆✏ ✳✮ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t ✏✆✄

t�✁ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎ ✒�✂✟� ✂✠✟☞✞✝✁✌ ✭✴ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t ✏✆✄

✍✂✠✂✠✓✔ ✖✞☛✄✄✎✂✠✓✔ ✁☞✁✟t✄✂✟✂t✎ ☛✠✝ ✓☛✌✑

❚�✂✌ ✂✌ ✍✞✟� ☞✆✒✁✄ ✂✠ ✟✆✍☎☛✄✂✌✆✠ t✆ ✌✆✍✁

✵☛✌t ✶✌✂☛✠ ✁✟✆✠✆✍✂✁✌✔ ✒�✁✄✁ ✂t ✂✌ ✳✷ t✆ ✸✷ ☎✁✄

✟✁✠t✑ ❚�✁ t✄✁✠✝ ✆✏ ✓✄✆✒t� ✄☛t✁ ✂✠✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓

✆♣✁✄ t�✁ ☞☛✌t ✝✁✟☛✝✁ �☛✌ ✡✁✁✠ ☛✄✆✞✠✝ ✮ ☎✁✄

✟✁✠t ☎✁✄ ☛✠✠✞✍✑ ❚�✁ ✝✁✌✂✄✁✝ ✓✄✆✒t� ✄☛t✁ ✆♣✁✄

t�✁ ✠✁✹t ✝✁✟☛✝✁ ✂✌ ✭✳ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t✑ ❝✂✠✟✁ ✳✴✴✸✔

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✂✌ ✆✠✟✁ ☛✓☛✂✠ ✓✄✆✒✂✠✓ ☛t t�✁

✄☛t✁ ✆✏ r t✆ ✭✴ ☎✁✄ ✟✁✠t ☎✁✄ ☛✠✠✞✍✑ ✺✂t�

☛☎☎✄✆☎✄✂☛t✁ ☎✆☞✂✟✎ ✂✠t✁✄♣✁✠t✂✆✠✌ ✡✎ t�✁

✓✆♣✁✄✠✍✁✠t ☛✠✝ ✄✁✠✁✒✁✝ ✁✏✏✆✄t✌ ✡✎ t�✁

✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎ t✆ ✂✍☎✄✆♣✁ ☎✄✆✝✞✟t✂♣✂t✎✔ ✁✟✆✠✆✍✂✌t✌

☎✄✁✝✂✟t t�☛t ✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✟☛✠ ☛✟�✂✁♣✁ ✂t✌

t☛✄✓✁t ✆♣✁✄ t�✁ ✠✁✹t ✝✁✟☛✝✁✑ ❚�✁ ✻☛t✂✆✠☛☞

▼☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✼✆✍☎✁t✂t✂♣✁✠✁✌✌ ✼✆✞✠✟✂☞

✽✻▼✼✼✾ �☛✌ ✡✁✁✠ ✌✁t ✞☎ ✒✂t� t�✂✌ ✆✡✿✁✟t✂♣✁✑

✤✘✥✢✦✙✚✛✩✪ ❀✗✫✩✙✛✗✘

■✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠✌ ☛✄✁ ✟✆✍☎☞✁✹ ✂✠ ✠☛t✞✄✁✑

❚�✁✌✁ ☛✄✁ ✂✠✏☞✞✁✠✟✁✝ ✡✎ ☛♣☛✂☞☛✡✂☞✂t✎ ✆✏ ✄☛✒

✍☛t✁✄✂☛☞✔ ☞☛✡✆✞✄✔ ✟☛☎✂t☛☞✔ ☎✆✒✁✄ ☛✠✝ ✍☛✄♠✁t✔

✁t✟✑ ■t ✂✌ ✄☛✄✁☞✎ ☎✆✌✌✂✡☞✁ t✆ ✏✂✠✝ ☛☞☞ t�✁✌✁ ✏☛✟t✆✄✌

☛♣☛✂ ☞☛✡☞✁ ☛t ✆✠✁ ☎☞☛✟✁✑ ✼✆✠✌✁✖✞✁✠t☞✎✔

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ☛✟t✂♣✂t✎ t✁✠✝✌ t✆ ☞✆✟☛t✁ ☛t t�✁

✍✆✌t ☛☎☎✄✆☎✄✂☛t✁ ☎☞☛✟✁✒�✁✄✁ ☛☞☞ t�✁ ✏☛✟t✆✄✌ ✆✏

✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠ ☛✄✁ ✁✂t�✁✄ ☛♣☛✂☞☛✡☞✁ ✆✄ ✟☛✠

✡✁ ☛✄✄☛✠✓✁✝ ☛t ☞✆✒✁✄ ✟✆✌t✑ ✶✏t✁✄ ☛✠ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞

☛✟t✂♣✂t✎✌t☛✄t✌✔ ✞✄✡☛✠✂✌☛t✂✆✠ ✏✆☞☞✆✒✌✑❝✆✍✁t✂✍✁✌✔

✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂✁✌ ☛✄✁ ☞✆✟☛t✁✝ ✂✠ ✆✄ ✠✁☛✄ t�✁ ✟✂t✂✁✌✑

❚�✞✌✔ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞✂✌☛t✂✆✠ ☛✠✝ ✞✄✡☛✠✂✌☛t✂✆✠ ✓✆

�☛✠✝ ✂✠ �☛✠✝✑ ✼✂t✂✁✌ ☎✄✆♣✂✝✁✍☛✄♠✁t✌ ☛✠✝ ☛☞✌✆

☎✄✆♣✂✝✁ ✌✁✄♣✂✟✁✌ ✌✞✟� ☛✌ ✡☛✠♠✂✠✓✔ ✂✠✌✞✄☛✠✟✁✔

t✄☛✠✌☎✆✄t✔ ☞☛✡✆✞✄✔ ✟✆✠✌✞☞t☛✠t✌ ☛✠✝ ✏✂✠☛✠✟✂☛☞

☛✝♣✂✟✁✔ ✁t✟✑ t✆ t�✁ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎✑ ▼☛✠✎ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂✁✌

t✁✠✝ t✆ ✟✆✍✁ t✆✓✁t�✁✄ t✆ ✍☛♠✁ ✞✌✁ ✆✏ t�✁

☛✝♣☛✠t☛✓✁✌ ✆✏✏✁✄✁✝ ✡✎ t�✁✞✄✡☛✠✟✁✠t✄✁✌ ♠✠✆✒✠

☛✌ ✩❛❛✪✗✬❁✚✩✙✛✗✘ ❁✫✗✘✗✬✛❁✦✑ ✯✄☛✝✞☛☞☞✎✔ ☛

☞☛✄✓✁ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞ ☛✓✓☞✆✍✁✄☛t✂✆✠ t☛♠✁✌ ☎☞☛✟✁✑

■✠ t�✁ ☎✄✁✕■✠✝✁☎✁✠✝✁✠✟✁ ☎✁✄✂✆✝✔ ✍✆✌t

✍☛✠✞✏☛✟t✞✄✂✠✓ ✞✠✂t✌ ✒✁✄✁ ☞✆✟☛t✁✝ ✂✠ ☎☞☛✟✁✌

✏✄✆✍ t�✁ ☎✆✂✠t ✆✏ ♣✂✁✒ ✆✏ ✆♣✁✄✌✁☛✌ t✄☛✝✁ ✌✞✟� ☛✌

▼✞✍✡☛✂✔ ❂✆☞♠☛t☛✔ ✼�✁✠✠☛✂✔ ✁t✟✑ ✼✆✠✌✁✖✞✁✠t☞✎✔

t�✁✄✁ ✁✍✁✄✓✁✝ ✟✁✄t☛✂✠ ☎✆✟♠✁t✌ ✆✏ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✂☛☞☞✎

✝✁♣✁☞✆☎✁✝ ✞✄✡☛✠✟✁✠t✄✁✌ ✌✞✄✄✆✞✠✝✁✝ ✡✎☛ �✞✓✁

☛✓✄✂✟✞☞t✞✄☛☞ ✄✞✄☛☞ �✂✠t✁✄☞☛✠✝✑

✤✘✥✢✦✙✚✧ ❃ ❄✩✚❅❁✙ ❀✛✘❅✩❛❁

❚�✁ ♠✁✎ t✆ ✝✁✟✂✌✂✆✠ ✆✏ t�✁ ✏☛✟t✆✄✎ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠

✂✌ t�✁ ☞✁☛✌t ✟✆✌t✑ ✯✆♣✁✄✠✍✁✠t ☎✆☞✂✟✂✁✌ ☛✠✝

✌☎✁✟✂☛☞✂✌✁✝ ☞☛✡✆✞✄ ☛☞✌✆ ✂✠✏☞✞✁✠✟✁ t�✁ ☞✆✟☛t✂✆✠

✆✏ ✂✠✝✞✌t✄✎✑

❋❆❇❉ ●❉❍

❋❆❇❉ ●❉❏


Classification of Industries

List the various manufactured products youuse in your daily life such as � transistors,electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement,glassware, petrol, matches, scooters,automobiles, medicines and so on. If weclassify the various industries based on aparticular criterion then we would be ableto understand their manufacturing better.Industries may be classified as follows:

On the basis of source of raw materialsused:

� Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silktextile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee,edible oil.

� Mineral based: iron and steel, cement,aluminium, machine tools,petrochemicals.

According to their main role:

� Basic or key industries which supply theirproducts or raw materials to manufactureother goods e.g. iron and steel and coppersmelting, aluminum smelting.

� Consumer industries that produce goodsfor direct use by consumers � sugar,toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment:

� A small scale industry is defined withreference to the maximum investmentallowed on the assets of a unit. This limithas changed over a period of time. Atpresent the maximum investment allowedis rupees one crore. If investment is morethan one crore on any industry then it isknown as a large scale industry.

On the basis of ownership:

� Public sector, owned and operated bygovernment agencies � BHEL, SAIL etc.

� Private sector industries owned andoperated by individuals or a group ofindividuals �TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,Dabur Industries.

� Joint sector industries which are jointly run

by the state and individuals or a group ofindividuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointlyowned by public and private sector.

� Cooperative sector industries are ownedand operated by the producers orsuppliers of raw materials, workers orboth. They pool in the resources and sharethe profits or losses proportionately suchas the sugar industry in Maharashtra, thecoir industry in Kerala.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw materialand finished goods:

� Heavy industries such as iron and steel

� Light industries that use light rawmaterials and produce light goods suchas electrical industries.

Classify the following into two groups on thebasis of bulk and weight of raw material andfinished goods.

(i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines

(ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding

(iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs

(iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes

(v) Watches (x) Automobiles

❆�✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✞ ✟✠✞✡✆☛✁☞✝✆

❈✌✍✍✌✎✏ ✑✒✍✓✏ ✔✕✖✗✏ ✘✌✌✖✖✓✎ ✍✓✙✍✕✖✓✔✏ ✔✒✚✛✜ ✛✎✢

✓✢✕❡✖✓ ✌✕✖✏ ✓✍✣✤ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✥ ✛✜✓ ❡✛✔✓✢ ✌✎

✛✚✜✕✣✒✖✍✒✜✛✖ ✜✛✘❛✛✍✓✜✕✛✖✔✤

❚✦✧★✩✪✦ ✫✬✭✮✯★✰✱✲ ✳✴✓ ✍✓✙✍✕✖✓ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✥

✌✣✣✒♦✕✓✔ ✒✎✕✵✒✓ ♦✌✔✕✍✕✌✎ ✕✎ ✍✴✓ ✶✎✢✕✛✎

✓✣✌✎✌❛✥✏ ❡✓✣✛✒✔✓ ✕✍ ✣✌✎✍✜✕❡✒✍✓✔ ✔✕✚✎✕✷✕✣✛✎✍✖✥

✍✌ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✕✛✖ ♦✜✌✢✒✣✍✕✌✎ t✸✹ ♦✓✜ ✣✓✎✍✺✏

✓❛♦✖✌✥❛✓✎✍ ✚✓✎✓✜✛✍✕✌✎ t✻✼ ❛✕✖✖✕✌✎ ♦✓✜✔✌✎✔

✢✕✜✓✣✍✖✥ ❞ ✍✴✓ ✔✓✣✌✎✢ ✖✛✜✚✓✔✍ ✛✷✍✓✜ ✛✚✜✕✣✒✖✍✒✜✓✺

✛✎✢ ✷✌✜✓✕✚✎ ✓✙✣✴✛✎✚✓ ✓✛✜✎✕✎✚✔ t✛❡✌✒✍ ✽✹✤✾

♦✓✜ ✣✓✎✍✺✤ ✶✍ ✣✌✎✍✜✕❡✒✍✓✔ ✹ ♦✓✜ ✣✓✎✍ ✍✌✘✛✜✢✔

●✿❀✤ ✶✍ ✕✔ ✍✴✓ ✌✎✖✥ ✕✎✢✒✔✍✜✥ ✕✎ ✍✴✓ ✣✌✒✎✍✜✥✏

✘✴✕✣✴ ✕✔ ✔✓✖✷✇✜✓✖✕✛✎✍ ✛✎✢ ✣✌❛♦✖✓✍✓ ✕✎ ✍✴✓ ❁✛✖✒✓

✣✴✛✕✎ ✕✤✓✤✏ ✷✜✌❛ ✜✛✘ ❛✛✍✓✜✕✛✖ ✍✌ ✍✴✓ ✴✕✚✴✓✔✍

❁✛✖✒✓ ✛✢✢✓✢ ♦✜✌✢✒✣✍✔✤


❈�✁✁�✂ ✄☎✆✁✝✞☎✟✠ ✥✡ ☛✡☞✌✍✡✎ ✥✡✏✌☛✑ ☞✒✎✎✒✡

✎✍t✎✌✓✍✔ ✕✍✖✍ ✗✖✒✏✘☞✍✏ ✕✌✎✙ ✙☛✡✏ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚

☛✡✏ ✙☛✡✏✓✒✒❛ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✎✍☞✙✡✌✜✘✍✔✢ ✣✤✎✍✖ ✎✙✍

✶✦✧★ ☞✍✡✎✘✖✩✑ ✗✒✕✍✖✲✓✒✒❛✔ ☞☛❛✍ ✌✡✎✒ ✘✔✍✢

❖✘✖ ✎✖☛✏✌✎✌✒✡☛✓ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✌✍✔ ✔✘✤✤✍✖✍✏ ☛ ✔✍✎✪☛☞✫

✏✘✖✌✡✚ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✓✒✡✌☛✓ ✗✍✖✌✒✏ ✪✍☞☛✘✔✍ ✎✙✍✩

☞✒✘✓✏ ✡✒✎ ☞✒❛✗✍✎✍ ✕✌✎✙ ✎✙✍ ❛✌✓✓✲❛☛✏✍ ☞✓✒✎✙

✤✖✒❛ ❢✡✚✓☛✡✏✢

❲✙✌✓✍ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚ ☞✒✡✎✌✡✘✍✔ ✎✒ ✪✍ ☞✍✡✎✖☛✓✌✔✍✏

✌✡ ✐☛✙☛✖☛✔✙✎✖☛✑ ✬✘✭☛✖☛✎ ☛✡✏ ✮☛❛✌✓ ✯☛✏✘✑

✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✌✔ ✙✌✚✙✓✩ ✏✍☞✍✡✎✖☛✓✌✔✍✏ ✎✒ ✗✖✒✛✌✏✍

✔☞✒✗✍ ✤✒✖ ✌✡☞✒✖✗✒✖☛✎✌✡✚ ✎✖☛✏✌✎✌✒✡☛✓ ✔✫✌✓✓✔ ☛✡✏

✏✍✔✌✚✡✔ ✒✤ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✌✡ ☞✒✎✎✒✡✑ ✔✌✓✫✑ ❞☛✖✌✑

✍❛✪✖✒✌✏✍✖✩✑ ✍✎☞✢ ✥✡✏✌☛ ✙☛✔ ✕✒✖✓✏ ☞✓☛✔✔

✗✖✒✏✘☞✎✌✒✡ ✌✡ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚✑ ✪✘✎ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✔✘✗✗✓✌✍✔

✓✒✕ ✜✘☛✓✌✎✩ ✒✤ ✤☛✪✖✌☞ ☛✔ ✌✎ ☞☛✡✡✒✎ ✘✔✍ ❛✘☞✙ ✒✤

✎✙✍ ✙✌✚✙ ✜✘☛✓✌✎✩ ✩☛✖✡ ✗✖✒✏✘☞✍✏ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✘✡✎✖✩✢

❲✍☛✛✌✡✚ ✌✔ ✏✒✡✍ ✪✩ ✙☛✡✏✓✒✒❛✑ ✗✒✕✍✖✓✒✒❛ ☛✡✏

✌✡ ❛✌✓✓✔✢

✮✙✍ ✙☛✡✏✔✗✘✡ ✫✙☛✏✌ ✗✖✒✛✌✏✍✔ ✓☛✖✚✍ ✔☞☛✓✍

✍❛✗✓✒✩❛✍✡✎ ✎✒ ✕✍☛✛✍✖✔ ✌✡ ✎✙✍✌✖ ✙✒❛✍✔ ☛✔ ☛

☞✒✎✎☛✚✍ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩✢

✰✱✳ ✴✵✴ ✷✸✱✸✹✺✸ ✻✸✼✴✱✵ ✽✸✳ ✾✺✿✱✸❀✵❀ ❁✼

❀✿✵✼✼✵✼s ✳✸❂✼ ✸✼✴ ♥✾✸❃✵✼s ❄✱✸✴✵❅

❋❆❇❉ ❊❉●❍ ■❏❑▲▼ ❏◆◆P◗P❘❙ P❙ ◗❚▼ ◗▼❯◗P❑▼ P❙◆▲❱◗❳❨

� The first successful textile mill wasestablished in Mumbai in 1854.

� The two world wars were fought in Europe,India was a British colony. There was ademand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gavea boost to the development of the cottontextile industry.

✮✒✏☛✩✑ ✎✙✍✖✍ ☛✖✍ ✡✍☛✖✓✩ ✶❩❬❬ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ☛✡✏

✙✘❛☛✡ ❛☛✏✍ ✤✌✪✖✍ ✎✍t✎✌✓✍ ❛✌✓✓✔ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✘✡✎✖✩✢

✣✪✒✘✎ ✦❬ ✗✍✖ ☞✍✡✎ ✒✤ ✎✙✍✔✍ ☛✖✍ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ✗✖✌✛☛✎✍

✔✍☞✎✒✖ ☛✡✏ ✎✙✍ ✖✍✔✎ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ✗✘✪✓✌☞ ☛✡✏

☞✒✒✗✍✖☛✎✌✛✍ ✔✍☞✎✒✖✔✢ ✣✗☛✖✎ ✤✖✒❛ ✎✙✍✔✍✑ ✎✙✍✖✍

☛✖✍ ✔✍✛✍✖☛✓ ✎✙✒✘✔☛✡✏ ✔❛☛✓✓ ✤☛☞✎✒✖✌✍✔ ✕✌✎✙ ✤✒✘✖

✎✒ ✎✍✡ ✓✒✒❛✔✢

✥✡ ✎✙✍ ✍☛✖✓✩ ✩✍☛✖✔✑ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ✎✍t✎✌✓✍

✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩ ✕☛✔ ☞✒✡☞✍✡✎✖☛✎✍✏ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ☞✒✎✎✒✡

✚✖✒✕✌✡✚ ✪✍✓✎ ✒✤ ✐☛✙☛✖☛✔✙✎✖☛ ☛✡✏ ✬✘✭☛✖☛✎✢

✣✛☛✌✓☛✪✌✓✌✎✩ ✒✤ ✖☛✕ ☞✒✎✎✒✡✑ ❛☛✖✫✍✎✑ ✎✖☛✡✔✗✒✖✎

✌✡☞✓✘✏✌✡✚ ☛☞☞✍✔✔✌✪✓✍ ✗✒✖✎ ✤☛☞✌✓✌✎✌✍✔✑ ✓☛✪✒✘✖✑

❛✒✌✔✎ ☞✓✌❛☛✎✍✑ ✍✎☞✢ ☞✒✡✎✖✌✪✘✎✍✏ ✎✒✕☛✖✏✔ ✌✎✔

✓✒☞☛✓✌✔☛✎✌✒✡✢ ✮✙✌✔ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩ ✙☛✔ ☞✓✒✔✍ ✓✌✡✫✔

✕✌✎✙ ☛✚✖✌☞✘✓✎✘✖✍ ☛✡✏ ✗✖✒✛✌✏✍✔ ☛ ✓✌✛✌✡✚ ✎✒

✤☛✖❛✍✖✔✑ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ✪✒✓✓ ✗✓✘☞✫✍✖✔ ☛✡✏ ✕✒✖✫✍✖✔

✍✡✚☛✚✍✏ ✌✡ ✚✌✡✡✌✡✚✑ ✔✗✌✡✡✌✡✚✑ ✕✍☛✛✌✡✚✑

✏✩✍✌✡✚✑ ✏✍✔✌✚✡✌✡✚✑ ✗☛☞✫☛✚✌✡✚✑ ✎☛✌✓✒✖✌✡✚ ☛✡✏

✔✍✕✌✡✚✢ ✮✙✍ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✩ ✪✩ ☞✖✍☛✎✌✡✚ ✏✍❛☛✡✏✔

✔✘✗✗✒✖✎✔ ❛☛✡✩ ✒✎✙✍✖ ✌✡✏✘✔✎✖✌✍✔✑ ✔✘☞✙ ☛✔✑

☞✙✍❛✌☞☛✓✔ ☛✡✏ ✏✩✍✔✑ ❛✌✓✓ ✔✎✒✖✍✔✑ ✗☛☞✫☛✚✌✡✚

❛☛✎✍✖✌☛✓✔ ☛✡✏ ✍✡✚✌✡✍✍✖✌✡✚ ✕✒✖✫✔✢

❭❪❫❴❵ ❜❝❡❣ ❤❥❦❧♠♦♣q❦r ❦✉ ✈❪❫❥q♦ qr ✇r❧q❪

❫① ②❪❥q❦♠③ ③❵♦♣❦❥③

④❵♦♣❦❥ ④⑤❪❥❵ ❦✉ ⑥❦❦⑦❪⑧❵

❤❥❦❧♠♦♣q❦r

⑨⑩❶❶❷ ❸❹❺❺ ❻❼❽ ❾❼❿➀ ➁❹➂➂ ❶➃➄➅

➆➇➈❼❽ ❶➇➇➉ ➊➋❹➁➌ ❻❼❽ ❾❼❿➀ ➁➋ ❶➃➄➅

➍➃❿➎ ❶➇➇➉ ➏➂❹❺❺❺ ❻❼❽ ❾❼❿➀ ➐➑

➒❁✹✾➓ ➔→ ➣↔↕ ➙↔➛➜ ➝➞ ➜➟↔ ➠↔➡➢➤➛➥➦ ➙➧➜➜➤➛➥ ➡➛➨

➣↕➝➙↔➩➩➤➛➥ ➤➩ ➤➛ ➨↔➙↔➛➜↕➡➫➤➩↔➨ ➩↔➙➜➝↕➭

➯✎✘✏✩ ✎✙✍ ✤✌✚✘✖✍✔ ☛✪✒✛✍ ☛✡✏ ✡✒✎✍ ✎✙✍ ✔✙☛✖✍

✒✤ ❛✌✓✓✔ ✌✡ ✎✙✍ ✗✖✒✏✘☞✎✌✒✡ ✒✤ ✤☛✪✖✌☞✢

➲➳➵ ✝✟ ✝✁ ✝➸➺�➻✁➼✂✁ ➽�➻ �➾➻ ➚�➾✂✁➻➵ ✁� ➪☎☎➺

✁➳☎ ➸✝✞✞ ✟☎➚✁�➻ ✞��➸➼➶☎ ✞�➹☎➻ ✁➳➼✂ ➺�➹☎➻

✞��➸ ➼✂➘ ➳➼✂➘✞��➸➴

✥✡✏✌☛ ✍t✗✒✖✎✔ ✩☛✖✡ ✎✒ ➷☛✗☛✡✢ ❖✎✙✍✖

✌❛✗✒✖✎✍✖✔ ✒✤ ☞✒✎✎✒✡ ✚✒✒✏✔ ✤✖✒❛ ✥✡✏✌☛ ☛✖✍

➬✢➯✢✣✢✑ ➬✢➮✢✑ ➱✘✔✔✌☛✑ ✃✖☛✡☞✍✑ ❢☛✔✎ ❢✘✖✒✗✍☛✡

☞✒✘✡✎✖✌✍✔✑ ✯✍✗☛✓✑ ➯✌✡✚☛✗✒✖✍✑ ➯✖✌ ❐☛✡✫☛✑ ☛✡✏

✣✤✖✌☞☛✡ ☞✒✘✡✎✖✌✍✔✢


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✆✠✡✞✆☛☞ ☛✌ ✍☛✞✞☛☞✎ ✏☛☛✑✑✒☞ ✓☞✔ ✝✆✑✕ ✆☞✔✡✝✞✟✆✒✝


■�✁✂✄ ☎✄✆ ✝☎✞ ✆✞✟✠�✁ ✡✄☛☞✞✆✝ ✂�✆✝✄✡✡✞✁

✟✄❝✄✟✂✝✌ ✠✍ ✆❝✂�✁✡✞✆ ✂� ✝☎✞✎✠☛✡✁✏ �✞✑✝ ✝✠ ✒☎✂�✄✏

✄✝ ✄☛✠❛�✁ ✓✔✕✂✡✡✂✠� ✖✗✘✘✓✙✘✔✚✛ ✜✂�✟✞ ✝☎✞ ✕✂✁✙

✞✂☞☎✝✂✞✆✏ ✝☎✞ ✆❝✂��✂�☞ ✆✞✟✝✠☛ ☎✄✆ ☛✞✟✞✂❡✞✁ ✄ ✡✠✝

✠✍ ✄✝✝✞�✝✂✠�✛

❲✞ ☎✄❡✞ ✄ ✡✄☛☞✞ ✆☎✄☛✞ ✂� ✝☎✞ ✎✠☛✡✁ ✝☛✄✁✞

✠✍ ✟✠✝✝✠� ✌✄☛�✏ ✄✟✟✠❛�✝✂�☞ ✍✠☛ ✠�✞ ✍✠❛☛✝☎ ✠✍

✝☎✞ ✝✠✝✄✡ ✝☛✄✁✞✛ t✠✎✞❡✞☛✏ ✠❛☛ ✝☛✄✁✞ ✂�

☞✄☛✕✞�✝✆ ✂✆ ✠�✡✌ ✔ ❝✞☛ ✟✞�✝ ✠✍ ✝☎✞ ✎✠☛✡✁❣✆

✝✠✝✄✡✛ ✢❛☛ ✆❝✂��✂�☞ ✕✂✡✡✆ ✄☛✞ ✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✂❡✞ ✄✝

✝☎✞ ☞✡✠✣✄✡ ✡✞❡✞✡ ✄�✁ ✟✄❝✄✣✡✞ ✠✍ ❛✆✂�☞ ✄✡✡ ✝☎✞

✍✂✣☛✞✆ ✎✞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞✛ ❢☎✞ ✎✞✄❡✂�☞✏ ✤�✂✝✝✂�☞ ✄�✁

❝☛✠✟✞✆✆✂�☞ ❛�✂✝✆ ✟✄��✠✝ ❛✆✞ ✕❛✟☎ ✠✍ ✝☎✞ ☎✂☞☎

q❛✄✡✂✝✌ ✌✄☛� ✝☎✄✝ ✂✆ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞✁ ✂� ✝☎✞ ✟✠❛�✝☛✌✛

❢☎✞☛✞ ✄☛✞ ✆✠✕✞ ✡✄☛☞✞ ✄�✁ ✕✠✁✞☛� ✍✄✟✝✠☛✂✞✆

✂� ✝☎✞✆✞ ✆✞☞✕✞�✝✆✏ ✣❛✝ ✕✠✆✝ ✠✍ ✝☎✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂✠� ✂✆ ✂� ✍☛✄☞✕✞�✝✞✁ ✆✕✄✡✡ ❛�✂✝✆✏

✎☎✂✟☎ ✟✄✝✞☛ ✝✠ ✝☎✞ ✡✠✟✄✡ ✕✄☛✤✞✝✛ ❢☎✂✆

✕✂✆✕✄✝✟☎ ✂✆ ✄ ✕✄♠✠☛ ✁☛✄✎✣✄✟✤ ✍✠☛ ✝☎✞

✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌✛ ✐✆ ✄ ☛✞✆❛✡✝✏ ✕✄�✌ ✠✍ ✠❛☛ ✆❝✂��✞☛✆

✞✑❝✠☛✝ ✟✠✝✝✠� ✌✄☛� ✎☎✂✡✞ ✄❝❝✄☛✞✡✥☞✄☛✕✞�✝

✕✄�❛✍✄✟✝❛☛✞✆ ☎✄❡✞ ✝✠ ✂✕❝✠☛✝ ✍✄✣☛✂✟✛

t❛☞✡✂ ☛✂❡✞☛✏ ✂� ✄ �✄☛☛✠✎ ✣✞✡✝ ✖✦✧ ✤✕ ✡✠�☞ ✄�✁

✓ ✤✕ ✎✂✁✞✚✛

Yarn is sold at Rs. 85 per kg. If it is sold as a

trouser it fetches Rs 800 per kg. Value is

added at every stage from fibre to yarn to

fabric and to garment.

★✩✪ ✫✬ ✫✭ ✫✮✯✰✱✭✲✳✭ ✴✰✱ ✵✬ ✭✰ ✫✮✯✱✰✶✷ ✰✵✱

✇✷✲✶✫✳✸ ✬✷✹✭✰✱ ✫✳✬✭✷✲✺ ✰✴ ✷✻✯✰✱✭✫✳✸ ✪✲✱✳ ✫✳

❧✲✱✸✷ ✼✵✲✳✭✫✭✫✷✬✽

✐✡✝☎✠❛☞☎✏ ✎✞ ☎✄❡✞ ✕✄✁✞ ✆✂☞�✂✍✂✟✄�✝

✂�✟☛✞✄✆✞ ✂� ✝☎✞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂✠� ✠✍ ☞✠✠✁ q❛✄✡✂✝✌ ✡✠�☞

✆✝✄❝✡✞ ✟✠✝✝✠� ✖✦✗✓✗ ✡✄✤☎ ✣✄✡✞✆ ✂� ✗✘✘✔✙✘s✚✏

✝☎✞ �✞✞✁ ✝✠ ✂✕❝✠☛✝ ✂✆ ✆✝✂✡✡ ✍✞✡✝✛ ✾✠✎✞☛ ✆❛❝❝✡✌ ✂✆

✞☛☛✄✝✂✟ ✄�✁ ✕✄✟☎✂�✞☛✌ �✞✞✁✆ ✝✠ ✣✞ ❛❝☞☛✄✁✞✁

✂� ✝☎✞ ✎✞✄❡✂�☞ ✄�✁ ❝☛✠✟✞✆✆✂�☞ ✆✞✟✝✠☛✆ ✂�

❝✄☛✝✂✟❛✡✄☛✛ ✢✝☎✞☛ ❝☛✠✣✡✞✕✆ ✄☛✞ ✝☎✞ ✡✠✎ ✠❛✝❝❛✝

✠✍ ✡✄✣✠❛☛ ✄�✁ ✆✝✂✍✍ ✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✂✠� ✎✂✝☎ ✝☎✞

✆✌�✝☎✞✝✂✟ ✍✂✣☛✞ ✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌✛

❏✵✭✷ ✿✷✻✭✫❧✷✬

■�✁✂✄ ✂✆ ✝☎✞ ✡✄☛☞✞✆✝ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞☛ ✠✍ ☛✄✎ ♠❛✝✞ ✄�✁

♠❛✝✞ ☞✠✠✁✆ ✄�✁ ✆✝✄�✁✆ ✄✝ ✆✞✟✠�✁ ❝✡✄✟✞ ✄✆ ✄�

✞✑❝✠☛✝✞☛ ✄✍✝✞☛ ❀✄�☞✡✄✁✞✆☎✛ ❢☎✞☛✞ ✄☛✞ ✄✣✠❛✝ ❁✘

♠❛✝✞ ✕✂✡✡✆ ✂� ■�✁✂✄✛ ❥✠✆✝ ✠✍ ✝☎✞✆✞ ✄☛✞ ✡✠✟✄✝✞✁ ✂�

❲✞✆✝ ❀✞�☞✄✡✏ ✕✄✂�✡✌ ✄✡✠�☞ ✝☎✞ ✣✄�✤✆ ✠✍ ✝☎✞

The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, thejute mills remained in India but three-fourthof the jute producing area went toBangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

❋✄✟✝✠☛✆ ☛✞✆❝✠�✆✂✣✡✞ ✍✠☛ ✝☎✞✂☛ ✡✠✟✄✝✂✠� ✂�

✝☎✞ t❛☞✡✂ ✣✄✆✂� ✄☛✞❂ ❝☛✠✑✂✕✂✝✌ ✠✍ ✝☎✞ ♠❛✝✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✂�☞ ✄☛✞✄✆✏ ✂�✞✑❝✞�✆✂❡✞ ✎✄✝✞☛

✝☛✄�✆❝✠☛✝✏ ✆❛❝❝✠☛✝✞✁ ✣✌ ✄ ☞✠✠✁ �✞✝✎✠☛✤ ✠✍

☛✄✂✡✎✄✌✆✏ ☛✠✄✁✎✄✌✆ ✄�✁ ✎✄✝✞☛✎✄✌✆ ✝✠

✍✄✟✂✡✂✝✄✝✞ ✕✠❡✞✕✞�✝ ✠✍ ☛✄✎ ✕✄✝✞☛✂✄✡ ✝✠ ✝☎✞

✕✂✡✡✆✏ ✄✣❛�✁✄�✝ ✎✄✝✞☛ ✍✠☛ ❝☛✠✟✞✆✆✂�☞ ☛✄✎

♠❛✝✞✏ ✟☎✞✄❝ ✡✄✣✠❛☛ ✍☛✠✕ ❲✞✆✝ ❀✞�☞✄✡ ✄�✁

✄✁♠✠✂�✂�☞ ✆✝✄✝✞✆ ✠✍ ❀✂☎✄☛✏ ✢☛✂✆✆✄ ✄�✁ ❃✝✝✄☛

✾☛✄✁✞✆☎✛ P✠✡✤✄✝✄ ✄✆ ✄ ✡✄☛☞✞ ❛☛✣✄� ✟✞�✝☛✞

❝☛✠❡✂✁✞✆ ✣✄�✤✂�☞✏ ✂�✆❛☛✄�✟✞ ✄�✁ ❝✠☛✝

✍✄✟✂✡✂✝✂✞✆ ✍✠☛ ✞✑❝✠☛✝ ✠✍ ♠❛✝✞ ☞✠✠✁✆✛

❢☎✞ ♠❛✝✞ ✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌ ✆❛❝❝✠☛✝✆ ✗✛❚❄ ✡✄✤☎

✎✠☛✤✞☛✆ ✁✂☛✞✟✝✡✌ ✄�✁ ✄�✠✝☎✞☛ ✔✘ ✡✄✤☎✆ ✆✕✄✡✡

✄�✁ ✕✄☛☞✂�✄✡ ✍✄☛✕✞☛✆ ✎☎✠ ✄☛✞ ✞�☞✄☞✞✁ ✂�

✟❛✡✝✂❡✄✝✂✠� ✠✍ ♠❛✝✞ ✄�✁ ✕✞✆✝✄✛ ❥✄�✌ ✕✠☛✞

❝✞✠❝✡✞ ✄☛✞ ✄✆✆✠✟✂✄✝✞✁ ✂�✁✂☛✞✟✝✡✌✛

✒☎✄✡✡✞�☞✞✆ ✍✄✟✞✁ ✣✌ ✝☎✞ ✂�✁❛✆✝☛✌ ✂�✟✡❛✁✞

✆✝✂✍✍ ✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✂✠� ✂� ✝☎✞ ✂�✝✞☛�✄✝✂✠�✄✡✕✄☛✤✞✝ ✍☛✠✕

✆✌�✝☎✞✝✂✟ ✆❛✣✆✝✂✝❛✝✞✆ ✄�✁ ✍☛✠✕ ✠✝☎✞☛

✟✠✕❝✞✝✂✝✠☛✆ ✡✂✤✞ ❀✄�☞✡✄✁✞✆☎✏ ❀☛✄❅✂✡✏

✾☎✂✡✂❝❝✂�✞✆✏ ❆☞✌❝✝ ✄�✁ ❢☎✄✂✡✄�✁✛ t✠✎✞❡✞☛✏ ✝☎✞

✂�✝✞☛�✄✡ ✁✞✕✄�✁ ☎✄✆ ✣✞✞� ✠� ✝☎✞ ✂�✟☛✞✄✆✞ ✁❛✞

✝✠ ✝☎✞ ❇✠❡✞☛�✕✞�✝ ❝✠✡✂✟✌ ✠✍ ✕✄�✁✄✝✠☛✌ ❛✆✞ ✠✍

♠❛✝✞ ❝✄✟✤✄☞✂�☞✛ ❢✠ ✆✝✂✕❛✡✄✝✞ ✁✞✕✄�✁✏ ✝☎✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✆ �✞✞✁ ✝✠ ✣✞ ✁✂❡✞☛✆✂✍✂✞✁✛ ■� ✗✘✘s✏

◆✄✝✂✠�✄✡ ❈❛✝✞ ✾✠✡✂✟✌ ✎✄✆ ✍✠☛✕❛✡✄✝✞✁ ✎✂✝☎ ✝☎✞

✠✣♠✞✟✝✂❡✞ ✠✍ ✂�✟☛✞✄✆✂�☞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂❡✂✝✌✏ ✂✕❝☛✠❡✂�☞

q❛✄✡✂✝✌✏ ✞�✆❛☛✂�☞ ☞✠✠✁ ❝☛✂✟✞✆ ✝✠ ✝☎✞ ♠❛✝✞ ✍✄☛✕✞☛✆

✄�✁ ✞�☎✄�✟✂�☞ ✝☎✞ ✌✂✞✡✁ ❝✞☛ ☎✞✟✝✄☛✞✛ ❢☎✞ ✕✄✂�

✕✄☛✤✞✝✆ ✄☛✞ ❃✛✜✛✐✛✏ ✒✄�✄✁✄✏ ❉❛✆✆✂✄✏ ❃�✂✝✞✁

✐☛✄✣❉✞❝❛✣✡✂✟✏ ❃✛P✛ ✄�✁ ✐❛✆✝☛✄✡✂✄✛ ❢☎✞ ☞☛✠✎✂�☞

☞✡✠✣✄✡ ✟✠�✟✞☛� ✍✠☛ ✞�❡✂☛✠�✕✞�✝ ✍☛✂✞�✁✡✌✏

✣✂✠✁✞☞☛✄✁✄✣✡✞✕✄✝✞☛✂✄✡✆✏ ☎✄✆ ✠�✟✞ ✄☞✄✂� ✠❝✞�✞✁

✝☎✞ ✠❝❝✠☛✝❛�✂✝✌ ✍✠☛ ♠❛✝✞ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✆✛

❙✵✸✲✱ ❊✳✺✵✬✭✱✪

■�✁✂✄ ✆✝✄�✁✆ ✆✞✟✠�✁ ✄✆ ✄ ✎✠☛✡✁ ❝☛✠✁❛✟✞☛ ✠✍

✆❛☞✄☛ ✣❛✝ ✠✟✟❛❝✂✞✆ ✝☎✞ ✍✂☛✆✝ ❝✡✄✟✞ ✂� ✝☎✞

❝☛✠✁❛✟✝✂✠� ✠✍ ●❍❑ ✄�✁ ❦▲▼❖◗❘▼❑❯❱ ❢☎✞ ☛✄✎


♠�✁✂✄☎�❛ ✆✝✂✞ ☎✟ ✁✠☎✝ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ☎✝ ☛✆❛☞✡✌ �✟✞

☎✟ ✠�✆❛�✐✂ ☎✁✝ ✝✆✍✄✎✝✂ ✍✎✟✁✂✟✁ ✄✂✞✆✍✂✝✏ ✑✠✂✄✂

✝✠✎✆❛✞ ✁✠✂ ♠☎❛❛✝ ☛✂ ☎✞✂�❛❛✡ ❛✎✍�✁✂✞s ✒✠✂✄✂ �✄✂

✎♦✂✄ ✓✔✕ ✝✆✐�✄ ♠☎❛❛✝ ☎✟ ✁✠✂ ✍✎✆✟✁✄✡ ✝✖✄✂�✞

✎♦✂✄ ✗✁✁�✄ ✘✄�✞✂✝✠✌ ✙☎✠�✄✌ ✱�✠�✄�✝✠✁✄�✌

❑�✄✟�✁�☞�✌ ✒�♠☎❛ ✚�✞✆✌ ✛✟✞✠✄� ✘✄�✞✂✝✠ �✟✞

●✆✜�✄�✁ �❛✎✟✐ ✢☎✁✠ ✘✆✟✜�☛✌ ✣�✄✡�✟� �✟✞

✱�✞✠✡� ✘✄�✞✂✝✠✏ ▼☎✤✁✡ ✖✂✄ ✍✂✟✁ ♠☎❛❛✝ �✄✂ ☎✟

✗✁✁�✄ ✘✄�✞✂✝✠ �✟✞ ✙☎✠�✄✏ ✒✠☎✝ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ☎✝

✝✂�✝✎✟�❛ ☎✟ ✟�✁✆✄✂ ✝✎✌ ☎✁ ☎✝ ☎✞✂�❛❛✡ ✝✆☎✁✂✞ ✁✎

✁✠✂ ✍✎✎✖✂✄�✁☎♦✂ ✝✂✍✁✎✄✏ ✳�✟ ✡✎✆ ✂✤✖❛�☎✟ ✢✠✡

✁✠☎✝ ☎✝ ✝✎s

■✟ ✄✂✍✂✟✁ ✡✂�✄✝✌ ✁✠✂✄✂ ☎✝ � ✁✂✟✞✂✟✍✡ ✥✎✄ ✁✠✂

♠☎❛❛✝ ✁✎ ✝✠☎✥✁ �✟✞ ✍✎✟✍✂✟✁✄�✁✂ ☎✟ ✁✠✂ ✝✎✆✁✠✂✄✟

�✟✞ ✢✂✝✁✂✄✟ ✝✁�✁✂✝✌ ✂✝✖✂✍☎�❛❛✡ ☎✟ ✱�✠�✄�✝✠✁✄�✌

✒✠☎✝ ☎✝ ☛✂✍�✆✝✂ ✁✠✂ ✍�✟✂ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✂✞ ✠✂✄✂ ✠�✝ �

✠☎✐✠✂✄ ✝✆✍✄✎✝✂ ✍✎✟✁✂✟✁✏ ✒✠✂ ✍✎✎❛✂✄ ✍❛☎♠�✁✂

�❛✝✎ ✂✟✝✆✄✂✝ � ❛✎✟✐✂✄ ✍✄✆✝✠☎✟✐ ✝✂�✝✎✟✏

✱✎✄✂✎♦✂✄✌ ✁✠✂ ✍✎✎✖✂✄�✁☎♦✂✝ �✄✂ ♠✎✄✂

✝✆✍✍✂✝✝✥✆❛ ☎✟ ✁✠✂✝✂ ✝✁�✁✂✝✏

✱�✜✎✄ ✍✠�❛❛✂✟✐✂✝ ☎✟✍❛✆✞✂ ✁✠✂ ✝✂�✝✎✟�❛

✟�✁✆✄✂ ✎✥ ✁✠✂ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡✌ ✎❛✞ �✟✞ ☎✟✂✥✥☎✍☎✂✟✁

♠✂✁✠✎✞✝ ✎✥ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟✌ ✁✄�✟✝✖✎✄✁ ✞✂❛�✡ ☎✟

✄✂�✍✠☎✟✐ ✍�✟✂ ✁✎ ✥�✍✁✎✄☎✂✝ �✟✞ ✁✠✂ ✟✂✂✞ ✁✎

♠�✤☎♠☎✝✂ ✁✠✂ ✆✝✂ ✎✥ ☛�✐✐�✝✂✏

✦✧★✩✪✫✬ ✭✫✮✩✯ ✰★✯✲✮✴✪✧✩✮

■✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝ ✁✠�✁ ✆✝✂ ♠☎✟✂✄�❛✝ �✟✞ ♠✂✁�❛✝ �✝ ✄�✢

♠�✁✂✄☎�❛✝ �✄✂ ✍�❛❛✂✞ ♠☎✟✂✄�❛ ☛�✝✂✞ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝✏

✳�✟ ✡✎✆ ✟�♠✂ ✝✎♠✂ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝ ✁✠�✁ ✢✎✆❛✞ ✥�❛❛

☎✟ ✁✠☎✝ ✍�✁✂✐✎✄✡s

✵✶✷✸ ✹✸✺ ✻✼✽✽✾ ✵✸✺✿❀✼✶❁

✒✠✂ ☎✄✎✟ �✟✞ ✝✁✂✂❛ ■✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ☎✝ ✁✠✂ ☛�✝☎✍

☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡ ✝☎✟✍✂ �❛❛ ✁✠✂ ✎✁✠✂✄ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄☎✂✝ ❂ ✠✂�♦✡✌

♠✂✞☎✆♠ �✟✞ ❛☎✐✠✁✌ ✞✂✖✂✟✞ ✎✟ ☎✁ ✥✎✄ ✁✠✂☎✄

♠�✍✠☎✟✂✄✡✏ ▼✁✂✂❛ ☎✝ ✟✂✂✞✂✞ ✁✎ ♠�✟✆✥�✍✁✆✄✂ �

♦�✄☎✂✁✡ ✎✥ ✂✟✐☎✟✂✂✄☎✟✐ ✐✎✎✞✝✌ ✍✎✟✝✁✄✆✍✁☎✎✟

♠�✁✂✄☎�❛✌ ✞✂✥✂✟✍✂✌♠✂✞☎✍�❛✌ ✁✂❛✂✖✠✎✟☎✍✌ ✝✍☎✂✟✁☎✥☎✍

✂❡✆☎✖♠✂✟✁ �✟✞ � ♦�✄☎✂✁✡ ✎✥ ✍✎✟✝✆♠✂✄ ✐✎✎✞✝✏

Make a list of all such goods made of steelthat you can think of.

✘✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟�✟✞✍✎✟✝✆♠✖✁☎✎✟ ✎✥✝✁✂✂❛ ☎✝ ✎✥✁✂✟

✄✂✐�✄✞✂✞ �✝ ✁✠✂ ☎✟✞✂✤ ✎✥ � ✍✎✆✟✁✄✡r✝

✞✂♦✂❛✎✖♠✂✟✁✏ ■✄✎✟ �✟✞ ✝✁✂✂❛ ☎✝ � ✠✂�♦✡ ☎✟✞✆✝✁✄✡

☛✂✍�✆✝✂ �❛❛ ✁✠✂ ✄�✢♠�✁✂✄☎�❛✝ �✝ ✢✂❛❛ �✝ ✥☎✟☎✝✠✂✞

✐✎✎✞✝ �✄✂ ✠✂�♦✡ �✟✞ ☛✆❛☞✡ ✂✟✁�☎❛☎✟✐ ✠✂�♦✡

✁✄�✟✝✖✎✄✁�✁☎✎✟ ✍✎✝✁✝✏ ■✄✎✟ ✎✄✂✌ ✍✎☞☎✟✐ ✍✎�❛ �✟✞

❛☎♠✂ ✝✁✎✟✂ �✄✂ ✄✂❡✆☎✄✂✞ ☎✟ ✁✠✂ ✄�✁☎✎ ✎✥

�✖✖✄✎✤☎♠�✁✂❛✡ ✓ ❃ ❄ ❃ ❅✏ ▼✎♠✂ ❡✆�✟✁☎✁☎✂✝ ✎✥

♠�✟✐�✟✂✝✂✌�✄✂�❛✝✎ ✄✂❡✆☎✄✂✞ ✁✎✠�✄✞✂✟ ✁✠✂✝✁✂✂❛✏

✑✠✂✄✂ ✝✠✎✆❛✞ ✁✠✂ ✝✁✂✂❛ ✖❛�✟✁✝ ☛✂ ☎✞✂�❛❛✡

❛✎✍�✁✂✞s ❧✂♠✂♠☛✂✄ ✁✠�✁ ✁✠✂ ✥☎✟☎✝✠✂✞ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✁✝

�❛✝✎ ✟✂✂✞�✟ ✂✥✥☎✍☎✂✟✁ ✁✄�✟✝✖✎✄✁ ✟✂✁✢✎✄☞ ✥✎✄ ✁✠✂☎✄

✞☎✝✁✄☎☛✆✁☎✎✟ ✁✎ ✁✠✂ ♠�✄☞✂✁✝ �✟✞ ✍✎✟✝✆♠✂✄✝✏

✒✎✞�✡ ✢☎✁✠ ❚❄✏❆ ♠☎❛❛☎✎✟ ✁✎✟✝ ✎✥ ✝✁✂✂❛

✖✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟✌ ■✟✞☎� ✄�✟☞✝ ✟☎✟✁✠ �♠✎✟✐ ✁✠✂ ✢✎✄❛✞

✍✄✆✞✂ ✝✁✂✂❛ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✂✄✝✏ ■✁ ☎✝ ✁✠✂ ❛�✄✐✂✝✁ ✖✄✎✞✆✍✂✄

✎✥ ✝✖✎✟✐✂ ☎✄✎✟✏ ■✟✝✖☎✁✂ ✎✥ ❛�✄✐✂ ❡✆�✟✁☎✁✡ ✎✥

✖✄✎✞✆✍✁☎✎✟ ✎✥ ✝✁✂✂❛✌ ✖✂✄ ✍�✖☎✁� ✍✎✟✝✆♠✖✁☎✎✟ ✖✂✄

�✟✟✆♠ ☎✝ ✎✟❛✡ ❚❄ ☞✐✏

❋❇❈❉ ❊❉❍

P❏▲◆❖◗◗❖◗ ▲❘ ❙❯❱❲❘❯◆❳❲❏❖ ▲❘ ❨❳❖❖❩


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞ ✟✞✠ ✡☛☞☞✌ ✍✌✟✞☛✎


❆�� ✁✂✄�☎✆ ✝✞✆✟✠✡ ✂☛☞✞✡✟✌✍☎☛✎✝✏✌✡✍✞✟ ✟✑✞☎✡

✝✟✞✞� ✟✑✡✠✂✎✑s ✒✟✞✞� ❆✂✟✑✠✡☎✟✓ ✠✔ ✕☛☞☎✌ ✖✟☞✗

✭✒❆✕✖✘ ✙✑☎�✞ ✚✕✒✛✜ ✏✌✡✍✞✟✝ ☎✟✝ ✁✡✠☞✂✆✞

✟✑✡✠✂✎✑ ✚✌✟✌ ✒✟✞✞�✗

✕☛ ✟✑✞ ■✢✣✤✝ ✛✑☎☛✌ ✌☛☞ ✕☛☞☎✌ ✁✡✠☞✂✆✞☞

✌�✏✠✝✟ ✟✑✞ ✝✌✏✞❛✂✌☛✟☎✟✓ ✠✔ ✝✟✞✞�✗ ✚✠☞✌✓s ✛✑☎☛✌

☎✝ ✟✑✞ �✌✡✎✞✝✟ ✁✡✠☞✂✆✞✡✗ ✛✑☎☛✌ ☎✝ ✌�✝✠ ✟✑✞✙✠✡�☞✳✝

�✌✡✎✞✝✟ ✆✠☛✝✂✏✞✡ ✠✔ ✝✟✞✞�✗ ✕☛ ❧✤✤✥s ✕☛☞☎✌ ✙✌✝

✟✑✞ �✌✡✎✞✝✟ ✞t✁✠✡✟✞✡ ✠✔ ✝✟✞✞� ✙✑☎✆✑ ✌✆✆✠✂☛✟✞☞

✔✠✡ ❧✗❧✣ ✁✞✡ ✆✞☛✟ ✠✔ ✟✑✞ ✎�✠✄✌� ✝✟✞✞� ✟✡✌☞✞✗

✛✑✠✟✌☛✌✎✁✂✡ ✁�✌✟✞✌✂ ✡✞✎☎✠☛ ✑✌✝ ✟✑✞✏✌t☎✏✂✏

✆✠☛✆✞☛✟✡✌✟☎✠☛ ✠✔ ☎✡✠☛ ✌☛☞ ✝✟✞✞� ☎☛☞✂✝✟✡☎✞✝✗ ✕✟ ☎✝

�✌✡✎✞�✓s ✄✞✆✌✂✝✞ ✠✔ ✟✑✞ ✡✞�✌✟☎✦✞ ✌☞✦✌☛✟✌✎✞✝ ✟✑☎✝

✡✞✎☎✠☛ ✑✌✝ ✔✠✡ ✟✑✞ ☞✞✦✞�✠✁✏✞☛✟ ✠✔ ✟✑☎✝ ☎☛☞✂✝✟✡✓✗

✚✑✞✝✞ ☎☛✆�✂☞✞s �✠✙✆✠✝✟✠✔ ☎✡✠☛ ✠✡✞s✑☎✎✑✎✡✌☞✞

✡✌✙ ✏✌✟✞✡☎✌�✝ ☎☛ ✁✡✠t☎✏☎✟✓s ✆✑✞✌✁ �✌✄✠✂✡ ✌☛☞

✦✌✝✟ ✎✡✠✙✟✑ ✁✠✟✞☛✟☎✌� ☎☛ ✟✑✞ ✑✠✏✞ ✏✌✡✍✞✟✗

✚✑✠✂✎✑s ✕☛☞☎✌ ☎✝ ✌☛ ☎✏✁✠✡✟✌☛✟ ☎✡✠☛ ✌☛☞ ✝✟✞✞�

✁✡✠☞✂✆☎☛✎ ✆✠✂☛✟✡✓ ☎☛ ✟✑✞ ✙✠✡�☞ ✓✞✟s ✙✞ ✌✡✞ ☛✠✟

✌✄�✞ ✟✠ ✁✞✡✔✠✡✏ ✟✠ ✠✂✡ ✔✂�� ✁✠✟✞☛✟☎✌� �✌✡✎✞�✓ ☞✂✞

✟✠✧ ✭✌✘★☎✎✑✆✠✝✟✝✌☛☞ �☎✏☎✟✞☞✌✦✌☎�✌✄☎�☎✟✓ ✠✔ ✆✠✍☎☛✎

❚✩✪✫✬ ✮✯✰✱ ❚✲✴✩✫ ✵✶✷✶✸✹✬✺ ✸✴✬✬✫ ✻✼✲✺✽✾✴✶✲✷

✶✷ ✐✷✺✶✩

❨✬✩✼ P✼✲✺✽✾✴✶✲✷

✿✐✷ ❀✶✫✫✶✲✷ ✴✲✷✸ ✻✬✼ ✩✷✷✽❀❁

❂❃❄❅❇❄❂ ❂❈❅❉

❂❃❊❅❇❊❂ ❋❈●❃

❂❃❍❅❇❍❂ ❉❈❊❉

❂❃❏❅❇❏❂ ❊❈❏❋

❂❃❃❅❇❃❂ ❂●❈❄●

❂❃❃❍❇❃❏ ❋●❈❉❅

❋❅❅❉❇❅❄ ●❋❈❊❅

❘❑▲▼❑◆❑❖◗ ◗❙❑ ❯❱❲❑❖ ❳❩◗❩ ❬❱◗❙ ❩ ❭❩▼ ❳❱❩❯▼❩❪❫

❴❵❜ ❝❞ ❡❵❢ ❣❢❤ ❥❦❣❝❡❦ ❥♠♥❞♦♣❣❡❝♠♥ ♠q ❞❡❢❢r

❞♠ r♠✉ ❝♥ ✈♥✇❝❦①

②✡✞✝✞☛✟�✓s ✟✑✞✡✞ ✌✡✞ ■✤ ✁✡☎✏✌✡✓ ☎☛✟✞✎✡✌✟✞☞

✌☛☞ ✏✌☛✓ ✏☎☛☎ ✝✟✞✞� ✁�✌☛✟✝ ☎☛ ✕☛☞☎✌✗ ✒✞✞ ✟✑✞

❆✁✁✞☛☞☎t ✌☛☞ ✏✌✡✍ ✟✑✞✝✞ ✠☛ ✟✑✞✏✌✁ ✠✔ ✕☛☞☎✌✗

Mini steel plants are smaller, have electricfurnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.They have re-rollers that use steel ingots aswell. They produce mild and alloy steel ofgiven specifications.

An integrated steel plant is large, handleseverything in one complex � from puttingtogether raw material to steel making, rollingand shaping.

③④⑤⑥ ⑦⑥⑧⑨ ⑩❶❷❷❸ ❹❺❻❼❽❾❶❿❻➀ ❿➀ ➁➀❼❿➂ ➂➀❼ ➃➄❿➀➂


❝�✁✂ ✄☎✆ ✝�✞✟✠ ✡✠�☛☞❝✌✍✎✍✌✏ �✑ ✂✁☎�☞✠ ✄❝✆ ✒✠✠✟✓☞✂✁✠

s☞✡✡✂✏ �✑ ✟✔✟✠✓✏ ✁✔☛ ✄☛✆ ✕��✠ ✍✔✑✠✁s✌✠☞❝✌☞✠✟✖

❲✟ ✁✂s� ✍❡✡�✠✌ ✓��☛ ✗☞✁✂✍✌✏ s✌✟✟✂ ✑✠�❡�✌♦✟✠

❝�☞✔✌✠✍✟s✖ ✘�✞✟✎✟✠✱ ✌♦✟ �✎✟✠✁✂✂ ✡✠�☛☞❝✌✍�✔ �✑

s✌✟✟✂ ✍s s☞✑✑✍❝✍✟✔✌ ✌�❡✟✟✌ �☞✠☛�❡✟s✌✍❝ ☛✟❡✁✔☛✖

✝✍☎✟✠✁✂✍ s✁✌✍�✔ ✁✔☛ ▲�✠✟✍✓✔ ✙✍✠✟❝✌

✒✔✎✟s✌❡✟✔✌ ♦✁✎✟ ✓✍✎✟✔ ✁ ☎��s✌ ✌� ✌♦✟ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✏

✞✍✌♦ ✌♦✟ ✟✑✑�✠✌s �✑ ✡✠✍✎✁✌✟ ✟✔✌✠✟✡✠✟✔✟☞✠s✖

❚♦✟✠✟ ✍s ✁ ✔✟✟☛ ✌� ✁✂✂�❝✁✌✟ ✠✟s�☞✠❝✟s ✑�✠

✠✟s✟✁✠❝♦ ✁✔☛ ☛✟✎✟✂�✡❡✟✔✌ ✌� ✡✠�☛☞❝✟ s✌✟✟✂

❡�✠✟ ❝�❡✡☞✌✁✌✍✌✍✎✟✂✏✖

▼✁♦✁✠✁s♦✌✠✁ ✁✔☛ ❚✁❡✍✂ ✚✁☛☞✖ ✒✔ ✛✜✜✢✱ ✒✔☛✍✁

✡✠�☛☞❝✟☛ �✎✟✠ ♣✜✜ ❡✍✂✂✍�✔ ✌�✔s �✑ ✁✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡✖

❇✁☞✣✍✌✟✱ ✌♦✟ ✠✁✞ ❡✁✌✟✠✍✁✂ ☞s✟☛ ✍✔ ✌♦✟

s❡✟✂✌✟✠s ✍s ✁ ✎✟✠✏ ☎☞✂✤✏✱ ☛✁✠✤ ✠✟☛☛✍s♦ ❝�✂�☞✠✟☛

✠�❝✤✖ ❚♦✟ ✑✂�✞ ❝♦✁✠✌ ✓✍✎✟✔ ☎✟✂�✞ s♦�✞s ✌♦✟

✡✠�❝✟ss �✑ ❡✁✔☞✑✁❝✌☞✠✍✔✓ ✁✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡✖ ✥✟✓☞✂✁✠

s☞✡✡✂✏ �✑ ✟✂✟❝✌✠✍❝✍✌✏ ✁✔☛ ✁✔ ✁ss☞✠✟☛ s�☞✠❝✟ �✑

✠✁✞ ❡✁✌✟✠✍✁✂ ✁✌ ❡✍✔✍❡☞❡ ❝�s✌ ✁✠✟ ✌♦✟ ✌✞�

✡✠✍❡✟ ✑✁❝✌�✠s ✑�✠ ✂�❝✁✌✍�✔ �✑ ✌♦✟ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✏✖

Have you read about the Kalinganagarcontroversy?

❆✦✧★✩✪✩✧★ ✫★✬✦✭✩✪✮

✯✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡ s❡✟✂✌✍✔✓ ✍s ✌♦✟ s✟❝�✔☛ ❡�s✌

✍❡✡�✠✌✁✔✌ ❡✟✌✁✂✂☞✠✓✍❝✁✂ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✏ ✍✔ ✒✔☛✍✁✖ ✒✌ ✍s

✂✍✓♦✌✱ ✠✟s✍s✌✁✔✌ ✌� ❝�✠✠�s✍�✔✱ ✁ ✓��☛ ❝�✔☛☞❝✌�✠

�✑ ♦✟✁✌✱ ❡✁✂✂✁☎✂✟ ✁✔☛ ☎✟❝�❡✟s s✌✠�✔✓✞♦✟✔ ✍✌ ✍s

❡✍✣✟☛ ✞✍✌♦ �✌♦✟✠ ❡✟✌✁✂s✖ ✒✌ ✍s ☞s✟☛ ✌�

❡✁✔☞✑✁❝✌☞✠✟ ✁✍✠❝✠✁✑✌✱ ☞✌✟✔s✍✂s ✁✔☛✞✍✠✟s✖ ✒✌ ♦✁s

✓✁✍✔✟☛ ✡�✡☞✂✁✠✍✌✏ ✁s ✁ s☞☎s✌✍✌☞✌✟ �✑ s✌✟✟✂✱

❝�✡✡✟✠✱ ✰✍✔❝ ✁✔☛ ✂✟✁☛ ✍✔✁ ✔☞❡☎✟✠ �✑ ✍✔☛☞s✌✠✍✟s✖

❚♦✟✠✟ ✁✠✟ ✲ ✁✂☞❡✍✔✍☞❡ s❡✟✂✌✍✔✓ ✡✂✁✔✌s ✍✔

✌♦✟ ❝�☞✔✌✠✏ ✂�❝✁✌✟☛ ✍✔t✠✍ss✁ ✄✚✁✂❝� ✁✔☛ ❇✁✂❝�✆✱

❲✟s✌❇✟✔✓✁✂✱✳✟✠✁✂✁✱✴✌✌✁✠✕✠✁☛✟s♦✱ ✵♦✁✌✌✍s✓✁✠♦✱

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸✹✺ ✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃✼✾❄❅ ❈✾❉❉ ❂✼ ❃❈❊❉✼❊✽ ❁● ❍■❏❑◆

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸❖

❋✶✷✸ ✹✸P

A factory produces aluminium saucepans withplastic handles. It obtains aluminium from asmelter and a plastic component from


❡�✁✂✄❡☎✆ ✂✝✞✟✄✁❡✠ ✡☛ ✁☞❡ ✌✟✍�✁✄✆ ✠✟❡☛ �✟✁ ☞✡✎❡

✡�✆ ✄❡☛❡✄✎❡☛ ✟❛ ✌✟✝✝❡✄✌✂✡☎☎✆ ✍☛✡✏☎❡ ✞✟✁✡☛☞ ✟✄

✞✟✁✡☛☛✂✍✝ ✌✟✝✞✟✍�✠☛ ✂� ✡�✆ ❛✟✄✝♣ ✑�✠✂✡ ✂☛

✁☞❡ ✁☞✂✄✠ ☎✡✄t❡☛✁ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡✄ ✟❛ �✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛

❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛♣ ❢☞❡✄❡ ✡✄❡ ✒✓ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄ ✍�✂✁☛

✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄✂�t �✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛ ✡�✠ ✌✟✝✞☎❡♠

�✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛♥ ✔✕ ❛✟✄ ✍✄❡✡ ✡�✠ ✕ ❛✟✄

✞✄✟✠✍✌✂�t ✡✝✝✟�✂✍✝ ☛✍☎✞☞✡✁❡ ✡☛ ✡ ✏✆✖

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁ ✡�✠ ✗✘ ✟✁☞❡✄ ☛✝✡☎☎ ✍�✂✁☛ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡

☛✂�t☎❡ ☛✍✞❡✄✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁❡♣ s✁ ✞✄❡☛❡�✁♥ ✁☞❡✄❡ ✡✄❡

✶✙ ✞✍✏☎✂✌ ☛❡✌✁✟✄ ✍�✠❡✄✁✡✚✂�t☛ ✡�✠ ✟�❡ ✂�

✌✟✟✞❡✄✡✁✂✎❡ ☛❡✌✁✟✄ ✡✁ ❝✡✛✂✄✡ ✂� ✜✍✢✡✄✡✁ ✍�✠❡✄

✁☞❡ ✣❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄ ✤✟✄✞✟✄✡✁✂✟� ✟❛ ✑�✠✂✡♣

s❛✁❡✄ ✁☞❡ ✜✄❡❡� ❆❡✎✟☎✍✁✂✟� ✁☞❡ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆

❡♠✞✡�✠❡✠ ✁✟ ☛❡✎❡✄✡☎ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✞✡✄✁☛ ✟❛ ✁☞❡ ✌✟✍�✁✄✆♣

✜✍✢✡✄✡✁♥ ❢✡✝✂☎ ●✡✠✍♥ ✥✁✁✡✄ ✦✄✡✠❡☛☞♥ ✦✍�✢✡✏

✡�✠ ✧❡✄✡☎✡ ✌✟�✁✄✂✏✍✁❡ ✁✟★✡✄✠☛ ☞✡☎❛ ✁☞❡ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁✂✟�♣ ✩✁☞❡✄ ☛✂t�✂❛✂✌✡�✁ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡✄☛ ✡✄❡

s�✠☞✄✡ ✦✄✡✠❡☛☞♥ ✩✄✂☛☛✡♥ ❆✡✢✡☛✁☞✡�♥ ✪✂☞✡✄♥

▼✡☞✡✄✡☛☞✁✄✡♥ s☛☛✡✝♥✫❡☛✁ ✪❡�t✡☎♥ ✜✟✡♥✬❡☎☞✂♥

▼✡✠☞✆✡ ✦✄✡✠❡☛☞ ✡�✠ ✧✡✄�✡✁✡✚✡♣

❈✭✮✭✯✰ ✱✯✲✳✴✰✵✷

✤❡✝❡�✁ ✂☛ ❡☛☛❡�✁✂✡☎ ❛✟✄ ✌✟�☛✁✄✍✌✁✂✟� ✡✌✁✂✎✂✁✆

☛✍✌☞ ✡☛ ✏✍✂☎✠✂�t ☞✟✍☛❡☛♥ ❛✡✌✁✟✄✂❡☛♥ ✏✄✂✠t❡☛♥

✄✟✡✠☛♥ ✡✂✄✞✟✄✁☛♥ ✠✡✝☛ ✡�✠ ❛✟✄ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✌✟✝✝❡✄✌✂✡☎

❡☛✁✡✏☎✂☛☞✝❡�✁☛♣ ❢☞✂☛ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✄❡✸✍✂✄❡☛ ✏✍☎✚✆

✡�✠ ☞❡✡✎✆ ✄✡★✝✡✁❡✄✂✡☎☛ ☎✂✚❡ ☎✂✝❡☛✁✟�❡♥ ☛✂☎✂✌✡♥

✡☎✍✝✂�✡ ✡�✠ t✆✞☛✍✝♣ ✤✟✡☎ ✡�✠ ❡☎❡✌✁✄✂✌ ✞✟★❡✄

✡✄❡ �❡❡✠❡✠ ✡✞✡✄✁ ❛✄✟✝ ✄✡✂☎ ✁✄✡�☛✞✟✄✁✡✁✂✟�♣

❈✹✭✮✺✻✼✽ ✱✯✲✳✴✰✵✺✭✴

❢☞❡ ✤☞❡✝✂✌✡☎ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✂� ✑�✠✂✡ ✂☛ ❛✡☛✁ t✄✟★✂�t

✡�✠ ✠✂✎❡✄☛✂❛✆✂�t♣ ✑✁ ✌✟�✁✄✂✏✍✁❡☛ ✡✞✞✄✟♠✂✝✡✁❡☎✆

✾ ✞❡✄ ✌❡�✁ ✟❛ ✁☞❡ ✜✬✦♣ ✑✁ ✂☛ ✁☞❡ ✁☞✂✄✠ ☎✡✄t❡☛✁ ✂�

s☛✂✡ ✡�✠ ✟✌✌✍✞✂❡☛ ✁☞❡ ✁★❡☎❛✁☞ ✞☎✡✌❡ ✂� ✁☞❡★✟✄☎✠

✂� ✁❡✄✝ ✟❛ ✂✁☛ ☛✂✛❡♣ ✑✁ ✌✟✝✞✄✂☛❡☛ ✏✟✁☞ ☎✡✄t❡ ✡�✠

☛✝✡☎☎ ☛✌✡☎❡✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄✂�t ✍�✂✁☛♣❆✡✞✂✠ t✄✟★✁☞

☞✡☛ ✏❡❡� ✄❡✌✟✄✠❡✠ ✂� ✏✟✁☞ ✂�✟✄t✡�✂✌ ✡�✠

✟✄t✡�✂✌ ☛❡✌✁✟✄☛♣ ✑�✟✄t✡�✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✂�✌☎✍✠❡

☛✍☎✞☞✍✄✂✌ ✡✌✂✠ ✿✍☛❡✠ ✁✟✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄❡ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛♥

☛✆�✁☞❡✁✂✌ ❛✂✏✄❡☛♥ ✞☎✡☛✁✂✌☛♥ ✡✠☞❡☛✂✎❡☛♥ ✞✡✂�✁☛♥

✠✆❡☛ ☛✁✍❛❛☛❞♥ �✂✁✄✂✌ ✡✌✂✠♥ ✡☎✚✡☎✂❡☛♥ ☛✟✠✡ ✡☛☞ ✿✍☛❡✠

✁✟ ✝✡✚❡ t☎✡☛☛♥ ☛✟✡✞☛ ✡�✠ ✠❡✁❡✄t❡�✁☛♥ ✞✡✞❡✄❞

✡�✠ ✌✡✍☛✁✂✌ ☛✟✠✡♣ ❢☞❡☛❡ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✂❡☛ ✡✄❡ ★✂✠❡☎✆

☛✞✄❡✡✠ ✟✎❡✄ ✁☞❡ ✌✟✍�✁✄✆♣

❲✹✷ ✲❀ ✷❀✳ ✰✹✺✯❁ ✺✰ ✺✴ ✴❀❂

✩✄t✡�✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✂�✌☎✍✠❡ ✞❡✁✄✟✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛♥

★☞✂✌☞ ✡✄❡ ✍☛❡✠ ❛✟✄ ✝✡�✍❛✡✌✁✍✄✂�t ✟❛ ☛✆�✁☞❡✁✂✌

❛✂✏❡✄☛♥ ☛✆�✁☞❡✁✂✌ ✄✍✏✏❡✄♥ ✞☎✡☛✁✂✌☛♥ ✠✆❡✖☛✁✍❛❛☛♥

✠✄✍t☛ ✡�✠ ✞☞✡✄✝✡✌❡✍✁✂✌✡☎☛♣ ✩✄t✡�✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎

✞☎✡�✁☛ ✡✄❡ ☎✟✌✡✁❡✠ �❡✡✄ ✟✂☎ ✄❡❛✂�❡✄✂❡☛ ✟✄

✞❡✁✄✟✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎ ✞☎✡�✁☛♣

❢☞❡ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✂☛ ✂✁☛ ✟★� ☎✡✄t❡☛✁

✌✟�☛✍✝❡✄♣ ✪✡☛✂✌ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✍�✠❡✄t✟ ✞✄✟✌❡☛☛✂�t

✁✟ ❛✍✄✁☞❡✄ ✞✄✟✠✍✌❡ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✌☞❡✝✂✌✡☎☛ ✁☞✡✁ ✡✄❡

✍☛❡✠ ❛✟✄ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✂✡☎ ✡✞✞☎✂✌✡✁✂✟�♥ ✡t✄✂✌✍☎✁✍✄❡ ✟✄

✠✂✄❡✌✁☎✆ ❛✟✄ ✌✟�☛✍✝❡✄ ✝✡✄✚❡✁☛♣ ▼✡✚❡ ✡ ☎✂☛✁ ✟❛

✁☞❡ ✞✄✟✠✍✌✁☛ ✆✟✍ ✡✄❡ ✡★✡✄❡ ✟❛♣

❋✭✵✰✺✽✺✴✭✵ ✱✯✲✳✴✰✵✷

❢☞❡ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✂☛ ✌❡�✁✄❡✠ ✡✄✟✍�✠ ✁☞❡

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁✂✟� ✟❛ �✂✁✄✟t❡�✟✍☛ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛ ✿✝✡✂�☎✆

✍✄❡✡❞♥ ✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁✂✌ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛ ✡�✠ ✡✝✝✟�✂✍✝

✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁❡ ✿✬s✦❞ ✡�✠ ✌✟✝✞☎❡♠ ❛❡✄✁✂☎✂☛❡✄☛ ★☞✂✌☞

☞✡✎❡ ✡ ✌✟✝✏✂�✡✁✂✟� ✟❛ �✂✁✄✟t❡� ✿●❞♥ ✞☞✟☛✞☞✡✁❡

✿✦❞♥ ✡�✠ ✞✟✁✡☛☞ ✿✧❞♣ ❢☞❡ ✁☞✂✄✠♥ ✂♣❡♣ ✞✟✁✡☛☞ ✂☛

Where would it be economically viable toset up the cement manufacturing units?

❢☞❡ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ☞✡☛ ☛✁✄✡✁❡t✂✌✡☎☎✆ ☎✟✌✡✁❡✠

✞☎✡�✁☛ ✂� ✜✍✢✡✄✡✁ ✁☞✡✁ ☞✡✎❡ ☛✍✂✁✡✏☎❡ ✡✌✌❡☛☛ ✁✟

✁☞❡ ✝✡✄✚❡✁ ✂� ✁☞❡ ✜✍☎❛ ✌✟✍�✁✄✂❡☛♣

Find out where the plants are located in otherStates of India. Find their names.

another factory. All the manufacturedsaucepans are sent to a warehouse:

1. (a) Which raw material is likely to be mostexpensive to transport and why?

(b) Which raw material is likely to bethe cheapest to transport and why?

2. Do you think the cost of transporting thefinished products after packaging is likelyto be cheaper or more expensive than thecost of transporting aluminium andplastic? Why?

❢☞❡ ❛✂✄☛✁ ✌❡✝❡�✁ ✞☎✡�✁ ★✡☛ ☛❡✁ ✍✞ ✂�

✤☞❡��✡✂ ✂� ✶✕✙❃♣ s❛✁❡✄ ✑�✠❡✞❡�✠❡�✌❡ ✁☞❡

✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ❡♠✞✡�✠❡✠♣ ✬❡✌✟�✁✄✟☎ ✟❛ ✞✄✂✌❡ ✡�✠

✠✂☛✁✄✂✏✍✁✂✟� ☛✂�✌❡ ✶✕✘✕ ✡�✠ ✟✁☞❡✄ ✞✟☎✂✌✆

✄❡❛✟✄✝☛ ☎❡✠ ✁☞❡ ✌❡✝❡�✁ ✂�✠✍☛✁✄✆ ✁✟ ✝✡✚❡ ✄✡✞✂✠

☛✁✄✂✠❡☛ ✂� ✌✡✞✡✌✂✁✆♥ ✞✄✟✌❡☛☛♥ ✁❡✌☞�✟☎✟t✆ ✡�✠

✞✄✟✠✍✌✁✂✟�♣ ❢☞❡✄❡ ✡✄❡ ✶✔✘ ☎✡✄t❡ ✞☎✡�✁☛ ✡�✠


✸✸�✁✂✄✂ ☎✆✁✆✄✝ ✞✟✠✄✝✡ ✂✄ ✝☛✆ ☎☞✌✄✝✍✎✏ ✑✄✒✂✠

✞✍☞✒✌☎✆✡ ✠ ♣✠✍✂✆✝✎ ☞✓ ☎✆✁✆✄✝✏

✑✁✞✍☞♣✆✁✆✄✝ ✂✄ ✝☛✆ ■✌✠✟✂✝✎ ☛✠✡ ✓☞✌✄✒ ✝☛✆

✞✍☞✒✌☎✆ ✠ ✍✆✠✒✂✟✎ ✠♣✠✂✟✠✔✟✆ ✁✠✍✕✆✝ ✂✄ ✖✠✡✝

❆✡✂✠✗ ✘✂✒✒✟✆ ✖✠✡✝✗ ❆✓✍✂☎✠ ✠✄✒ ✙☞✌✝☛ ❆✡✂✠ ✠✞✠✍✝

✓✍☞✁ ✠ ✟✠✍❢✆ ✒✆✁✠✄✒ ✚✂✝☛✂✄ ✝☛✆ ☎☞✌✄✝✍✎✏ ✛☛✂✡

✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✂✡ ✒☞✂✄❢ ✚✆✟✟ ✂✄ ✝✆✍✁✡ ☞✓ ✞✍☞✒✌☎✝✂☞✄

✠✡ ✚✆✟✟ ✠✡ ✆❛✞☞✍✝✏ ✖✓✓☞✍✝✡ ✠✍✆ ✔✆✂✄❢ ✁✠✒✆ ✝☞

❢✆✄✆✍✠✝✆ ✠✒✆■✌✠✝✆ ✒☞✁✆✡✝✂☎ ✒✆✁✠✄✒ ✠✄✒

✡✌✞✞✟✎ ✂✄ ☞✍✒✆✍ ✝☞ ✡✌✡✝✠✂✄ ✝☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎✏

✜✢✣✤✥✤✦✧★✩ ✪✫✬✢✭✣✮✯

❆✌✝☞✁☞✔✂✟✆✡ ✞✍☞♣✂✒✆ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆ ✓☞✍ ■✌✂☎✕

✝✍✠✄✡✞☞✍✝ ☞✓ ❢☞☞✒ ✡✆✍♣✂☎✆✡ ✠✄✒ ✞✠✡✡✆✄❢✆✍✡✏

✛✍✌☎✕✡✗ ✔✌✡✆✡✗ ☎✠✍✡✗ ✁☞✝☞✍ ☎✎☎✟✆✡✗ ✡☎☞☞✝✆✍✡✗

✝☛✍✆✆t✚☛✆✆✟✆✍✡ ✠✄✒ ✁✌✟✝✂t✌✝✂✟✂✝✎ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡ ✠✍✆

✁✠✄✌✓✠☎✝✌✍✆✒ ✂✄ ✑✄✒✂✠ ✠✝ ♣✠✍✂☞✌✡ ☎✆✄✝✍✆✡✏

❆✓✝✆✍ ✝☛✆ ✟✂✔✆✍✠✟✂✡✠✝✂☞✄✗ ✝☛✆ ☎☞✁✂✄❢ ✂✄ ☞✓ ✄✆✚

✠✄✒ ☎☞✄✝✆✁✞☞✍✠✍✎ ✁☞✒✆✟✡ ✡✝✂✁✌✟✠✝✆✒ ✝☛✆

✒✆✁✠✄✒ ✓☞✍ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡ ✂✄ ✝☛✆ ✁✠✍✕✆✝✗ ✚☛✂☎☛ ✟✆✒

✝☞ ✝☛✆ ☛✆✠✟✝☛✎ ❢✍☞✚✝☛ ☞✓ ✝☛✆ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎

✂✄☎✟✌✒✂✄❢ ✞✠✡✡✆✄❢✆✍ ☎✠✍✡✗ ✝✚☞ ✠✄✒ ✝☛✍✆✆t

✚☛✆✆✟✆✍✡✏ ✛☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☛✠✒ ✆❛✞✆✍✂✆✄☎✆✒ ✠

■✌✠✄✝✌✁ q✌✁✞ ✂✄ ✟✆✡✡ ✝☛✠✄ ✰✱ ✎✆✠✍✡✏ ✲☞✍✆✂❢✄

❉✂✍✆☎✝ ✑✄♣✆✡✝✁✆✄✝ ✔✍☞✌❢☛✝ ✂✄ ✄✆✚ ✝✆☎☛✄☞✟☞❢✎

✠✄✒ ✠✟✂❢✄✆✒ ✝☛✆ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✚✂✝☛ ❢✟☞✔✠✟

✒✆♣✆✟☞✞✁✆✄✝✡✏ ❆✝ ✞✍✆✡✆✄✝✗ ✝☛✆✍✆ ✠✍✆ ✰✱

✁✠✄✌✓✠☎✝✌✍✆✍✡ ☞✓ ✞✠✡✡✆✄❢✆✍ ☎✠✍✡ ✠✄✒ ✁✌✟✝✂t

✌✝✂✟✂✝✎ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡✗ ✉ ☞✓ ☎☞✁✁✆✍☎✂✠✟ ♣✆☛✂☎✟✆✡✗ ✰✳

☞✓ ✝☛✆ ✝✚☞ ✠✄✒ ✝☛✍✆✆t✚☛✆✆✟✆✍✡✏ ✛☛✆ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎

✂✡ ✟☞☎✠✝✆✒ ✠✍☞✌✄✒ ❉✆✟☛✂✗ ✐✌✍❢✠☞✄✗ ✘✌✁✔✠✂✗

P✌✄✆✗ ✴☛✆✄✄✠✂✗ ✵☞✟✕✠✝✠✗ ✶✌☎✕✄☞✚✗ ✑✄✒☞✍✆✗

❍✎✒✆✍✠✔✠✒✗ ✷✠✁✡☛✆✒✞✌✍ ✠✄✒ ✹✠✄❢✠✟☞✍✆✏

✪✫✺✤✮✥♠✣✧✤✫ ✻✩❡✼✫✤★✤✽✯ ♠✫✬

❊★✩❡✣✮✤✫✧❡✭ ✪✫✬✢✭✣✮✯

✛☛✆ ✆✟✆☎✝✍☞✄✂☎✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☎☞♣✆✍✡ ✠ ✚✂✒✆ ✍✠✄❢✆

☞✓ ✞✍☞✒✌☎✝✡ ✓✍☞✁ ✝✍✠✄✡✂✡✝☞✍ ✡✆✝✡ ✝☞ ✝✆✟✆♣✂✡✂☞✄✗

✝✆✟✆✞☛☞✄✆✡✗ ☎✆✟✟✌✟✠✍ ✝✆✟✆☎☞✁✗ ✞✠❢✆✍✡✗ ✝✆✟✆✞☛☞✄✆

✆❛☎☛✠✄❢✆✗ ✍✠✒✠✍✡✗ ☎☞✁✞✌✝✆✍✡ ✠✄✒ ✁✠✄✎

☞✝☛✆✍ ✆■✌✂✞✁✆✄✝✡ ✍✆■✌✂✍✆✒ ✔✎ ✝☛✆

✝✆✟✆☎☞✁✁✌✄✂☎✠✝✂☞✄ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎✏ ✹✠✄❢✠✟☞✍✆ ☛✠✡

✆✁✆✍❢✆✒ ✠✡ ✝☛✆ ✆✟✆☎✝✍☞✄✂☎ ☎✠✞✂✝✠✟ ☞✓ ✑✄✒✂✠✏ ✾✝☛✆✍

✂✁✞☞✍✝✠✄✝ ☎✆✄✝✍✆✡ ✓☞✍ ✆✟✆☎✝✍☞✄✂☎ ❢☞☞✒✡ ✠✍✆

✘✌✁✔✠✂✗ ❉✆✟☛✂✗ ❍✎✒✆✍✠✔✠✒✗ P✌✄✆✗ ✴☛✆✄✄✠✂✗

✵☞✟✕✠✝✠✗ ✶✌☎✕✄☞✚ ✠✄✒ ✴☞✂✁✔✠✝☞✍✆✏ ✰❑

✡☞✓✝✚✠✍✆ ✝✆☎☛✄☞✟☞❢✎ ✞✠✍✕✡ ✞✍☞♣✂✒✆ ✡✂✄❢✟✆

✚✂✄✒☞✚ ✡✆✍♣✂☎✆ ✠✄✒ ☛✂❢☛ ✒✠✝✠ ☎☞✁✁✌✄✂☎✠✝✂☞✄

✓✠☎✂✟✂✝✎ ✝☞ ✡☞✓✝✚✠✍✆ ✆❛✞✆✍✝✡✏ ❆✁✠q☞✍ ✂✁✞✠☎✝ ☞✓

✝☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☛✠✡ ✔✆✆✄ ☞✄ ✆✁✞✟☞✎✁✆✄✝

❢✆✄✆✍✠✝✂☞✄✏ ❣✞✝☞ ✸✰ ✘✠✍☎☛ �✿✿✱✗ ✝☛✆ ✑✛

✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✆✁✞✟☞✎✆✒ ☞♣✆✍ ☞✄✆ ✁✂✟✟✂☞✄ ✞✆✍✡☞✄✡✏

✛☛✂✡ ✄✌✁✔✆✍ ✂✡ ✆❛✞✆☎✝✆✒ ✝☞ ✂✄☎✍✆✠✡✆ ✆✂❢☛✝t✓☞✟✒

✂✄ ✝☛✆ ✄✆❛✝ ✸ ✝☞ ✳ ✎✆✠✍✡✏ ✑✝ ✂✡ ✆✄☎☞✌✍✠❢✂✄❢ ✝☞

✕✄☞✚ ✝☛✠✝ ✸✿ ✞✆✍ ☎✆✄✝ ☞✓ ✝☛✆ ✞✆☞✞✟✆ ✆✁✞✟☞✎✆✒

✂✄ ✝☛✂✡ ✡✆☎✝☞✍ ✠✍✆ ✇❀❁❂❃✏ ✛☛✂✡ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ☛✠✡

✔✆✆✄ ✠ ✁✠q☞✍ ✓☞✍✆✂❢✄ ✆❛☎☛✠✄❢✆ ✆✠✍✄✆✍ ✂✄ ✝☛✆

✟✠✡✝ ✝✚☞ ☞✍ ✝☛✍✆✆ ✎✆✠✍✡ ✔✆☎✠✌✡✆ ☞✓ ✂✝✡ ✓✠✡✝

❢✍☞✚✂✄❢ ✹✌✡✂✄✆✡✡ P✍☞☎✆✡✡✆✡ ✾✌✝✡☞✌✍☎✂✄❢

❄✹P✾❅ ✡✆☎✝☞✍✏ ✛☛✆ ☎☞✄✝✂✄✌✂✄❢ ❢✍☞✚✝☛ ✂✄ ✝☛✆

☛✠✍✒✚✠✍✆ ✠✄✒ ✡☞✓✝✚✠✍✆ ✂✡ ✝☛✆ ✕✆✎ ✝☞ ✝☛✆ ✡✌☎☎✆✡✡

☞✓ ✑✛ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✎ ✂✄ ✑✄✒✂✠✏

❋❇❈● ❏●▲▼ ◆❖◗❘❙ ❚❖❯❱❲❖❳❨❱❩❬❯❭ ❲❖❳❬❘❬❨❬❙❪ ❖❨ ❫◆❴❵

❜❱❝❯❖❩❖❬❯❝❱❩ ❞❤❙❪❨ ❥❙❯❭❖❘❦

❋❇❈● ❏●❧♥▼ ♦❖❪ ❨❱❩◗❬❯❙ ❩r❨r❩ ❖❯ ❖❪❪❙❚◗❘s ◗❙✈

❖❨ ❥❫①❴❵ ❫s✈❙❩❖◗❖✈

②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩❶ ❷❸❶❶⑤⑦⑨❸③ ⑩③④ ❹③❺⑨⑧❸③❻❼③⑦⑩❶

❽❼❾⑧⑩④⑩⑦⑨❸③

❆✟✝☛☞✌❢☛ ✂✄✒✌✡✝✍✂✆✡ ☎☞✄✝✍✂✔✌✝✆ ✡✂❢✄✂✓✂☎✠✄✝✟✎ ✝☞

✑✄✒✂✠❿✡ ✆☎☞✄☞✁✂☎ ❢✍☞✚✝☛ ✠✄✒ ✒✆♣✆✟☞✞✁✆✄✝✗ ✝☛✆

✂✄☎✍✆✠✡✆ ✂✄ ✞☞✟✟✌✝✂☞✄ ☞✓ ✟✠✄✒✗ ✚✠✝✆✍✗ ✠✂✍✗ ✄☞✂✡✆

✠✄✒ ✍✆✡✌✟✝✂✄❢ ✒✆❢✍✠✒✠✝✂☞✄ ☞✓ ✆✄♣✂✍☞✄✁✆✄✝ ✝☛✠✝

✝☛✆✎ ☛✠♣✆ ☎✠✌✡✆✒✗ ☎✠✄✄☞✝ ✔✆ ☞♣✆✍✟☞☞✕✆✒✏

✑✄✒✌✡✝✍✂✆✡ ✠✍✆ ✍✆✡✞☞✄✡✂✔✟✆ ✓☞✍ ✓☞✌✍ ✝✎✞✆✡ ☞✓


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✠✡☛ ☞☛✌✍✎✆✏✆✑✒ ✓✠✡✔✕


♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✡☎☛ ✞☞✠ ✌✟✄❛☛ ✞✍✠ ✎✟✆✏ ✞✏✠ ✑�☎✒❛✓

❚✔❛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎✆✕ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎❛✒ ✟✁✒� ☎✆✍✁✂✏❛ ✄✔❛☛✖✟✁

♣�✗❛☛ ♣✁✟✆✄✒✓

❆✘✙ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ ☎✒ ✍✟✂✒❛✏ ☞✐ ✄✔❛ ♣☛❛✒❛✆✍❛ �✥ ✔☎✕✔

♣☛�♣�☛✄☎�✆ �✥ ✂✆✏❛✒☎☛✟☞✁❛ ✕✟✒❛✒✦ ✒✂✍✔ ✟✒

✒✂✁♣✔✂☛ ✏☎�s☎✏❛ ✟✆✏ ✍✟☛☞�✆ ✖�✆�s☎✏❛✓ ✡☎☛✲

☞�☛✆❛ ♣✟☛✄☎✍✂✁✟✄❛ ✖✟✄❛☛☎✟✁✒ ✍�✆✄✟☎✆ ☞�✄✔ ✒�✁☎✏

✟✆✏ ✁☎✧✂☎✏ ♣✟☛✄☎✍✁❛✒ ✁☎★❛ ✏✂✒✄✦ ✒♣☛✟✐✒ ✖☎✒✄ ✟✆✏

✒✖�★❛✓ ✩✖�★❛ ☎✒ ❛✖☎✄✄❛✏ ☞✐ ✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁ ✟✆✏ ♣✟♣❛☛

✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒✦ ☞☛☎✍★ ★☎✁✆✒✦ ☛❛✥☎✆❛☛☎❛✒ ✟✆✏ ✒✖❛✁✄☎✆✕

♣✁✟✆✄✒✦ ✟✆✏ ☞✂☛✆☎✆✕ �✥ ✥�✒✒☎✁ ✥✂❛✁✒ ☎✆ ☞☎✕ ✟✆✏

✒✖✟✁✁ ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒ ✄✔✟✄ ☎✕✆�☛❛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆ ✆�☛✖✒✓

❚�s☎✍ ✕✟✒ ✁❛✟★✒ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ✪❛☛✐ ✔✟✫✟☛✏�✂✒ ✗☎✄✔

✁�✆✕✲✄❛☛✖ ❛✥✥❛✍✄✒✓ ✡☛❛ ✐�✂ ✟✗✟☛❛ �✥ ✄✔❛ ❧✔�♣✟✁

●✟✒ ✄☛✟✕❛✏✐ ✄✔✟✄ �✍✍✂☛☛❛✏✬ ✡☎☛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆

✟✏✪❛☛✒❛✁✐✟✥✥❛✍✄✒ ✔✂✖✟✆ ✔❛✟✁✄✔✦✟✆☎✖✟✁✒✦ ♣✁✟✆✄✒✦

☞✂☎✁✏☎✆✕✒ ✟✆✏ ✄✔❛ ✟✄✖�✒♣✔❛☛❛ ✟✒ ✟ ✗✔�✁❛✓

❲✭✣✮✙ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ ☎✒ ✍✟✂✒❛✏ ☞✐ �☛✕✟✆☎✍ ✟✆✏

☎✆�☛✕✟✆☎✍ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ✗✟✒✄❛✒ ✟✆✏ ✟✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒

✏☎✒✍✔✟☛✕❛✏ ☎✆✄� ☛☎✪❛☛✒✓ ❚✔❛ ✖✟☎✆ ✍✂✁♣☛☎✄✒ ☎✆ ✄✔☎✒

☛❛✕✟☛✏ ✟☛❛ ♣✟♣❛☛✦ ♣✂✁♣✦ ✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁✦ ✄❛s✄☎✁❛ ✟✆✏

✏✐❛☎✆✕✦ ♣❛✄☛�✁❛✂✖ ☛❛✥☎✆❛☛☎❛✒✦ ✄✟✆✆❛☛☎❛✒ ✟✆✏

❛✁❛✍✄☛�♣✁✟✄☎✆✕ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎❛✒ ✄✔✟✄ ✁❛✄ �✂✄ ✏✐❛✒✦

✏❛✄❛☛✕❛✆✄✒✦ ✟✍☎✏✒✦ ✒✟✁✄✒ ✟✆✏ ✔❛✟✪✐ ✖❛✄✟✁✒ ✁☎★❛

✁❛✟✏ ✟✆✏ ✖❛☛✍✂☛✐ ♣❛✒✄☎✍☎✏❛✒✦ ✥❛☛✄☎✁☎✒❛☛✒✦

✒✐✆✄✔❛✄☎✍ ✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁✒ ✗☎✄✔ ✍✟☛☞�✆✦ ♣✁✟✒✄☎✍✒ ✟✆✏

☛✂☞☞❛☛✦ ❛✄✍✓ ☎✆✄� ✄✔❛ ✗✟✄❛☛ ☞�✏☎❛✒✓ ✱✁✐ ✟✒✔✦

♣✔�✒♣�✲ ✕✐♣✒✂✖ ✟✆✏ ☎☛�✆ ✟✆✏ ✒✄❛❛✁ ✒✁✟✕✒ ✟☛❛

✄✔❛ ✖✟t�☛ ✒�✁☎✏ ✗✟✒✄❛✒ ☎✆ ✯✆✏☎✟✓

✰❤✮✙♠✭✜ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ �✥ ✗✟✄❛☛ �✍✍✂☛✒ ✗✔❛✆ ✔�✄

✗✟✄❛☛ ✥☛�✖ ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒ ✟✆✏ ✄✔❛☛✖✟✁ ♣✁✟✆✄✒ ☎✒

✏☛✟☎✆❛✏ ☎✆✄� ☛☎✪❛☛✒ ✟✆✏ ♣�✆✏✒ ☞❛✥�☛❛ ✍��✁☎✆✕✓

✌✔✟✄ ✗�✂✁✏ ☞❛ ✄✔❛ ❛✥✥❛✍✄ �✆ ✟✧✂✟✄☎✍ ✁☎✥❛✬

✌✟✒✄❛✒ ✥☛�✖ ✆✂✍✁❛✟☛ ♣�✗❛☛ ♣✁✟✆✄✒✦ ✆✂✍✁❛✟☛

✟✆✏ ✗❛✟♣�✆ ♣☛�✏✂✍✄☎�✆ ✥✟✍☎✁☎✄☎❛✒ ✍✟✂✒❛

✍✟✆✍❛☛✒✦ ☞☎☛✄✔ ✏❛✥❛✍✄✒ ✟✆✏ ✖☎✒✍✟☛☛☎✟✕❛✒✓ ✩�☎✁

✟✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆ ✟☛❛ ✍✁�✒❛✁✐ ☛❛✁✟✄❛✏✓

❉✂✖♣☎✆✕ �✥ ✗✟✒✄❛✒ ✒♣❛✍☎✟✁✁✐ ✕✁✟✒✒✦ ✔✟☛✖✥✂✁

✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁✒✦ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ❛✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒✦ ♣✟✍★✟✕☎✆✕✦ ✒✟✁✄✒

✟✆✏ ✕✟☛☞✟✕❛ ☛❛✆✏❛☛✒ ✄✔❛ ✒�☎✁ ✂✒❛✁❛✒✒✓ ✳✟☎✆

✗✟✄❛☛ ♣❛☛✍�✁✟✄❛✒ ✄� ✄✔❛ ✒�☎✁ ✍✟☛☛✐☎✆✕ ✄✔❛

♣�✁✁✂✄✟✆✄✒ ✄� ✄✔❛ ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✟✆✏ ✄✔❛ ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛

✟✁✒� ✕❛✄✒ ✍�✆✄✟✖☎✆✟✄❛✏✓

◆✛✘✴✮ ✚✛✜✜✢✣✘✛✤ ✆�✄ �✆✁✐ ☛❛✒✂✁✄✒ ☎✆ ☎☛☛☎✄✟✄☎�✆

✟✆✏ ✟✆✕❛☛✦ ☎✄ ✍✟✆ ✟✁✒� ✍✟✂✒❛ ✔❛✟☛☎✆✕

☎✖♣✟☎☛✖❛✆✄✦ ☎✆✍☛❛✟✒❛✏ ✔❛✟☛✄ ☛✟✄❛ ✟✆✏ ☞✁��✏

♣☛❛✒✒✂☛❛ ✟✖�✆✕ �✄✔❛☛ ♣✔✐✒☎�✁�✕☎✍✟✁ ❛✥✥❛✍✄✒✓

❯✆✗✟✆✄❛✏ ✒�✂✆✏ ☎✒ ✟✆ ☎☛☛☎✄✟✆✄ ✟✆✏ ✟ ✒�✂☛✍❛ �✥

✒✄☛❛✒✒✓ ✯✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ✟✆✏ ✍�✆✒✄☛✂✍✄☎�✆ ✟✍✄☎✪☎✄☎❛✒✦

✖✟✍✔☎✆❛☛✐✦ ✥✟✍✄�☛✐ ❛✧✂☎♣✖❛✆✄✦ ✕❛✆❛☛✟✄�☛✒✦

✒✟✗✒ ✟✆✏ ♣✆❛✂✖✟✄☎✍ ✟✆✏ ❛✁❛✍✄☛☎✍ ✏☛☎✁✁✒ ✟✁✒�

✖✟★❛ ✟ ✁�✄ �✥ ✆�☎✒❛✓

❈✵✶✷✸✵✹ ✵✺ ✻✶✼✽✸✵✶✾✿✶✷❀✹ ❁✿❂✸❀❃❀✷✽✵✶

❊✪❛☛✐ ✁☎✄☛❛ �✥ ✗✟✒✄❛ ✗✟✄❛☛ ✏☎✒✍✔✟☛✕❛✏ ☞✐ �✂☛

☎✆✏✂✒✄☛✐ ♣�✁✁✂✄❛✒ ❛☎✕✔✄ ✄☎✖❛✒ ✄✔❛ ✧✂✟✆✄☎✄✐ �✥

✥☛❛✒✔✗✟✄❛☛✓ ❄�✗ ✍✟✆ ✄✔❛ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ♣�✁✁✂✄☎�✆ �✥

✥☛❛✒✔ ✗✟✄❛☛ ☞❛ ☛❛✏✂✍❛✏✬ ✩�✖❛ ✒✂✕✕❛✒✄☎�✆✒ ✟☛❛✲

❅❇❋ ✖☎✆☎✖☎✒☎✆✕ ✂✒❛ ✗✟✄❛☛ ✥�☛ ♣☛�✍❛✒✒☎✆✕ ☞✐

☛❛✂✒☎✆✕ ✟✆✏ ☛❛✍✐✍✁☎✆✕ ☎✄ ☎✆ ✄✗� �☛ ✖�☛❛

✒✂✍✍❛✒✒☎✪❛ ✒✄✟✕❛✒

❅❇❇❋ ✔✟☛✪❛✒✄☎✆✕ �✥ ☛✟☎✆✗✟✄❛☛ ✄� ✖❛❛✄ ✗✟✄❛☛

☛❛✧✂☎☛❛✖❛✆✄✒

❅❇❇❇❋ ✄☛❛✟✄☎✆✕ ✔�✄ ✗✟✄❛☛ ✟✆✏ ❛✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒ ☞❛✥�☛❛

☛❛✁❛✟✒☎✆✕ ✄✔❛✖ ☎✆ ☛☎✪❛☛✒ ✟✆✏ ♣�✆✏✒✓

❚☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ �✥ ☎✆✏✂✒✄☛☎✟✁ ❛✥✥✁✂❛✆✄✒ ✍✟✆ ☞❛

✏�✆❛ ☎✆ ✄✔☛❛❛ ♣✔✟✒❛✒

❅❍❋ P☛☎✖✟☛✐ ✄☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ ☞✐ ✖❛✍✔✟✆☎✍✟✁ ✖❛✟✆✒✓

❚✔☎✒ ☎✆✪�✁✪❛✒ ✒✍☛❛❛✆☎✆✕✦ ✕☛☎✆✏☎✆✕✦

✥✁�✍✍✂✁✟✄☎�✆ ✟✆✏ ✒❛✏☎✖❛✆✄✟✄☎�✆✓

❅■❋ ✩❛✍�✆✏✟☛✐ ✄☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ ☞✐ ☞☎�✁�✕☎✍✟✁ ♣☛�✍❛✒✒

❅❏❋ ❚❛☛✄☎✟☛✐ ✄☛❛✟✄✖❛✆✄ ☞✐ ☞☎�✁�✕☎✍✟✁ ✦

✍✔❛✖☎✍✟✁ ✟✆✏ ♣✔✐✒☎✍✟✁ ♣☛�✍❛✒✒❛✒✓ ❚✔☎✒

☎✆✪�✁✪❛✒ ☛❛✍✐✍✁☎✆✕ �✥ ✗✟✒✄❛✗✟✄❛☛✓

❖✪❛☛✏☛✟✗☎✆✕ �✥ ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛ ☛❛✒❛☛✪❛✒ ☞✐

☎✆✏✂✒✄☛✐ ✗✔❛☛❛ ✄✔❛☛❛ ☎✒ ✟ ✄✔☛❛✟✄ ✄� ✕☛�✂✆✏ ✗✟✄❛☛

☛❛✒�✂☛✍❛✒ ✟✁✒� ✆❛❛✏✒ ✄� ☞❛ ☛❛✕✂✁✟✄❛✏ ✁❛✕✟✁✁✐✓

P✟☛✄☎✍✂✁✟✄❛ ✖✟✄✄❛☛ ☎✆ ✄✔❛ ✟☎☛ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ☛❛✏✂✍❛✏ ☞✐

✥☎✄✄☎✆✕ ✒✖�★❛ ✒✄✟✍★✒ ✄� ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒✗☎✄✔ ❛✁❛✍✄☛�✒✄✟✄☎✍

♣☛❛✍☎♣☎✄✟✄�☛✒✦ ✥✟☞☛☎✍ ✥☎✁✄❛☛✒✦ ✒✍☛✂☞☞❛☛✒ ✟✆✏

☎✆❛☛✄☎✟✁ ✒❛♣✟☛✟✄�☛✒✓ ✩✖�★❛ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ☛❛✏✂✍❛✏ ☞✐

✂✒☎✆✕ �☎✁ �☛ ✕✟✒ ☎✆✒✄❛✟✏ �✥ ✍�✟✁ ☎✆ ✥✟✍✄�☛☎❛✒✓

▼✟✍✔☎✆❛☛✐ ✟✆✏ ❛✧✂☎♣✖❛✆✄ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ✂✒❛✏ ✟✆✏

✕❛✆❛☛✟✄�☛✒ ✒✔�✂✁✏ ☞❛ ✥☎✄✄❛✏ ✗☎✄✔ ✒☎✁❛✆✍❛☛✒✓

✡✁✖�✒✄ ✟✁✁ ✖✟✍✔☎✆❛☛✐ ✍✟✆ ☞❛ ☛❛✏❛✒☎✕✆❛✏ ✄�

☎✆✍☛❛✟✒❛ ❛✆❛☛✕✐ ❛✥✥☎✍☎❛✆✍✐ ✟✆✏ ☛❛✏✂✍❛ ✆�☎✒❛✓

✑�☎✒❛ ✟☞✒�☛☞☎✆✕ ✖✟✄❛☛☎✟✁ ✖✟✐ ☞❛ ✂✒❛✏ ✟♣✟☛✄

✥☛�✖ ♣❛☛✒�✆✟✁ ✂✒❛ �✥ ❛✟☛♣✁✂✕✒ ✟✆✏ ❛✟☛♣✔�✆❛✒✓

❑▲◗❘ ❙❘❱❱❳ ❨❩❬❭❪❩ ❫r❩❭❡❴❩❵❡ ❜❝❭❵❡ ❞❵❢❩r ❣❭❴❞❵❭

❭❥❡❦♥❵ ❜❭❝❵ ❭❡ ♦❭r❦❢❭q❭❢


NTPC shows the way

NTPC is a major power providing corporationin India. It has ISO certification for EMS(Environment Management System) 14001.The corporation has a pro-active approachfor preserving the natural environment andresources like water, oil and gas and fuelsin places where it is setting up power plants.This has been possible through-

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipmentadopting latest techniques andupgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation bymaximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecologicalbalance and addressing the question ofspecial purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution throughash pond management, ash water recyclingsystem and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all itspower stations.

❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆✝ ✥✞✟✞✠✡☛☞✞✟ ✌✍✞☛✎


✶✏ ▼✑✒✓✔✕✒✖ ✗✘✙✔✗✖ ✚✑✖✛✓✔✙✜✛✢

✭✣✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✑✛✖✛ ✒✔✫✖✛✓✙✜✖ ✬✛ ✬ ✪✬✧ ✫✬✓✖✪✔✬✒✢

✭✮✤ ❆✒✑✫✔✜✔✑✫ ✭✯✤ ❈✖✫✖✜✓ ✭✰✤ ❙✑★✬✪ ✭✱✤ ❏✑✓✖

✭✣✣✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✬★✖✜✗✔✖✛ ✫✬✪♠✖✓✛ ✛✓✖✖✒ ✦✙✪ ✓✘✖ ✕✑✲✒✔✗ ✛✖✗✓✙✪ ✕✒✬✜✓✛✳

✭✮✤ ❍❆✴✵ ✭✯✤ ❙❆✴✵ ✭✰✤ ❚❆❚❆ ❙✓✖✖✒ ✭✱✤ ▼✷❈❈

✭✣✣✣✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✑✛✖✛ ✲✬✑✸✔✓✖ ✬✛ ✬ ✪✬✧ ✫✬✓✖✪✔✬✒✳

✭✮✤ ❆✒✑✫✔✜✔✑✫ ✭✯✤ ❈✖✫✖✜✓ ✭✰✤ ❏✑✓✖ ✭✱✤ ❙✓✖✖✒

✭✣✹✤ ❲✘✔✗✘ ✙✜✖ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✫✬✜✑✦✬✗✓✑✪✖✛ ✓✖✒✖✕✘✙✜✖✛❡ ✗✙✫✕✑✓✖✪❡ ✖✓✗✢

✭✮✤ ❙✓✖✖✒ ✭✰✤ ❆✒✑✫✔✜✔✑✫

✭✯✤ ❊✒✖✗✓✪✙✜✔✗ ✭✱✤ ✴✜✦✙✪✫✬✓✔✙✜ ❚✖✗✘✜✙✒✙★■

✺✏ ❆✜✛✧✖✪ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✲✪✔✖✦✒■ ✔✜ ✜✙✓ ✫✙✪✖ ✓✘✬✜ ✻✼ ✧✙✪✩✛✢

✭✣✤ ❲✘✬✓ ✔✛ ✫✬✜✑✦✬✗✓✑✪✔✜★✳

✭✣✣✤ ✷✬✫✖ ✬✜■ ✓✘✪✖✖ ✕✘■✛✔✗✬✒ ✦✬✗✓✙✪✛ ✦✙✪ ✓✘✖ ✒✙✗✬✓✔✙✜ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■✢

✭✣✣✣✤ ✷✬✫✖ ✬✜■ ✓✘✪✖✖ ✘✑✫✬✜ ✦✬✗✓✙✪✛ ✦✙✪ ✓✘✖ ✒✙✗✬✓✔✙✜ ✙✦ ✬✜ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■✢

✭✣✹✤ ❲✘✬✓ ✬✪✖ ✲✬✛✔✗ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛✳ ✽✔✾✖ ✬✜ ✖✸✬✫✕✒✖✢

✭✹✤ ✷✬✫✖ ✓✘✖ ✔✫✕✙✪✓✬✜✓ ✪✬✧ ✫✬✓✖✪✔✬✒✛ ✑✛✖✩ ✔✜ ✓✘✖ ✫✬✜✑✦✬✗✓✑✪✔✜★ ✙✦ ✗✖✫✖✜✓✳

✿✏ ❲✪✔✓✖ ✓✘✖ ✬✜✛✧✖✪✛ ✙✦ ✓✘✖ ✦✙✒✒✙✧✔✜★ ✚✑✖✛✓✔✙✜✛ ✔✜ r❀✼ ✧✙✪✩✛✢

✭✣✤ ❍✙✧ ✬✪✖ ✔✜✓✖★✪✬✓✖✩ ✛✓✖✖✒ ✕✒✬✜✓✛ ✩✔✦✦✖✪✖✜✓ ✦✪✙✫ ✫✔✜✔ ✛✓✖✖✒ ✕✒✬✜✓✛✳ ❲✘✬✓

✕✪✙✲✒✖✫✛ ✩✙✖✛ ✓✘✖ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■ ✦✬✗✖✳ ❲✘✬✓ ✪✖✗✖✜✓ ✩✖✾✖✒✙✕✫✖✜✓✛ ✘✬✾✖ ✒✖✩ ✓✙ ✬

✪✔✛✖ ✔✜ ✓✘✖ ✕✪✙✩✑✗✓✔✙✜ ✗✬✕✬✗✔✓■✳

✭✣✣✤ ❍✙✧ ✩✙ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪✔✖✛ ✕✙✒✒✑✓✖ ✓✘✖ ✖✜✾✔✪✙✜✫✖✜✓✳

✭✣✣✣✤ ❉✔✛✗✑✛✛ ✓✘✖ ✛✓✖✕✛ ✓✙ ✲✖ ✓✬♠✖✜ ✓✙ ✫✔✜✔✫✔✛✖ ✖✜✾✔✪✙✜✫✖✜✓✬✒ ✩✖★✪✬✩✬✓✔✙✜

✲■ ✔✜✩✑✛✓✪■✳

❁❂❃ ❄❂❅❇❇❃●❑❃ ▲◆ ❖P❖◗❅❘●❅❯❇❃ ❱❃❳❃❇▲❨❩❃●◗

❬❃❭P❘❬❃❖ ❘●◗❃❑❬❅◗❘▲● ▲◆ ❃❄▲●▲❩❘❄ ❱❃❳❃❇▲❨❩❃●◗

✇❘◗❂ ❃●❳❘❬▲●❩❃●◗❅❇ ❄▲●❄❃❬●❖❪


ACTIVITY

●�✁✂ ✄☎✂ ✆✄✝✞ ✟✄✝ ✂✠✡☛ ✄✟ ☞☛✂ ✟✄✌✌✄✆�☎✍ ✆�☞☛ ✝✂✍✠✝✞ ☞✄ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑✒ ✓☛✂ ☎✎✔✕✂✝ ✄✟

✌✂☞☞✂✝✏ �☎ ✂✠✡☛ ✆✄✝✞ ✠✝✂ ☛�☎☞✂✞ �☎ ✕✝✠✡❧✂☞✏✒

✭✖✗ ❯✏✂✞ ☞✄ ✞✝�✁✂ ✔✠✡☛�☎✂✝✑ ✭✘✗ P✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✖✖✗ P✂✄✙✌✂ ✆☛✄ ✆✄✝❧ �☎ ✠ ✟✠✡☞✄✝✑ ✭✚✗ ❲✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✖✖✖✗ ❲☛✂✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✙✝✄✞✎✡☞ �✏ ✏✄✌✞ ✭✚✗ ▼✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✖✛✗ ❆ ✙✂✝✏✄☎ ✆☛✄ ✏✂✌✌✏ ✍✄✄✞✏ ✭✜✗ ❘✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✛✗ ✓☛�☎✍ ✙✝✄✞✎✡✂✞ ✭✢✗ P✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✛✖✗ ✓✄ ✔✠❧✂ ✄✝ ✙✝✄✞✎✡✂ ✭✣✣✗ ▼✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

✭✛✖✖✗ ▲✠☎✞✤ ❲✠☞✂✝ ✠☎✞ ❆�✝ ✞✂✍✝✠✞✂✞ ✭✥✗ P✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒✒

PROJECT WORK

❙✂✌✂✡☞ ✄☎✂ ✠✍✝✄✦✕✠✏✂✞ ✠☎✞ ✄☎✂ ✔�☎✂✝✠✌ ✕✠✏✂✞ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑ �☎ ✑✄✎✝ ✠✝✂✠✒

✭✖✗ ❲☛✠☞ ✠✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌✏ ☞☛✂✑ ✎✏✂✧

✭✖✖✗ ❲☛✠☞ ✠✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✄☞☛✂✝ �☎✙✎☞✏ �☎ ☞☛✂ ✙✝✄✡✂✏✏ ✄✟ ✔✠☎✎✟✠✡☞✎✝�☎✍ ☞☛✠☞ �☎✁✄✌✁✂

☞✝✠☎✏✙✄✝☞✠☞�✄☎ ✡✄✏☞✧

✭✖✖✖✗ ❆✝✂ ☞☛✂✏✂ ✟✠✡☞✄✝�✂✏ ✟✄✌✌✄✆�☎✍ ✂☎✁�✝✄☎✔✂☎☞✠✌ ☎✄✝✔✏✧

ACTIVITY

❙✄✌✁✂ ☞☛✂ ✙✎★★✌✂ ✕✑ ✟✄✌✌✄✆�☎✍ ✑✄✎✝ ✏✂✠✝✡☛ ☛✄✝�★✄☎☞✠✌✌✑ ✠☎✞ ✁✂✝☞�✡✠✌✌✑ ☞✄ ✟�☎✞ ☞☛✂ ☛�✞✞✂☎

✠☎✏✆✂✝✏✒

✶✩ ✓✂❚☞�✌✂✏✤ ✏✎✍✠✝✤ ✁✂✍✂☞✠✕✌✂ ✄�✌ ✠☎✞ ✙✌✠☎☞✠☞�✄☎ �☎✞✎✏☞✝�✂✏ ✞✂✝�✁�☎✍ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌✏

✟✝✄✔ ✠✍✝�✡✎✌☞✎✝✂ ✠✝✂ ✡✠✌✌✂✞❢

✷✩ ✓☛✂ ✕✠✏�✡ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌ ✟✄✝ ✏✎✍✠✝ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑✒

✸✩ ✓☛�✏ ✟�✕✝✂ �✏ ✠✌✏✄ ❧☎✄✆☎ ✠✏ ☞☛✂ ✪ ●✄✌✞✂☎ ✫�✕✝✂✬✒

✹✩ ■✝✄☎✦✄✝✂✤ ✡✄❧�☎✍ ✡✄✠✌✤ ✠☎✞ ✌�✔✂✏☞✄☎✂ ✠✝✂ ☞☛✂ ✡☛�✂✟ ✝✠✆ ✔✠☞✂✝�✠✌✏ ✄✟ ☞☛�✏ �☎✞✎✏☞✝✑✒

✺✩ ❆ ✙✎✕✌�✡ ✏✂✡☞✄✝ ✏☞✂✂✌ ✙✌✠☎☞ ✌✄✡✠☞✂✞ �☎ ✮☛☛✠☞☞�✏✍✠✝☛✒

✻✩ ❘✠�✌✆✠✑ ✞�✂✏✂✌ ✂☎✍�☎✂✏ ✠✝✂ ✔✠☎✎✟✠✡☞✎✝✂✞ �☎ ❯☞☞✠✝ P✝✠✞✂✏☛ ✠☞ ☞☛�✏ ✙✌✠✡✂✒

● ● ● P ❱ ❆ ❘ ❆ ◆ ❆ ❙ ■

❯ ✯ ❏ ■ P ● ❳ ❑ ▼ ◗ ❲ ❱

❑ ❙ ❯ ● ❆ ❘ ✮ ❆ ◆ ✰ ✰ ◆

✯ ✓ ✓ ✯ ◆ ✯ ❩ ❱ ✯ P ✓ ❘

❆ ❯ ✰ ▲ ❯ ❇ ❍ ■ ▲ ❆ ■ ❯

✓ ❑ ✯ ✮ ❘ ❆ ◗ ◆ ✓ ❘ ▲ ◆

✰ ■ ❘ ✯ ◆ ❙ ✓ ✰ ✰ ▲ ❙ ❏

✰ ◆ ❆ ◆ ✯ ✰ P ■ ✓ ▲ ❘ ❨

● ❆ ◆ ❯ ❏ ❉ ❘ ❆ ● ❉ ✓ ❆

◆ ✓ ❆ ❘ P ✯ ❆ P ❯ ✰ P ❨

❆ ❙ ◆ ❆ ✰ ◆ ❏ ❉ ■ ❨ ❙ ❑

❙ ▼ ❍ ❱ ▲ ■ ❆ ❏ ❍ ❙ ❑ ●

❲❡ ✥�❡ ✁✂✄✄❡❢❡☎✆ ✝✞✆❡❢✂✞✟� ✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✂☎ ☛✥❢

✁✞✂✟❞ ✟✂✄❡☞ ✌☛✝❡ ☛✄ ✆✍❡�❡ ✞❢❡ ✞✠✞✂✟✞✎✟❡ ✂☎ ☛✥❢

✂✝✝❡✁✂✞✆❡ �✥❢❢☛✥☎✁✂☎✐�✏ ✑✍✂✟❡ ☛✆✍❡❢

❢❡r✥✂❢❡✝❡☎✆� ✞❢❡ ✝❡✆ ✎❞ ✎❢✂☎✐✂☎✐ ✆✍✂☎✐� ✄❢☛✝

☛✆✍❡❢ ♦✟✞✡❡�☞ ✒☛☛✁� ✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✁☛ ☎☛✆ ✝☛✠❡

✄❢☛✝ �✥♦♦✟❞ ✟☛✡✞✟❡� ✆☛ ✁❡✝✞☎✁ ✟☛✡✞✟❡� ☛☎ ✆✍❡✂❢

☛✑☎☞ ✓✍❡✝☛✠❡✝❡☎✆ ☛✄ ✆✍❡�❡ ✐☛☛✁�✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡�

✄❢☛✝ ✆✍❡✂❢ �✥♦♦✟❞ ✟☛✡✞✆✂☛☎� ✆☛ ✁❡✝✞☎✁ ✟☛✡✞✆✂☛☎�

☎❡✡❡��✂✆✞✆❡� ✆✍❡☎❡❡✁ ✄☛❢ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆☞ ✌☛✝❡♦❡☛♦✟❡

✞❢❡ ❡☎✐✞✐❡✁ ✂☎ ✄✞✡✂✟✂✆✞✆✂☎✐ ✆✍❡�❡ ✝☛✠❡✝❡☎✆�☞

✓✍❡�❡ ✞❢❡ ❚☎☛✑☎ ✆☛ ✎❡ ✆❢✞✁❡❢� ✑✍☛ ✝✞❚❡ ✆✍❡

♦❢☛✁✥✡✆� ✡☛✝❡ ✆☛ ✆✍❡ ✡☛☎�✥✝❡❢� ✎❞

✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆✞✆✂☛☎☞ ✓✍✥�✏ ✆✍❡ ♦✞✡❡ ☛✄ ✁❡✠❡✟☛♦✝❡☎✆

☛✄ ✞ ✡☛✥☎✆❢❞ ✁❡♦❡☎✁� ✥♦☛☎ ✆✍❡ ♦❢☛✁✥✡✆✂☛☎ ☛✄

✐☛☛✁� ✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡� ✞� ✑❡✟✟ ✞� ✆✍❡✂❢ ✝☛✠❡✝❡☎✆

☛✠❡❢ �♦✞✡❡☞ ✓✍❡❢❡✄☛❢❡✏ ❡✄✄✂✡✂❡☎✆✝❡✞☎�☛✄ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆

✞❢❡ ♦❢❡❛❢❡r✥✂�✂✆❡� ✄☛❢ ✄✞�✆ ✁❡✠❡✟☛♦✝❡☎✆☞

▼☛✠❡✝❡☎✆ ☛✄ ✆✍❡�❡ ✐☛☛✁�✞☎✁ �❡❢✠✂✡❡�✡✞☎ ✎❡

☛✠❡❢✆✍❢❡❡ ✂✝♦☛❢✆✞☎✆✁☛✝✞✂☎�☛✄ ☛✥❢❡✞❢✆✍ ✂☞❡☞ ✟✞☎✁✏

✑✞✆❡❢✞☎✁✞✂❢☞ ✳✞�❡✁☛☎ ✆✍❡�❡✏ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✡✞☎✞✟�☛

✎❡ ✡✟✞��✂✄✂❡✁ ✂☎✆☛ ✟✞☎✁✏✑✞✆❡❢✞☎✁✞✂❢ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆☞

❡✔♦✞☎✁❡✁ ✄✞❢ ✞☎✁ ✑✂✁❡☞ ✓☛✁✞❞✏ ✆✍❡ ✑☛❢✟✁ ✍✞�

✎❡❡☎ ✡☛☎✠❡❢✆❡✁ ✂☎✆☛ ✞ ✟✞❢✐❡ ✠✂✟✟✞✐❡ ✑✂✆✍ ✆✍❡ ✍❡✟♦

☛✄ ❡✄✄✂✡✂❡☎✆ ✞☎✁ ✄✞�✆ ✝☛✠✂☎✐ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆☞

✓❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✍✞� ✎❡❡☎ ✞✎✟❡ ✆☛ ✞✡✍✂❡✠❡ ✆✍✂� ✑✂✆✍

✆✍❡ ✍❡✟♦ ☛✄ ❡r✥✞✟✟❞ ✁❡✠❡✟☛♦❡✁ ✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎

�❞�✆❡✝☞ ✓✍❡❢❡✄☛❢❡✏ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆✏ ✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎

✞☎✁ ✆❢✞✁❡ ✞❢❡ ✡☛✝♦✟❡✝❡☎✆✞❢❞ ✆☛ ❡✞✡✍ ☛✆✍❡❢☞

✓☛✁✞❞✏ ✕☎✁✂✞ ✂� ✑❡✟✟❛✟✂☎❚❡✁ ✑✂✆✍ ✆✍❡ ❢❡�✆ ☛✄

✆✍❡ ✑☛❢✟✁ ✁❡�♦✂✆❡ ✂✆� ✠✞�✆ �✂t❡✏ ✁✂✠❡❢�✂✆❞ ✞☎✁

✟✂☎✐✥✂�✆✂✡ ✞☎✁ �☛✡✂☛❛✡✥✟✆✥❢✞✟ ♦✟✥❢✞✟✂✆❞☞

❘✞✂✟✑✞❞�✏ ✞✂❢✑✞❞�✏ ✑✞✆❡❢ ✑✞❞�✏ ☎❡✑�♦✞♦❡❢�✏

❢✞✁✂☛✏ ✆❡✟❡✠✂�✂☛☎✏ ✡✂☎❡✝✞ ✞☎✁ ✂☎✆❡❢☎❡✆✏ ❡✆✡☞ ✍✞✠❡

✎❡❡☎ ✡☛☎✆❢✂✎✥✆✂☎✐ ✆☛ ✂✆� �☛✡✂☛❛❡✡☛☎☛✝✂✡

♦❢☛✐❢❡�� ✂☎ ✝✞☎❞ ✑✞❞�☞ ✓✍❡ ✆❢✞✁❡� ✄❢☛✝ ✟☛✡✞✟

✆☛ ✂☎✆❡❢☎✞✆✂☛☎✞✟ ✟❡✠❡✟� ✍✞✠❡ ✞✁✁❡✁ ✆☛ ✆✍❡ ✠✂✆✞✟✂✆❞

☛✄ ✂✆� ❡✡☛☎☛✝❞☞ ✕✆ ✍✞� ❡☎❢✂✡✍❡✁ ☛✥❢ ✟✂✄❡ ✞☎✁

✞✁✁❡✁ �✥✎�✆✞☎✆✂✞✟✟❞ ✆☛ ✐❢☛✑✂☎✐ ✞✝❡☎✂✆✂❡� ✞☎✁

✄✞✡✂✟✂✆✂❡� ✄☛❢ ✆✍❡ ✡☛✝✄☛❢✆� ☛✄ ✟✂✄❡☞

✕☎ ✆✍✂� ✡✍✞♦✆❡❢✏ ❞☛✥ ✑✂✟✟ �❡❡ ✍☛✑ ✝☛✁❡❢☎

✝❡✞☎� ☛✄ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✞☎✁ ✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎ �❡❢✠❡

✞� ✟✂✄❡ ✟✂☎❡� ☛✄ ☛✥❢ ☎✞✆✂☛☎ ✞☎✁ ✂✆� ✝☛✁❡❢☎

❋✖✗✘ ✙✘✚

✛☛❢ ✞ ✟☛☎✐ ✆✂✝❡✏ ✆❢✞✁❡ ✞☎✁ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✑❡❢❡

❢❡�✆❢✂✡✆❡✁ ✆☛ ✞ ✟✂✝✂✆❡✁ �♦✞✡❡☞ ❲✂✆✍ ✆✍❡

✁❡✠❡✟☛♦✝❡☎✆ ✂☎ �✡✂❡☎✡❡ ✞☎✁ ✆❡✡✍☎☛✟☛✐❞✏ ✆✍❡

✞❢❡✞ ☛✄ ✂☎✄✟✥❡☎✡❡ ☛✄ ✆❢✞✁❡ ✞☎✁ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆

❡✡☛☎☛✝❞☞ ✕✆ ✂� ✆✍✥�✏ ❡✠✂✁❡☎✆ ✆✍✞✆ ✞ ✁❡☎�❡ ✞☎✁

❡✄✄✂✡✂❡☎✆ ☎❡✆✑☛❢❚ ☛✄ ✆❢✞☎�♦☛❢✆ ✞☎✁

✡☛✝✝✥☎✂✡✞✆✂☛☎ ✂� ✞ ♦❢❡❛❢❡r✥✂�✂✆❡ ✄☛❢ ✟☛✡✞✟✏

☎✞✆✂☛☎✞✟ ✞☎✁ ✐✟☛✎✞✟ ✆❢✞✁❡ ☛✄ ✆☛✁✞❞☞


❚❘�✁✂✄☎❘✆

✝✞✟✠✡✟☛☞

■✌✍✎✏ ✑✏✒ ✓✌✔ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✗✏✘✙✔✒✖ ✘✓✏✍ ✌✔✖✚✓✘✛✒ ✎✌

✖✑✔ ✚✓✘✗✍t ✏✙✙✘✔✙✏✖✎✌✙ ✖✓ ✏✜✓✢✖ ✣✤✥ ✦✎✗✗✎✓✌ ✛✦

✏✖ ❛✘✔✒✔✌✖✤ ■✌ ■✌✍✎✏t ✘✓✏✍✚✏✧✒ ✑✏★✔ ❛✘✔✩✔✍✔✍

✘✏✎✗✚✏✧✒✤ r✑✔✧ ✒✖✎✗✗ ✑✏★✔ ✏✌ ✔✍✙✔ ✓★✔✘ ✘✏✎✗✚✏✧✒

✎✌ ★✎✔✚ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✔✏✒✔ ✚✎✖✑ ✚✑✎✩✑ ✖✑✔✧ ✩✏✌ ✜✔ ✜✢✎✗✖

✏✌✍ ✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍✤ r✑✔ ✙✘✓✚✎✌✙ ✎✦❛✓✘✖✏✌✩✔ ✓✕

✘✓✏✍ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ★✎✒✪✫✪★✎✒ ✘✏✎✗ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✎✒ ✘✓✓✖✔✍

✎✌ ✖✑✔ ✕✓✗✗✓✚✎✌✙ ✘✔✏✒✓✌✒✐ ✬✏✭ ✩✓✌✒✖✘✢✩✖✎✓✌ ✩✓✒✖ ✓✕

✘✓✏✍✒ ✎✒✦✢✩✑ ✗✓✚✔✘ ✖✑✏✌ ✖✑✏✖ ✓✕ ✘✏✎✗✚✏✧ ✗✎✌✔✒t

✬✜✭ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✩✏✌ ✖✘✏★✔✘✒✔ ✩✓✦❛✏✘✏✖✎★✔✗✧ ✦✓✘✔

✍✎✒✒✔✩✖✔✍ ✏✌✍ ✢✌✍✢✗✏✖✎✌✙ ✖✓❛✓✙✘✏❛✑✧t ✬✩✭ ✘✓✏✍✒

✩✏✌ ✌✔✙✓✖✎✏✖✔ ✑✎✙✑✔✘ ✙✘✏✍✎✔✌✖✒ ✓✕ ✒✗✓❛✔✒ ✏✌✍ ✏✒

✒✢✩✑ ✩✏✌ ✖✘✏★✔✘✒✔ ✦✓✢✌✖✏✎✌✒ ✒✢✩✑ ✏✒ ✖✑✔

❍✎✦✏✗✏✧✏✒t ✬✍✭ ✘✓✏✍ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✎✒ ✔✩✓✌✓✦✎✩✏✗ ✎✌

✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖✏✖✎✓✌ ✓✕ ✕✔✚ ❛✔✘✒✓✌✒ ✏✌✍ ✘✔✗✏✖✎★✔✗✧

✒✦✏✗✗✔✘ ✏✦✓✢✌✖ ✓✕ ✙✓✓✍✒ ✓★✔✘ ✒✑✓✘✖ ✍✎✒✖✏✌✩✔✒t

✬✔✭ ✎✖ ✏✗✒✓ ❛✘✓★✎✍✔✒ ✍✓✓✘✪✖✓✪✍✓✓✘ ✒✔✘★✎✩✔t ✖✑✢✒

✖✑✔ ✩✓✒✖ ✓✕ ✗✓✏✍✎✌✙ ✏✌✍✢✌✗✓✏✍✎✌✙ ✎✒✦✢✩✑ ✗✓✚✔✘t

✬✕✭ ✘✓✏✍ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✎✒ ✏✗✒✓✢✒✔✍ ✏✒ ✏ ✕✔✔✍✔✘ ✖✓ ✓✖✑✔✘

✦✓✍✔✒ ✓✕ ✖✘✏✌✒❛✓✘✖ ✒✢✩✑ ✏✒ ✖✑✔✧ ❛✘✓★✎✍✔ ✏ ✗✎✌✛

✜✔✖✚✔✔✌ ✘✏✎✗✚✏✧ ✒✖✏✖✎✓✌✒t ✏✎✘ ✏✌✍ ✒✔✏ ❛✓✘✖✒✤

■✌ ■✌✍✎✏t ✘✓✏✍✒ ✏✘✔ ✩✗✏✒✒✎✕✎✔✍ ✎✌ ✖✑✔ ✕✓✗✗✓✚✎✌✙

✒✎s ✩✗✏✒✒✔✒ ✏✩✩✓✘✍✎✌✙ ✖✓ ✖✑✔✎✘ ✩✏❛✏✩✎✖✧✤ ✮✓✓✛ ✏✖

✖✑✔ ✦✏❛ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒ ✏✌✍ ✕✎✌✍ ✓✢✖

✏✜✓✢✖ ✖✑✔ ✒✎✙✌✎✕✎✩✏✌✖ ✘✓✗✔ ❛✗✏✧✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒✤

⑩ ●✰✱✲✳✴ ✵✶✷✲✸✹✱✷✺✳✸✷✱ ✻✶✼✳✸ ✽✹✾✿❀✷❁❂❃

r✑✔ ✙✓★✔✘✌✦✔✌✖ ✑✏✒ ✗✏✢✌✩✑✔✍ ✏✦✏❄✓✘ ✘✓✏✍

✍✔★✔✗✓❛✦✔✌✖ ❛✘✓❄✔✩✖ ✗✎✌✛✎✌✙ ❞✔✗✑✎✪❅✓✗✛✏✖✏✪

❈✑✔✌✌✏✎✪❆✢✦✜✏✎ ✏✌✍ ❞✔✗✑✎ ✜✧ ✒✎s✪✗✏✌✔

❙✢❛✔✘ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒✤ r✑✔✯✓✘✖✑✪❙✓✢✖✑ ✩✓✘✘✎✍✓✘✒

✗✎✌✛✎✌✙ ❙✘✎✌✏✙✏✘ ✬❧✏✦✦✢ ❇ ❅✏✒✑✦✎✘✭ ✏✌✍

❅✏✌✧✏✛✢✦✏✘✎ ✬r✏✦✎✗ ✯✏✍✢✭t ✏✌✍ ❑✏✒✖✪❉✔✒✖

❈✓✘✘✎✍✓✘ ✩✓✌✌✔✩✖✎✌✙ ❙✎✗✩✑✔✘ ✬❊✒✒✏✦✭ ✏✌✍

P✓✘✜✏✌✍✔✘ ✬❋✢❄✏✘✏✖✭ ✏✘✔ ❛✏✘✖ ✓✕ ✖✑✎✒ ❛✘✓❄✔✩✖✤

r✑✔✦✏❄✓✘ ✓✜❄✔✩✖✎★✔ ✓✕ ✖✑✔✒✔ ❙✢❛✔✘ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒

✎✒ ✖✓ ✘✔✍✢✩✔ ✖✑✔ ✖✎✦✔ ✏✌✍ ✍✎✒✖✏✌✩✔ ✜✔✖✚✔✔✌

✖✑✔ ✦✔✙✏ ✩✎✖✎✔✒ ✓✕ ■✌✍✎✏✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✑✎✙✑✚✏✧

❛✘✓❄✔✩✖✒ ✏✘✔ ✜✔✎✌✙ ✎✦❛✗✔✦✔✌✖✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔

✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧ ❊✢✖✑✓✘✎✖✧ ✓✕ ■✌✍✎✏ ✬✯❍❊■✭✤

⑩ ◆✷✺✹✰✴✷✱ ✽✹✾✿❀✷❁❂❃ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒

✗✎✌✛ ✔s✖✘✔✦✔ ❛✏✘✖✒ ✓✕ ✖✑✔ ✩✓✢✌✖✘✧✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✏✘✔

✖✑✔ ❛✘✎✦✏✘✧ ✘✓✏✍ ✒✧✒✖✔✦✒ ✏✌✍ ✏✘✔ ✗✏✎✍ ✏✌✍

✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔ ❈✔✌✖✘✏✗ P✢✜✗✎✩ ❉✓✘✛✒

❞✔❛✏✘✖✦✔✌✖ ✬❈P❉❞✭✤ ❊ ✌✢✦✜✔✘ ✓✕ ✦✏❄✓✘

✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒ ✘✢✌ ✎✌ ✯✓✘✖✑✪❙✓✢✖✑ ✏✌✍

❑✏✒✖✪❉✔✒✖ ✍✎✘✔✩✖✎✓✌✒✤ r✑✔ ✑✎✒✖✓✘✎✩✏✗ ❙✑✔✘✪

⑩ ✻✺✷✺✳ ✽✹✾✿❀✷❁❂❃ ❏✓✏✍✒ ✗✎✌✛✎✌✙ ✏ ✒✖✏✖✔

✩✏❛✎✖✏✗ ✚✎✖✑ ✍✎✕✕✔✘✔✌✖ ✍✎✒✖✘✎✩✖ ✑✔✏✍❝✢✏✘✖✔✘✒

✏✘✔ ✛✌✓✚✌ ✏✒ ❙✖✏✖✔ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✒✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒

✏✘✔ ✩✓✌✒✖✘✢✩✖✔✍ ✏✌✍✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔ ❙✖✏✖✔

P✢✜✗✎✩ ❉✓✘✛✒ ❞✔❛✏✘✖✦✔✌✖ ✬P❉❞✭ ✎✌ ❙✖✏✖✔

✏✌✍ ▲✌✎✓✌ r✔✘✘✎✖✓✘✎✔✒✤

⑩ ▼✹❂✺✸✹❖✺ ◗✰✷✲❂❃ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✩✓✌✌✔✩✖ ✖✑✔

✍✎✒✖✘✎✩✖ ✑✔✏✍❝✢✏✘✖✔✘✒ ✚✎✖✑✓✖✑✔✘ ❛✗✏✩✔✒ ✓✕ ✖✑✔

✍✎✒✖✘✎✩✖✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✏✘✔ ✦✏✎✌✖✏✎✌✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔

❩✎✗✏ P✏✘✎✒✑✏✍✤

⑩ ❯✺✿✳✸ ◗✰✷✲❂❃ ❏✢✘✏✗ ✘✓✏✍✒t ✚✑✎✩✑ ✗✎✌✛ ✘✢✘✏✗

✏✘✔✏✒ ✏✌✍ ★✎✗✗✏✙✔✒ ✚✎✖✑ ✖✓✚✌✒t ✏✘✔ ✩✗✏✒✒✎✕✎✔✍

✢✌✍✔✘ ✖✑✎✒ ✩✏✖✔✙✓✘✧✤ r✑✔✒✔ ✘✓✏✍✒ ✘✔✩✔✎★✔✍

✒❛✔✩✎✏✗ ✎✦❛✔✖✢✒ ✢✌✍✔✘ ✖✑✔ ❱❲❳❨❬❳❭ ❪❳❭❫❲❴

❵❲❳❜❡❡❭ ❢❳❨❳❣ ❤♦❥❳❭❳✤ ▲✌✍✔✘ ✖✑✎✒ ✒✩✑✔✦✔

✒❛✔✩✎✏✗ ❛✘✓★✎✒✎✓✌✒✏✘✔✦✏✍✔✒✓ ✖✑✏✖ ✔★✔✘✧★✎✗✗✏✙✔

✎✌ ✖✑✔ ✩✓✢✌✖✘✧ ✎✒ ✗✎✌✛✔✍ ✖✓ ✏✦✏❄✓✘ ✖✓✚✌ ✎✌ ✖✑✔

✩✓✢✌✖✘✧ ✜✧ ✏✌ ✏✗✗ ✒✔✏✒✓✌✦✓✖✓✘✏✜✗✔ ✘✓✏✍✤

❦♠♥♣q♣✉✈ ✇①②③④⑤⑥⑤④⑦ ⑧⑤④⑨④⑤❶⑤ ❷❸❹❶③❺❺❻⑤❼

❽✎✌✍ ✓✢✖ ❛✗✏✩✔✒ ✗✎✌✛✔✍ ✜✧ ✖✑✔ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗

❍✎✙✑✚✏✧ ✣ ✏✌✍ ✥✤

❞✓ ✧✓✢ ✛✌✓✚ ✖✑✏✖ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✪❾

✎✒ ✖✑✔ ✗✓✌✙✔✒✖ ✏✌✍ ✖✘✏★✔✘✒✔✒ ✣t ✥❿➀ ✛✦

✜✔✖✚✔✔✌ ➁✏✘✏✌✏✒✎ ✏✌✍ ❅✏✌✧✏✛✢✦✏✘✎

★✎✏ ❧✏✜✏✗❛✢✘t ✯✏✙❛✢✘t ❍✧✍✔✘✏✜✏✍t

➂✏✌✙✏✗✓✘✔ ✏✌✍ ❆✏✍✢✘✏✎✤ ❞✔✗✑✎ ✏✌✍

❆✢✦✜✏✎ ✏✘✔ ✩✓✌✌✔✩✖✔✍ ✜✧ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗

❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✪➃t ✚✑✎✗✔ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧✪➄➅

✩✓★✔✘✒ ✦✓✒✖ ✓✕ ❏✏❄✏✒✖✑✏✌✤

❙✑✏✑ ❙✢✘✎ ❆✏✘✙ ✎✒ ✩✏✗✗✔✍ ✯✏✖✎✓✌✏✗ ❍✎✙✑✚✏✧

✯✓✤➄t ✜✔✖✚✔✔✌❞✔✗✑✎ ✏✌✍ ❊✦✘✎✖✒✏✘✤


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟✠✆✡ ☛✞☞✌✍✆✎✏


⑩ ❇�✁✂✄✁ ☎�✆✂✝✞ ✥✟✠✡☛ ☞✡✌✍ ☛✎✏✑✏✒ ✓✌✡✔✏✡

❘✌✠✔✑ ✕✡✖✠✗✘✑✠☛✘✌✗ ✠ ✙✌✚✏✡✗✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ✛✗✔✘✠

✉✗✔✏✡☛✠✜✘✗✖ ✢✌✗✑☛✡✉✢☛✑ ✠✗✔ ✍✠✘✗☛✠✘✗✑

✡✌✠✔✑ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ r✌✡✔✏✡✘✗✖ ✠✡✏✠✑ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ ✢✌✉✗☛✡✣✤

❚✎✘✑ ✌✡✖✠✗✘✑✠☛✘✌✗ ✦✠✑ ✏✑☛✠r✧✘✑✎✏✔ ✘✗ ★✩✪✫

☞✌✡ ☛✎✏ ✔✏✚✏✧✌✟✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✌☞ ✑☛✡✠☛✏✖✘✢

✘✍✟✌✡☛✠✗✢✏ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✗✌✡☛✎✏✡✗ ✠✗✔ ✗✌✡☛✎✐

✏✠✑☛✏✡✗ r✌✡✔✏✡ ✠✡✏✠✑✤ ❚✎✏✑✏ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✎✠✚✏

✘✍✟✡✌✚✏✔ ✠✢✢✏✑✑✘r✘✧✘☛✣ ✘✗ ✠✡✏✠✑ ✌☞ ✔✘☞☞✘✢✉✧☛

☛✏✡✡✠✘✗ ✠✗✔ ✎✠✚✏ ✎✏✧✟✏✔ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✏✢✌✗✌✍✘✢

✔✏✚✏✧✌✟✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏✑✏ ✠✡✏✠✤

The Indian Railways is the largest publicsector undertaking in the country. The firsttrain steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in1853, covering a distance of 34 km.

✢✌✗✢✡✏☛✏ ✌✡ ✏✚✏✗ r✘☛✉✍✏✗ ✌☞ ✢✌✠✧✒ ☛✎✏✡✏☞✌✡✏✒

☛✎✏✑✏ ✠✡✏ ✠✧✧ ✦✏✠☛✎✏✡ ✡✌✠✔✑✤ t✗✍✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✡✌✠✔✑

✖✌ ✌✉☛ ✌☞ ✉✑✏ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✡✠✘✗✣ ✑✏✠✑✌✗✤

☎�✆✂ ✬✄✭✝✮✯✰

❚✎✏ ✧✏✗✖☛✎ ✌☞ ✡✌✠✔ ✟✏✡ ★✫✫ ✑✱✤ ✜✍ ✌☞ ✠✡✏✠

✘✑ ✜✗✌✦✗ ✠✑ ✔✏✗✑✘☛✣ ✌☞ ✡✌✠✔✑✤ ✲✘✑☛✡✘r✉☛✘✌✗

✌☞ ✡✌✠✔ ✘✑ ✗✌☛ ✉✗✘☞✌✡✍ ✘✗ ☛✎✏ ✢✌✉✗☛✡✣✤

✲✏✗✑✘☛✣ ✌☞ ✠✧✧ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✚✠✡✘✏✑ ☞✡✌✍ ✌✗✧✣ ★✫ ✜✍

✘✗ ✳✠✍✍✉ ✴ ✵✠✑✎✍✘✡ ☛✌ ✶✷✸ ✜✍ ✘✗ ✵✏✡✠✧✠

✦✘☛✎ ☛✎✏ ✗✠☛✘✌✗✠✧ ✠✚✏✡✠✖✏ ✌☞ ✷✸ ✜✍

✹★✩✩✪✐✩✷✺✤ ❘✌✠✔ ☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛✠☛✘✌✗ ✘✗ ✛✗✔✘✠

☞✠✢✏✑ ✠ ✗✉✍r✏✡ ✌☞ ✟✡✌r✧✏✍✑✤ ✵✏✏✟✘✗✖ ✘✗ ✚✘✏✦

☛✎✏ ✚✌✧✉✍✏ ✌☞ ☛✡✠☞☞✘✢ ✠✗✔ ✟✠✑✑✏✗✖✏✡✑✒ ☛✎✏

✡✌✠✔ ✗✏☛✦✌✡✜ ✘✑ ✘✗✠✔✏✱✉✠☛✏✤ ✥r✌✉☛ ✎✠✧☞ ✌☞

☛✎✏ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✠✡✏ ✉✗✍✏☛☛✠✧✏✔ ✠✗✔ ☛✎✘✑ ✧✘✍✘☛✑

☛✎✏✘✡ ✉✑✠✖✏ ✔✉✡✘✗✖ ☛✎✏ ✡✠✘✗✣ ✑✏✠✑✌✗✤ ❚✎✏

◆✠☛✘✌✗✠✧ ✻✘✖✎✦✠✣✑ ✠✡✏ ✘✗✠✔✏✱✉✠☛✏ ☛✌✌✤

▼✌✡✏✌✚✏✡✒ ☛✎✏ ✡✌✠✔✦✠✣✑ ✠✡✏ ✎✘✖✎✧✣ ✢✌✗✖✏✑☛✏✔

✘✗ ✢✘☛✘✏✑ ✠✗✔ ✍✌✑☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ r✡✘✔✖✏✑ ✠✗✔ ✢✉✧✚✏✡☛✑

✠✡✏ ✌✧✔ ✠✗✔ ✗✠✡✡✌✦✤

✼✽✾✿❀✽❁❂

❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✠✡✏ ☛✎✏ ✟✡✘✗✢✘✟✠✧ ✍✌✔✏ ✌☞

☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛✠☛✘✌✗ ☞✌✡ ☞✡✏✘✖✎☛ ✠✗✔ ✟✠✑✑✏✗✖✏✡✑ ✘✗

✛✗✔✘✠✤ ❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✠✧✑✌ ✍✠✜✏ ✘☛ ✟✌✑✑✘r✧✏ ☛✌

✢✌✗✔✉✢☛ ✍✉✧☛✘☞✠✡✘✌✉✑ ✠✢☛✘✚✘☛✘✏✑ ✧✘✜✏ r✉✑✘✗✏✑✑✒

✑✘✖✎☛✑✏✏✘✗✖✒ ✟✘✧✖✡✘✍✠✖✏ ✠✧✌✗✖ ✦✘☛✎

☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛✠☛✘✌✗ ✌☞ ✖✌✌✔✑ ✌✚✏✡ ✧✌✗✖✏✡ ✔✘✑☛✠✗✢✏✑✤

✥✟✠✡☛ ☞✡✌✍ ✠✗ ✘✍✟✌✡☛✠✗☛ ✍✏✠✗✑ ✌☞ ☛✡✠✗✑✟✌✡☛

☛✎✏ ✛✗✔✘✠✗ ❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✎✠✚✏ r✏✏✗ ✠ ✖✡✏✠☛

✘✗☛✏✖✡✠☛✘✗✖ ☞✌✡✢✏ ☞✌✡ ✍✌✡✏ ☛✎✠✗ ★✸✫ ✣✏✠✡✑✤

❘✠✘✧✦✠✣✑ ✘✗ ✛✗✔✘✠ r✘✗✔ ☛✎✏ ✏✢✌✗✌✍✘✢ ✧✘☞✏ ✌☞

☛✎✏ ✢✌✉✗☛✡✣ ✠✑ ✦✏✧✧ ✠✑ ✠✢✢✏✧✏✡✠☛✏ ☛✎✏

✔✏✚✏✧✌✟✍✏✗☛ ✌☞ ☛✎✏ ✘✗✔✉✑☛✡✣ ✠✗✔ ✠✖✡✘✢✉✧☛✉✡✏✤

❚✎✏ ✛✗✔✘✠✗ ❘✠✘✧✦✠✣ ✎✠✚✏ ✠ ✗✏☛✦✌✡✜ ✌☞ ✷✒ ✫✶★

✑☛✠☛✘✌✗✑ ✑✟✡✏✠✔ ✌✚✏✡ ✠ ✡✌✉☛✏ ✧✏✗✖☛✎ ✌☞ ✪✶✒ ss★

✜✍✤ ✦✘☛✎ ✠ ☞✧✏✏☛ ✌☞ ✷❦★✷ ✧✌✢✌✍✌☛✘✚✏✑✒ ✸✶s★

✟✠✑✑✏✗✖✏✡ ✑✏✡✚✘✢✏ ✚✏✎✘✢✧✏✑✒ ♣✩✫♣ ✌☛✎✏✡ ✢✌✠✢✎

✚✏✎✘✢✧✏✑ ✠✗✔ ss❦✒ ★✷✫ ✦✠✖✌✗✑ ✠✑ ✌✗ ✶★

▼✠✡✢✎ s✫✫♣✤

❋❃❄❅ ❆❅❈❉ ❊●❍❍■ ❏❑▲❖P◗

❋❃❄❅ ❆❅❙❉ ❏❑▲❢❢●❖ ❯❱ ❱❯❑P❲❳❨▲◗P❨❑❱ ❜❯❑❞❨❑ ❑❯▲❞

❩❬❑❭❱▲❖❲▲❍ ❪❑▲❞❨◗❲❫

❘✌✠✔✑ ✢✠✗ ✠✧✑✌ r✏ ✢✧✠✑✑✘☞✘✏✔ ✌✗ ☛✎✏ r✠✑✘✑ ✌☞

☛✎✏ ☛✣✟✏ ✌☞ ✍✠☛✏✡✘✠✧ ✉✑✏✔ ☞✌✡ ☛✎✏✘✡ ✢✌✗✑☛✡✉✢☛✘✌✗

✑✉✢✎ ✠✑ ✍✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✠✗✔ ✉✗✍✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✡✌✠✔✑✤

▼✏☛✠✧✧✏✔ ✡✌✠✔✑ ✍✠✣ r✏ ✍✠✔✏ ✌☞ ✢✏✍✏✗☛✒


Find out the current Railway zones and theirheadquarters. Also locate the headquartersof Railway zones on the map of India.

❙�✁✂✄☎✆ ■✝✞✟✠ ✡❡✠☛☞✌✌✍ ✎✏✏✑

❚✒✓ ✔✕✖✗✘✕ ✙✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✗✢ ✕✣✛ ✤✓✣✤✥✘✕✗✢✓✖ ✗✕✦✣

✶✧ ★✣✕✓✢✩

❚✒✓ ✖✗✢✦✤✗✪✫✦✗✣✕ ✬✘✦✦✓✤✕ ✣✭ ✦✒✓ ✙✘✗✚✛✘✜

✕✓✦✛✣✤♥ ✗✕ ✦✒✓ ✮✣✫✕✦✤✜ ✒✘✢ ✪✓✓✕ ✚✘✤✥✓✚✜

✗✕✭✚✫✓✕✮✓✖ ✪✜ ✬✒✜✢✗✣✥✤✘✬✒✗✮✐ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✗✮ ✘✕✖

✘✖✯✗✕✗✢✦✤✘✦✗❛✓ ✭✘✮✦✣✤✢✩ ❚✒✓✕✣✤✦✒✓✤✕ ✬✚✘✗✕✢ ✛✗✦✒

✦✒✓✗✤ ❛✘✢✦ ✚✓❛✓✚ ✚✘✕✖✐ ✒✗✥✒ ✬✣✬✫✚✘✦✗✣✕ ✖✓✕✢✗✦✜

✘✕✖ ✤✗✮✒ ✘✥✤✗✮✫✚✦✫✤✘✚ ✤✓✢✣✫✤✮✓✢ ✬✤✣❛✗✖✓✖ ✦✒✓

✯✣✢✦ ✭✘❛✣✫✤✘✪✚✓ ✮✣✕✖✗✦✗✣✕ ✭✣✤ ✦✒✓✗✤ ✥✤✣✛✦✒✩

❍✣✛✓❛✓✤✐ ✘ ✚✘✤✥✓ ✕✫✯✪✓✤ ✣✭ ✤✗❛✓✤✢ ✤✓✰✫✗✤✗✕✥

✮✣✕✢✦✤✫✮✦✗✣✕ ✣✭ ✪✤✗✖✥✓✢ ✘✮✤✣✢✢ ✦✒✓✗✤ ✛✗✖✓ ✪✓✖✢

✬✣✢✓✖ ✢✣✯✓ ✣✪✢✦✘✮✚✓✢✩ ✔✕ ✦✒✓ ✒✗✚✚✜ ✦✓✤✤✘✗✕✢ ✣✭

✦✒✓ ✬✓✕✗✕✢✫✚✘✤ ✤✓✥✗✣✕✐ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✦✤✘✮✦✢ ✘✤✓ ✚✘✗✖

✦✒✤✣✫✥✒ ✚✣✛ ✒✗✚✚✢✐ ✥✘✬✢ ✣✤ ✦✫✕✕✓✚✢✩ ❚✒✓

❍✗✯✘✚✘✜✘✕ ✯✣✫✕✦✘✗✕✣✫✢ ✤✓✥✗✣✕✢ ✦✣✣ ✘✤✓

✫✕✭✘❛✣✫✤✘✪✚✓ ✭✣✤ ✦✒✓ ✮✣✕✢✦✤✫✮✦✗✣✕ ✣✭ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜

✚✗✕✓✢ ✖✫✓ ✦✣ ✒✗✥✒ ✤✓✚✗✓✭✐ ✢✬✘✤✢✓ ✬✣✬✫✚✘✦✗✣✕ ✘✕✖

✚✘✮♥ ✣✭ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✗✮ ✣✬✬✣✤✦✫✕✗✦✗✓✢✩ ❧✗♥✓✛✗✢✓✐ ✗✦ ✛✘✢

✖✗✭✭✗✮✫✚✦ ✦✣ ✚✘✜ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✚✗✕✓✢ ✣✕ ✦✒✓ ✢✘✕✖✜ ✬✚✘✗✕

✣✭ ✛✓✢✦✓✤✕ ✙✘♦✘✢✦✒✘✕✐ ✢✛✘✯✬✢ ✣✭ ✱✫♦✘✤✘✦✐

✭✣✤✓✢✦✓✖ ✦✤✘✮♥✢ ✣✭ ❢✘✖✒✜✘ ✲✤✘✖✓✢✒✐

❈✒✒✘✦✦✗✢✥✘✤✒✐ ✳✤✗✢✢✘ ✘✕✖ ✴✒✘✤♥✒✘✕✖✩ ❚✒✓

✮✣✕✦✗✥✫✣✫✢ ✢✦✤✓✦✮✒✣✭ ❝✘✒✜✘✖✤✗ ✮✣✫✚✖ ✪✓ ✮✤✣✢✢✓✖

✣✕✚✜ ✦✒✤✣✫✥✒ ✥✘✬✢ ✣✤ ✬✘✢✢✓✢ ✵✱✒✘✦✢✷✩ ✔✕ ✤✓✮✓✕✦

✦✗✯✓✢✐ ✦✒✓ ✖✓❛✓✚✣✬✯✓✕✦ ✣✭ ✦✒✓ t✣✕♥✘✕ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜

✘✚✣✕✥ ✦✒✓ ✛✓✢✦ ✮✣✘✢✦ ✒✘✢ ✭✘✮✗✚✗✦✘✦✓✖ ✦✒✓

✯✣❛✓✯✓✕✦ ✣✭ ✬✘✢✢✓✕✥✓✤✢ ✘✕✖ ✥✣✣✖✢ ✗✕ ✦✒✗✢✯✣✢✦

✗✯✬✣✤✦✘✕✦ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✗✮ ✤✓✥✗✣✕ ✣✭ ✔✕✖✗✘✩ ✔✦ ✒✘✢ ✘✚✢✣

✭✘✮✓✖ ✘ ✕✫✯✪✓✤ ✣✭ ✬✤✣✪✚✓✯ ✢✫✮✒ ✘✢ ✢✗✕♥✗✕✥ ✣✭

✦✤✘✮♥ ✗✕ ✢✣✯✓ ✢✦✤✓✦✮✒✓✢ ✘✕✖ ✚✘✕✖ ✢✚✗✖✓✢✩

❚✣✖✘✜✐ ✦✒✓ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜✢ ✒✘❛✓ ✪✓✮✣✯✓ ✯✣✤✓

✗✯✬✣✤✦✘✕✦ ✗✕ ✣✫✤ ✕✘✦✗✣✕✘✚ ✓✮✣✕✣✯✜ ✦✒✘✕ ✘✚✚

✣✦✒✓✤✯✓✘✕✢ ✣✭ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✬✫✦ ✦✣✥✓✦✒✓✤✩❍✣✛✓❛✓✤✐

✤✘✗✚ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✢✫✭✭✓✤✢ ✭✤✣✯ ✮✓✤✦✘✗✕ ✬✤✣✪✚✓✯✢ ✘✢

✛✓✚✚✩ ❢✘✕✜ ✬✘✢✢✓✕✥✓✤✢ ✦✤✘❛✓✚ ✛✗✦✒✣✫✦ ✦✗✮♥✓✦✢✩

❚✒✓✭✦✢ ✘✕✖ ✖✘✯✘✥✗✕✥ ✣✭ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✬✤✣✬✓✤✦✜ ✒✘✢

✕✣✦ ✜✓✦ ✢✦✣✬✬✓✖ ✮✣✯✬✚✓✦✓✚✜✩ ✲✓✣✬✚✓ ✢✦✣✬ ✦✒✓

✦✤✘✗✕✢✐ ✬✫✚✚ ✦✒✓ ✮✒✘✗✕ ✫✕✕✓✮✓✢✢✘✤✗✚✜ ✘✕✖ ✦✒✗✢

✮✘✫✢✓✢ ✒✓✘❛✜ ✖✘✯✘✥✓ ✦✣ ✦✒✓ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜✩ ❚✒✗✕♥

✣❛✓✤ ✗✦✐ ✒✣✛✛✓ ✮✘✕ ✒✓✚✬ ✣✫✤ ✤✘✗✚✛✘✜ ✗✕ ✤✫✕✕✗✕✥

✘✢ ✬✓✤ ✦✒✓ ✢✮✒✓✖✫✚✓✖ ✦✗✯✓✸

P✹✺✻✼✹✽✻✾

✲✗✬✓✚✗✕✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✕✓✦✛✣✤♥ ✗✢ ✘ ✕✓✛ ✘✤✤✗❛✘✚ ✣✕

✦✒✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✘✦✗✣✕ ✯✘✬ ✣✭ ✔✕✖✗✘✩ ✔✕ ✦✒✓ ✬✘✢✦✐

✦✒✓✢✓ ✛✓✤✓ ✫✢✓✖ ✦✣ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦ ✛✘✦✓✤ ✦✣ ✮✗✦✗✓✢ ✘✕✖

✗✕✖✫✢✦✤✗✓✢✩ ✿✣✛✐ ✦✒✓✢✓ ✘✤✓ ✫✢✓✖ ✭✣✤

✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✗✕✥ ✮✤✫✖✓ ✣✗✚✐ ✬✓✦✤✣✚✓✫✯✬✤✣✖✫✮✦✢ ✘✕✖

✕✘✦✫✤✘✚ ✥✘✢ ✭✤✣✯ ✣✗✚ ✘✕✖ ✕✘✦✫✤✘✚ ✥✘✢ ✭✗✓✚✖✢ ✦✣

✤✓✭✗✕✓✤✗✓✢✐ ✭✓✤✦✗✚✗★✓✤ ✭✘✮✦✣✤✗✓✢ ✘✕✖ ✪✗✥ ✦✒✓✤✯✘✚

✬✣✛✓✤ ✬✚✘✕✦✢✩ ❝✣✚✗✖✢ ✮✘✕ ✘✚✢✣ ✪✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✓✖

✦✒✤✣✫✥✒ ✘ ✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓ ✛✒✓✕ ✮✣✕❛✓✤✦✓✖ ✗✕✦✣ ✢✚✫✤✤✜✩

❚✒✓ ✭✘✤ ✗✕✚✘✕✖ ✚✣✮✘✦✗✣✕✢ ✣✭ ✤✓✭✗✕✓✤✗✓✢ ✚✗♥✓

❇✘✤✘✫✕✗✐ ❢✘✦✒✫✤✘✐ ✲✘✕✗✬✘✦ ✘✕✖ ✥✘✢ ✪✘✢✓✖

✭✓✤✦✗✚✗★✓✤ ✬✚✘✕✦✢ ✮✣✫✚✖ ✪✓ ✦✒✣✫✥✒✦ ✣✭ ✣✕✚✜

✪✓✮✘✫✢✓ ✣✭ ✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓✢✩ ✔✕✗✦✗✘✚ ✮✣✢✦ ✣✭ ✚✘✜✗✕✥

✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓✢ ✗✢ ✒✗✥✒ ✪✫✦ ✢✫✪✢✓✰✫✓✕✦ ✤✫✕✕✗✕✥

✮✣✢✦✢ ✘✤✓ ✯✗✕✗✯✘✚✩ ✔✦ ✤✫✚✓✢ ✣✫✦ ✦✤✘✕✢❀✢✒✗✬✯✓✕✦

✚✣✢✢✓✢ ✣✤ ✖✓✚✘✜✢✩

❚✒✓✤✓ ✘✤✓ ✦✒✤✓✓ ✗✯✬✣✤✦✘✕✦ ✕✓✦✛✣✤♥✢ ✣✭

✬✗✬✓✚✗✕✓ ✦✤✘✕✢✬✣✤✦✘✦✗✣✕ ✗✕ ✦✒✓ ✮✣✫✕✦✤✜✩

⑩ ❋✤✣✯ ✣✗✚ ✭✗✓✚✖ ✗✕ ✫✬✬✓✤ ❁✢✢✘✯ ✦✣ t✘✕✬✫✤

✵❂✦✦✘✤ ✲✤✘✖✓✢✒✷✐ ❛✗✘ ✱✫✛✘✒✘✦✗✐ ❇✘✤✘✫✕✗ ✘✕✖

❁✚✚✘✒✘✪✘✖✩ ✔✦ ✒✘✢ ✪✤✘✕✮✒✓✢ ✭✤✣✯ ❇✘✤✘✫✕✗ ✦✣

❍✘✚✖✗✘✐ ❛✗✘ ✙✘♦✪✘✕✖✒✐ ✙✘♦✪✘✕✖✒ ✦✣

❢✘✫✤✗✥✤✘✯ ✘✕✖ ✱✫✛✘✒✘✦✗ ✦✣ ❝✗✚✗✥✫✤✗✩

●❃❄❅❆ ❉❊ ❏❆❑▲❆▼ ❘◆❄❑❆ ❖◗❏❯ ❘❄❊❊❉❊❅ ❱▲❃❲❳❖◗❏❯ ❱◆❑❃❨ ❱▲❃❲❳ ❖◗❏❩❯

❬❭❪❫❴ ❵❫❜❞❣ ❤❥❦ ♠♣♠q r♠s ✉✈♣ ♠♠s ♣✇r ✉✉s ✇r♣

①❣②❭❪ ❵❫❜❞❣ ❤❥❦✈✈✈q ❥③s ④✈⑤ ❥③s ⑤♣♠ ❥♠s r✉⑤

⑥❫❭❭❪⑦ ❵❫❜❞❣ ❤✈❦♣♠④ ⑧ ✈❦♠❥✈q ③s ❥④r ③s ❥④⑤ ③s r✇✈

❱◆❑❃❨ ⑨❶❷ ❸❸❹ ❺❶❷ ❺❻❼ ❹❷ ❽❺❷ ❾❺⑨

❱❃❿❨❆ ➀❩❹➁ ➂❊➃❉❃➁ ❘❃❉❨➄❃➅ ❱▲❃❲❳

➆➇❣ ➈➉❴➊❫➉ ➋❫➊➌⑦❫➍ ➉❣②⑦❪❭➎ ❭❜➉➏ ❪➉ ➐❜➌②➊➑➌❣ ❞❫❜❞❣ ❪➑❣❭❫②➊❪➉➏

❣➒②❣➉❴➊➉❞ ❪➓❣❭ ♠③s④④❥ ❭❪❜②❣ ➎➐


■�✁✂✄☎ ❘✆✝✞✟✆✠✡


❋�✁✂ ✄✂☎✆ ✥✝✞✟✝✠ ✡✟☛☞✌✡✟✍✎ ✡✏✠☞✞✍ ✑✎☞✠ ✏✝

✝♥✌☛✒✓☞✟✎☛☞✌✝ ✎☛✟☛☞✎

⑩ ✔✕✖✗ ✘✙✚✙✛✙ ✜✢ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧ ✧✖ ★✙✚✙✢✩✪✙✕ ✜✢

P✤✢✦✙✫✬ ✭✜✙ ✮✜✕✙✗✯✙✗✬ ✰✙✧✪✤✕✙✬ ✱✲✚✪✜ ✙✢✩

✘✖✢✜❙✙✧✳ ✴✧ ✪✙✵ ✫✕✙✢✶✪✲✵ ✧✖ ✶✖✢✢✲✶✧ ✷✖✛✙✚✜

✸✢✲✙✕ ✮✙✩✖✩✙✕✙✬ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧❛ ✹✪✙✺✵✪✤ ✙✢✩

✖✧✪✲✕ ❙✚✙✶✲✵✳

⑩ ✣✙✵ ❙✜❙✲✚✜✢✲ ●✕✖✗ ✻✙✼✜✕✙ ✜✢ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧

✶✖✢✢✲✶✧✵ ★✙✯✩✜✵✪❙✤✕ ✜✢ ❝✧✧✙✕ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✬ ✭✜✙

✮✜✦✙✜❙✤✕ ✜✢ ✰✙✩✪✛✙ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✳ ✴✧ ✪✙✵ ✫✕✙✢✶✪✲✵

✧✖ ✷✖✧✙ ✜✢ t✙✦✙✵✧✪✙✢✬ ✘✪✙✪✙✦✙✪✙✢❙✤✕✬

❇✙✫✕✙✚✙ ✙✢✩ ✖✧✪✲✕ ❙✚✙✶✲✵ ✜✢ ❝✧✧✙✕ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✳

❲✽✾✿❀❁✽❂❃

✘✜✢✶✲ ✧✜✗✲ ✜✗✗✲✗✖✕✜✙✚✬ ✴✢✩✜✙ ❄✙✵ ✖✢✲ ✖● ✧✪✲

✵✲✙●✙✕✜✢✯ ✶✖✤✢✧✕✜✲✵✳ ✴✧✵ ✵✲✙✗✲✢ ✵✙✜✚✲✩ ●✙✕ ✙✢✩

✢✲✙✕✬ ✧✪✤✵✬ ✶✙✕✕✛✜✢✯ ✙✢✩ ✵❙✕✲✙✩✜✢✯ ✴✢✩✜✙✢

✶✖✗✗✲✕✶✲ ✙✢✩ ✶✤✚✧✤✕✲✳ ❅✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵ ✙✕✲ ✧✪✲

✶✪✲✙❙✲✵✧ ✗✲✙✢✵ ✖● ✧✕✙✢✵❙✖✕✧✳ ❆✪✲✛ ✙✕✲ ✗✖✵✧

✵✤✜✧✙✫✚✲ ●✖✕ ✶✙✕✕✛✜✢✯ ✪✲✙✭✛ ✙✢✩ ✫✤✚✺✛ ✯✖✖✩✵✳

✴✧ ✜✵ ✙ ●✤✲✚■✲●●✜✶✜✲✢✧ ✙✢✩ ✲✢✭✜✕✖✢✗✲✢✧ ●✕✜✲✢✩✚✛

✗✖✩✲ ✖● ✧✕✙✢✵❙✖✕✧✳ ✴✢✩✜✙ ✪✙✵ ✜✢✚✙✢✩ ✢✙✭✜✯✙✧✜✖✢

❄✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵ ✖● ✇❈✬❉❊❊ ✺✗ ✜✢ ✚✲✢✯✧✪✳ ❍✤✧ ✖●

✧✪✲✵✲ ✖✢✚✛ ❏✬❑❊❊ ✺✗ ✙✕✲ ✢✙✭✜✯✙✫✚✲ ✫✛

✗✲✶✪✙✢✜✵✲✩ ✫✖✙✧✵✳ ❆✪✲ ●✖✚✚✖❄✜✢✯ ❄✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵

✪✙✭✲ ✫✲✲✢ ✩✲✶✚✙✕✲✩ ✙✵ ✧✪✲ ❡✙✧✜✖✢✙✚ ❅✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵

✫✛ ✧✪✲ ✣✖✭✲✕✢✗✲✢✧✳

▲❙✙✕✧ ●✕✖✗ ✧✪✲✵✲✬ ✴✢✩✜✙▼✵ ✧✕✙✩✲ ❄✜✧✪ ●✖✕✲✜✯✢

✶✖✤✢✧✕✜✲✵ ✜✵ ✶✙✕✕✜✲✩ ●✕✖✗ ✧✪✲ ❙✖✕✧✵ ✚✖✶✙✧✲✩ ✙✚✖✢✯

✧✪✲ ✶✖✙✵✧✳ ◆❉ ❙✲✕ ✶✲✢✧ ✖● ✧✪✲ ✶✖✤✢✧✕✛▼✵ ✧✕✙✩✲

✭✖✚✤✗✲ ✸✈❖ ❙✲✕ ✶✲✢✧ ✜✢ ✧✲✕✗✵ ✖● ✭✙✚✤✲❛ ✜✵ ✗✖✭✲✩

✫✛ ✵✲✙✳

◗✽❘❚❀ ❯✿✽ ❱❚❀✾❃

❅✜✧✪ ✙ ✚✖✢✯ ✶✖✙✵✧✚✜✢✲ ✖● ❑✬❉✇✈✳✈ ✺✗✬ ✴✢✩✜✙ ✜✵

✩✖✧✧✲✩ ❄✜✧✪ ✇❞ ✗✙✦✖✕ ✙✢✩ ✇❖✇ ✗✲✩✜✤✗ ✙✢✩

✗✜✢✖✕ ❙✖✕✧✵✳ ❆✪✲✵✲ ✗✙✦✖✕ ❙✖✕✧✵ ✪✙✢✩✚✲ ◆❉ ❙✲✕

✶✲✢✧ ✖● ✴✢✩✜✙▼✵ ●✖✕✲✜✯✢ ✧✕✙✩✲✳

✷✙✢✩✚✙ ✜✢ ✷✤✶✪✶✪✪ ❄✙✵ ✧✪✲ ●✜✕✵✧ ❙✖✕✧

✩✲✭✲✚✖❙✲✩ ✵✖✖✢ ✙●✧✲✕ ✴✢✩✲❙✲✢✩✲✢✶✲ ✧✖ ✲✙✵✲ ✧✪✲

✭✖✚✤✗✲ ✖● ✧✕✙✩✲ ✖✢ ✧✪✲ ✰✤✗✫✙✜ ❙✖✕✧✬ ✜✢ ✧✪✲

❄✙✺✲ ✖● ✚✖✵✵ ✖● ✷✙✕✙✶✪✜ ❙✖✕✧ ✧✖ P✙✺✜✵✧✙✢ ✙●✧✲✕

✧✪✲ P✙✕✧✜✧✜✖✢✳ ✷✙✢✩✚✙ ✜✵ ✙ ✧✜✩✙✚ ❙✖✕✧✳ ✴✧ ✶✙✧✲✕✵ ✧✖

✧✪✲ ✶✖✢✭✲✢✜✲✢✧ ✪✙✢✩✚✜✢✯ ✖● ✲❳❙✖✕✧✵ ✙✢✩ ✜✗❙✖✕✧✵

✖● ✪✜✯✪✚✛ ❙✕✖✩✤✶✧✜✭✲ ✯✕✙✢✙✕✛ ✙✢✩ ✜✢✩✤✵✧✕✜✙✚ ✫✲✚✧

✵✧✕✲✧✶✪✜✢✯ ✙✶✕✖✵✵ ✧✪✲ ✵✧✙✧✲✵ ✖● ★✙✗✗✤ ✙✢✩

✷✙✵✪✗✜✕✬ ✻✜✗✙✶✪✙✚ P✕✙✩✲✵✪✬ P✤✢✦✙✫✬ ✻✙✕✛✙✢✙✬

t✙✦✙✵✧✪✙✢ ✙✢✩ ✣✤✦✙✕✙✧✳

✰✤✗✫✙✜ ✜✵ ✧✪✲ ✫✜✯✯✲✵✧ ❙✖✕✧ ❄✜✧✪ ✙ ✵❙✙✶✜✖✤✵

✢✙✧✤✕✙✚ ✙✢✩ ❄✲✚✚■✵✪✲✚✧✲✕✲✩ ✪✙✕✫✖✤✕✳ ❆✪✲

★✙❄✙✪✙✕✚✙✚ ❡✲✪✕✤ ❙✖✕✧ ❄✙✵ ❙✚✙✢✢✲✩ ❄✜✧✪ ✙ ✭✜✲❄

✧✖ ✩✲✶✖✢✯✲✵✧ ✧✪✲ ✰✤✗✫✙✜ ❙✖✕✧ ✙✢✩ ✵✲✕✭✲ ✙✵ ✙

⑩ ❆✪✲ ✣✙✢✯✙ ✕✜✭✲✕ ✫✲✧❄✲✲✢ ▲✚✚✙✪✙✫✙✩ ✙✢✩

✻✙✚✩✜✙ ✸✇✈❞❊ ✺✗❛■❡✳❅✳ ❡✖✳✇

⑩ ❆✪✲ ❇✕✙✪✗✙❙✤✧✕✙ ✕✜✭✲✕ ✫✲✧❄✲✲✢ ✘✙✩✜✛✙ ✙✢✩

✱✪✤✫✕✜ ✸❖◆✇ ✺✗❛■❡✳❅✳ ❡✖✳❞

⑩ ❆✪✲ ❅✲✵✧■✹✖✙✵✧ ✹✙✢✙✚ ✜✢ ✷✲✕✙✚✙

✸✷✖✧✧✙❙✤✕✗✙■✷✖✗✗✙✢✬ ❝✩✛✖✯✙✗✙✢✩✙✚ ✙✢✩

✹✪✙✗❙✙✺✺✙✕✙ ✶✙✢✙✚✵■❞❊❉ ✺✗❛ ❨ ❡✳❅✳ ❡✖✳❏

❆✪✲ ✖✧✪✲✕ ✭✜✙✫✚✲ ✜✢✚✙✢✩ ❄✙✧✲✕❄✙✛✵ ✜✢✶✚✤✩✲

✧✪✲ ✣✖✩✙✭✙✕✜✬ ✷✕✜✵✪✢✙✬ ❇✙✕✙✺✬ ✘✤✢✩✲✕✫✙✢✵✬

❇✤✶✺✜✢✯✪✙✗ ✹✙✢✙✚✬ ❇✕✙✪✗✙✢✜✬ ❩✙✵✧■❄✲✵✧

✹✙✢✙✚ ✙✢✩ ✱✙✗✖✩✙✕ ✮✙✚✚✲✛ ✹✖✕❙✖✕✙✧✜✖✢ ✹✙✢✙✚✳

✪✤✫ ❙✖✕✧ ●✖✕ ✧✪✜✵ ✕✲✯✜✖✢✳ ✰✙✕✗✙✯✙✖ ❙✖✕✧ ✸✣✖✙❛

✜✵ ✧✪✲ ❙✕✲✗✜✲✕ ✜✕✖✢ ✖✕✲ ✲❳❙✖✕✧✜✢✯ ❙✖✕✧ ✖● ✧✪✲

✶✖✤✢✧✕✛✳ ❆✪✜✵ ❙✖✕✧ ✙✶✶✖✤✢✧✵ ●✖✕ ✙✫✖✤✧ ●✜●✧✛ ❙✲✕

✶✲✢✧ ✖● ✴✢✩✜✙▼✵ ✜✕✖✢ ✖✕✲ ✲❳❙✖✕✧✳ ❡✲❄ ✰✙✢✯✙✚✖✕✲

❙✖✕✧✬ ✚✖✶✙✧✲✩ ✜✢ ✷✙✕✢✙✧✙✺✙ ✶✙✧✲✕✵ ✧✖ ✧✪✲ ✲❳❙✖✕✧

✖● ✜✕✖✢ ✖✕✲ ✶✖✢✶✲✢✧✕✙✧✲✵ ●✕✖✗ ✷✤✩✕✲✗✤✺✪

✗✜✢✲✵✳ ✷✖✶✪✜ ✜✵ ✧✪✲ ✲❳✧✕✲✗✲ ✵✖✤✧✪■❄✲✵✧✲✕✢

❙✖✕✧✬ ✚✖✶✙✧✲✩ ✙✧ ✧✪✲ ✲✢✧✕✙✢✶✲ ✖● ✙ ✚✙✯✖✖✢ ❄✜✧✪ ✙

✢✙✧✤✕✙✚ ✪✙✕✫✖✤✕✳

❋�✁✂ ✄✂❬✆ ❭✌✑r❪✎ ❫☞✏✝❴ ✠✌✏❵☞✝ ✏✝☛♥ ☛✒☞ ❵☞✎✎☞✞ ✟☛

❜✑❢❫✟✏ ❣♥✌☛


■� ✁✂✄ ✁☎✆✝✞ ✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☛✡✁☞✌� �✝✞✞✂✡✄✍ ✌✡✎✝ ✏✡✑✏

♠☎☞✄�✂✡✄✍✒ ✠✞✝✂✞✟ ✠✝✍✝✞�✍✒ ✠✝✄✍✝ ☛☎✞✝✍�✍ ✂✄✠

✂✌✍☎ ✌☎✄✑ ☎✁✝✂✄✡✁ ✍�✞✝�✁✏✝✍ ❛✡�✏ ✑✞✝✂� ✝✂✍✝✓

❚✏✡✄✎ ☎☛ �✏✝ ✄☎✞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄ ✕✂✞� ☎☛ �✏✝ ✁☎☞✄�✞✟✒

♠✂✞✎✝✠ ❛✡�✏ �✏✝ ✕✞✝✍✝✄✁✝ ☎☛ ✖✡✑ ✞✡✆✝✞✍✒

✠✡✍✍✝✁�✝✠ ✞✝✌✡✝☛✒ ✠✝✄✍✝ ☛☎✞✝✍�✍ ✂✄✠ ☛✞✝❞☞✝✄�

☛✌☎☎✠✍ ✂✄✠ ✡✄�✝✞✄✂�✡☎✄✂✌ ☛✞☎✄�✡✝✞✍✒ ✝�✁✓ ✡✄ �✏✝

✂✖✍✝✄✁✝ ☎☛ ✂✡✞ �✞✂✄✍✕☎✞�✓ ✗✡✞ �✞✂✆✝✌ ✏✂✍ ♠✂✠✝

✂✁✁✝✍✍ ✝✂✍✡✝✞✓

▼☎✆✡✄✑ ✂✌☎✄✑ �✏✝ ✝✂✍� ✁☎✂✍�✒ ✟☎☞ ❛☎☞✌✠ ✍✝✝

�✏✝ ✝t�✞✝♠✝ ✍☎☞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄ ✕☎✞� ☎☛ ❚☞�✡✁☎✞✡✄✒ ✡✄

❚✂♠✡✌ ✘✂✠☞✓ ❚✏✡✍ ✕☎✞� ✏✂✍ ✂ ✄✂�☞✞✂✌ ✏✂✞✖☎☞✞

✂✄✠ ✞✡✁✏ ✏✡✄�✝✞✌✂✄✠✓ ❚✏☞✍✒ ✡� ✏✂✍ ✂ ☛✌☎☞✞✡✍✏✡✄✑

�✞✂✠✝ ✏✂✄✠✌✡✄✑ ☎☛ ✂ ✌✂✞✑✝ ✆✂✞✡✝�✟ ☎☛ ✁✂✞✑☎✝✍ �☎

✝✆✝✄ ☎☞✞ ✄✝✡✑✏✖☎☞✞✡✄✑ ✁☎☞✄�✞✡✝✍ ✌✡✎✝ ❡✞✡ ✙✂✄✎✂✒

▼✂✌✠✡✆✝✍✒ ✝�✁✓ ✂✄✠ �✏✝ ✁☎✂✍�✂✌ ✞✝✑✡☎✄✍ ☎☛ ■✄✠✡✂✓

❈✏✝✄✄✂✡ ✡✍ ☎✄✝ ☎☛ �✏✝ ☎✌✠✝✍� ✂✞�✡☛✡✁✡✂✌ ✕☎✞�✍ ☎☛

�✏✝ ✁☎☞✄�✞✟✓ ■� ✡✍ ✞✂✄✎✝✠✄✝t� �☎▼☞♠✖✂✡ ✡✄ �✝✞♠✍

☎☛ �✏✝ ✆☎✌☞♠✝ ☎☛ �✞✂✠✝ ✂✄✠ ✁✂✞✑☎✓

❱✡✍✏✂✎✏✂✕✂�✄✂♠✡✍ �✏✝ ✠✝✝✕✝✍� ✌✂✄✠✌☎✁✎✝✠ ✂✄✠

❛✝✌✌✔✕✞☎�✝✁�✝✠ ✕☎✞�✓ ❚✏✡✍ ✕☎✞� ❛✂✍✒ ☎✞✡✑✡✄✂✌✌✟✒

✁☎✄✁✝✡✆✝✠ ✂✍ ✂✄ ☎☞�✌✝� ☛☎✞ ✡✞☎✄ ☎✞✝ ✝t✕☎✞�✍✓

P✂✞✂✠✡✕ ✕☎✞� ✌☎✁✂�✝✠ ✡✄✚✞✡✍✍✂✒ ✍✕✝✁✡✂✌✡✍✝✍ ✡✄ �✏✝

✝t✕☎✞� ☎☛ ✡✞☎✄ ☎✞✝✓ ✛☎✌✎✂�✂ ✡✍ ✂✄ ✡✄✌✂✄✠ ✞✡✆✝✞✡✄✝

✕☎✞�✓ ❚✏✡✍ ✕☎✞� ✍✝✞✆✝✍ ✂ ✆✝✞✟ ✌✂✞✑✝ ✂✄✠ ✞✡✁✏

✏✡✄�✝✞✌✂✄✠ ☎☛❤✂✄✑✂✔✜✞✂✏♠✂✕☞�✞✂ ✖✂✍✡✄✓✜✝✡✄✑

✂ �✡✠✂✌ ✕☎✞�✒ ✡� ✞✝❞☞✡✞✝✍ ✁☎✄✍�✂✄� ✠✞✝✠✑✡✄✑ ☎☛

❍☎☎✑✌✟✓ ❍✂✌✠✡✂ ✕☎✞� ❛✂✍ ✠✝✆✝✌☎✕✝✠ ✂✍ ✂

✍☞✖✍✡✠✡✂✞✟ ✕☎✞�✒ ✡✄ ☎✞✠✝✞ �☎ ✞✝✌✡✝✆✝ ✑✞☎❛✡✄✑

✕✞✝✍✍☞✞✝ ☎✄ �✏✝ ✛☎✌✎✂�✂ ✕☎✞�✓

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✥✦ ✧★✩✪✫✬ ✭✮✯✰✱★✬✲✮✩✲ ✰✬✳✭✫ ✴✮✵ ★✶ ✷✫✸

✹★✩✲★✵✴✬✫ ✺✴✬✶

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✻✦ ✼★✩✭✵✮✩✲ ✴✐ ✴✈✫✬✯✮✽✫ ✰★✬✲✴ ★✶ ✧✳✶✮✰✴✬✮✩ ✺✴✬✶

❋✢✣✤ ✥✤✾

❚✏✝ ✂✡✞ �✞✂✄✍✕☎✞� ❛✂✍ ✄✂�✡☎✄✂✌✡✍✝✠ ✡✄ ✿❀❁❂✓

✚✄ �✏✝ ☎✕✝✞✂�✡☎✄✂✌ ✍✡✠✝✒ ■✄✠✡✂✄ ✗✡✞✌✡✄✝✍✒

✗✌✌✡✂✄✁✝ ✗✡✞ ❆✍☞✖✍✡✠✡✂✞✟ ☎☛ ■✄✠✡✂✄ ✗✡✞✌✡✄✝✍❃✒

✕✞✡✆✂�✝ ✍✁✏✝✠☞✌✝✠ ✂✡✞✌✡✄✝✍ ✂✄✠ ✄☎✄✔ ✍✁✏✝✠☞✌✝✠

☎✕✝✞✂�☎✞✍ ✕✞☎✆✡✠✝ ✠☎♠✝✍�✡✁ ✂✡✞ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍✓ ✗✡✞

■✄✠✡✂ ✕✞☎✆✡✠✝✍ ✡✄�✝✞✄✂�✡☎✄✂✌ ✂✡✞ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍✓

P✂❛✂✄✏✂✄✍ ❍✝✌✡✁☎✕�✝✞✍ ✙�✠✓ ✕✞☎✆✡✠✝✍

✏✝✌✡✁☎✕�✝✞ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍ �☎ ✚✡✌ ✂✄✠ ✘✂�☞✞✂✌ ❤✂✍

❈☎♠♠✡✍✍✡☎✄ ✡✄ ✡�✍ ☎☛☛✔ ✍✏☎✞✝ ☎✕✝✞✂�✡☎✄✍✒ �☎

✡✄✂✁✁✝✍✍✡✖✌✝ ✂✞✝✂✍ ✂✄✠✠✡☛☛✡✁☞✌� �✝✞✞✂✡✄✍ ✌✡✎✝ �✏✝

✄☎✞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄ ✍�✂�✝✍ ✂✄✠ �✏✝ ✡✄�✝✞✡☎✞ ✕✂✞�✍ ☎☛

❏✂♠♠☞ ✂✄✠ ✛✂✍✏♠✡✞✒ ❍✡♠✂✁✏✂✌ P✞✂✠✝✍✏ ✂✄✠

❯��✂✞✂✄✁✏✂✌✓ ■✄✠✡✂✄ ✗✡✞✌✡✄✝✍ ☎✕✝✞✂�✡☎✄✍ ✂✌✍☎

✝t�✝✄✠ �☎ �✏✝ ✄✝✡✑✏✖☎☞✞✡✄✑ ✁☎☞✄�✞✡✝✍ ☎☛ ❡☎☞�✏

✂✄✠ ✍☎☞�✏✔✝✂✍� ✗✍✡✂ ✂✄✠ �✏✝ ▼✡✠✠✌✝ ✝✂✍�✓

❄❅❇❉ ❊●❑ ❑▲◆ ❇❖◗◆❘ ❊❙ ❑▲◆ ❲❊●❇❑❳❅◆❘ ❲❊❇❇◆❲❑◆❉

❜❨ ❩❇❉❅❖❇ ❬❅❳❭❅❇◆❘❪

✗✡✞ �✞✂✆✝✌ ✡✍ ✄☎� ❛✡�✏✡✄ �✏✝ ✞✝✂✁✏ ☎☛ �✏✝

✁☎♠♠☎✄✕✝☎✕✌✝✓ ■� ✡✍ ☎✄✌✟ ✡✄ �✏✝ ✄☎✞�✏✔✝✂✍�✝✞✄

✍�✂�✝✍ �✏✂� ✍✕✝✁✡✂✌ ✕✞☎✆✡✍✡☎✄✍ ✂✞✝ ♠✂✠✝ �☎

✝t�✝✄✠ �✏✝ ✍✝✞✆✡✁✝✍ �☎ �✏✝ ✁☎♠♠☎✄ ✕✝☎✕✌✝✓

❫❴❵❝❢❣❥

❚✏✝ ✂✡✞ �✞✂✆✝✌✒ �☎✠✂✟✒ ✡✍ �✏✝ ☛✂✍�✝✍�✒ ♠☎✍�

✁☎♠☛☎✞�✂✖✌✝ ✂✄✠✕✞✝✍�✡✑✡☎☞✍♠☎✠✝ ☎☛ �✞✂✄✍✕☎✞�✓

❦▲❨ ❅❘ ❖❅❳ ❑❳❖❧◆❭ ♥❳◆❙◆❳❳◆❉ ❅❇ ❑▲◆ ❇❊❳❑▲♦

◆❖❘❑◆❳❇ ❘❑❖❑◆❘♣


■�✁✂✄☎ ✥✆✝✞✟ ✠✞✟✡☛ ✆☞✌ ✍☞✡✎✟☞✆✡✏✞☞✆✑ ✒✏✟✓✞✟✡☛


❈�✁✁✂✄☎✆✝✞☎�✄

❊✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✠ ✎✏✑✒✌☛ ✒✓✓✠✒✡✠✔ ✕✌ ✖✎✠ ✠✒✡✖✎✗ ✖✎✠✘

✎✒✟✠ ✏☛✠✔ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✑✠✒✌☛ ✕❤ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌✙

❇✏✖✗ ✖✎✠ ✓✒✍✠ ✕❤ ✍✎✒✌✥✠✗ ✎✒☛ ✚✠✠✌ ✡✒✓☞✔ ☞✌

✑✕✔✠✡✌ ✖☞✑✠☛✙ ♠✕✌✥ ✔☞☛✖✒✌✍✠ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌

☞☛ ❤✒✡ ✠✒☛☞✠✡ ✐☞✖✎✕✏✖ ✓✎✘☛☞✍✒✛ ✑✕✟✠✑✠✌✖ ✕❤ ✖✎✠

✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖✕✡ ✕✡ ✡✠✍✠☞✟✠✡✙ ✳✠✡☛✕✌✒✛

✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ✒✌✔ ✑✒☛☛ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌

☞✌✍✛✏✔☞✌✥ ✖✠✛✠✟☞☛☞✕✌✗ ✡✒✔☞✕✗ ✓✡✠☛☛✗ ❤☞✛✑☛✗ ✠✖✍✙ ✒✡✠

✖✎✠ ✑✒t✕✡ ✑✠✒✌☛ ✕❤ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ☞✌ ✖✎✠

✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙ ❝✎✠ ✜✌✔☞✒✌ ✓✕☛✖✒✛✌✠✖✐✕✡✢ ☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖

☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✐✕✡✛✔✙ ✜✖ ✎✒✌✔✛✠☛ ✓✒✡✍✠✛☛ ✒☛ ✐✠✛✛ ✒☛

✓✠✡☛✕✌✒✛ ✐✡☞✖✖✠✌ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌☛✙ ♣✒✡✔☛ ✒✌✔

✠✌✟✠✛✕✓✠☛ ✒✡✠ ✍✕✌☛☞✔✠✡✠✔ ❤☞✡☛✖❡✍✛✒☛☛ ✑✒☞✛ ✒✌✔

✒✡✠ ✒☞✡✛☞❤✖✠✔ ✚✠✖✐✠✠✌ ☛✖✒✖☞✕✌☛ ✍✕✟✠✡☞✌✥ ✚✕✖✎ ✛✒✌✔

✒✌✔ ✒☞✡✙ ❝✎✠ ☛✠✍✕✌✔❡✍✛✒☛☛ ✑✒☞✛ ☞✌✍✛✏✔✠☛ ✚✕✕✢

✓✒✍✢✠✖☛✗ ✡✠✥☞☛✖✠✡✠✔✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛ ✒✌✔ ✓✠✡☞✕✔☞✍✒✛☛✙

❝✎✠✘ ✒✡✠ ✍✒✡✡☞✠✔ ✚✘ ☛✏✡❤✒✍✠✑✒☞✛✗ ✍✕✟✠✡☞✌✥ ✛✒✌✔

✒✌✔ ✐✒✖✠✡ ✖✡✒✌☛✓✕✡✖✙ ❝✕ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖✒✖✠ ❛✏☞✍✢ ✔✠✛☞✟✠✡✘

✕❤ ✑✒☞✛☛ ☞✌ ✛✒✡✥✠ ✖✕✐✌☛ ✒✌✔ ✍☞✖☞✠☛✗ ☛☞♦ ✑✒☞✛

✍✎✒✌✌✠✛☛ ✎✒✟✠ ✚✠✠✌ ☞✌✖✡✕✔✏✍✠✔ ✡✠✍✠✌✖✛✘✙ ❝✎✠✘

✒✡✠ ✍✒✛✛✠✔ ✣✒t✔✎✒✌☞ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗ ✤✠✖✡✕ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗

●✡✠✠✌ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗ ❇✏☛☞✌✠☛☛ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✗ ❇✏✛✢ ✤✒☞✛

♣✎✒✌✌✠✛ ✒✌✔ ✳✠✡☞✕✔☞✍✒✛ ♣✎✒✌✌✠✛✙

✕✡✔✠✡ ✖✕ ☛✖✡✠✌✥✖✎✠✌ ✖✎✠ ❤✛✕✐ ✕❤ ☞✌❤✕✡✑✒✖☞✕✌

❤✡✕✑ ✖✎✠ ✥✡✒☛☛✡✕✕✖ ✖✕ ✖✎✠ ✎☞✥✎✠✡ ✛✠✟✠✛✗ ✖✎✠

✥✕✟✠✡✌✑✠✌✖ ✎✒☛ ✑✒✔✠ ☛✓✠✍☞✒✛ ✓✡✕✟☞☛☞✕✌ ✖✕

✠♦✖✠✌✔ ✖✐✠✌✖✘✦❤✕✏✡ ✎✕✏✡☛ ✧❝★ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖✘ ✖✕

✠✟✠✡✘ ✟☞✛✛✒✥✠ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙ ❝✎✠✡✠ ☞☛ ✒ ✏✌☞❤✕✡✑

✡✒✖✠ ✕❤ ✧❝★ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖☞✠☛ ✒✛✛ ✕✟✠✡ ✜✌✔☞✒✙ ✜✖ ✎✒☛

✚✠✠✌ ✑✒✔✠ ✓✕☛☛☞✚✛✠ ✚✘ ☞✌✖✠✥✡✒✖☞✌✥ ✖✎✠

✔✠✟✠✛✕✓✑✠✌✖ ☞✌ ☛✓✒✍✠ ✖✠✍✎✌✕✛✕✥✘ ✐☞✖✎

✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ✖✠✍✎✌✕✛✕✥✘✙

✤✒☛☛ ✍✕✑✑✏✌☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ✓✡✕✟☞✔✠☛

✠✌✖✠✡✖✒☞✌✑✠✌✖ ✒✌✔ ✍✡✠✒✖✠☛ ✒✐✒✡✠✌✠☛☛ ✒✑✕✌✥

✓✠✕✓✛✠ ✒✚✕✏✖ ✟✒✡☞✕✏☛ ✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✓✡✕✥✡✒✑✑✠☛ ✒✌✔

✓✕✛☞✍☞✠☛✙ ✜✖ ☞✌✍✛✏✔✠☛ ✡✒✔☞✕✗ ✖✠✛✠✟☞☛☞✕✌✗

✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛✗ ✑✒✥✒♥☞✌✠☛✗ ✚✕✕✢☛ ✒✌✔ ❤☞✛✑☛✙ ✩✛✛

✜✌✔☞✒ ✣✒✔☞✕ ■✩✢✒☛✎✐✒✌☞✪ ✚✡✕✒✔✍✒☛✖☛ ✒ ✟✒✡☞✠✖✘

✕❤ ✓✡✕✥✡✒✑✑✠☛ ☞✌ ✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛✗ ✡✠✥☞✕✌✒✛ ✒✌✔ ✛✕✍✒✛

✛✒✌✥✏✒✥✠☛ ❤✕✡ ✟✒✡☞✕✏☛ ✍✒✖✠✥✕✡☞✠☛ ✕❤ ✓✠✕✓✛✠✗

☛✓✡✠✒✔ ✕✟✠✡ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✓✒✡✖☛ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙

★✕✕✡✔✒✡☛✎✒✌✗ ✖✎✠✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✖✠✛✠✟☞☛☞✕✌ ✍✎✒✌✌✠✛ ✕❤

✜✌✔☞✒✗ ☞☛ ✕✌✠ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖ ✖✠✡✡✠☛✖✡☞✒✛ ✌✠✖✐✕✡✢☛

☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✐✕✡✛✔✙ ✜✖ ✚✡✕✒✔✍✒☛✖☛ ✒ ✟✒✡☞✠✖✘ ✕❤

✓✡✕✥✡✒✑✑✠☛ ❤✡✕✑ ✠✌✖✠✡✖✒☞✌✑✠✌✖✗ ✠✔✏✍✒✖☞✕✌✒✛

✖✕ ☛✓✕✡✖☛✗ ✠✖✍✙ ❤✕✡ ✓✠✕✓✛✠ ✕❤ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✒✥✠ ✥✡✕✏✓☛✙

✜✌✔☞✒ ✓✏✚✛☞☛✎✠☛ ✒ ✛✒✡✥✠ ✌✏✑✚✠✡ ✕❤

✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛ ✒✌✔ ✓✠✡☞✕✔☞✍✒✛☛ ✒✌✌✏✒✛✛✘✙ ❝✎✠✘ ✒✡✠

✕❤ ✔☞❤❤✠✡✠✌✖ ✖✘✓✠☛ ✔✠✓✠✌✔☞✌✥ ✏✓✕✌ ✖✎✠☞✡

✓✠✡☞✕✔☞✍☞✖✘✙ ✫✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛ ✒✡✠ ✓✏✚✛☞☛✎✠✔ ☞✌

✒✚✕✏✖ ✬✭✭ ✛✒✌✥✏✒✥✠☛ ✒✌✔ ✔☞✒✛✠✍✖☛✙ ★☞✔ ✘✕✏

✢✌✕✐ ✖✎✒✖ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖ ✌✏✑✚✠✡ ✕❤ ✌✠✐☛✓✒✓✠✡☛

✓✏✚✛☞☛✎✠✔ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘ ✒✡✠ ☞✌ ✮☞✌✔☞✗ ❤✕✛✛✕✐✠✔

✚✘ ❊✌✥✛☞☛✎ ✒✌✔ ❜✡✔✏✯ ✜✌✔☞✒ ☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖

✓✡✕✔✏✍✠✡ ✕❤ ❤✠✒✖✏✡✠ ❤☞✛✑☛ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✐✕✡✛✔✙ ✜✖

✓✡✕✔✏✍✠☛ ☛✎✕✡✖ ❤☞✛✑☛✰ ✟☞✔✠✕ ❤✠✒✖✏✡✠ ❤☞✛✑☛ ✒✌✔

✟☞✔✠✕ ☛✎✕✡✖ ❤☞✛✑☛✙ ❝✎✠ ♣✠✌✖✡✒✛ ❇✕✒✡✔ ✕❤ ✈☞✛✑

♣✠✡✖☞❤☞✍✒✖☞✕✌ ☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✒✏✖✎✕✡☞✖✘ ✖✕ ✍✠✡✖☞❤✘ ✚✕✖✎

✜✌✔☞✒✌ ✒✌✔ ❤✕✡✠☞✥✌ ❤☞✛✑☛✙

✱✄✞✲✴✄✝✞☎�✄✝✵ ✶✴✝✷✲

❝✎✠ ✠♦✍✎✒✌✥✠ ✕❤ ✥✕✕✔☛ ✒✑✕✌✥ ✓✠✕✓✛✠✗ ☛✖✒✖✠☛

✒✌✔ ✍✕✏✌✖✡☞✠☛ ☞☛ ✡✠❤✠✡✡✠✔ ✖✕ ✒☛ ✖✡✒✔✠✙ ❝✎✠✑✒✡✢✠✖

☞☛ ✖✎✠ ✓✛✒✍✠ ✐✎✠✡✠ ☛✏✍✎ ✠♦✍✎✒✌✥✠☛ ✖✒✢✠ ✓✛✒✍✠✙

❝✡✒✔✠ ✚✠✖✐✠✠✌ ✖✐✕ ✍✕✏✌✖✡☞✠☛ ☞☛ ✍✒✛✛✠✔

☞✌✖✠✡✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✖✡✒✔✠✙ ✜✖ ✑✒✘ ✖✒✢✠ ✓✛✒✍✠ ✖✎✡✕✏✥✎

☛✠✒✗ ✒☞✡ ✕✡ ✛✒✌✔ ✡✕✏✖✠☛✙ s✎☞✛✠ ✛✕✍✒✛ ✖✡✒✔✠ ☞☛

✍✒✡✡☞✠✔ ☞✌ ✍☞✖☞✠☛✗ ✖✕✐✌☛ ✒✌✔ ✟☞✛✛✒✥✠☛✗ ☛✖✒✖✠ ✛✠✟✠✛

✖✡✒✔✠ ☞☛ ✍✒✡✡☞✠✔ ✚✠✖✐✠✠✌ ✖✐✕ ✕✡ ✑✕✡✠ ☛✖✒✖✠☛✙

✩✔✟✒✌✍✠✑✠✌✖ ✕❤ ☞✌✖✠✡✌✒✖☞✕✌✒✛ ✖✡✒✔✠ ✕❤ ✒

✍✕✏✌✖✡✘ ☞☛ ✒✌ ☞✌✔✠♦ ✖✕ ☞✖☛ ✠✍✕✌✕✑☞✍ ✓✡✕☛✓✠✡☞✖✘✙

✜✖ ☞☛✗ ✖✎✠✡✠❤✕✡✠✗ ✍✕✌☛☞✔✠✡✠✔ ✖✎✠ ✠✍✕✌✕✑☞✍

✚✒✡✕✑✠✖✠✡ ❤✕✡ ✒ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙

✜✌ ✍✕✑✓✒✡☞☛✕✌ ✐☞✖✎ ✖✎✠ ✕✖✎✠✡ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✗

✜✌✔☞✒ ✎✒☛ ✒✚✕✏✖ ✸✹✗✺✻✺ ✖✠✛✠✓✎✕✌✠

✠♦✍✎✒✌✥✠☛ ☛✓✡✠✒✔ ✒✛✛ ✕✟✠✡ ☞✌ ✖✎✠ ✍✕✏✌✖✡✘✙

✤✒✢✠ ✒ ✍✕✑✓✒✡☞☛✕✌ ✐☞✖✎ ✒✌✘ ✕✖✎✠✡

✍✕✏✌✖✡✘ ✕❤ ✘✕✏✡ ✍✎✕☞✍✠✙

❋✼✽✾✿✾❀❁ ❂ ❃❄❅❆❉❅❍❏❑ ❏▲▼▼ ◆❖P ❖❍ ◗❘❙❚

✜✌✔☞✒ ✎✒☛ ✕✌✠ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✛✒✡✥✠☛✖ ✖✠✛✠✍✕✑

✌✠✖✐✕✡✢☛ ☞✌ ✩☛☞✒✙ ❊♦✍✛✏✔☞✌✥ ✏✡✚✒✌ ✓✛✒✍✠☛

✑✕✡✠ ✖✎✒✌ ✖✐✕✦✖✎☞✡✔☛ ✕❤ ✖✎✠ ✟☞✛✛✒✥✠☛ ☞✌ ✜✌✔☞✒

✎✒✟✠ ✒✛✡✠✒✔✘ ✚✠✠✌ ✍✕✟✠✡✠✔ ✐☞✖✎ ✧✏✚☛✍✡☞✚✠✡

❝✡✏✌✢ ★☞✒✛✛☞✌✥ ■✧❝★✪ ✖✠✛✠✓✎✕✌✠ ❤✒✍☞✛☞✖✘✙ ✜✌


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✞✆✝☛✁☎❝ ✞✟☛ �✝☎✍✎✍✄ ✏✎✁✂✆✝✁ ✎☛✁✄☎☛✟✁✎✆☛✟✑

✁☎✟☞✄t ✒✓✠✆☎✁ ✟☛☞ ✎✔✠✆☎✁ ✟☎✄ ✁✂✄ ✞✆✔✠✆☛✄☛✁�

✆♦ ✁☎✟☞✄t ✕✂✄ ✡✟✑✟☛✞✄ ✆♦ ✁☎✟☞✄ ✆♦ ✟ ✞✆✝☛✁☎❝ ✎�

✁✂✄ ☞✎♦♦✄☎✄☛✞✄ ✡✄✁✏✄✄☛ ✎✁� ✄✓✠✆☎✁ ✟☛☞ ✎✔✠✆☎✁t

❲✂✄☛ ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦ ✄✓✠✆☎✁ ✄✓✞✄✄☞� ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦

✎✔✠✆☎✁�✌ ✎✁ ✎� ✞✟✑✑✄☞ ✟ ♦✟✍✆✝☎✟✡✑✄ ✡✟✑✟☛✞✄ ✆♦

✁☎✟☞✄t ✖☛ ✁✂✄ ✞✆☛✁☎✟☎❝✌ ✎♦ ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦ ✎✔✠✆☎✁�

✄✓✞✄✄☞� ✁✂✄ ✍✟✑✝✄ ✆♦ ✄✓✠✆☎✁�✌ ✎✁ ✎� ✁✄☎✔✄☞ ✟�

✝☛♦✟✍✆✝☎✟✡✑✄ ✡✟✑✟☛✞✄ ✆♦ ✁☎✟☞✄t

■☛☞✎✟ ✂✟� ✁☎✟☞✄ ☎✄✑✟✁✎✆☛� ✏✎✁✂ ✟✑✑ ✁✂✄✔✟✗✆☎

✁☎✟☞✎☛✘ ✡✑✆✞✙� ✟☛☞ ✟✑✑ ✘✄✆✘☎✟✠✂✎✞✟✑ ☎✄✘✎✆☛� ✆♦

✁✂✄ ✏✆☎✑☞t ❆✔✆☛✘ ✁✂✄ ✞✆✔✔✆☞✎✁✎✄� ✆♦ ✄✓✠✆☎✁✌

✏✂✆�✄ �✂✟☎✄ ✂✟� ✡✄✄☛ ✎☛✞☎✄✟�✎☛✘ ✆✍✄☎ ✁✂✄ ✑✟�✁

♦✄✏ ❝✄✟☎� ✁✎✑✑ ❢✚✚✛✜✚✢ ✟☎✄ ✟✘☎✎✞✝✑✁✝☎✄ ✟☛☞ ✟✑✑✎✄☞

✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣❢t✢✣ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✆☎✄� ✟☛☞ ✔✎☛✄☎✟✑�

♣✭t✥❢ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✘✄✔� ✟☛☞ ✗✄✏✄✑✑✄☎❝ ♣❢✦t✧✢ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤ ✟☛☞ ✞✂✄✔✎✞✟✑ ✟☛☞ ✟✑✑✎✄☞ ✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣❢✛t✛✢

✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✄☛✘✎☛✄✄☎✎☛✘ ✘✆✆☞�♣ ✣✢t✦✣ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤

✟☛☞ ✠✄✁☎✆✑✄✝✔ ✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣❛✦t✥❢ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤

✕✂✄ ✞✆✔✔✆☞✎✁✎✄� ✎✔✠✆☎✁✄☞ ✁✆ ■☛☞✎✟ ✎☛✞✑✝☞✄

✠✄✁☎✆✑✄✝✔ ✟☛☞ ✠✄✁☎✆✑✄✝✔ ✠☎✆☞✝✞✁� ♣✛✥t❛✧ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✠✄✟☎✑� ✟☛☞ ✠☎✄✞✎✆✝� �✁✆☛✄� ♣❢✭t❢✦ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✎☛✆☎✘✟☛✎✞ ✞✂✄✔✎✞✟✑� ♣❢✭t✣✭ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌

✞✆✟✑✌ ✞✆✙✄ ✟☛☞ ✡☎✎★✝✄✁✁✄� ♣✭✛t✥✧ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌

✔✟✞✂✎☛✄☎❝ ♣✥❢t✢✦ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤t ♠✝✑✙ ✎✔✠✆☎✁� ✟� ✟

✘☎✆✝✠ ☎✄✘✎�✁✄☎✄☞ ✟ ✘☎✆✏✁✂ ✟✞✞✆✝☛✁✎☛✘ ♦✆☎ ✣✭t✚✭

✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁ ✆♦ ✁✆✁✟✑ ✎✔✠✆☎✁�t ✕✂✎� ✘☎✆✝✠ ✎☛✞✑✝☞✄�

♦✄☎✁✎✑✎✩✄☎� ♣✦✧t✚✥ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✞✄☎✄✟✑� ♣❢✢t❢✣ ✠✄☎

✞✄☛✁✤✌ ✄☞✎✡✑✄ ✆✎✑� ♣✧t✭✛ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤ ✟☛☞ ☛✄✏�✠☎✎☛✁

♣✢t✢✥ ✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁✤t ■☛✁✄☎☛✟✁✎✆☛✟✑ ✁☎✟☞✄ ✂✟� ✝☛☞✄☎

✘✆☛✄ ✟ �✄✟ ✞✂✟☛✘✄ ✎☛ ✁✂✄ ✑✟�✁ ♦✎♦✁✄✄☛ ❝✄✟☎�t

✒✓✞✂✟☛✘✄✆♦ ✞✆✔✔✆☞✎✁✎✄� ✟☛☞ ✘✆✆☞� ✂✟✍✄ ✡✄✄☛

�✝✠✄☎�✄☞✄☞✡❝ ✁✂✄ ✄✓✞✂✟☛✘✄✆♦ ✎☛♦✆☎✔✟✁✎✆☛ ✟☛☞

✙☛✆✏✑✄☞✘✄t ■☛☞✎✟ ✂✟� ✄✔✄☎✘✄☞ ✟� ✟ �✆♦✁✏✟☎✄

✘✎✟☛✁ ✟✁ ✁✂✄ ✎☛✁✄☎☛✟✁✎✆☛✟✑ ✑✄✍✄✑ ✟☛☞ ✎✁ ✎� ✄✟☎☛✎☛✘

✑✟☎✘✄ ♦✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✄✓✞✂✟☛✘✄ ✁✂☎✆✝✘✂ ✁✂✄ ✄✓✠✆☎✁ ✆♦

✎☛♦✆☎✔✟✁✎✆☛ ✁✄✞✂☛✆✑✆✘❝t

❚✪✫✬✮✯✰ ✱✯ ✱ ❚✬✱✲✳

✕✆✝☎✎�✔ ✎☛ ■☛☞✎✟ ✂✟� ✘☎✆✏☛ �✝✡�✁✟☛✁✎✟✑✑❝ ✆✍✄☎

✁✂✄ ✑✟�✁ ✁✂☎✄✄ ☞✄✞✟☞✄�t ✴✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✁✆✝☎✎�✁✵� ✟☎☎✎✍✟✑�

✎☛ ✁✂✄ ✞✆✝☛✁☎❝ ✏✎✁☛✄��✄☞ ✟☛ ✎☛✞☎✄✟�✄ ✆♦ ❢✣t✢

✠✄☎ ✞✄☛✁ ☞✝☎✎☛✘ ✁✂✄ ❝✄✟☎ ❢✚✚✛ ✟� ✟✘✟✎☛�✁ ✁✂✄

❝✄✟☎ ❢✚✚✣✌ ✁✂✝� ✞✆☛✁☎✎✡✝✁✎☛✘ ②� ❢✥✌❛❢❛ ✞☎✆☎✄

✆♦ ♦✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✄✓✞✂✟☛✘✄t

✖✍✄☎ ❢t✦ ✔✎✑✑✎✆☛ ♦✆☎✄✎✘☛ ✁✆✝☎✎�✁� ✍✎�✎✁ ■☛☞✎✟

✄✍✄☎❝ ❝✄✟☎t ✶✆☎✄ ✁✂✟☛ ✥✢ ✔✎✑✑✎✆☛ ✠✄✆✠✑✄ ✟☎✄

P✷✸✹✺✷✸ ✺ ✹✷✻✼✸✽✾ ✻✿ ✾❀✸ ❀✸✷❁✾✺❂✸ ✾✻❃✷❁❄❅ ❁✿ ❇✿❈❁✺


❞�✁✂✄☎✆✝ ✂✞✟✠✟✂❞ �✞ ☎✡✂ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍ �✞❞☞✌☎✁✝✎

❚☛☞✁�✌✍ ✠✆✌☛ ✏✁☛✍☛☎✂✌ ✞✠☎�☛✞✠✆ �✞☎✂✟✁✠☎�☛✞✑

✏✁☛♣�❞✂✌ ✌☞✏✏☛✁☎ ☎☛ ✆☛✄✠✆ ✡✠✞❞�✄✁✠✒☎✌ ✠✞❞

✄☞✆☎☞✁✠✆ ✏☞✁✌☞�☎✌✎ ❝☎ ✠✆✌☛ ✡✂✆✏✌ �✞ ☎✡✂

❞✂♣✂✆☛✏✍✂✞☎ ☛✒ �✞☎✂✁✞✠☎�☛✞✠✆ ☞✞❞✂✁✌☎✠✞❞�✞✟

✠❛☛☞☎ ☛☞✁ ✄☞✆☎☞✁✂ ✠✞❞ ✡✂✁�☎✠✟✂✎ ✓☛✁✂�✟✞

☎☛☞✁�✌☎✌ ♣�✌�☎ ❝✞❞�✠ ✒☛✁ ✡✂✁�☎✠✟✂ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑ ✂✄☛

☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑ ✠❞♣✂✞☎☞✁✂ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑ ✄☞✆☎☞✁✠✆ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✑

✍✂❞�✄✠✆ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍ ✠✞❞ ❛☞✌�✞✂✌✌ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍✎

❘✠✔✠✌☎✡✠✞✑ ✕☛✠✑ ✖✠✍✍☞ ✠✞❞✗✠✌✡✍�✁ ✠✞❞

☎✂✍✏✆✂ ☎☛t✞✌ ☛✒ ✌☛☞☎✡ ❝✞❞�✠ ✠✁✂ �✍✏☛✁☎✠✞☎

❞✂✌☎�✞✠☎�☛✞✌ ☛✒ ✒☛✁✂✟�✞ ☎☛☞✁�✌☎✌ �✞ ❝✞❞�✠✎ ❚✡✂✁✂

�✌ ♣✠✌☎ ✏☛☎✂✞☎�✠✆ ☛✒ ☎☛☞✁�✌✍ ❞✂♣✂✆☛✏✍✂✞☎ �✞ ☎✡✂

✞☛✁☎✡♥✂✠✌☎✂✁✞ ✌☎✠☎✂✌ ✠✞❞ ☎✡✂ �✞☎✂✁�☛✁ ✏✠✁☎✌ ☛✒

❍�✍✠✆✠✝✠✌✑ ❛☞☎ ❞☞✂ ☎☛ ✌☎✁✠☎✂✟�✄ ✁✂✠✌☛✞✌ ☎✡✂✌✂

✡✠♣✂ ✞☛☎ ❛✂✂✞ ✂✞✄☛☞✁✠✟✂❞ ✌☛ ✒✠✁✎ ❍☛t✂♣✂✁✑

☎✡✂✁✂ ✆�✂✌ ✠ ❛✁�✟✡☎ ✒☞☎☞✁✂ ✠✡✂✠❞ ✒☛✁ ☎✡�✌

☞✏✄☛✍�✞✟ �✞❞☞✌☎✁✝✎


✶✘ ▼✙✚✛✜✢✚✣ ✤✥✦✜✤✣ ✧✙✣★✛✜✦✩★✪

✭✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✛✮✦ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✣✱✛✲✣✳✣ ✚✦✤✴✛✜✦✩★ ✴✲✣ ✤✦✩✩✣✤✛✣✵ ✷✸ ✛✥✣ ✣✴★✛✹

✮✣★✛ ✤✦✲✲✜✵✦✲✇

✭✺✬ ▼✙✳✷✴✜ ✴✩✵ ✻✴✰✢✙✲ ✭✼✬ ▼✙✳✷✴✜ ✴✩✵ ✽✦✚✾✴✛✴

✭✿✬ ❙✜✚✤✥✣✲ ✴✩✵ ❀✦✲✷✴✩✵✴✲ ✭❁✬ ✻✴✰✢✙✲ ✴✩✵ ❙✜✚✜✰✙✵✜

✭✫✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✳✦✵✣ ✦✯ ✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛✴✛✜✦✩ ✲✣✵✙✤✣★ ✛✲✴✩★✹★✥✜✢✳✣✩✛ ✚✦★★✣★ ✴✩✵ ✵✣✚✴✸★✇

✭✺✬ ❂✴✜✚✮✴✸★ ✭✼✬ ❀✜✢✣✚✜✩✣

✭✿✬ ❂✦✴✵✮✴✸★ ✭❁✬ ❲✴✛✣✲✮✴✸★

✭✫✫✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ★✛✴✛✣★ ✜★ ✩✦✛ ✤✦✩✩✣✤✛✣✵ ✮✜✛✥ ✛✥✣ ❃✪❄✪❅✪ ✢✜✢✣✚✜✩✣✇

✭✺✬ ▼✴✵✥✸✴ ❀✲✴✵✣★✥ ✭✼✬ ●✙❆✴✲✴✛

✭✿✬ ▼✴✥✴✲✴★✥✛✲✴ ✭❁✬ ❯✛✛✴✲ ❀✲✴✵✣★✥

✭✫❇✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✢✦✲✛★ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ✵✣✣✢✣★✛ ✚✴✩✵✹✚✦✤✾✣✵ ✴✩✵ ✮✣✚✚✹

✢✲✦✛✣✤✛✣✵ ✢✦✲✛ ✴✚✦✩✰ ✛✥✣ ✣✴★✛ ✤✦✴★✛✇

✭✺✬ ❈✥✣✩✩✴✜ ✭✼✬ ❉✙✛✜✤✦✲✜✩

✭✿✬ ❀✴✲✴✵✜✢ ✭❁✬ ❄✜★✥✴✾✥✴✢✴✛✩✴✳

✭❇✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ✳✦★✛ ✜✳✢✦✲✛✴✩✛ ✳✦✵✣★ ✦✯ ✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛✴✛✜✦✩

✜✩ ✐✩✵✜✴✇

✭✺✬ ❀✜✢✣✚✜✩✣ ✭✼✬ ❂✦✴✵✮✴✸★

✭✿✬ ❂✴✜✚✮✴✸★ ✭❁✬ ❊✜✲✮✴✸★

✭❇✫✬ ❲✥✜✤✥ ✦✩✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✛✣✲✳★ ✜★ ✙★✣✵ ✛✦ ✵✣★✤✲✜✷✣ ✛✲✴✵✣ ✷✣✛✮✣✣✩ ✛✮✦ ✦✲

✳✦✲✣ ✤✦✙✩✛✲✜✣★✇

✭✺✬ ✐✩✛✣✲✩✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣ ✭✼✬ ❋✱✛✣✲✩✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣

✭✿✬ ✐✩✛✣✲✩✴✛✜✦✩✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣ ✭❁✬ ▲✦✤✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣

■✘ ❊✩★✮✣✲ ✛✥✣ ✯✦✚✚✦✮✜✩✰ ✧✙✣★✛✜✦✩★ ✜✩ ✴✷✦✙✛ ❏❑ ✮✦✲✵★✪

✭✫✬ ❙✛✴✛✣ ✴✩✸ ✛✥✲✣✣ ✳✣✲✜✛★ ✦✯ ✲✦✴✵✮✴✸★✪

✭✫✫✬ ❲✥✣✲✣ ✴✩✵ ✮✥✸ ✜★ ✲✴✜✚ ✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛ ✛✥✣ ✳✦★✛ ✤✦✩◆✣✩✜✣✩✛ ✳✣✴✩★ ✦✯

✛✲✴✩★✢✦✲✛✴✛✜✦✩✇

✭✫✫✫✬ ❲✥✴✛ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ★✜✰✩✜✯✜✤✴✩✤✣ ✦✯ ✛✥✣ ✷✦✲✵✣✲ ✲✦✴✵★✇

✭✫❇✬ ❲✥✴✛ ✜★ ✳✣✴✩✛ ✷✸ ✛✲✴✵✣✇ ❲✥✴✛ ✜★ ✛✥✣ ✵✜✯✯✣✲✣✩✤✣ ✷✣✛✮✣✣✩ ✜✩✛✣✲✩✴✛✜✦✩✴✚

✴✩✵ ✚✦✤✴✚ ✛✲✴✵✣✇


✸� ❆✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞☎ ✟✠✡✡✠✄☛✁☞ ✌✍☎✂✝☛✠✁✂ ☛✁ ✎✏✠✍✝ ✑✒✓ ✄✠✆✔✂✕

✭✖✗ ❲✞✘ ✎✆☎ ✝✞☎ ✙☎✎✁✂ ✠✟ ✝✆✎✁✂✚✠✆✝✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✔ ✛✠✙✙✍✁☛✛✎✝☛✠✁ ✛✎✡✡☎✔ ✝✞☎ ✡☛✟☎✡☛✁☎✂

✠✟ ✎ ✁✎✝☛✠✁ ✎✁✔ ☛✝✂ ☎✛✠✁✠✙✘♦

✭✖✖✗ ❲✆☛✝☎ ✎ ✁✠✝☎ ✠✁ ✝✞☎ ✛✞✎✁☞☛✁☞ ✁✎✝✍✆☎ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ☛✁✝☎✆✁✎✝☛✠✁✎✡ ✝✆✎✔☎ ☛✁ ✝✞☎ ✡✎✂✝

✟☛✟✝☎☎✁ ✘☎✎✆✂✕

QUIZ DRIVE

✶� ◆✠✆✝✞☎✆✁ ✝☎✆✙☛✁✎✡ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ◆✠✆✝✞♠✂✠✍✝✞ ✛✠✆✆☛✔✠✆✕

✷� ❚✞☎ ✁✎✙☎ ✠✟ ◆✎✝☛✠✁✎✡ ✜☛☞✞✄✎✘ ◆✠✕✒✕

✸� ❚✞☎ ✞☎✎✔✌✍✎✆✝☎✆ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ✂✠✍✝✞☎✆✁ ✆✎☛✡✄✎✘ ✢✠✁☎✕

✹� ❚✞☎ ✆✎☛✡ ☞✎✍☞☎ ✄☛✝✞ ✎ ✝✆✎✛✣ ✄☛✔✝✞ ✠✟ ✑✕✤✥✤ ✙✕

✺� ❚✞☎ ✂✠✍✝✞☎✆✁ ✝☎✆✙☛✁✎✡ ✠✟ ✝✞☎ ◆✎✝☛✠✁✎✡ ✜☛☞✞✄✎✘ ◆✠✕✥✕

✻� ❆ ✦☛✧☎✆☛✁☎ ★✠✆✝✕

✼� ❇✍✂☛☎✂✝ ✆✎☛✡✄✎✘ ✩✍✁✛✝☛✠✁ ☛✁ ◆✠✆✝✞☎✆✁ ✪✁✔☛✎✕

ACTIVITY

❙✝✎✆✝ ✘✠✍✆ ✂☎✎✆✛✞ ✧☎✆✝☛✛✎✡✡✘✫ ✞✠✆☛✢✠✁✝✎✡✡✘ ✠✆ ✔☛✎☞✠✁✎✡✡✘ ✎✁✔ ✆☎✎✛✞ ✧✎✆☛✠✍✂

✔☎✂✝☛✁✎✝☛✠✁✂ ✎✛✆✠✂✂ ✝✞☎ ✛✠✍✁✝✆✘❞

❙ ✜ ❍ ✦ ❙ ✜ ❆ ✜ ❙ ❯ ✦ ✪ ▼ ❆ ✦ ●

❆ ✦ ❚ ★ ✦ ◆ ❳ ❍ ▲ ❆ ❚ ❆ ❉ ▲ ❆ ❨

❏ ▼ ▼ ❳ ✪ ★ ❖ ✦ ❆ ❨ ▼ ★ ● ✜ ❚ ❳

❨ ❈ ✜ ❍ ◆ ◆ ◆ ❆ ✪ ✪ ❑ ▼ ❈ ❆ ✪ ▼

❖ ❉ ❈ ❉ ❆ ▲ ▼ ❈ ❙ ❖ ❚ ★ ❖ ✦ ❈ ★

❆ ★ ❚ ✦ ● ❙ ❑ ❏ ▼ ❏ ▲ ❍ ❆ ◆ ❍ ✦

✦ ❆ ❍ ❚ ❆ ❏ ★ ❖ ✦ ▼ ❲ ▼ ❆ ❙ ❳ ❖

✪ ▲ ❙ ❇ ✦ ❖ ❆ ❉ ● ❆ ❯ ● ❍ ▲ ❖ ❚

❆ ❙ ◆ ▲ ❈ ▼ ❍ ❈ ❯ ❑ ❩ ▼ ❆ ❆ ❏ ❍

▲ ▼ ❯ ● ✜ ❆ ▲ ❙ ❆ ✦ ❆ ✪ ❇ ❙ ◆ ❆

● ❖ ❍ ❚ ❱ ✦ ❆ ❨ ✬ ❚ ❖ ✦ ❍ ❆ ❏ ▼

❑ ✮ ❆ ✪ ★ ▼ ◆ ❨ ✦ ❨ ❆ ❨ ✜ ▲ ✪ ◆

✮ ❑ ❖ ▲ ❑ ❆ ❚ ❆ ❍ ❯ ✪ ❚ ❲ ❇ ❍ ❆

◆ ✪ ❚ ◆ ❑ ❉ ❍ ▼ ❖ ❯ ✦ ★ ◆ ★ ❏ ❉

Appendix-IAppendix-IAppendix-IAppendix-IAppendix-I

❲❡�✁✂✄❡✁ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✁❡❡

❇✆✡�✟☎ ☛✟✄✝☞✟✌ ✍✂✁✄✆☞☎ ✎✆✞✂❡✄☎✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔�✠❤✁✔✆☞✕✒

❇✂☞✖✂✠✕ ✂✠ ✗✠✖✂✟ ✟✠✖ ✎✆✝✄❤ ✘✁✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔�✂☞✖✂✠✕✔✂✠✒

❲❡�✁✂✄❡ ✆✙ ✚☞✆♦❡✞✄ ✛✂✕❡☞✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✑☞✆♦❡✞✄✄✂✕❡☞✔✠✂✞✔✂✠✒

☛✟✄✝☞❡ ◆✆✠✁❡☞✜✟✄✂✆✠ ✢✆✝✠✖✟✄✂✆✠✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✠✞✙✣✂✠✖✂✟✔✆☞✕✒

❲✂✌✖✌✂✙❡ ◆✆✠✁❡☞✜✟✄✂✆✠ ✎✆✞✂❡✄☎ ✆✙ ✗✠✖✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✓✂✌✖✌✂✙❡✔✂✠✒

❲✂✌✖✌✂✙❡ ✛☞✝✁✄ ✆✙ ✗✠✖✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✓✂✌✖✌✂✙❡✄☞✝✁✄✆✙✂✠✖✂✟✔✆☞✕✒

❑✟✌✑✟✜☞✂✤✁❤ ✥✠✜✂☞✆✠✡❡✠✄ ✘✞✄✂✆✠ ✦☞✆✝✑✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✤✟✌✑✟✜☞✂✤✁❤✔✆☞✕✒

❉✆✓✠ ✄✆ ✥✟☞✄❤ ✧✟✕✟★✂✠❡✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✖✆✓✠✄✆❡✟☞✄❤✔✆☞✕✔✂✠✒

◆❡✠✄☞❡ ✙✆☞ ✥✠✜✂☞✆✠✡❡✠✄ ✥✖✝✞✟✄✂✆✠❈ ✗✠✖✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✞❡❡✂✠✖✂✟✔✆☞✕✒✞❡❡✒✂✠✖❡✩✔❤✄✡✌

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✠�✁✞ ✁�✡☛ ☞✌✌✍✎✌✏ ✑✒✁✓✝✞✔

✑✆s✆✡✓✝✑✡ ✑✒s�✡ ✝✞ ✕✡� ☎✡✞✆

❙✆s✆✡ P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✪ ✁✟ ✆✁✆st

✭✖✌✌✌ ✆✁✞✑✗ ✕�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞

❑✘✙✚✘✛✘✜✘ ✸✢✣✤✥✦ ✦✥

❖✙✧★★✘ ✸✩✣✢✫✬ ✦✤

❈✮✮✘✛✛✧★✯✘✙✮ ✦✦✣✥✫✤ ✢✬

●♦✘ ✦✩✣✢✤✫ ✢✫

❏✮✘✙✜✮✘✚✰ ✢✶✣✶✱✶ ✢✦

❖✛✮✲✙★ ✢✣✤✶✶ ✢

❚✁✆st ✖☛☞✌☛✳✌✖ ✖✌✌

Appendix-IIAppendix-IIAppendix-IIAppendix-IIAppendix-II

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✴✁✕✕✡�☛ ☞✌✌✍✎✌✏ ✑✒✁✓✝✞✔

✑✆s✆✡✓✝✑✡ ✑✒s�✡ ✝✞ ✕✡� ☎✡✞✆

❙✆s✆✡ ◗✄✞s✆✝✆✵ ✷ ✹✺ ✻✹✻✼✽

✾✻✹✿❀❁ ❂❃✹❄❅❆✻❇✹✿

▼✘✰✮❉✘ ❊✙✘✰✲★✮ ✱✦✣✥✬✬ ✤✱

❘✘❋✘★✛✮✘✚ ✥✩✣✩✫✸ ✶✦

❍✧✜✜✧■ ✦✱✫ ➋

❚✁✆st ✖☛✏✍☛✌▲◆ ✖✌✌

❯✹❅❃❆❱❲ ❳❨❩❨❬❭❪❫ ❴❵ ❳❨❩❛❬❜ ❝❴❞❛❪❩❡❛❩❭ ❴❵ ❢❩❣❨❤

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✐s✞✔s✞✡✑✡ ✁�✡☛ ☞✌✌✍✎✌✏ ✑✒✁✓✝✞✔

✑✆s✆✡✓✝✑✡ ✑✒s�✡ ✝✞ ✕✡� ☎✡✞✆

❙✆s✆✡ ◗✄s✞✆✝✆✵ ✪ ✁✟ ✆✁✆st

✾✻✹✿❀❁ ❂❃✹❄❅❆✻❇✹✿

❖✙✧★★✘ ✤✫✥✣✸✦✶ ✸✸

▼✘✰✮❉✘ ❊✙✘✰✲★✮ ✸✫✸✣✥✸✩ ✦✦

❑✘✙✚✘✛✘✜✘ ✦✤✫✣✤✱✢ ✢✤

❖✛✮✲✙★ ✤✦✬✣✬✥✤ ✸✩

❚✁✆st ✖☛❥✍❥☛▲✌✌ ✖✌✌

❯✹❅❃❆❱❲ ❳❨❩❨❬❭❪❫ ❴❵ ❳❨❩❛❬❜ ❝❴❞❛❪❩❡❛❩❭ ❴❵ ❢❩❣❨❤

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✠✡✄☛✝✆☞✌ ✍✎✎✏✑✎✒ ✓✔✁✕✝✞✖ ✓✆✡✆☞✕✝✓☞

✓✔✡�☞ ✝✞ s☞� ☎☞✞✆

❙✆✡✆☞ ◗✄✡✞✆✝✆✗ ✪ ✁✟ ✆✁✆✡t

✭✘✙✚✛✜ ♣✢✙✣✤✥✘✦✙✚

❖✧★✩✩✫ ✹✬✮✯✹✬✰✱✱ ✹✱

●✲✳✫✧✫✴ ✰✬✶✵✹✬✯✶✷ ✰✷

❏✸✫✧✺✸✫✻✼ ✰✬✱✰✶✬✽✮✵ ✰✹

▼✫✸✫✧✫✩✸✴✧✫ ✰✬✰✵✷✬✷✾✽ ✰✰

❖✴✸✿✧✩ ✰✬✹✷✾✬✰✶✽ ✰✯

❚✁✆✡t ❀✎✌❁❂❃✌❂✏❃ ❀✎✎

❄✙✤✢✥❅❆ ❇❈❉❈❊❋❍■ ❑▲ ❇❈❉◆❊❘ ❯❑❱◆❍❉❲◆❉❋ ❑▲ ❳❉❨❈❩

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ❬✝❭☞✓✆✁✞☞✌ ✍✎✎✏✑✎✒ ✓✔✁✕✝✞✖

✓✆✡✆☞✕✝✓☞ ✓✔✡�☞ ✝✞ s☞� ☎☞✞✆

❙✆✡✆☞ P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ❪ ✙❫ ✘✙✘❴❵

✭✦✚ ✘✙✚✛✜ ♣✢✙✣✤✥✘✦✙✚

❛✻✼✸✧✫ ❜✧✫✼✿✩✸ ✾✱✬✽✯✱ ✰✵

▼✫✼✸❝✫ ❜✧✫✼✿✩✸ ✾✯✬✷✾✰ ✰✱

❞✫✳✫✩✴✸✫✻ ✾✾✬✵✱✷ ✰✱

●✲✳✫✧✫✴ ✰✷✬✵✮✶ ✰✰

❡✫❢★❣ ❤✫✼✲ ✰✯✬✷✶✵ ✽✮

❖✴✸✿✧✩ ✱✰✬✾✾✶ ✯✹

❚✁✆✡t ❀❂✒✌❀✍❂ ❀✎✎

✐❥❦❧♠♥♦ qr✉r✈✇①② ③④ qr✉⑤✈⑥ ⑦③⑧⑤①✉⑨⑤✉✇ ③④ ⑩✉❶r❷


Appendix-IIIAppendix-IIIAppendix-IIIAppendix-IIIAppendix-III

❙�✁✁✂ ✄✂☎✆�✝ ❨✁☎❡ ✞✟ ✠✝�☎✡✂☛✝☞✌✁✆� ❈✞✂✂☎✡✞❡☎�☛✆✍ ▲✞✎☎�☛✞✆

❈✞✏✆�❡✑

■■✒✓✔ ✶✕✖✗✘✶✙✶✚ ✭✛✜✢✣✤✥✦ ✢✧✢✥✢✤★★✩✪ ✭✫✤✥✢✬✧✤★✢✮✦✯ ❑✰★✥✢ ✤✧✯

✢✧ ✶✙✖✐✪ ❇✰✜✧♥✰✜ ✭✱✳❇✳✪

❚■✒✓✔ ✶✙✗✖ ✭✛✜✢✣✤✥✦ ✬✲✧✦✜✮✴✢♥✪ ❏✤✵✮✴✦✯✷✢ ❚✤✥✤ ❏✤✵✮✴✦✯♥✰✜

✭❏✴✤✜✸✴✤✧✯✪

❱■✒✹ ✶✙✐✚ ✛✣✥✳ ✤✮ ✺■✒✓✔ ✫✤✥✢✬✧✤★✢✮✦✯ ★✤✥✦✜ ❇✴✤✯✜✤✣✤✥✢

✭❑✤✜✧✤✥✤✸✤✪

❇✴✢★✤✢ ✶✙✻✙ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ✒✬✣✢✦✥ ♦✧✢✬✧ ❇✴✢★✤✢ ✭✺✳✛✳✪

❇✬✸✤✜✬ ✶✙✖✐ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ✒✬✣✢✦✥ ♦✧✢✬✧ ❇✬✸✤✜✬

✭❏✴✤✜✸✴✤✧✯✪

❉✰✜✾✤♥✰✜ ✶✙✻✙ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ♦✳❑✳ ❉✰✜✾✤♥✰✜ ✭✱✳❇✳✪

❘✬✰✜✸✦★✤ ➋ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ●✦✜✵✤✧✩ ❘✬✰✜✸✦★✤

✭✔✜✢✮✮✤✪

❱✢✮✴✤✸✴✤♥✤✥✧✤✵ ➋ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ➋ ❱✢✮✴✤✸✴✤♥✤✥✧✤✵

❆✧✯✴✜✤ ✛✜✤✯✦✮✴

✒✤★✦✵ ➋ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ➋ ✒✤★✦✵ ✭❚✳ ✫✤✯✰✪

❱✢✷✤✩ ✫✤✾✤✜ ➋ ✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜ ➋ ❑✤✜✧✤✥✤✸✤

Appendix-IAppendix-IAppendix-IAppendix-IAppendix-I

❲❡�✁✂✄❡✁ ☎✆✝ ✞✟✠ ✁❡❡

❇✆✡�✟☎ ☛✟✄✝☞✟✌ ✍✂✁✄✆☞☎ ✎✆✞✂❡✄☎✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔�✠❤✁✔✆☞✕✒

❇✂☞✖✂✠✕ ✂✠ ✗✠✖✂✟ ✟✠✖ ✎✆✝✄❤ ✘✁✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔�✂☞✖✂✠✕✔✂✠✒

❲❡�✁✂✄❡ ✆✙ ✚☞✆♦❡✞✄ ✛✂✕❡☞✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✑☞✆♦❡✞✄✄✂✕❡☞✔✠✂✞✔✂✠✒

☛✟✄✝☞❡ ◆✆✠✁❡☞✜✟✄✂✆✠ ✢✆✝✠✖✟✄✂✆✠✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✠✞✙✣✂✠✖✂✟✔✆☞✕✒

❲✂✌✖✌✂✙❡ ◆✆✠✁❡☞✜✟✄✂✆✠ ✎✆✞✂❡✄☎ ✆✙ ✗✠✖✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✓✂✌✖✌✂✙❡✔✂✠✒

❲✂✌✖✌✂✙❡ ✛☞✝✁✄ ✆✙ ✗✠✖✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✓✂✌✖✌✂✙❡✄☞✝✁✄✆✙✂✠✖✂✟✔✆☞✕✒

❑✟✌✑✟✜☞✂✤✁❤ ✥✠✜✂☞✆✠✡❡✠✄ ✘✞✄✂✆✠ ✦☞✆✝✑✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✤✟✌✑✟✜☞✂✤✁❤✔✆☞✕✒

❉✆✓✠ ✄✆ ✥✟☞✄❤ ✧✟✕✟★✂✠❡✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✖✆✓✠✄✆❡✟☞✄❤✔✆☞✕✔✂✠✒

◆❡✠✄☞❡ ✙✆☞ ✥✠✜✂☞✆✠✡❡✠✄ ✥✖✝✞✟✄✂✆✠❈ ✗✠✖✂✟✏ ❤✄✄✑✏✒✒✓✓✓✔✞❡❡✂✠✖✂✟✔✆☞✕✒✞❡❡✒✂✠✖❡✩✔❤✄✡✌

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✠�✁✞ ✁�✡☛ ☞✌✌✍✎✌✏ ✑✒✁✓✝✞✔

✑✆s✆✡✓✝✑✡ ✑✒s�✡ ✝✞ ✕✡� ☎✡✞✆

❙✆s✆✡ P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✪ ✁✟ ✆✁✆st

✭✖✌✌✌ ✆✁✞✑✗ ✕�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞

❑✘✙✚✘✛✘✜✘ ✸✢✣✤✥✦ ✦✥

❖✙✧★★✘ ✸✩✣✢✫✬ ✦✤

❈✮✮✘✛✛✧★✯✘✙✮ ✦✦✣✥✫✤ ✢✬

●♦✘ ✦✩✣✢✤✫ ✢✫

❏✮✘✙✜✮✘✚✰ ✢✶✣✶✱✶ ✢✦

❖✛✮✲✙★ ✢✣✤✶✶ ✢

❚✁✆st ✖☛☞✌☛✳✌✖ ✖✌✌

Appendix-IIAppendix-IIAppendix-IIAppendix-IIAppendix-II

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✴✁✕✕✡�☛ ☞✌✌✍✎✌✏ ✑✒✁✓✝✞✔

✑✆s✆✡✓✝✑✡ ✑✒s�✡ ✝✞ ✕✡� ☎✡✞✆

❙✆s✆✡ ◗✄✞s✆✝✆✵ ✷ ✹✺ ✻✹✻✼✽

✾✻✹✿❀❁ ❂❃✹❄❅❆✻❇✹✿

▼✘✰✮❉✘ ❊✙✘✰✲★✮ ✱✦✣✥✬✬ ✤✱

❘✘❋✘★✛✮✘✚ ✥✩✣✩✫✸ ✶✦

❍✧✜✜✧■ ✦✱✫ ➋

❚✁✆st ✖☛✏✍☛✌▲◆ ✖✌✌

❯✹❅❃❆❱❲ ❳❨❩❨❬❭❪❫ ❴❵ ❳❨❩❛❬❜ ❝❴❞❛❪❩❡❛❩❭ ❴❵ ❢❩❣❨❤

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✐s✞✔s✞✡✑✡ ✁�✡☛ ☞✌✌✍✎✌✏ ✑✒✁✓✝✞✔

✑✆s✆✡✓✝✑✡ ✑✒s�✡ ✝✞ ✕✡� ☎✡✞✆

❙✆s✆✡ ◗✄s✞✆✝✆✵ ✪ ✁✟ ✆✁✆st

✾✻✹✿❀❁ ❂❃✹❄❅❆✻❇✹✿

❖✙✧★★✘ ✤✫✥✣✸✦✶ ✸✸

▼✘✰✮❉✘ ❊✙✘✰✲★✮ ✸✫✸✣✥✸✩ ✦✦

❑✘✙✚✘✛✘✜✘ ✦✤✫✣✤✱✢ ✢✤

❖✛✮✲✙★ ✤✦✬✣✬✥✤ ✸✩

❚✁✆st ✖☛❥✍❥☛▲✌✌ ✖✌✌

❯✹❅❃❆❱❲ ❳❨❩❨❬❭❪❫ ❴❵ ❳❨❩❛❬❜ ❝❴❞❛❪❩❡❛❩❭ ❴❵ ❢❩❣❨❤

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ✠✡✄☛✝✆☞✌ ✍✎✎✏✑✎✒ ✓✔✁✕✝✞✖ ✓✆✡✆☞✕✝✓☞

✓✔✡�☞ ✝✞ s☞� ☎☞✞✆

❙✆✡✆☞ ◗✄✡✞✆✝✆✗ ✪ ✁✟ ✆✁✆✡t

✭✘✙✚✛✜ ♣✢✙✣✤✥✘✦✙✚

❖✧★✩✩✫ ✹✬✮✯✹✬✰✱✱ ✹✱

●✲✳✫✧✫✴ ✰✬✶✵✹✬✯✶✷ ✰✷

❏✸✫✧✺✸✫✻✼ ✰✬✱✰✶✬✽✮✵ ✰✹

▼✫✸✫✧✫✩✸✴✧✫ ✰✬✰✵✷✬✷✾✽ ✰✰

❖✴✸✿✧✩ ✰✬✹✷✾✬✰✶✽ ✰✯

❚✁✆✡t ❀✎✌❁❂❃✌❂✏❃ ❀✎✎

❄✙✤✢✥❅❆ ❇❈❉❈❊❋❍■ ❑▲ ❇❈❉◆❊❘ ❯❑❱◆❍❉❲◆❉❋ ❑▲ ❳❉❨❈❩

P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ✁✟ ❬✝❭☞✓✆✁✞☞✌ ✍✎✎✏✑✎✒ ✓✔✁✕✝✞✖

✓✆✡✆☞✕✝✓☞ ✓✔✡�☞ ✝✞ s☞� ☎☞✞✆

❙✆✡✆☞ P�✁✂✄☎✆✝✁✞ ❪ ✙❫ ✘✙✘❴❵

✭✦✚ ✘✙✚✛✜ ♣✢✙✣✤✥✘✦✙✚

❛✻✼✸✧✫ ❜✧✫✼✿✩✸ ✾✱✬✽✯✱ ✰✵

▼✫✼✸❝✫ ❜✧✫✼✿✩✸ ✾✯✬✷✾✰ ✰✱

❞✫✳✫✩✴✸✫✻ ✾✾✬✵✱✷ ✰✱

●✲✳✫✧✫✴ ✰✷✬✵✮✶ ✰✰

❡✫❢★❣ ❤✫✼✲ ✰✯✬✷✶✵ ✽✮

❖✴✸✿✧✩ ✱✰✬✾✾✶ ✯✹

❚✁✆✡t ❀❂✒✌❀✍❂ ❀✎✎

✐❥❦❧♠♥♦ qr✉r✈✇①② ③④ qr✉⑤✈⑥ ⑦③⑧⑤①✉⑨⑤✉✇ ③④ ⑩✉❶r❷


Appendix-IIIAppendix-IIIAppendix-IIIAppendix-IIIAppendix-III

❙�✁✁✂ ✄✂☎✆�✝ ❨✁☎❡ ✞✟ ✠✝�☎✡✂☛✝☞✌✁✆� ❈✞✂✂☎✡✞❡☎�☛✆✍ ▲✞✎☎�☛✞✆

❈✞✏✆�❡✑

■■✒✓✔ ✶✕✖✗✘✶✙✶✚ ✭✛✜✢✣✤✥✦ ✢✧✢✥✢✤★★✩✪ ✭✫✤✥✢✬✧✤★✢✮✦✯ ❑✰★✥✢ ✤✧✯

✢✧ ✶✙✖✐✪ ❇✰✜✧♥✰✜ ✭✱✳❇✳✪

❚■✒✓✔ ✶✙✗✖ ✭✛✜✢✣✤✥✦ ✬✲✧✦✜✮✴✢♥✪ ❏✤✵✮✴✦✯✷✢ ❚✤✥✤ ❏✤✵✮✴✦✯♥✰✜

✭❏✴✤✜✸✴✤✧✯✪

❱■✒✹ ✶✙✐✚ ✛✣✥✳ ✤✮ ✺■✒✓✔ ✫✤✥✢✬✧✤★✢✮✦✯ ★✤✥✦✜ ❇✴✤✯✜✤✣✤✥✢

✭❑✤✜✧✤✥✤✸✤✪

❇✴✢★✤✢ ✶✙✻✙ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ✒✬✣✢✦✥ ♦✧✢✬✧ ❇✴✢★✤✢ ✭✺✳✛✳✪

❇✬✸✤✜✬ ✶✙✖✐ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ✒✬✣✢✦✥ ♦✧✢✬✧ ❇✬✸✤✜✬

✭❏✴✤✜✸✴✤✧✯✪

❉✰✜✾✤♥✰✜ ✶✙✻✙ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ♦✳❑✳ ❉✰✜✾✤♥✰✜ ✭✱✳❇✳✪

❘✬✰✜✸✦★✤ ➋ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ●✦✜✵✤✧✩ ❘✬✰✜✸✦★✤

✭✔✜✢✮✮✤✪

❱✢✮✴✤✸✴✤♥✤✥✧✤✵ ➋ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ➋ ❱✢✮✴✤✸✴✤♥✤✥✧✤✵

❆✧✯✴✜✤ ✛✜✤✯✦✮✴

✒✤★✦✵ ➋ ✭✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜✪ ➋ ✒✤★✦✵ ✭❚✳ ✫✤✯✰✪

❱✢✷✤✩ ✫✤✾✤✜ ➋ ✛✰✼★✢✽ ✒✦✽✥✬✜ ➋ ❑✤✜✧✤✥✤✸✤

· RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 3 s . t t. B . H t. s " ! s R t t t t . b . f t t t. b . t . A t t. a...

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Transcript of · RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT 3 s . t t. B . H t. s " ! s R t t t t . b . f t t t. b . t . A t t. a...