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Transcript of Resident Engineer's Manual
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C 3.1: RESIDENT ENGINEER’S MANUAL
Note: This manual contains general descriptions of the Resident Engineer’s role, duties, functions,
responsibilities and powers. Check lists outlining most of the major items of work/construction
activity which need to be checked by the RE for compliance against the relevant specifications are
given in this manual as appendices. This manual is provided as an additional aid in order to assist
the RE to comply fully with Construction Supervision Control Procedure C3; this manual in itself
does not constitute a quality control procedure.
Compiled by: M H White
Revision No: 1
Date: August 2003
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SCHEDULE OF CONTENTS
Clause Description Page
1. SCOPE 1
2. GENERAL 1
2.1 The Resident Engineer’s Function 1
2.2 Duties and Powers of the Resident Engineer 2
2.3 Communications and Site Records 3
2.4 Working Hours 4
2.5 Leave Privileges 5
2.6 Survey Equipment 5
2.7 Site Offices and Furniture 5
2.8 Transportation 6
2.9 Expenses 6
2.10 Time Sheets 6
2.11 Public Relations 7
3. ADMINISTERING THE CONTRACT 7
3.1 Contract Administration 7
3.2 That the Contractor expects from the RE 11
3.3 What the RE should expect from the Contractor ‘s Agent 11
3.4 Co-ordinating the Work of Independent Contractors andSub-contractors 12
3.5 Drawings 15
3.6 Safety 16
3.7 End of Contract Procedure 20
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SCHEDULE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Clause Description Page
4. TECHNICAL DUTIES 21
4.1 General 21
4.2 Materials 21
4.3 Construction Products 22
4.4 Construction Activities 23
4.5 Site Management of Construction Activities 25
5. PAYMENT CERTIFICATES 26
5.1 Measurement of Quantities 26
5.2 Variations 27
5.3 Daywork 28
5.4 New Rates 28
5.5 Provisional Sums 29
5.6 Prime Cost Items 29
5.7 Price Variations and Escalations 29
5.8 Claims 30
5.9 Payment Certificate 31
5.10 Revised Quantities and Cost Estimates 31
6. APPENDIX A - RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST - ROADS 32
Road Construction 33
Pavement Rehabilitation 49
Concrete Structures 49
Water and Sewerage Reticulation 50
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SCHEDULE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Clause Description Page
7. APPENDIX B – RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST – WATER 52
Pipe trenches 53
uPVC pipes 55
HDPE water pipes 56
Steel water pipes 56
Sewer pipes 57
Concrete stormwater pipes 57
Valves, equipment, meters, stand pipes and fittings 58
Chambers and manholes 58
Pumpstations (still to be added) 59
Treatment plants (still to be added) 59
Concrete structures (still to be added) 59
Canals (still to be added) 59
Mass earthworks 59
Borehole installations (still to be added) 61
8. APPENDIX C – RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST – STRUCTURES 62
Pending
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1. SCOPE
1.1 This manual aims to assist the Resident Engineer (RE) in the course of his duties by outlining what
is expected from the RE who is the Engineer’s nominated r epresentative on site.
1.2 This manual should be used as a guide by the Resident Engineer to ensure that he carries out his
duties correctly and efficiently. This manual should also be used by “experienced’ RE’s to ensure
that the basics are not forgotten. As conditions vary from contract to contract the RE may have to
make minor changes to the procedures outlined here, but the basics will always apply. The RE
should ensure that he is complying with all the requirements of his job as he has a substantial
influence on the satisfactory completion of the works.
1.3 The RE must maintain close liaison with the Engineer in head office and clarify any unclear issues
with the Engineer prior to commencement of his duties. It is sound practice for the RE and the
Engineer to discuss all aspects of their responsibilities before the contract starts.
2. GENERAL
2.1 The Resident Engineer’s Function
2.1.1. The RE is appointed by the Engineer to assist him in watching and supervising the works
and to ensure that the requirements of the Drawings and Contract Documents are met to
the satisfaction of the Client.
The Resident Engineer has the following tasks to carry out and is responsible for doing
these tasks correctly while always remaining fully accountable to the Engineer:
- Processing design and other information flowing to and from the Contractor.
- Monitoring the Contractor’s planning and progress.
- Inspecting and testing the Contractor’s works.
- Measurement of the Contractor’s works. - Supervision of the UWP site staff.
-
The RE must appreciate the mutual connection between the Client and the Contractor.
While looking after the financial interests of the Client he should also see that the
Contractor is fairly compensated for his work.
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2.1.2. The RE must ensure that he is familiar with the Design and Specifications from the outset of
the Contract so that he can assist the Contractor with initial difficulties. The RE should
contribute towards creating a good working relationship with the Contractor and his
personnel by assisting him in overcoming any difficulties. The RE must however be careful
not to attempt to control the Contractor or take over any of the Contractor’s responsibilities.
2.2 Duties and Powers of the Resident Engineer
2.2.1 The duties and powers of the RE as the Engineer’s Representative are defined in the
General Conditions of Contract, namely “to watch and supervise the Works and to test and
examine any materials to be used and workmanship to be employed in connection with the
Works.” It also provides for the Engineer to delegate to the RE any of the powers vested in
the Engineer. Any such delegation will be notified in writing to the RE with a copy to the
Contractor. The RE should ensure that he obtains this delegation of Authority from the
Engineer at the start of the Contract.
Other General Conditions of Contract may differ in defining the duties and powers of the
RE. These must be carefully checked by the RE where applicable.
2.2.2 Contract documents are drawn up in such a way as to cover a wide range of eventualities
and may be interpreted in different ways. The RE is therefore expected to use his
discretion in their application. Any difference of interpretation relating to the meaning of
any section of the Contract Documents between the RE and the Contractor must be
referred back to the Engineer (HO) as soon as possible for clarification. The RE should not
change the design or specifications without the Engineer’s approval and must not give a
ruling on legal issues. When in doubt the RE must always confirm his intended instruction
or action with HO.
To insist on the strict adherence to the Specification is a counsel of perfection. This is
attainable to a greater or lesser degree according to the competence of the Contractor andthe way in which the RE and his staff manage to raise the level of Contractor’s
workmanship by steady, but not oppressive insistence of quality. Having tendered on the
basis of specification, the Contractor is under no obligation to exceed its standards,
especially when to do so would lessen the profitability of the Contract.
2.2.3 The RE must agree on how mistakes and faulty workmanship shall be rectified according
to the merits of each case. No remedial work which he considers would be a departure
from a strict interpretation of the Contract Documents should be permitted without the priorapproval of the Engineer.
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2.2.4 The RE must deal fairly with all the Contractor’s measurements, accounts and claims and
not allow preconceived opinions or personal prejudices to obscure the facts. If the RE
finds he is unable to reach an amicable settlement of a dispute with the Contractor’s Agent,
HO should be advised and given a balanced and factual report of the matter.
2.2.5 The investigation of claims is an important part of the RE’s duties, and he must therefore
have a complete and detailed knowledge of the Contract Documents. Where there is any
doubt in his mind to the interpretation of any part of the Contract Documents he should
obtain clarification from HO at the earliest possible moment. This will enable him at all
times to state with full confidence what the Engineer’s intentions are in the event that the
Contractor attempts to adopt a different interpretation. For use in possible future
negotiations, the RE should keep careful record of any instance of the Contractor avoiding
expenditure intended in terms of the Contract which can be used as a counter to claims for
extra costs.
2.3 Communications and Site Records
2.3.1 The RE should not communicate directly with the Client’s Head Office or the Contractor’s
Head Office unless expressly authorised by the Engineer to do so. The RE must only give
instructions to the Contractor’s Agent and all verbal instructions must be confirmed in
writing. Any site instructions that may have any major implications must be checked with
the Engineer before they are issued to the Contractor.
Only in cases of emergency may the RE give direct instructions to the Agent’s staff.
2.3.2 Site Instructions should be issued using a “Site Instruction: triplicate book” (Exhibit
C 3.2.1(b)). This is to be used for any changes to the Design Drawings or Contract
Documents, instructions for any additional work or for rejecting any portion of the
Contractor’s work. Copies of all site instructions must be sent to the Engineer on a regular
(preferably weekly) basis.
2.3.3 The Resident Engineer must also arrange for a duplicate “Daybook” which is used by the
RE and the Contractor’s Agent (Exhibit C 3.2.1(a)). This is used to answer design queries,
confirm aspects of the Design Drawings or Contract Documents that are in question, to
record problems with the Contractor’s workmanship for the Agent’s attention and to confirm
any site discussions or decisions that form part of the Contract (any changes to the original
Contract or additional work should be dealt with in a Site Instruction).
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2.3.4 An important part of the site records is the RE’s Site Diary. It is very important that that RE
maintains a comprehensive daily dairy. A brief report compiled from this diary must be
sent to the Engineer on a weekly basis.
The Site Diary must be kept up to date and the following information should be recorded on
a daily basis:
i Weather and rainfall measurements.
ii Progress of all major items of work such as layerworks and structures.
iii Record of any portion of the work that has not met the Specifications and whether it
has been rejected or accepted at partial payment.
iv Movement of major items of plant on or off the site.
v Record of site discussions and agreements.
vi Staff changes.
vii Records of any site disputes. If such disputes could possibly lead to claim from the
Contractor accurate daily records must be kept of the work, plant and staff involved.
viii Break-downs of major items of plant.
ix Details of any accidents.
x All important telephone discussions.
xi All further matters that the RE feels are important.
2.3.5 It is the duty of the RE to bring to the attention of HO any anomalies, errors or omissions
found in the construction drawings or in the Contract Documents, and to ask for
Clarification. Any changes made on site are to be relayed to HO immediately. Major
changes should be checked with HO before being implemented. The changes should be
marked up in red ink on the site plans and the set of “As built” plans as they occur and not
left until the end of the Contract.
2.3.6 A visitor’s book must be kept for all visitors to sign.
2.4 Working Hours
The RE will be responsible for fixing his working hours and that of his site staff team.
In general it is expected that all resident staff shall be present on site for the same working hours as
adopted by the Contractor, in order that full supervision may be exercised. In cases of the
Contractor working excessive overtime during the week or weekends, the RE may make
arrangements to stagger the working hours of his staff or to request additional temporary staff toensure that the work is monitored at all times.
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2.5 Leave Privileges
The UWP Conditions of Employment cover the subject of leave for site staff. It should be noted that
leave is encouraged during the builder’s break period in December / January and that leave at other
times of the year is strictly subject to the approval of the Partner-in-Charge.
The firm’s standard leave application form shall be completed and sent to HO when leave is
requested.
2.6 Survey Equipment
At the commencement of a contract the RE will, in general, be issued with a theodolite, level, tapes,
ranging rods and other necessary surveying and setting out equipment either from stocks held in HO
or, on certain contracts, by the Contractor. The RE shall keep an inventory of all such articles for
which he is accountable. He shall ensure that they are carefully used, properly stored and kept in
good working order. The instruments should be services at the start of the contract, and at six
monthly intervals during the contract period or at intermediate time when deemed necessary. Any
losses of, or damage to, surveying equipment shall be reported immediately to HO as there may be
grounds for an insurance claim. Any suspected inaccuracies of surveying equipment shall be
similarly reported so that rectification can be arranged. HO will periodically request a list of all
equipment currently held on site.
The RE should ensure that the surveying equipment being used by the Contractor is accurate and in
good working order. The RE should also ensure that the Contractor’s instruments have been
serviced initially and are serviced regularly at six monthly intervals during the course of the contract
thereafter.
Servicing of instruments shall be carried out only by authorised agents. Copies of service invoices
for instruments belonging both to the Engineer and Contractor will be retained by the RE as part of
his site records.
2.7 Site Office and Furniture
The RE may only order against the contract those items specifically provided for in the Schedule of
Quantities.
Where no provision is made the RE shall consult HO as to his requirements which will then be dealt
with on an ad hoc basis. No items may be ordered without prior approval from HO.
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2.8 Transportation
There are a number of different systems in operation within the firm for the provision of
transportation on site for the RE and his assistants, which depend on the circumstances pertaining
to the particular object.
The applicable arrangements will be made known to the RE and his assistants at the
commencement of the project.
In all cases, a vehicle log sheet for the use of a Firm’s or private car shall be submitted to HO at the
end of each month.
2.9 Expenses
In general, expenses incurred by the RE or his assistants in the course of carrying out their duties
such as purchase of stationery, stamps, post office box hire, site office telephone accounts, petrol for
site transportation (firm’s car), the use of a private vehicle for site transportation (at agreed rates per
kilometre) and the like, will be reimbursed.
Claims for reimbursement of expenses should be submitted to HO on the standard Form together
with supporting receipts, on a monthly basis. In order that the resident staff are not out of pocket for
these expenses, arrangements may be made for an agreed amount of money in the form of an
advance to be provided through HO.
Expenses which differ from the ordinary should be referred to the Director-in-Charge for approval
before they are incurred.
2.10 Time sheets
Time sheets shall be completed and sent to HO on the first day of each new proman month, in
respect of the preceding month for all UWP staff members on the Contract. Actual hours worked shall be recorded, and where more than one project subdivision is involved,
time shall be separately recorded against each subdivision.
The RE shall ensure that he obtains all relative project numbers and project subdivisions from HO at
the commencement of the work.
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2.11 Public Relations
The RE is encouraged to promote the interests of the firm by personal contacts, having regard to the
rules of professional conduct laid down by the professional institutions. Care should be taken to
ensure, however, that any activities of this nature do not encroach upon the RE’s full-time
employment and the services to which his Client is entitled.
The RE and his staff must not release any information concerning the Works, especially of a secret
or confidential nature, to any member of the public and, particularly, not to members of the press or
other media. Approaches made by such persons should be referred to the Client. Unauthorised
persons should be prevented from taking photographs of the Works.
3. ADMINISTERING THE CONTRACT
3.1 Contract Administration
3.1.1 Issue of Drawings
Agree the schedule of drawings and information with the Contractor and issue such
promptly with proper and adequate recording (see 3.5).
3.1.2 Setting Out
Check the initial setting out before handing over to the Contractor and check the
Contractor’s subsequent setting out promptly (see 4.4.1).
3.1.3 Instructions
i Maintain a clear and concise triplicate Site Instruction book and Daybook (see 2.3.2
and 2.3.3).
ii All instructions to be in writing.
iii Issue prompt decisions and clear, timeous instructions.
iv Do not issue instructions to the Contractor’s sub-contractors.
3.1.4 Supervisioni Discuss with the Site Agent the lines of communication which will ensure the minimum
delay.
ii Ensure that adequate supervision is exercised on site at all times.
iii Establish the requirements and parameters of check testing and the prompt reporting
of results. (See 4.4.5 & 4.5).
iv Be impartial in the application of the requirements of the Contract.
v Use discretion in the application of the Specifications.
vi Bring obvious errors in execution and use and standard of materials to the attention ofthe Contractor without delay.
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3.1.5 Programme and Progress
i Agree details of programme within the overall approved programme.
ii Examine the Contractor’s method statements for the execution of permanent and
temporary works with special reference to the safety of the proposals.
iii Monitor progress and agree such progress on a regular basis with the Site Agent. This
must be done with the Site Agent. This must be done with a recognised method of
progress monitoring such as detailed bar charts or sloping bar charts. Guesswork is
not good enough. A monthly progress report must be submitted to the Engineer. This
is normally done to coincide with the monthly site meeting. (See Exhibit C 3.2.2(b)).
3.1.6 Financial Interest of the Employer
The RE must look after and safeguard the financial interest of the Employer.
3.1.7 Compensation to the Contractor
The RE must see that the Contractor is fairly compensated, in terms of the Contract, for the
work that he does by:
i Measuring the work promptly.
ii Dealing fairly with the Contractor’s measurements.
iii Maintaining proper and clear measurement and quantity records. (See 5.0)
iv Referring any measurements disputes promptly to the Engineer.
3.1.8 Negotiate Rates
Negotiate rates for new work and submit these to the Engineer for approval.
3.1.9 Claims
Displaying a completely impartial attitude the RE should:
i Agree facts and circumstances related to claims with the Contractor.
ii Investigate and report on such claims.
iii Submit the claims, together with his report and facts, promptly to the Engineer.iv Keep a proper record of all claims.
3.1.10 Liaison with Others
The RE should assist the Contractor as much as possible in his dealings with local
authorities, property owners etc and any complaints must be brought to the Contractor’s
attention promptly.
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3.1.11 Accidents
The RE must ensure that the Contractor complies with the safety regulations, reports any
accidents to the necessary authorities and pays all the required insurance premiums when
due. (See 3.6).
3.1.12 Site Meetings
It is essential that regular site meetings are held. The minutes of Site meetings normally
take two forms namely:
i RE / Site Agents Meetings
These meetings should preferably be held on a weekly basis and the matters
discussed and minutes would generally cover the day to day site problems,
information required, interim progress, tests results and measurements. Copies of
these minutes should be sent to the Engineer clearly indicating where his action is
required. The Engineer may from time to time attend such meetings.
ii Formal Site Meetings
These meetings are normally held once a month and are often preceded by an
inspection of the Works by the Engineer, the Employer in many cases, the RE, the
Site Agent and the Contracts Manager.
The meetings, which are usually chaired by the Engineer, must be accurately and
impartially recorded and distributed to all those present at the meeting and others
concerned. The Minutes should contain an action column showing by whom action
is required.
A typical fixed Agenda for such meetings could be as follows:
Present
1. Apologies
2. Minutes of Previous Meeting
3. Accommodation
4. Safety / Environmental Matters
5. Site Instructions
6. Plant, Personnel and Sub-Contractors
7. Materials and Testing
8. Programme / Progress
(i) Rainfall
(ii) Delays
(iii) Progress
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(iv) Programme
(v) Contract Completion Date
9. Payment Certificates
10. Claims
11. Additional Rates
12. Information / Drawings
13. Standard of Work
14. Services
15. Accidents
16. General
17. Next Meeting
18. List of Plant and Personnel
19. List of Correspondence and Site Instructions
20. Progress Chart
3.1.13 The following is a suggested list of RE’s correspondence files.
1. General Administration
2. RE Staff Matters
3. Site Investigations
4. Services and affected Authorities
5. Programmes and Progress
6. Contract matters and estimates
7. Sub-contracts and materials
8. Design and construction (details of changes from HO or on Site)
9. Re / Site Agent meetings
10. Monthly Site Meetings
11. Quantity Calculations
12. Accident Reports
13. Extra Work14. Daywork
15. Claims
16. Technical Reports
17. Test Results (separate files for different activities)
18. As-built information
19. Drawing Register
In order to facilitate filing and for the Engineer’s records or action all correspondence should
be exchanged in duplicate.
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3.2 What the Contractor expects from the Resident Engineer
3.2.1 Ensure that the materials, workmanship and accuracy of construction are accepted or
rejected at the earliest possible opportunity.
3.2.2 Provide prompt decisions to queries and confirm such in writing. It should be noted that the
RE cannot be expected to be fully conversant with all the various aspects of construction of
the more complex Works being constructed today. He would however be expected to have
on his staff people with specialised knowledge or to have ready and quick access to such staff
from his Head Office. The RE must therefore, when discussing lines of site communication
with the Site Agent, clearly spell out the members of his staff allocated to certain aspects of
the Work and their authority.
3.2.3 Tests should be carried out as soon as possible and the results made known to the
Contractor together with acceptance or rejection with as little delay as possible.
3.2.4 The RE must deal fairly with all the Contractor’s measurements, accounts and claims and
must not allow preconceived opinions or personal prejudices to cloud the issued. He must not
adopt a negative or defensive attitude. Pass all claims, measurement disputes to the
Engineer as quickly as possible together with impartial RE opinion.
3.2.5 Make it his duty to fully acquaint himself, without any bias with the Contractor’s side of any
problem which arises. The Contractor must of course assist him in this.
3.2.6 Be as helpful as possible without giving unsolicited advice. It is a duty of the RE as much as it
is of the Contractor to get the job done and done well.
3.3 What the RE should expect from the Contractor’s Agent
3.3.1 Maintain the understanding reached at the handing over of site by regular mutual opendiscussions and site meeting.
3.3.2 Hold mutual regular review of progress in relation to the current programme and to take action
when the contractor is falling behind schedule.
3.3.3 Supply competent administrative and supervisory staff.
3.3.4 Not to rely on the RE and his staff for the supervision and co-ordination of the work which theContractor’s staff should be carrying out.
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3.3.5 Check all survey and setting out before commencing construction.
3.3.6 Finish sections of the work in a systematic fashion.
3.3.7 Attend promptly to special requests by the RE.
3.3.8 Maintain the construction site in a clean, tidy, safe and accessible condition.
3.3.9 Recognise bad workmanship for what it is and do not expect the RE to accept it.
3.3.10 Implement proper and adequate quality and process control.
3.3.11 Reports to the RE promptly where any mistakes / errors are found so that early remedial
action can be taken.
3.3.12 Ensure that notification of intention to claim is done within the time limits laid down.
3.3.13 Inspect the Works together with the RE on a regular basis preferably at least once or twice
weekly.
3.3.14 Agree progress, delays etc for reporting at the monthly formal site meetings.
If the RE feels that the Contractor’s Agent is not complying with the above requirements he should
first discuss the problems with the Agent and, if necessary approach the Engineer who can then take
the matter up with the Contractor’s Head Office.
3.4 Co-ordinating the Work of Several Independent Contractors or Sub-Contractors
3.4.1 On work sites where one Engineer is the “Engineer” in terms of two or more independent
Contracts carried out at the same time or in succession, it is necessary for the Engineer to co-ordinate the work of the Contractors. The Engineer’s authority and that of the RE to direct
such co-ordination is based on the Special Conditions included in the various contracts. In
these Special Conditions and on site, particular attention must be given to the following items:
i Co-ordinated programmes for all the construction work including dates for:
a) The timely supply of drawings.
b) Completion date for each phase of the works.
c) Access dates for following phases of the works.The consequences of delays to one or more Contractor’s work must be clearly spelt
out on the programme.
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ii Allocation of working areas (so that the Contractors do not obstruct one another),
areas for site offices and camps (preferably in permanent positions so that they do not
have to be moved during the construction period), sites for access roads and sidings
(involving decisions on construction, maintenance and removal, on who are allowed to
use these and on how payments are or should be made in this connection), the
responsibility of individual Contractors for clearing of site before and after use, as well
as for cleaning up during the construction period.
iii Provision and removal of Temporary Services (by the Employer, by a particular
Contractor for all to share, or by individual Contractors for own use).
iv Safety arrangements for the Works and personnel on site (Employer’s regulations,
checking on the appointment of the “responsible person” in terms of the Factories Act,
overall Safety Committee, enforcement of rules preventing one Contractor from
exposing the activities of another Contractor to undue risk).
v Handover of site from Employer to one (or more) Contractor / s, from one Contractor
to another Contractor and from Contractor back to Employer on completion of work.
Included in these handovers are the setting out systems (beacons and bench marks
with or without reference points and with written information as to how they are or
must be secured). At each handover the RE should be present to see that the work
handed over is acceptable and that this is confirmed by or on behalf of the receiving
party.
vi Co-ordination of work on site at Site Meetings, which the Contractors must be obliged
to attend when required (eg. for adjustment of detailed programmes deciding on the
sequence of operations, including giving preference to the more important of severaltasks which cannot be done simultaneously).
vii Payment to Contractors (included in rates, or separately) for working in restricted
areas or periods and for participating in the efforts to accommodate other Contractors.
In some cases, the RE must be prepared to act as mediator between Contractors who
claim compensation form one another or from the Employer.
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3.4.2 Main Contractor’s Nominated and Non-nominated Sub-Contractors
The Sub-contractors are selected and approved in terms of the General and / or Special
Conditions of Contract. If a Contractor states in his tender that his price is based on that of a
named Sub-Contractor, the acceptance of the Contractor’s tender implies the acceptance of
the named Sub-contractor. Any agreement or special contract between a Contractor and a
Sub-contractor is normally not subject to the Engineer’s approval, but any Sub-contractor
brought onto site is bound by the Main Contractor’s contract unless otherwise agreed
between the three parties.
The RE will deal formally with the Contractor’s appointed Agent on site. Such Agent may be
one of the Contractor’s employees, but can also be an employee of the Sub-contractor. The
RE may deal informally with the Sub-contractor’s employees as with other employees of the
Contractor. The Contractor must be informed by the RE of any instruction he intends to give
or has given to any Sub-contractor. Agreements made directly between the RE and the Sub-
contractor require the Contractor’s approval before they are valid in terms of the Contract.
This refers particularly to agreements relating to Extra Work, Payments and alterations to the
construction programme. Sub-contractors may be permitted and / or required to attend site
meetings. The Main Contractor is expected to be present at meetings between the RE and
Sub-contractors unless he and the RE have agreed otherwise. Should the appointment of a
Nominated Sub-contractor be delayed, the Contractor will expect the RE to speed up the
appointment or alternatively support a claim for extension of time for the section of work
affected by the delay. Should the performance of a Nominated Sub-contractor not be
satisfactory to the Contractor, the RE must be prepared to act as mediator in disputes on site
and possibly also as an adjudicator of claims between Contractor and Nominated Sub-
contractor.
In cases where the Employer requires a special guarantee for certain specialist work, such
guarantees should be furnished directly to the Employer by the Specialist Sub-contractor and
not by the Main Contractor.
3.4.3 Suppliers
The Contractor will normally choose his own suppliers for materials specified. However, the
RE may in some cases have to be consulted, both as to where a specified (“or similar”)
product can be purchased or when the delivery time of some item affects the programme
adversely and another different in design and / or price must be considered as an alternative.
The RE is assumed to have a thorough knowledge of all the materials specified and the way
they should be met or used. The RE cannot make any promises or place any orders onbehalf of the Contractor unless he does so in terms of the Contract or has been requested to
do so by the Contractor in writing.
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3.5 Drawings
3.5.1 Contract Drawings
The Contract Drawings will be issued to the Contractor when the tender is awarded and the
site handed over. The RE must ensure that a drawing register is kept and the Contractor
signs for all copies of drawings issued to him. When any revised drawings are issued the
original drawings should be retrieved from the Contractor and recorded in the drawings
register as returned. If the Contractor wishes to retain the original drawings then he must
ensure that he keeps all old copies of superseded drawings in one office file and does not
leave out of date drawings in the hands of his site staff. All extra or unwanted copies must be
returned to the RE. The drawing transmittal Form (Exhibit D 3.5) shall be used when
drawings are issued.
3.5.2 Site Drawings
Any drawings or sketches prepared on site by either the RE or the Contractor should be
copied to the Engineer and recorded in the drawing register.
3.5.3 “As Built” Drawings
At the start of the Contract the RE must set aside a full set of drawings to be used as “As
Built” drawings only.
Any design changes, on site changes, correction of errors, true location of new or existing
services, final as built levels if they vary from design levels, roadmarkings and position of
roadsigns, actual extent of borrow pits, relocation of natural water courses or any other
relevant information must be marked on these drawings in Red ink so that final “As Built”
drawings can be prepared. All information must be added as soon as it becomes known. It
must not be left to the end of the contract and forgotten about.
3.6 Safety3.6.1 Generally all Specifications and General Conditions of Contract clearly place the responsibility
for the safety of excavations and of people and construction works generally upon the
Contractor (usually the person appointed by him as the “responsible person”) except in cases
where he is indemnified by the Employer.
3.6.2 However, UWP engineering staff, whether resident on site or visiting from Head Office have
a clear duty to notify the Contractor or even if necessary, to order him to stop work when the
safety of personnel or the works is at risk. The onus for proposing means of making theworks safe rests with the Contractor. The Engineer’s powers are restricted to approval or
disapproval of his proposals.
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Therefore, although the Engineer has a duty to notify the Contractor about unsafe practices,
and can even be held guilty of negligence if he does not do so, care must be taken not to
give any verbal or written instructions to the Contractor which could be considered as taking
responsibility for what is done to make the work safe, away from the Contractor and placing
such responsibility upon UWP. There is little harm in having informal discussions with the
Contractor provided it is made clear in such discussions that the responsibility for safety
does not rest with the Engineer.
Attached is an extract of a letter from Knight Piesold’s (formerly WLPU) Attorneys replying to
a query regarding Knight Piesold’s responsibilities for safety. The letter should be studied
carefully in order to understand the duties which UWP has for safety on the site.
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SAFETY
NOTE FOR INFORMATION OF RESIDENT ENGINEERS ON SITE
(Extract from letter of Bowman, Gilfillan & Blacklock dated 27th October 1971)
“There has however been some very clear recent authority in South African Law regarding
liability to a Contractor which would apply to any possible liability of Escom or yourselves to
Boart or to Boart’s employees. The case of Peri-Urban Heath Board vs. Munarin decided in
the Appellant Division in the reference 1965 (3) SALR 367 is sufficiently close in precedent to
your present situation that it is necessary to quote extensively from the report. In that case the
Peri-Urban Health Board has employed a Contractor to lay sewage and to dig trenches under
a contract which required the Contractor to provide all necessary supervision during the
execution of the work. The work, however, had to be performed to the satisfaction of the Peri-
Urban Health Board’s Engineer who had designed and planned the project and was in charge
of the works with power to give instructions regarding its performance, to dismiss incompetent
workmen and to suspend the works (exactly the powers which you have too supervise the
drilling).
In the course of the work a trench was dug and insufficient steps were taken to shore up the
walls of the trench. The Boards Engineer although he inspected the site did not suspend the
work and did not insist on shoring. At a point where the trench was about 11 feet deep it fell in
and killed a pipelayer and his assistant.
The pipelayer’s dependents sued the Peri-Urban Health Board and won in the Witwatersrand
Local Division. The Peri-Urban Health Board then appealed to the Appellate Division where
the Appellate Division confirmed that the widow was entitled to sue the Board. The Court
stated that the liabilities of the Board (and its Engineer because the Engineer in fact
supervised the work for the Board) as follows:
“The question is whether the pipelayer’s widow (the present respondent) has a claim for the
loss of her breadwinner, based on the negligence of the Board and its servants.
Negligence is the breach of a duty of care. In general, the law allows me to mind my own
business. Thus if I happen to see someone else’s child about to drown in a pool, ordinarily I
do not owe a legal duty to anyone to try to save it. But sometimes the law requires me to be
my brother’s keeper. This happens, for example, when the circumstances are such that I owe
him a duty of care; and I am negligent if I breach it. I owe him the duty if a diligens
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paterfamilias, that notional epitome of reasonable prudence, in the position in
which I am in would
(a) foresee the possibility of harm occurring to him; and
(b) take steps to guard against its occurrence.
Foreseeability of harm to a person, whether he be a specific individual or one of a category, is
usually not a difficult question, but when ought I to guard against it? It depends upon the
circumstances in each particular case, and it is neither a necessary nor desirable to attempt a
formulation which would cover all cases. For the purposes of the present case it is sufficient to
say, by way of general approach, that if I launch a potentially dangerous undertaking involving
the foreseeable possibility of harm to another, the circumstances may be such that I cannot
reasonably shrug my shoulders in unconcern but have certain responsibilities in the matter –
the duty of care.
I think that all the foregoing emerges from well-known decisions in this Court over the last half-
century. Perhaps therefore I may be forgiven for refraining from adding to the ever-growing
burden of annotations by citing the authorities.
In the present case a diligens paterfamilias in the position of the Board would, in his prudent
conspectus of the situation, note the following factors –
(a) the Board, through its sewage engineers, planned the works and knew that they
included the dangerous operation of digging a deep trench alongside a high wall, with
potential risk to pipelayers in the trench unless shoring precautions were taken.
(b) the Board, in engaging a Contractor to carry out the work retained, and thereafter
exercised, the right of expert technical supervision and control referred to above.
(c) the Board knew on the afternoon of 19
th
December 1962 (through its Engineer) and themorning of the 20th December (through its clerk of works) that the Contractor had not
taken shoring precautions alongside the wall for a considerable distance, and that the
pipelayer might well very soon be entering the dangerous trench.
(d) Nevertheless the Board’s said representative on the site spot did not, as they had
power to do, order any precautions or defer the pipelaying pending the shoring.
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I pause here to observe that it was not contended that the Contractor should be regarded as
the servant of the Board. The Board’s sewage engineer and the supervising engineer both
conceded, I think rightly, that the latter should have stopped the work until the shoring was
done, when he found on the afternoon before that it had not been done.
Council for the appellant disavowed any reliance on the doctrine of volenti non fit injuria but
urged that the pipelayer was an experienced workman who would not be expected to enter the
unshored trench, therefore there was no foreseeable danger to him. The answer is that there
is no evidence that it was thought that he appreciated the risk caused by the adjacent wall; or
that he expected this section of the trench to be shored. On the contrary, he would know that
it had been allowed by the Board’s technical experts to proceed for nearly 80 feet, unshored;
and, although the work had been in progress for three months, there had only been one
previous instance of shoring. This was at the request when, it would seem, the soil was plainly
not firm.
Council further argued that the Board owed no duty of care to the Contractor’s workmen, and
he submitted that there would be far-reaching consequences if a duty were held to exist. Now
ordinarily a person who engages a Contractor to do some work, such as the erection of a
multi-storey building, in which there is an element of occupational risk to the workmen, does
not owe a duty of care to the latter. But, in the present case, in addition to the provisions of the
contract as indicated above, there is the factor that on 19th and 20th December 1962, the Board
had specific knowledge (through its officers) of the very dangerous situation which had been
allowed to develop in the absence of shoring, and of the imminent possibility of the pipelayer’s
descent into the trench; and it took no steps to stop the work. This knowledge, when
superimposed upon the various facts referred to earlier, including in particular the technically
skilled supervision and the rights to stop work, brought about a situation in which a diligens
paterfamilias would surely have guarded against the possibility of the foreseeable harm to thepipelayer. In other words there was then duty of care, and the breach thereof was negligence
entitling the widow to damages. It may be that the Contractor was also at fault, but this would
not detract from the Board’s negligence (through its servants), and it’s liability.”
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3.6.3 On Works where blasting is taking place, it will be necessary for the Contractor to appoint
a responsible person, in writing, and the RE must ensure that this is done before work
commences. Copies of the relevant Act must be held on site by both the RE and the
Contractor.
Safety meetings shall be held on site on a regular basis, usually on the agenda of the
weekly meetings between the RE and the Site Agent as well as the monthly site
meetings.
3.6.4 Accidents
All accidents in respect of injury to persons or damage to the Works must be reported in
writing by the Contractor to the RE. A copy of this report must be forwarded by the RE to
HO without delay. The RE should notify HO immediately of the incident by telephone.
The RE should furthermore make his own enquiries as to the cause and effects of any
such accident and report his findings to HO.
Any accident involving the RE and/or any member of his staff must be likewise reported.
3.7 End of Contract Procedure
3.7.1 As soon as the works or sections of the works are practically complete (in terms of the
General Conditions of Contract), inspections of the works or sections of the works will
be held by the RE and the Contractor’s Agent. A list of items of work outstanding or
items requiring attention must be drawn up and added to the Certificate of Practical
Completion. (Exhibit C 3.2.3(a)). Separate Certificates may be necessary for different
sections of the work.
3.7.2 When the items listed on the Certificate of Practical Completion have all been
satisfactorily attended to the Engineer will, often in the presence of the Client, carry outa handover inspection and if he is satisfied will issue a Certificate of Completion of the
works (Exhibit C 3.2.3(b)). Items still requiring attention will be listed on the certificate
and the Contractor will sign an undertaking to complete such work by an agreed date.
A further inspection must then be carried out by the RE to ensure that the items on the
Engineer’s list have been attended to within the agreed time.
3.7.3 Towards the end of the maintenance period a further inspection will be made by the
Client, the Engineer, the RE and the Contractor. A list of maintenance items will bedrawn up and on completion of these items the Engineer will issue the Final Approval
Certificate (Exhibit C 3.2.3(c)).
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4. TECHNICAL DUTIES
4.1. General
4.1.1 The RE must be fully familiar with the General Conditions of Contract, the Special
Conditions of Contract, the Standard Specifications and Special Provisions. He must
familiarise himself with, and ensure that he understands, the design principles for the
road and structural designs and should study all site investigation data closely.
4.1.2 Before the Contractor starts any portion of the Works the RE should familiarise himself
with the ground conditions in the area of the Works. When construction starts the
ground conditions after exposure should be checked against preliminary ideas and site
investigation results. Any changes shoud be reported to the Engineer immediately.
Records and photographs should be kept in case of any claims arising.
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 The RE must study the technical specifications for all materials to be used during
construction and check up on testing methods and facilities for testing. The main items
which must be checked are as follows (also refer too RE’s checklist) :
Bitumen and bitumen emulsions
Bricks
Borrow pits for all sand, gravels and aggregates
Cement
Coarse aggregate for concrete
Coarse aggregate for surfacing and asphalt premix
Crusher dust for asphalt premix and slurry seals
Crushed stone base
Ducts for cables and subsoil drains
Expansion jointsFencing materials
Geofabrics
Gravel for fill, SSG, subbase and base layers
Grass seed mixtures
Joint sealants
Manhole rings and covers
Precast concrete culverts, catchpits, kerbs and manholesRoad signs
Sand for concrete, mortar and plaster
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Sand for bedding interlocking blocks
Sand for jointing interlocking blocks
Shutter material
Steel reinforcement
Water quality
Waterproofing materials
4.2.2 Tests should be carried out as soon as the goods have been delivered to site, so that
any possible faults are detected early, and can be corrected without delaying progress
of the works. In some cases, tests should be carried out on the manufacturer’s
premises, although final acceptance need not be given before the goods have been
placed. Rejected goods must be removed from site as soon as possible.
4.3 Construction Products
The RE must familiarise himself with the specifications and manufacturing or construction
techniques for the following construction products:
Asphalt premix
Bitumen seals and slurry seals
Concrete
Crushed stone aggregates and base course
Epoxy injection
Installation of neoprene seals
Mortar
Plaster
Stabilized gravels
4.4 Construction Activities
The Resident Engineer is responsible for checking all construction activities and should
therefore be familiar with the Specifications, requirements and test methods involved. Before
the Contractor starts any activity the RE should refresh his memory of all relevant clauses in the
Standard Specification and Special Provisions. It is essential that the RE controls the
Contractor’s activities by insisting on a thorough inspection and check of all stages of the workbefore he gives the Contractor the authority to proceed with the following activities.
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4.4.1 Setting out
The RE shall ensure that the basic beacons and bench marks are available for the
Contractor to set out all the necessary lines and levels. Such beacons and bench
marks shall be indicated on drawings. The RE should check beacons and bench
marks before they are handed over and be properly protected and secured against all
possible movements or damage by the Contractor. The Contractor will then set out al
the necessary lines and levels required for the proper control of the Works, using the
above beacons and marks.
The RE shall conduct a completely independent check to satisfy himself as to the
sufficiency and accuracy of the Contractor’s setting out.
4.4.2 Temporary Works
The Contractor shall formulate his own plans for temporary works and the RE should
avoid giving detailed instruction. However he should ensure that the Contractor
produces all necessary calculations and drawings in time for the RE and / or HO to
carry out any checking that may be required. These works should be accepted by the
RE after checking, as distinct from approved. The RE must satisfy himself, by referring
to the Engineer if necessary, that:
The strength of a temporary structure is adequate to carry the applied loading.
Adequate foundations are provided for same.
Temporary works do not adversely affect permanent works, structurally or
otherwise.
Proper safety precautions are observed at all times.
The accepted design for the temporary works is used on the site.
4.4.3 Detours and Deviation of Traffic
The RE must ensure that all detours are well constructed and adequately maintained
by the Contractor. All regulatory and warning signs as specified in the relevant
regulations must be erected and maintained in good condition by the Contractor. The
safety of the public comes well before any inconvenience to the Contractor and all
detours must be kept in a safe condition at all times. If an accident occurs the Court
will take the actual site conditions into account and inadequate signposting and detour
maintenance are considered as major factors even if the driver was entirely at fault.
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4.4.4 The RE should consult the “Resident Engineer’s Check List” which outlines the checks,
tests and inspection procedures that should be used for each major activity. This
check list is used in conjunction with the Standard Specifications and the Special
Provisions which will give details of the material requirements, construction methods
and standard of work required. The following publications from the NITRR, the
Technical Recommendations for Highways, should also be consulted as they provide
technical background to the Specifications which should be understood by the RE if he
wishes to apply the Specifications correctly:
TRH 1 : Prime coats and bituminous airing membranes. (1986)
TRH 3 : Surface treatments. (1986)
TRH 4 : Structural Design of Interurban and Rural Road Pavements. (1985)
TRH 5 : Statistical concepts of quality assurance and their application to road
construction.
TRH 8 : Selection and Design of Hot-mix asphalt surfacings. (1978)
TRH 9 : The construction of road embankments. (1982)
TRH 10: The design of road embankments (1987)
TRH 13: The use of cementitious stabilisers in road construction. (1986)
TRH 14: Standards for road construction materials. (1980)
TRH 15: Subsurface drainage for roads. (1984)
Technical Manual
K56 : Safety at roadworks in Rural areas.
4.4.5 Testing
i Testing will be carried out by a site laboratory which will be controlled by the senior
laboratory technician. The laboratory will only carry out tests when requested to doso and should not be left to carry out testing in a haphazard pattern on their own
initiative. The RE must exercise positive control and ensure that all aspects of the
work are thoroughly and competently tested. He must take an active interest in the
workings of the laboratory to ensure that it functions efficiently and accurately. The
importance of efficient accurate testing cannot be overemphasized as the
acceptance or rejection of the Contractor’s work depends on this. The RE should
be familiar with two publications from the NITRR, the Technical Methods for
Highways, namely:TMH 1 : Standard Test Methods for Road Materials
TMH 5 : Sampling Methods for Road Construction Materials
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ii The RE’s laboratory is responsible for testing after any portion of the work has been
completed. (This is known as “Quality Control Testing”). The Contractor is always
responsible for testing during the construction of any portion of the work. (This is
called “Process Control”). The presence of the RE’s laboratory on site carrying out
extensive quality control testing does not relieve the Contractor in any way of his
responsibility for carrying out his own process control testing. Occasionally
arrangements are made for a shared site laboratory. In these instances a
comprehensive test procedure must be agreed between the RE and the Contractor
to ensure that both process control and quality control testing requirements are
satisfied.
4.5 Site Management of Construction Activities
To assist the RE in the management and co-ordination of all construction activities various
standard forms have been prepared. These forms must be used to ensure efficient and uniform
site management and to provide a permanent record of the various site activities. Copies should
also be issued to the Contractor to assist him with his site management and to give the
Contractor a record of what the RE has approved or rejected. All the forms do not apply to every
contract and in some instances the RE will have to prepare his own forms for special operations.
Examples are given in Section 7.0. The importance of using these forms cannot be
overemphasized and the Engineer expects the RE to use them wherever they are applicable.
4.5.7 Recording of Laboratory Test Results
All laboratory test results must be summarised and recorded for future references.
Various Clients and Authorities have their own standard forms and requirements. At
the start of the Contractor the RE must liase with the Engineer and the senior
laboratory technicians to ensure that all the necessary forms are available. These
forms must be completed as the project proceeds. Under no circumstances may therecording of results be left until the end of the Contract. The responsibility for
completing these forms usually rests with the senior laboratory technician but the RE
should ensure that the forms are completed on a regular basis.
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5. PAYMENT CERTIFICATES
5.1 Measurement of Quantities
5.1.1 Clauses 57, 58 and 59 of the General Conditions of Contract (1982) set out the basic
responsibilities of the RE and the Contractor for taking measurements and the
checking of calculations. The RE must ensure that all site measurements and
calculations are correct and that the correct quantities are entered onto the monthly
payment certificates.
5.1.2 The RE must do all measurements and calculations independently of the Contractor in
the standard Measurement Book. (Exhibit C 3.2.2(a)). This serves as a check on the
Contractor’s own calculations which are submitted to the RE on everything from neat
computer printouts to scraps of paper. (A quantity is not necessarily correct because it
is shown on a computer print-out). Variations between the RE’s measurements and
the Contractor’s should be entered in the measurement book when the correct
calculation has been agreed.
5.1.3 A separate measurement sheet or group of sheets must be used for each item and all
the sheets filed in numerical item order. At the end of each month’s measurement a
line must be drawn under the calculations for that month and the monthly and
cumulative totals shown. The next month’s calculations continue on the same sheet to
enable a check to be kept on what was previously measured as well as to update the
cumulative totals. When the RE and the Contractor have agreed the quantities then
each monthly total and cumulative total can be carried forward onto the payment
certificate.
5.1.4 The standard Measurement Book serves as permanent record of the RE’s
measurements. No other system of recording measurements, whether done by the RE
or submitted by the Contractor, will be permitted. Supplementary information such as
invoices, weighbridge tickets etc may be attached to the standard Measurementsheets.
5.1.5 Interim Measurements
As considerable time can be spent on measurement and calculation, the RE should
consider carefully how the works can best be progressed. He should adopt the
simplest way of carrying out interim measurements and valuations but always bearing
mind what will have to be achieved ultimately to ensure accurate final measurements.
In respect of items that are partially complete accurate calculations are not alwaysnecessary. However any portion of the works that can be measured accurately should
be done immediately as this ensures greater accuracy of interim valuations, avoids
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concentration of work on final measurements towards the end of the
Contract when the RE has a lot of loose ends to tie up, and ensures that the
measurements is done by persons still familiar with details. It is important that interim
valuations are done as accurately as possible to ensure that the Contractor neither
overclaims or is underpaid on any particular certificate as such practices can lead to
large inaccuracies in the escalation amounts.
5.1.6 Final Measurements
Final quantities must be measured and agreed with those submitted by the Contractor
as soon as possible and no later than the time that the relevant item or section of work
is completed. If the Contractor declines to agree the quantities of any item of work
completed, the RE should use his own calculation of the final measurement on the
payment certificate until such time as agreement is reached.
5.2 Variations
Whenever work is ordered to be undertaken outside the scope of items in the Schedule of
Quantities it shall be measured in the usual way and costed at rates received from the
Contractor in writing and submitted to HO with suitable comment for negotiation, if necessary,
for final approval from the Employer. The RE shall, in addition, draft a Variation Advice * -
explaining the reason for the extra work, its nature, and its estimated cost. The work should
not be put in hand until the Employer’s approval to the extra cost has been obtained, unless
this is necessary for programme delay reasons, in which case the Engineer’s approval to the
extra cost has been obtained, unless this is necessary for programme delay reasons, in which
case the Engineer’s approval must be obtained. In addition, the amount involved should in
general, not be included in an interim (monthly) certificate until such time as the RE has
informed HO by way of the VA, and HO has advised and obtained the agreement of the
Employer to accept the extra costs incurred. This is necessary in order to avoid the
repudiation of an interim certificate submitted by HO to the Employer by reason of the inclusionof what appears to the Employer to be an unauthorised amount. Thus the payment of a fairly
large sum due to the Contractor may be withheld by reason of a dispute over a comparatively
small amount of extra work of which the Employer had no knowledge at the time of submission
of the relevant certificate.
*Note: Some employers may have their own systems, which should be used where
applicable.
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5.3 Daywork
(See SA General Conditions of Contract Clause 52 (4)). Daywork , in general, should only be
agreed to where there are no appropriate rates in the schedule for deriving new rates or where
the work is so unpredictable that the Contractor would have difficulty in pricing it. Daywork
rates are often financially to the Contractor’s advantage and the RE should be cautious in
agreeing to work being carried out on that basis. Instructions to proceed with daywork must be
given in writing.
Daily returns showing in detail all labour and materials used during the previous 24 hours shall
be submitted in duplicate by the Contractor to the RE.
If agreed one copy should be signed and returned to the Contractor. This will avoid lengthy
arguments which can arise if there is an interval between the time the daywork is carried out
and the agreement of the claim.
5.4 New Rates
Where additional work of a major nature is required and for which there are no applicable rates
in the schedule of quantities, then RE shall call upon the Contractor to submit new rates and
he shall in turn submit them to HO after negotiation with the Contractor, together with a
recommendation and motivation for acceptance. HO will then obtain the Employer’s approval.
5.5 Provisional Sums
When insufficient information is available as to the nature of or necessity for certain work to be
done at the time the schedule of quantities is prepared, a Provisional Sum is normally
provided. Any payments made under a Provisional Sum must be in accordance with the
General Conditions of Contract.
5.6 Prime Cost Items
Prime Cost items represent sums provided for specific articles or materials to be supplied, orfor specialist work. In such items the Contractor may have included in his tender percentages
or amounts for profit and / or for taking responsibility for a Sub-contractor. Separate items are
usually provided for fixing or attendance.
Payment of PC sums will be the net cost of the articles, materials or services supplied as
invoiced, to which the Contractor’s percentages or amounts are to be added. The inclusion of
a PC sum in any valuation should only be allowed by the RE on production by the Contractor
as evidence that the amount involved has been paid, such as the submission of a photocopyof the receipted invoice. The PC amount is exclusive of any discount for early payment, but
inclusive of VAT, transport and handling charges.
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5.7 Price Variations and Escalations
The administration of price variations requires vigilance on the part of the RE to ensure that
the Contractor is compensated strictly in accordance with the Contract Documents. Generally,
compensation takes one of two forms, as follows:
5.7.1 Statutory Variations
Here actual variations in the cost of labour and materials are recovered by the
Contractor. In respect of labour only, a gazetted labour wage increase is permissible
for a claim, and audited evidence of a number of personnel on site to which this
increase is applicable, must be submitted. In all contracts allowing for wage variations
the Contractor should be requested to submit copies of his weekly pay sheets on a
weekly basis. In respect of materials, the Contract Document should include a list of
materials and prices on which the Contractor’s tender was based. The RE must
therefore obtain from the Contractor copies of all invoices relating to materials on which
an increase is being claimed, in accordance with the Schedule of Special materials
listed in the Tender document.
The RE shall ensure when comparing these invoices with the basic prices quoted in the
schedule that they do not include the cost of additional work or labour which were not
allowed for in the original basis price. The RE must also ensure that the quantities of
materials claimed are actually being used in the Works.
5.7.1 Escalation Formula
If the Contract is subject to a price variation formula, the RE must make himself familiar
with all its ramifications and confer with HO about any matters which appear to require
clarification.
5.8 Claims
(See SA General Conditions of Contract, Clause 53).
5.8.1 General
Owing to the complexity and often indeterminate nature of civil engineering work it is
seldom possible to produce a contract document which is completely free from flaws,
however well thought out it may have been. Thus a contract document cannot be
expected to provide the answer to every conceivable problem that can arise during the
execution of the work.
The General Conditions of Contract assume the good intention of both Contractor and
Employer. In the event of a disagreement, the RE can only offer his opinion on what
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he considers to be the intention of the Contract. Should either party
fail to concur with his opinion, the RE should not be unduly concerned as he is merely
carrying out his duty. However, he must continue his efforts to make both parties
realise that he is trying to interpret conditions which had previously been agreed by
both sides. In the case of a “deadlock”, refer to HO.
The RE should be firm and just at all times attempt to find a satisfactory basis for
settlement of all claims from both the Employer’s and Contractor’s point of view.
The RE must endeavour by all reasonable means at his disposal to keep the number of
claims to a minimum.
8.5.2 Procedure
The contractual procedure requires that the Contractor shall give notice on a monthly
basis of any intention to claim when he considers there are reasonable grounds. This
must be done before any costs are incurred and not afterwards, when little can be done
to minimize them. The Contractor’s statement of costs must be submitted by the RE to
HO together with is report outlining the Contractor’s contention, the facts of the matter
and his own opinion of the validity of the claim. In assessing any claim the reference to
a well kept daily diary is invaluable as by the time the claim is submitted, it is not
always easy to dispute any exaggerated claims unless the correct facts were recorded
at the time the claim arose.
5.9 Payment Certificate
The form of the payment certificate will vary depending on the Client. The RE must consult
with the Engineer at the start of the Contract to ensure that he is completely familiar with the
payment certificate and knows how to complete it properly.
Each Contractor normally has his own system of payment certificate which he submits to theRE as his claim for payment. Because these vary from Contractor to Contractor most major
Clients have their own standardized payment certificates and will not accept the Contractor’s.
5.10 Revised Quantities and Cost Estimates
5.10.1 Every month after the measurements have been calculated the RE shall make an
updated estimate of the revised quantities. These are usually entered on the payment
certificate to give the Client an indication of how the actual quantities compare with the
billed quantities.
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Using these revised quantities and making a best estimate of future
escalation and rise of special materials the RE should calculate a revised cost estimate
and submit it to the Engineer on a monthly basis. This revised estimate is often
required by a Client. As estimating is not always easy the RE should seek the advice
of the Engineer whenever he is in doubt about his estimate and predictions.
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6. APPENDIX A RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST - ROADS
Contents Page
1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Roadbed 33
Cut 33
Fill 34
Selected subgrade 34
Gravel subbase 35
Gravel base 36
Crushed stone subbase 36
Crushed stone base 37
Gravel shoulders 38Borrow pits 39
Stabilization 39
Prime coat 40
Surface treatment: seals 41
Asphalt surfacing 44
Concrete pavements 47
2. PAVEMENT REHABILITATION (Still to be added) 49
Patching
Milling
In-situ recycling
3. CONCRETE STRUCTURES (Still to be added) 49
Shuttering
Concrete mix design and testing
Placing and curing concrete
4. WATER AND SEWERAGE RETICULATION
Excavation 50
Pipe laying 50
Backfilling 51
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1. ROAD CONSTRUCTION
ROADBED:
1. Check presence of services and check requirements.
2. Determine whether there are either unsuitable material or hardrocky material that should be excavated.
3. Determine whether there are areas which should be drained.
4. Ensure three pass roller compaction, where required. Light passroller compaction required on fills.
5. Carry out density and CBR tests and check compliance withspecification.
CUT:
1. Classify excavation for hardness before and during excavation.
2. Classify cut materials as spoil or suitable for fill, subgrade,subbase mitre banks, etc. before and during excavation.
3. Check dimensions of cuts, including cut slopes.
4. Check standard of trimming and finishing of slopes.
5. Check the stability of cut slopes.
6. Determine whether subsoil drainage is necessary. Check rockstrata, high water table levels.
7. Determine whether cut off drains at the top of the cutting arenecessary.
8. Check for suitable stockpile area.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
1202
3305(a); 3302(a); 3303;3202; 3210
3305(e)
3305(b)
3305 (c) & (d) and theProject Specifications
3303
3302(a); 3306(b)
3306(a)
3308(a); 3310(b)(iii)
3306(g)
3203
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FILL:
1. Check that fill material is suitable and complies with CBRrequirements.
2. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &
compaction plant, moisture content & distribution, layer thicknessand maximum size of rock particles.
3. Carry out density and CBR tests and check compliance withspecification.
4. Check dimensions of fill and ensure that :
a) Levels are within the specified tolerances.
b) The width of the fill at various levels are within the tolerances.
c) The fill slopes comply with the specification.
5. Check that frequency of all measurements and tests is adequate.
6. If specified in the drawings, checks must be made on items suchas :
a) Benching if the road bed crossfall exceeds 1:10.
b) The stability of all fills, especially side fills in a cut to fillsituation.
c) Rock toe construction.
d) Widening of fill.
SELECTED SUBGRADE:
1. Check that the finished surface on which the selected subgrade isto be placed, is true to line and level within the specifiedtolerances and that it is free from soft or wet area.
2. Check that the material complies with the requirements as follows:
Lower selected subgrade : Max PIMin CBR
Upper selected subgrade : Max PIMin CBRMin Grading Modulus
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3302(b); 3307(a)3307(h) - 3307(j)
3207(a); 3304; 3307
3302(b); 3311
3310(a)
3310(b)(i) &(ii)
3308(b)
3311; 8104; 8210 or8309
3307(d)
3307(c),(e),(f)&(g)
3307(h)
3307(i)&(j)
3310
3402(a) and theProject Specifications
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3. Carry out density and CBR tests and check compliance withspecification.
4. Check that finished surface is true to line and level within thespecified tolerances.
5. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &compaction plant, moisture content & distribution, layer thicknessand maximum size of rock particles.
6. Check that thickness of compacted layers is within the specifiedtolerances.
7. Check that the width is within the specified tolerances.
8. Check that frequency of all measurements and tests is adequate.
GRAVEL SUBBASE:
1. Check that immediately before the placing of the subbase, thesubgrade complies with all specified requirements and that it isfree from soft or wet areas. Check selected subgrade density testresults.
2. Check that the quality of the subbase material complies with thespecification in the following respects:
GradingGrading ModulusCBR
3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &compaction plant, moisture content & distribution, layer thicknessand maximum size of rock particles.
4. Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.
5. Check the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.
6. Check that the levels are within the specified tolerance.
7. Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.
8. Check that the cross-section complies with the drawings and iswithin the specified tolerances.
9. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3402(b)
3310; 3405(a)
3403; Section 3200
3405(b)
3405(d)
3406; 8204 or 8304
3403(a); 3310; 3405
3402(a) and theProject Specifications
3403; Section 3200
3402(b); 3406
3405(b)
3405(a)
3405(d)
3405(e)
3405; 3406; 8204 or8304
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GRAVEL BASE:
1. Check that immediately before the placing of the base, thesubbase complies with all specified requirements and that it isfree from soft or wet areas.
2. Check that the quality of the gravel base material complies withthe specifications in the following aspects:
GradingGrading ModulusCBR
3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixingand compaction plant, moisture distribution, layer thickness andmaximum size of rock particles.
4. Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.
5. Check that the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.
6. Check that the levels and longitudinal grade are within thespecified tolerances.
7. Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.
8. Check that the cross-section complies with the drawings and iswithin the specified tolerances.
9. Check that the surface irregularities are within the specifiedtolerances.
10. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.
CRUSHED STONE SUBBASE:
1. Check that immediately before the placing of the subbase, thesubgrade complies with all specified requirements and that is freefrom soft or wet areas.
2. Check that the quality of the material complies with thespecification in the following aspects :a) Visually free from deleterious materialsb) Gradingc) Aggregate crushing value.d) Flakiness index.e) Atterberg Limits, particularly Plasticity Index.f) Electrical conductivity.Note : Allow adequate time for testing (not less than two weeks).
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3403(a); 3405
3402(a) and theProject Specifications
3403(b); Section 3200
3402(b); 3406
3405(b)
3405(a) & (c)
3405(d)
3405(e)
3405(f)
3406; 8204 or 8304
3603
3602; 3402; ProjectSpec. & see tables:3602/13602/23602/3
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3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing &compaction plant, moisture content & distribution and layerthickness.
4. Check that an acceptable, closely-knit mosaic surface has been
obtained.
5. Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.
6. Check that the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.
7. Check that the levels are within the specified tolerance.
8. Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.
9. Check that the cross-section complies with the drawings and iswithin the specified tolerances.
10. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.
CRUSHED STONE BASE :
1 Check that immediately before the placing of the base, thesubbase complies with all specified requirements and that it isfree from soft or wet areas.
2 Check that the quality of the material complies with thespecification in the following aspects:
a) Visually free from deleterious materials.b) Grading.c) Aggregate crushing value.d) Flakiness index.e) Electricity conductivity.Note : Allow adequate time for testing (not less than two weeks).
3 Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing,
compaction plant, moisture, moisture distribution and layerthickness.
4 Check that an acceptable, closely-knit mosaic surface had beenobtained.
5 Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.
6 Check the layer thickness is within the specified tolerance.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3604
3604(c)
3607
3606; 3405(b)
3606; 3405(a)
3606; 3405(d)
3606; 3405(e)
3707; 3607
3603
3602;Project Spec. &see tables:3602/13602/23602/3
3604; 3405(b)
3604(c)
3607
3606; 3405(b)
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7 Check that the levels and longitudinal grade are within thespecified tolerance.
8 Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.
9 Check that the cross-section complies with the drawings and iswithin the specified tolerances.
10 Check that the edges next to any concrete channels are wellcompacted and the depth allowed for the surfacing is uniformalong the channel length.
11 Check that the surface irregularities are within the specifiedtolerances.
12 Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.
GRAVEL SHOULDERS :
1. Check whether the gravel shoulders are to be placed before thebase or not.
2. Check the quality of the material with particular reference to :
a) Maximum size material.
b) Grading.c) Plasticity Index.d) Plasticity Index and Grading Modulus combined.
3. Inspect compaction process with particular reference to mixing,compaction plant, moisture, moisture distribution and layerthickness.
4. Carry out density tests and check compliance with specification.
5. Check that the levels and layer thickness are within the specified
tolerances.
6. Check that the grade is within the specified tolerance.
7. Check that the width is within the specified tolerance.
8. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests areadequate.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3606;3405(a)&(c)
3606; 3405(d)
3606; 3405(e)
3604(d)
3606; 3405(f)
3607
3403(b)(ii)
3402(a); Project Spec. &see tables:3402/1
3402/23402/3
3403;Section 3200
3403(b); 3406
3405(a) & (b)
3405(c)
3405(d)
3406
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BORROW PITS:
Inspect all borrow pits (separate check sheet for each pit) and check thefollowing:
1. Check that the negotiation with owners and authorities has been
completed.
2. Check that all overburden is removed (when there is nooverburden, check on removal of roots, grass, etc.)
3. Check that topsoil is stockpiled separately.
4. Check that there is no undesirable or deleterious material in theborrow pit. Any such material must be marked to prevent mixingwith the approved material.
5. Check that material is only obtained from within the designatedarea both horizontally and vertically.
6. Check that the material excavated from the borrow pits is not inany way inferior to the material shown on the borrow pit plans.
7. Check that the general working of the borrow pit is satisfactoryand that no wastage of good materials occurs.
8. On completion of the working, check that the borrow pit has beensuitably reinstated and topsoiled from the previously reservedstockpile. Check with the local environmental officer and obtain
his approval if necessary.
STABILIZATION :
Note : These checks are in addition to those already listed for the various
pavement layers.
Where stabilization with cementitious stabilizers is undertaken thefollowing checks must be carried out:
1. Check that the stabilizing agent complies with the specification
and do a stabilization design check with the laboratory.
2. Where stabilizing agents are stored, check that they are protectedfrom moisture.
3. Check that the stabilizing agent is spread uniformly before mixingcommences. Carry out tests to ensure that the uniformity ofspreading is within the specified tolerance.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3102
3104(c)
3104(a)
3104(d)
3104(d)
3103(b) & (c)
3104(e)
3105
3502(a)
3502(d)
3503(b); 3506(a)
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4. Check that the mixing process is satisfactory and that ahomogeneous mixture is produced.
5. Check that water is NOT applied before a homogeneous mixture
of stabilizer and material is produced.
6. Check that the compaction process is satisfactory with particularreference to mixing plant, distribution of moisture and compactionplant.
7. Check that the compaction process is completed within thespecified time limit.
8. Check that the uniformity as determined by quantitative chemicaltests, is acceptable.
9. Check that the curing of stabilized layer is satisfactory.
10. Check that the unconfined compressions strength of samplesobtained form the stabilized layer, complies with the specificationfor the contract.
11. Check that the frequency of all tests and measurements areadequate including the trial section.
PRIME COAT:
1. Check that the prime material complies with the specification.
2. Check that the binder distributor has a valid calibration certificate.
3. Before priming, check that the layer complies with surface andother requirements.
4. Check for any recent damage by traffic or rain.
5. In cases where it rained after completion of the compaction,
check that the moisture content of the base is at least 50% belowoptimum moisture content before priming.
6. Check that weather conditions are favourable before primingcommences.
7. Check that the necessary equipment is available and conforms tothe specifications.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
3503(d); 3506(b)
3503(e); (f) & (g)
3503(i)
3506(b)
3503(h)
Project Specification; or
TRH 13 & TRH 14
3507 & 3509
4102
4103(a)
4105
4104
4104
4103
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8. Check that the surface has been prepared properly including alight application of water to provide a damp surface.
9. Check on storage and spraying temperatures.
10. Check that kerbing, guard rails, etc have been suitably coveredbefore priming commences.
11. Check that the spray rate achieved is within the specifiedtolerances.
12. Ensure that the road is closed to all traffic. If sections of theprimed surface have to be used by traffic ensure that an effectiveblinding layer is used. The use of blinding is not recommended;provide detours wherever possible.
SURFACE TREATMENT : SEALS
Single, Double & Cape Seals :
1. Check material for quality compliance as follows :
a) Seal stone : (i) Aggregate crushing value(ii) Average least dimension
(iv) Grading(v) Flakiness(vi) Dust content
b) Aggregate for slurry seal : (i) Hardness of parent rock(ii) Grading(iii) Sand equivalent(iv) Filler
c) Tack Coat Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.
d) Penetration Spray Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.
e) Emulsion for slurry : Compliance with relevant SABS.
f) Fog Spray Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.
g) Precoating of Aggregate (Hydrophilic aggregates): Compliance with relevant SABS.
Note : Allow adequate time for testing (not less than two weeks)
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
4105
4106(b)
4106(g)
4106(c); 4108
4302(b)
4302(b)
4302(c)
4302(a);4502; 4602
4302(a); 4502
4302(a); 4602(c)
4302(a); 4403(d);4502(g)
4302(d)
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2. Check the following items of plant and equipment:
a) Binder distributor.b) Chip spreader.
c) Rollers.d) Brooms.e) Mixer for slurry.f) Spreader box for slurry.g) Precoating Plant.
3. Check that the weather conditions are favourable and that roadsurface temperatures are above the specified minimum.
4. Check that binders are stored at temperatures and for periodswhich do not exceed the specified maximum.
5. Check that binders are sprayed at the correct temperatures.
6. Check that the surface to be sprayed has been cleaned.
7. Check that the prime coat has not been damaged by traffic orrain.
8. In cases where it rained after priming, check that the moisturecontent of the base is at least 50% below optimum moisturecontent before proceeding with the surfacing.
9. Check that the surface to be sprayed has been properlydemarcated.
10. Check that the kerbs, channels, guard rails, etc have beenadequately covered before spraying commences.
11. Check that the rate of application of the binder is within thespecified tolerance.
12. Check that the stone is applied within the specified time and thatall “windows” are immediately filled by hand distribut ion (in backchipping).
13. Check that the rolling sequence and the rolling techniques ingeneral are satisfactory.
14. Check that the surface has been broomed and the specifiedaggregate spread rate has been achieved.
15. Check that any joints between sprays have been properly andneatly constructed.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
4303
4304
4305
4305
4306(a)
4306(b)
4307
4307(b)(v)
4309; 4403(a); 4503(a)
4308(d); 4403(a);4503(d)
4303(a) & (d)4403(b); 4503(b),(e) & (f)
4307; 4308;4403(a) & (d)
4307(b)(iv)
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16. Where a second application of binder on top of the tack stone isspecified, check that the application rate of the binder is within thespecified tolerance.
17. Check on the timing of the second application of binder, with
special reference to the time interval between the application ofthe tack coat and the second binder application.
18. Where a second application of aggregate is required, check onthe spread rate, brooming and rolling.
19. Where a fog spray is required, check on the timing and rate ofapplication.
20. Check that the composition of the slurry is within the specificationwith particular reference to emulsion content, water content andfiller content.
21. Check that the rate of application of the slurry is within thespecified tolerance.
22. Check on the timing of the slurry application with particularreference to:
a) The time interval between the application of the tack coatand the application of the slurry and
b) The time interval between the first and second application
of the slurry (where two applications of slurry arespecified).
23. Check that the finished surface complies with the specifiedtolerances in the following respects:
a) Level and grade..b) Width.
c) Cross-section.
d) Surface regularity.
e) Stone adhesion after first few days of traffic.
24. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE 4308; 4503(d);4603(d)
4503(d)
4503(d), (e) & (f)
4403(d); 4503(g)
4604(c)
4309(b); 4604(e)
4604(b)
4604(e)
4314
Contract Specifications
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ASPHALT SURFACING:
1. Check the material for quality compliance before constructioncommences as follows:
a) Aggregate for asphalt:
i. Geological classification (check that the parent rockis acceptable).
ii. Aggregate crushing value.
iii. Flakiness.
iv. Polishing stone value.
v. Adhesion.
vi. Absorption.
vii. Sand equivalent (of sand fraction).
viii. Grading (check that by bleeding, a grading complyingwith the grading specification can be obtained).
b) Rolled in chips :
i. Geological classification (check that the parent rockis acceptable).
ii. Aggregate crushing value.
iii. Flakiness.
iv. Polishing stone value.
v. Adhesion.
vi. Absorption.
vii. Grading.
viii. Grade and quantity of precoating binder.
ix. Quantity of active filler.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
4202(b)(i) to (ix)
4202(b)(i) to (vii) & (x)
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c) Filler :
i) Type and activity.
ii) Grading.
iii) Bulk density in benzene.
iv) Maximum quantity of active filler in mix.
d) Binder : Compliance with relevant SABS.
e) Asphalt mix :
i) Marshal stability
ii) Marshal flow.
iii) Voids in mix.
iv) Stability / flow ratio.
v) Filler / bitumen ration.
vi) Bitumen filler thickness.
2. Check the following items of plant and equipment :
a) Mixing plant.b) Paver for asphalt mix.c) Chip spreader for pre-coated chips.d) Rollers.e) Binder distribution.
3. Check that the surface complies with the requirements and hasbeen cleaned and prepared. Check that the prime coat has notbeen damaged by traffic or rain. In cases where it rained afterpriming, check that the moisture content of the base is at least50% below the optimum moisture content before proceeding withthe surfacing in the upper 50mm of the base.
4. Check that the weather conditions are favourabe and that airtemperatures are above the specified minimum.
5. Check that the tack coat has been evenly applied at the correctrate.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
4202(c)
4202(a)
4203
See tables andProject Specifications
4204
4205(b)(i) & (ii)
4205(a)
4205(c)(iii)
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6. Check the following temperatures:
a) Storage temperature of binder.
b) Temperature of the binder as it enters the mixer.c) Temperature of aggregate as it enters the mixer.d) Temperature of the mix on completion of mixing.e) Temperature of the mix when it is spread.Note : Items a – d : Check at plant on an intermittent basis.
Item e : Check every load on site.
7. Check the spreading and compaction of the mix with particularreference to the following:
a) Smooth and efficient spreading of mix.b) The construction of longitudinal and transverse joints.c) The rate of application and uniformity of application of
rolled in chips.d) The operation of the rollers and compaction.e) The surface texture and the degree of embedment of the
rolled chips.Note : At the beginning of a contract check that a trial section has
been laid and that the quality of the trial section is acceptable.
8. Check that the following tests have been carried out on theasphalt mix as process control during construction :
a) Grading (6).b) Binder content (6).c) Spread rate for rolled in chips.d) Grading of rolled in chips.e) Marshall stability, flow and voids (4).f) Density (8).Note : Increase specified frequencies of testing to those
shown in ( x ) when trial sections are evaluated.
9. Check that the construction tolerances and surface finish complywith the specification in the following respects :
a) Level and grade.b) Width.c) Thickness.d) Cross-section.e) Surface regularity.
10. Check that the frequency of all measurements and tests isadequate. (See note about trial sections under item 8.)
11. Check whether filler (lime / cement) is added as specified.Note : This needs to be checked randomly at the asphalt plant and is
often omitted by the producer if no checks are made.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
4206(a)
4206(a)4206(b)(i)(1)4206(a)4207
42074208
4209; 4213(b)
42104210
4211
4214; Table 8206/3 andthe Project Specifications
4213(a)
4214
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CONCRETE PAVEMENTS :
1. Check the materials and the mix design for quality andrequirement compliance before construction commences as
follows:
a) Cement.b) Water.c) Aggregates for concrete.d) Admixtures to concrete.e) Concrete mix:
i) Cement content (cement / water ratio).ii) Specified strength.iii) Workability of concrete.iv) Air content.
2. Check the following items with respect to batching, mixing andtransporting of the concrete:
a) Storage of aggregates and cement.b) Storage temperatures of aggregates and mixing water.c) Proportioning of mix constituents.d) Mixing of the concrete.e) Transporting of the concrete.
3. Check that the surface upon which the concrete is to be placed,complies with the requirements and has been cleaned and
prepared. Check that the prime coat has not been damaged bytraffic or rain. Check the temperature of the primed subbase. If itexceeds 200 C the subbase shall be wetted.
4. Check the placing and compaction of the concrete under thefollowing items :
a) Compaction (vibrate until all air expelled but take care notto over vibrate as this causes bleeding of the mix water).
b) Time taken for placing the concrete.c) Adverse weather conditions (eg. rain, wind, high
temperatures).
d) Maintaining continuity of placing (concrete should not bemoved with the vibrating poker).
e) Width of placing.f) Level of requirements.g) Segregation of aggregates (can be caused by excessive
haul distances).
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
7102(a)7102(b)7102(c)7102(d)
7103
7105
7106
7107
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5. Check that the sideforms are clean and comply with therequirements of the following items:
a) Sideforms.b) Setting of forms.c) Removal of forms.
d) Rails.e) Guide wires.
Holes for dowels and tie bars should be drilled to obviatedistortion to the sideform caused when holes are cut. Unusedholes should be securely sealed to prevent mortar loss.
6. Check that the sideform concrete spreading, compaction andfinishing complies with the requirements.
7. Check that the slipform concrete placing, compaction andfinishing complies with the requirements.
8. Check that the hand placing requirements for spreading,compaction and finishing are complied with when concrete isplaced by hand in confined, restricted or non-uniform panels.
9. Check the texturing of the concrete pavement under the followingitems :
a) Equipment.b) Burlap drag and grooved texture.c) Wirebroom texture.
d) Hand texturing.
10. Check that the correct curing compound is applied and that therate of application and cover is as required. If exposed, curingcompound should be applied to the vertical edges of thepavement as well.
11. Check that the pavement is suitably protected against anydamage during the curing period of fourteen days.
12. Check that the joint fillers and sealants comply with the requiredstandards.
13. Joints must be checked to comply with the requirements of:
a) Longitudinal construction joints.b) Transverse construction joints.c) Longitudinal hinge joints.d) Transverse contraction joints.e) Expansion joints.
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
7108
7109
7110
7111
7113
7102(g); 7114
7114; 7126
7102(e)
711571157116(a)7116(b)7117
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14. Check that the panel with the “female” section of the keyed joint iscast before the panel with the “male” section.
15. Check that the sawing of joints is carried out by experiencedpersonnel and that the sawing is done at the “right time”. The
“right time” means the optimum time between when the concreteis green and spalling occurs and prior to cracks forming.
16. Check the placing of the tie bars and dowels to ensure that theyare at the correct position and properly aligned. Further checksfor compliance with the tie bar and dowel requirements must bemade. Particular care is to be taken that tie bars and dowels arevertical to the face of the joint.
17. Check that the materials which are to be used for the joint sealingare in compliance with the requirements. The joint must bethoroughly checked for cleanliness and dryness before sealing.Checking must further be carried out to ensure the sealingprocedure is carried out correctly. Care must be taken to ensurethat the neoprene compression seal is not stretched duringinstallation.
18. Check that the remedial work complies with the requirements forthe following items :
a) Removal of concrete.b) Removal of high spots.c) Repairing of joints.
d) Repairing of cracks.
19. Check that the construction tolerances have been met in respectof :
a) Level and Grade.b) Width.c) Joints.d) Thickness.e) Cross-section.f) Surface regularity.g) Dowels.
20. Check that frequency of measurements and testing andcompliance of test results comply with the specifications.
2. PAVEMENT REHABILITATION (Still to be added)
3. CONCRETE STRUCTURES (Still to be added)
COLTO SPECIFICATIONREFERENCE
7116; 7118
7119
7120
7125
7122
7124
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4. WATER AND SEWERAGE RETICULATION
EXCAVATION
1. Identify positions where other services may be encountered.These areas should be hand dug and all services exposed.
2. Classify material for and during excavation.
3. Generally three categories, soft, intermediate and hard rock.
4. Hard rock must be measured before blasting takes place.
5. If blasting is necessary ensure that the blaster has a validlicense. Check the blaster’s proposed safety precautions beforeblasting. Also obtain permission from relevant authorities beforeblasting in the vicinity of any services.
6. Excavated material, which is not suitable for bedding or backfill,such as rocks, clays, should be separated from the good materialand spoiled.
7. Where soft, soggy or unsuitable material is encountered, thisshould be removed and replaced with gravel or other approvedmaterial. If in doubt concerning depth, replacement material, etc.consult with Project Engineer.
8. For safety reasons, excavations left open at night should bebarricaded and lit if possible.
9. Excavations left open at night should be checked the followingmorning in case of side collapse, ingress of water, etc., beforeworks is allowed to commence.
PIPE LAYING (Water and Sewerage)
1. Check that pipes are correct type and class as specified.
2. Ensure pipes are stored with ends above the ground unless
stacked on concrete floors.
3. Check bedding as per specification and / or drawings beforepipe laying is allowed to commence.
4. Check invert levels or bedding before and during pipe laying. Also check trench width and alignment.
5. Any pipes left with open ends overnight or for any period of timeshould be properly sealed off at the open end to prevent ingressof dirt into the line.
6. Check at outset that pipe layer is sufficiently proficient.
SABS 1200 SPEC.REFERENCE
Clause 3.1 inSections D, DA & DB
Clauses 3.2, 3.3& 3.5 in Section DB.Clauses 3.1, 3.2,3.3, 3.4.1 & 3.4.2in Section LB.
Section LB
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BACKFILLING
1. Check pipe alignment before any backfilling is allowed tocommence. The selected backfill must be approved beforeordinary backfill to ground level is allowed to commence.
2. Check that backfill material does not include any rocks or sharpobjects which could damage the pipe.
3. Before testing, backfilling of the pipes should be allowed with the joints left exposed wherever possible.
4. Backfilling should be to ± 150mm above ground level to allow forany subsequent settlement, except in urban areas whereadditional compaction may be required to ensure that pavementareas do not settle further.
Clauses 5.6 to 5.10
6 & 7 in Sect DB
Clauses 3.5, 5.6.1 &5.6.2 in Section DB
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7. APPENDIX B RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST - WATER
Contents Page
1. PIPE TRENCHESExcavation
BeddingPipe layingBackfillingPressure TestingReinstatement of surfaces
2. UPVC PIPES
3. HDPE WATER PIPES
4. STEEL WATER PIPES
5. SEWER PIPES
6. CONCRETE STORMWATER PIPES
7. VALVES, EQUIPMENT, METERS, STAND PIPES AND FITTINGS
8. CHAMBERS AND MANHOLES
9. PUMPSTATIONS (STILL TO BE ADDED)
10. TREATMENT PLANTS (STILL TO BE ADDED)
11. CONCRETE STRUCTURES (STILL TO BE ADDED)
12. CANALS (STILL TO BE ADDED)
13. MASS EARTHWORKS
14. BOREHOLE INSTALLATIONS (STILL TO BE ADDED)
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1. PIPE TRENCHES
EXCAVATION
1. Identify positions where other services may be encountered.
Obtain all service plans and copy of the approved wayleaveapplications (where applicable). These areas should be handdug and all services exposed.
2. Classify material for and during excavation and assess thesuitability of the insitu material for the various classes of backfillto the trench. Perform grading and PI tests.
3. Generally three categories, soft, intermediate and hard rock ( oras provided in the project specifications)
4. Hard rock must be measured before blasting takes place.
5. If blasting is necessary, ensure that the blaster has a validlicense. Obtain a blasting indemnity form from the contractor.Check the blaster’s proposed safety precautions before blasting. Also obtain permission from relevant authorities before blastingin the vicinity of any services. Ensure that notices are submittedto residents and authorities prior to blasting.
6. Excavated material which is not suitable for bedding or backfill,such as rocks, clays should be separated from the good materialand spoiled.
7. Where soft, soggy or unsuitable material is encountered, thisshould be removed and replaced with gravel or other approvedmaterial as per specification. If in doubt concerning depth,replacement material, etc. consult with Project Engineer.
8. For safety reasons, excavations left open at night should bebarricaded and lit if possible.
9. Check that the trench is widened for joints.
10. Excavations left open at night should be checked the following
morning in case of side collapse, ingress of water, etc., beforeworks is allowed to commence.
11. Approve the trench bottom and measure the depth and gradientprior to commencement of the bedding and pipe laying.
12. Assure that bracing and shoring are done at dangerousexcavations. See that the contractor appoints a responsibleperson in writing in terms of the Machinery and OccupationalSafety Act.
SABS 1200 SPEC.REFERENCE
Clause 3.1 inSections D, DA & DB
Clauses 3.2, 3.3& 3.5 in Section DB.Clauses 3.1, 3.2,3.3, 3.4.1 & 3.4.2in Section LB.
Clause 5.1.3 in D, DA
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BEDDING AND SELECTED BACKFILL
1. Check that the bedding and selected backfill material complieswith the grading and PI specifications prior to placement.
2. Check that bedding and selected backfill material does notinclude any rocks or sharp objects which could damage the pipe.
3. Check that the bedding and selected material are compacted tospecification, that no voids are left under the overhang of thepipes and placed to the correct dimensions (cover and beddingunder pipe)
4. Leave the joints exposed wherever possible for later pressuretesting.
PIPE LAYING
1. Check that pipes are correct type and class as specified.
2. Ensure pipes are stored with ends above the ground unlessstacked on concrete floors.
3. Check that the marking of the pipes are according to thespecifications.
4. Check bedding as per specification and / or drawings before pipelaying is allowed to commence.
5. Verify that each pipe and fitting are thoroughly cleaned out and
carefully examined for damage immediate before laying.
6. Check invert levels during pipelaying.
7. Any pipes left with open ends overnight or for any period of timeshould be properly sealed off at the open end to prevent ingressof dirt into the line.
8. Check at outset that pipe layer is sufficiently proficient.
9. Ensure that pipelines passing through buried beams, walls, orother rigid structures have at least 50 mm clearance between the
pipeline and any part of the structure.
10. Assure appropriate clearance between the pipeline and the otherservices intersecting or laid alongside. Consult the specificationsor the Project Engineer..
BACKFILL
1. Check pipe alignment before any backfilling is allowed tocommence. The selected backfill must be approved beforeordinary backfill to ground level is allowed to commence.
2. Ensure that as-built levels and co-ordinates are taken prior tobackfill.
Clauses 3.1 & 3.2 insection LB
Clauses 5.1.3, 5.1.4, 5.3,6 & 7 in section LB
Section LB
Clauses 5.6 to 5.10
6 & 7 in Sect DB
Clauses 3.5, 5.6.1 &5.6.2 in Section DB
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3. Check that backfill material does not include any rocks or sharpobjects which could damage the pipe.
4. Before testing, backfilling of the pipes should be allowed with the joints left exposed wherever possible.
5. Backfilling should be to ± 150mm above ground level to allow forany subsequent settlement, except in urban areas whereadditional compaction may be required to ensure that pavementareas do not settle further.
6. Check that the contractor allows sufficient cover before applyingcompaction equipment and wheel loads over the pipes.
PRESSURE TESTING
1. Check that all thrust blocks and/or pedestals (pressured waterlines) are cast and cured prior to pressure testing.
2. Make sure that adequate precaution for air vents are made. Ifnecessary install temporary air vents.
3. Test sewer and water lines in accordance with the specifications.
REINSTATEMENT OF SURFACES
(still to be added)
2. uPVC WATER LINES (SABS 966)
1. Check that pipes and fittings are packed or wrapped to protectthem from damage during transportation. When stored,continuous support should be provided along the full length of thepipe.
2. Verify that pipes and fittings are correct type and class asspecified.
3. Check that the joint rings fitted to the integral pipe end socketsand other fittings are in a good condition and free from oil, petrol,
grease or dirt.
4. Check that the rubber rings used for jointing are those suppliedby the manufacturer
5. Inspect the inner and outer surfaces are smooth and free fromgrooving, blistering, and other deleterious defects.
6. Check that the plain end of the pipes and fittings is clean cut andchamfered to half of the wall thickness of the pipe.
7. Check that both ends are free from chips and rough edges andcut square to the axis.
Sewer: clause 7.2 of LDWater: clause 7.3 of L
Clause 5.2.1 of L
Clause 4.4 & 5.5 ofSABS 966
Clause 4.4 & 5.5 ofSABS 966
Clause 4.4 & 5.5 ofSABS 966
Clause 6 of SABS 966
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8. No joints shall visibly leak when tested.
9. Ensure that no pipes are threaded and that no threaded fittingsare used to joint to uPVC pipes.
3. BLACK POLYETHYLENE PIPES (SABS 533)
1. Check that pipes and fittings are correct type and class asspecified.
2. Check that pipes are free from porosity and pinholes and that theinner and outer surfaces are smooth, homogeneous, and freefrom grooving, blistering and other deleterious defects.
3. Check that both ends are free from chips and rough edges andcut square to the axis.
4. Check that pipes are transported and stored in manner notcausing damage and kinking.
5. Check that no pipes are threaded and that no threaded fittingsare used to joint to PE pipes.
4. STEEL PIPES (SABS 62 & 719)
1. Check that the pipes are of the specified type, material and wallthickness.
2. Check that threads, flanges and prepared ends of plain endedpipes and fittings are not damaged.
3. Check that flanges and plain ends are cut and welded square tothe axis of the pipe.
4. Check that the maker’s certificate covering the chemical analysisand physical properties of the steel used in the manufacturing ofthe pipes and specials comply with the specification.
5. Verify, by obtaining written conformation from the manufacturer,that the welding has been carried out by a coded welder.
6. Check that pipe specials and fittings are free from weld spatter
and all sharp corners and edges are grounded smooth andround.
7. Check that the flanges are manufactured to the correct patternand thickness and that the nuts and bots are of the correctspecification.
8. Check that bolt holes are not reamed to oversize dimensions tomake a particular pieces fit.
9. Check that gaskets that comply with the specifications are usedbetween the flanges.
Clause 3.4 of SABS 533
Clause 3.4 of SABS 533
Clause 3.1 of L
Clause 3.1 of L
Clause 3.4.1 of L
Clause 3.4.1 of L
Clause 3.3.4 of L
Clause 3.8.3 & 3.8.4 of L
Clause 3.8.4 of L
Clause 3.8.4 of L
Clause 3.9.2.1 & 3.9.2.2of L
Clause 3.9.2.3 & 7.4 of L
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10. Check that the bolts are of sufficient length.
11. Check that the pipe coatings comply with the specifications.
12. Check that any detected defects to the coating are repaired asspecified.
13. Check that all plain ends are not oval.
14. Check that all joints, bolts, nuts and washers are coated tospecification.
15. Check that the protection against electrolytic corrosion is installedto specification.
16. Check that pipes are laid to avoid straining of joints (screwedfittings and flanges)
17. Check that all welded joints are tested and pasted in accordancewith the specification.
5. uPVC SEWER AND DRAIN PIPES (SABS 791 & 1601)
1. Check that pipes and fittings are packed or wrapped to protectthem from damage during transportation. When stored,continuous support should be provided along the full length of thepipe.
2. Check that pipes and fittings are the correct type and class asspecified.
3. Check that the joint rings fitted to the integral pipe end socketsand other fittings are in a good condition and free from oil, petrol,grease or dirt.
4. Check that the inner and outer surfaces are smooth and freefrom grooving, blistering, and other deleterious defects.
5. Check that the rubber rings used for jointing are those suppliedby the manufacturer.
6. CONCRETE STORMWATER PIPES (SABS 677)
1. Check that the pipes are of the correct class.
2. Prior to laying, check that the pipes are not cracked or damaged.
3. Check that the pipe lengths are placed hard up against eachother longitudinally to obtain tight joints.
4. Check that each barrel is supported throughout the barrel length.
5. Check that holes or grooves are cut in the bottom of the trench toallow for jointing (spigot and socket pipes)
6. Check that lifting holes are closed with prior to backfilling.
Clause 7.2 of L
Clause 4.4 of SABS 791
Clause 5.2.2 of LE
Clause 5.2.2 of LE
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7. VALVES, EQUIPMENT, METERS, STAND PIPES AND FITTINGS
1. Check that the valves, equipment, meters etc. are of thespecified type, material, size and marking.
2. Ensure that suppliers’ certificates are provided.
3. Check that valves, equipment, meters etc. are not damaged priorto installation.
4. Check that all adaptor bushes are manufactured specifically forthe purpose and pipe materials.
5. Check that the flanges are manufactured to the correct patternand thickness and that the nuts and bots are of the correctspecification.
6. Check that bolt holes on neither the fitting, etc nor the pipeflanges are reamed to oversize dimensions to make a particularpiece fit.
7. Check that all fittings, meters, valves, equipment, etc. areproperly supported.
8. Check that the bolts are of sufficient length.
9. Check that the outside diameter of pipes is within the tolerancesas prescribed by the manufactures of pipe couplers and adaptorbushes.
10. Check that gaskets that comply with the specifications are usedbetween the flanges.
11. Check that sensitive equipment is stored in a manner to avoiddamage by dust, sunlight and is safely locked away.
12. Check that meters, valves and equipment are installed correctlyto avoid straining on the joints.
13. Check that coatings are not damaged.
8. CHAMBERS AND MANHOLES
1. Refer to “CONCRETE STRUCTURES” for concrete manholesand chambers and concrete slabs that form part of manholes,chambers and grid inlets.
2. Check that the bricks are obtained from a approvedmanufacturer, are either burnt clay or engineering bricks andcomply with the specifications.
3. Check that precast cylinders are of the correct type and class, jointing between the rings are interlocking and self-centring.
4. Check that the precast sections are not damaged or cracked.
Clause 3.11.1 of L,Clause 3.1 of A or AAClause 3.4.1 of LE
Clause 3.11.2 of L,Clause 3.4.2 of LE
Clause 3.11.5.1 of L,Clause 3.4.3 of LE
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5. Check that manhole cover and frames and grid inlets are of thecorrect type and class. Generally type 1 and 2 cover and framesare used in areas that are subjected to traffic and type 4 in areasnot subjected to loads.
6. Check that the step irons comply with the requirements of BS1247 and of length suitable for fixing in brick, in-situ concrete or
precast concrete as applicable.
7. Check that the compaction around the manholes, chambers andboxes is done to specification.
8. Check that brickwork is properly bonded in a 1:3 cement:sandmortar and are constructed in an approved bond with the fair faceto the inside.
9. Check that plaster are not less that 12 mm and not more than 20mm and that the finish are smooth and even.
10. Check that benching is rendered in granolithic plaster andfinished smooth and true and that corner are rounded.
11. Check that boxes, chambers and valves are constructed to theposition and dimensions as indicated on the drawing. At least300 mm working space should be allowed around valves, metersother equipment that requires future access.
12. Check air vents, locking devices, etc..
13. Ensure that the finished surface of the ground around the
structure is done in a manner to lead the stormwater away fromthe structure.
9. PUMP STATIONS
(still to be added)
10. TREATMENT PLANTS
(still to be added)
11. CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(still to be added)
12. CANALS
(still to be added)
13. MASS EARTHWORKS
1. Identify positions where other services may be encountered.These areas should be hand dug and all services exposed.
2. Classify material for and during excavation.
3. Generally three categories, soft, intermediate and hard rock.
Clause 3.11.4.1 of L,Clause 3.4.4 of LE
Clause 5.8 of L,Clause 5.5.2 of LE
Clause 5.5.3 of LE
Clause 5.5.3 of LE
Clause 6.4 of L,Clause 6.3 of LE
Clause 3.1 in D, DA
Clause 5.1.1.3 in D, DA
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4. Hard rock must be measured before blasting takes place.
5. If blasting is necessary, ensure that the blaster has a validlicense. Obtain a blasting indemnity form from the contractor.Check the blaster’s proposed safety precautions before blasting. Also obtain permission from relevant authorities before blasting in
the vicinity of any services. Ensure that notices are submitted toresidents and authorities prior to blasting.
6. Verify that material to be used for fill in embankments, terraces;berms, etc. comply with the CBR, PI, grading and liquid limitrequirements.
7. Make sure that no oversize particles are placed againststructures that can damage the structure.
8. Assure that the contractor select, preserve and the topsoil ifrequired for later use.
9. Assure that material from excavations that is suitable for backfillor the construction of embankments, etc. is stockpiled in thevicinity of future use and that any unsuitable material is spoiled.
10. Agree the overhaul distance to and from spoil, stockpile, borrowand fill areas and measure the quantities of the material moved.Spoil material are measured using the volume prior to excavationand fill material the volume after placement.
11. Check that every excavation that is accessible to the public or
that is adjacent to public road or thoroughfare or by which safetyof persons may be endangered is adequately protected.
12. Assure that bracing and shoring are done at dangerousexcavations. See that the contractor appoints a responsibleperson in writing in terms of the Machinery and OccupationalSafety Act.
13. See that the contractor provides adequate protection againstflooding, damage by stormwater, flow from springs, and seepage.
14. Assure prior to excavation and/or fill that adequate survey
information are available to enable the RE to calculate quantities.
15. See that the contractor manage borrow pits as instructed.
16. Verify that the works are constructed to the tolerances.
17. Check that the contractor carry out sufficient tests to satisfythemselves about the consistency of materials placed and that hehands copies of such tests to the RE.
18. Carry out check tests and make the results available to thecontractor.
19. See that material, compaction and levels that not comply with thestandard and tolerances are rectified to comply with the saidrequirements and tolerances.
Clause 3.2 in D, DA
Clause 3.2.3 in D, DA
Clause 3.3.1 and 5.2.1.2of D, DA
Clause 3.3.2 of D, DA
Clause 5.2.5 and 8 of D,DA
Clause 5.1.1.1 of D, DA
Clauses 5.1.1.2 and
5.1.4.3 of D, DA
Clause 5.1.3 in D, DA
Clause 5.2.2.3 of D, DA
Clauses 6 of A, AA, D,
DA
Clause 7.2 of D, DA
Clause 7.3 of D, DA
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14. BOREHOLE INSTALLATIONS
(still to be added)
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8. APPENDIX C – RESIDENT ENGINEER’S CHECK LIST – STRUCTURES
Pending
Contents Page