Reserch Models
-
Upload
suresh-murugan -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
Transcript of Reserch Models
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
1/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 1
HDR Seminar SeriesFaculty of Commerce
Spring Session 2005
Research Models andMethodologies
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
2/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 2
Agenda
Definition of ResearchResearch Paradigms (a.k.a research philosophyor research model) specifying concepts -phenomena of interest as defined in model, andstatements - propositions involving conceptsTheories, Methods and Application DomainsClasses of Research Methodologies that have
emerged as a consequence of conducting similarkinds of researchResearch Design Formats for Qualitative andQuantitativeMulti-method research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
3/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 3
What is Research?
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
4/65
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
5/65Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 5
What is Research?Research Deliverableswhy produce outlines, reports,presentations, and/or dissertations- weneed to have these deliverables for tworeasons:
to assist us to think through this processbecause it is extremely difficult to do withoutscaffolding or structuring ones thoughts
because if your thoughts cannot becommunicated then you do not trulyunderstand them
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
6/65Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 6
What is Research?Primary Research and SourcesPrimary research -study of a subject throughfirst hand observation and investigation:
analysing a workplace, conducting a survey or aninterviewcarrying out a laboratory experiment, buildingapparatusanalysing a literary or historical text, a film orperformance
Primary sources of information includestatistical data, historical data, works orart
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
7/65Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 7
What is Research?Secondary Research and SourcesSecondary Research - involves theexamination of studies of otherresearchersSecondary Sources include books,articles about political issues, medicalissues, scientific debates or literary works
Most research and most research writinginvolves the use of both forms of researchand both forms of research sources
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
8/65Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 8
Research Models
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
9/65Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 9
Research Modelsbroadly speaking there are two majortypes of research models or researchparadigms (after Creswell 2003):
quantitative - also known as traditional,
positivist, experimental, or empiricist asadvanced by authorities such as Comte, Mill,Durkheim, Newton, Lockequalitative - constructivist, naturalistic,interpretive, postpositivist or postmodernperspective as advanced by Dithey, Kant,Wittgenstein (latter), Foucault, Miles andHuberman
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
10/65Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 10 After: Creswell, J. W. (2003)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
11/65
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
12/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 12 After: Creswell, J. W. (2003)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
13/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 13
Research Models
used to describe the overall frameworkused to look at reality , based on aphilosophical stance
eg. empiricism, positivism, postmodernism,post-structuralismmodels identify basic concepts and describe
what reality is like, and the conditions bywhich we can study itideas identified in models are called concepts
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
14/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 14
Research ModelsCaveatssometimes the word model is usedincorrectly in IS - it is used in a much moreconstrained sense to indicate a set of(hopefully) related conceptssimilar use occurs with framework - haveto distinguish between the disciplinaryusage of the term and the term as it existsin the philosophy of sciencealso known as research philosophy ,research paradigm ,
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
15/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 15
Research ModelsDefinitiona concept is a general expressions ofparticular phenomenon
eg. information, cats, dogs, motivation,usabilitya concept is the relationship between the wordor symbol and an idea and its conception-signs
everybody, everywhere makes use of conceptsmany concepts are shared especially if we aremembers of the same culture- eg. baby, hate,
justice
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
16/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 16
Research ModelsMeanings and Communication
concepts are used to impose some sort ofcoherent meaning on the worldit is through them that we can make sense of
reality, and perceive order and coherenceused to communicate our experience of theenvironment around us
our perception of our surroundings istherefore highly dependent on the scale of ourknowledge and our familiarity with a widerange of concepts
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
17/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 17
Research ModelsPhysical Science versus Social Scienceaccording to the model being usedresearchers in natural science will try to definemeanings with great precision - this may bepossible to do in researchsocial scientists however often recognise thatthe concepts within their models may be basedon opinions, values, traditions, cultures andrules that cannot be precisely pinned downDo you think that information systems is ascience? If so why? If not why? How aboutComputing Science?
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
18/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 18
Research ModelsConcepts and Statements (1)the use of concepts on their own is limitedin researchwe expect that research should provide:
a system of classificationoffer explanations,make predictions, and
acquire a sense of understandingconcepts are only useful in providing asystem of classification (typology) the
remaining expectations are met byresearch statements
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
19/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 19
Research ModelsConcepts and Statements (2)the remaining aims must be expressed in theform of statements that contain concepts -therefore the meaning and value of conceptscannot be assessed apart from their use instatementsinterestingly:
while concepts can be generally measured for thedegree of agreement about its use and its meaningamongst users of the concept, statements aregenerally more complicated
certain types of statements reoccur within adiscipline these may be associated with discourses
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
20/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 20
Research ModelsTheories, Methods, Domains & Methodologiesresearch models (paradigms) are applied tounderstanding particular application domains(also known as a problem domain) by meansof deploying methods which have behind
them particular theories (next section )research models (paradigms) are deployedusing one of a number of recognised
research methodologies - the choice is largelya matter of discipline- what counts as a usefulmethodology within a particular area(following section )
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
21/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 21
Theories, Methods, Domains
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
22/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 22
Theories, Methods, Domains (1)Theory Defined
a theory is a set of interrelated constructs(concepts), definitions and propositions(statements) that presents a systematicview of phenomena by specifyingrelations among variablesarranged with the purpose of explainingand predicting phenomenaa theory is a convenience necessity fororganising facts and constructs into ameaningful and manageable form but itcan be tested for quality
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
23/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 23
methods (a.k.a. techniques) are used toreveal the existence of, identify the value,significance or extent of, or representsemantic relationships between one ormore concepts identified in a model fromwhich statements can be madesometimes a distinction is made betweenmethods and technique - one definitionhas technique as the way or manner inwhich a method is applied or deployed
Theories, Methods, Domains (2)Methods and Techniques
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
24/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 24
Theories, Methods, Domains (3)Relationship between Methods and Theories
in order to know the range of availablemethods that can be selected- you mustknow about the theory being applied
an important issue involves realising that behindevery method there is always a theorytheories also need to be checked for appropriacy
and relevance with respect to a given applicationdomain
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
25/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 25
Theories, Methods, Domains (4)Relationship to Application Domains
theory
method(s)
applicationdomian
methodologicalappropriacy andrelevance
theoreticalappropriacy andrelevance
methods are based on theories
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
26/65
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
27/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 27
Theories, Methods, Domains (6)Putting Theories at Risk
in severe cases the application of methods toa particular domain can put the theory at riskcan be manifest in several ways and mayinvolve:
major projects to revamp theories to account forthe special conditions, or the use of additional theories to account for thesespecial conditions
real researchers look for these occasions- itoften means you can get a substantial part ofyour original argument (and your PhD!)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
28/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 28
Theories, Methods, Domains (7)
theory
method(s)
applicationdomian
methodologicalappropriacy andrelevance
theoreticalappropriacy andrelevance
cases which cannotbe analysed usingexisting methods
cases whichproblematise the theory
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
29/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 29
Theories, Methods, Domains (6)Single versus Multi-method Research
in general the best advice would be to select a singleparadigm (qualitative or quantitative) for yourresearch work (after Creswell 2003)based on pragmatic choices : time, skills, and overall
size of the projectthe reason for this is that qualitative and quantitativeresearch are based on differences in:
nature of reality- ontologyrelationship to that being researched- epistemologyrole of values- axiologyuse of language/words- rhetorical
overall processof research- methodological
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
30/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 30
Theories, Methods, Domains (8)
theory A
method(s) A
commonapplicationdomian
theory B
method(s) B
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
31/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 31
Theories, Methods, Domains (9)Theoretical Pluralism
as a strategy, using multiple theories mayappear to be simpler than improving thebasis of a theory and it can be useful:
therefore this strategy is more commonly used,
but it is fraught with danger theoretical pluralism - we can easily misleadourselves into thinking that several theoreis arecompatible because we can apply them
an acceptable alternative to using multipletheories is to use multiple methods (seelater section)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
32/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 32
Theories, Methods, Domains (10)Risks in using Multiple Theories
theoretical pluralism(treat theory A as is if equivalent to theory B)
method(s)(as if method(s) A are theoretically
compatible with method(s) B)
commonapplication
domianconflationthe process of
treating A as if B
ellisionthe result of
conflation
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
33/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 33
Research MethodologiesWalliman (2001)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
34/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 34
Research MethodologyFrom the General to the Specific
defines:what constitutes a research activity,utilises or is applicable to a model , andtherefore specifies concepts and relatedstatementswhat methods to apply, how to measureprogress, and what constitutes successalso specifies how to communicate aboutan area of research activity (structure,deliverables)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
35/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 35
Research MethodologiesTypes of Research
different kinds of research questions requiredifferent kinds of approaches variousmethodologies have emerged to deal with themwe will consider only those that have immediate
relevance to CS/IS interestingly you could applyany of these approaches to IS:mostly because of the fact that IS is an applieddiscipline and therefore lends itself to a range of
different interpretationsalso because IS is multidisciplinary and so i tstheoretical and methodological basis is in manydifferent disciplines and therefore makes many kinds of
research project possible
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
36/65
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
37/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 37
Research MethodologiesHistorical Research
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
the systematic andobjective location,evaluation and synthesis ofevidence in order toestablish facts and drawconclusions about pasteventsinvolves:
Where the events take place?Which people are involves?When the events occurred?What kind of human activitywas involved?
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
38/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 38
Research MethodologiesComparative Research
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Often used together with historical
research to compare peoplesexperience of different societies, eitherbetween t imes in the past or in parallelsituations in the present
conducted at a macro level (revolutions)or at a micro level (individualexperiences)Experimental research- where theresearcher controls causal factors- isnot really possible in social research,but history and comparisons can supplyresearchers with a natural experiment inwhich non-essential characteristics of aphenomena can be eliminated bylooking at multiple instance of it
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
39/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 39
Research MethodologiesDescriptive Research
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Instead of examining records or
artifacts, descriptive research relies onobservation as a means of collectingdataattempts to examine situations in order
to establish what is the normal- whatcan be predicted to happen again underthe same circumstancesObservations are written down orrecorded in some way in order to besubsequently analysedDepends on human observations andresponses- distortions in data canoccur in biased questions in interviews,questionnaires, selective observation ofevents
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
40/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 40
Research MethodologiesCorrelation Research
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
analytical survey or correlation
research is quantitativeCorrelation is a word which describesthe statistical measure of association orthe relationships between two
phenomenaTwo types of studiesRelational studies: an exploratory formof study which investigates the possiblerelationships between phenomena toestablish if a correlation exists and if soto what extentPrediction studies: carried out inresearch areas where correlations are
already known- attempts to predictpossible behaviour or events
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
41/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 41
Research MethodologiesExperimental Research
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
researchers try to isolate and control everyrelevant condition which determines the
events investigated, so as to observe theeffects when the conditions are manipulatedDifferent types of experimental design:
Pre-experimental : unreliable assumptions aremade despite the lack of control over variablesTrue experimental : rigorous check of theidentical nature of groups before testing theinfluence of a variable on a sample of themunder controlled circumstancesQuasi-experimental : not all conditions of trueexperimental design can be fulfilled but theshortcomings are identif iedCorrelation and ex post facto : correlation looksfor cause and effect relationships between twosets of data; ex post facto reverseexperimentation - interprets the cause ofphenomenon by observing it s effects
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
42/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 42
Research MethodologiesEvaluation Research
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Descriptive type of research designed to deal withcomplex social issues (the latest so called fourth
generation evaluation research has the followingproperties):outcomes do not represent how things are or howthey work, rather they represent meaningfulconstructions which groups create to make sense ofsituations they find themselves in
It is recognised that these const ruct ions are shapedby the values of the constructorsinextricably linked to particular phys ical,psychological, social and cultural contexts withinwhich they are formed and in which they are usedevaluation of these constructions is highlydependent on the involvement and viewpoint of theevaluatorsevaluation should be action oriented , define a coursewhich can be practically followed- usually requiresnegotiationparticipants are equal partners in every aspect of thedesign, implementation , interpretation andresulting action
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
43/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 43
Research MethodologiesEvaluation Research (Systems Analysis)
1. Historical2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
One type of evaluation research is (wouldyou believe):
Systems analysis : holistic type of researchwhich reverses the three stage order ofthinking which is typical of scientificenquiry (that is, breaking the problem intoresearchable parts, then separately
evaluating the parts and then aggregatingthe evaluations into an explanation of thewhole). In contrast, systems analysis isinvolved with:
Identifying the encompassing whole (the
system) of which the phenomenon orproblem is a partEvaluating the behaviour or properties of theencompassing wholeExplaining the behaviour or properties of thephenomena or problem in terms of its rolesor functions within the encompassing whole
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
44/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 44
Research MethodologiesEvaluation Research (Responsive)
1. Historical
2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Another kind of evaluation research iscalled:
Responsive Evaluation : in which a seriesof investigative steps is undertaken inorder to evaluate how responsive aprogram is (an advertising campaign, newdegree course etc) to all those taking part
in it:Data collection : identifying issues from thepeople directly involves in the programme;identifying further issues from the programdocuments; observing how the programmeis actually workingEvaluation : the design of an evaluationbased on the data collected and reportingfindingsSuggested changes : informing theparticipants of the findings in ways
specifically designed for each type ofaudience
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
45/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 45
Research Methodologies Action Research
1. Historical
2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation
5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
similar to experimental research although carriedout in the real world rather than in the context of aclosed experimental system it involves small scaleinterventions in the functioning of the real world anda close examination of the effects of such aninterventionEssentially an on the spot procedure- designed todeal with a specific problem evident in a particular
situation where no attempt is made to separate aparticular feature of the problem from i ts context inorder to study it in isolationconstant monitoring and evaluation are carried outand conclusions from the findings are appliedimmediately and further monitoredas a practical form of research, aimed at a specificproblem and situation and with litt le or no controlover independent variables, it cannot fulfil thescientific requirement for generalisabilitytherefore despite its exploratory nature- and
therefore relatable to experimental research- it isactually the antithesis experimental research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
46/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 46
Research MethodologiesEthnogenic Research
1. Historical
2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation
5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action
8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Researchers are interested in how subjects of theresearch theorise about their own behaviour rather
than imposing a theory from outside Aims are:
to represent a view of the world as it is st ructured by theparticipants under observation by elicitingphenomenological data ( that is it concentrates on thedetailed descript ion of conscious experience- the scienceof phenomena as opposed to the science of being)it t akes place in undis turbed natural settings of thesubjectsit attempts to represent the totality of the social, culturaland economic situation, regarding the context to beequally important as the actionDifficult form of research - culture is often hidden andrarely explicit , need to consider the language andbehaviour of subjects and surrounding condi tions inwhich they workRisks : cultural background of t he research can affect the
outcome; naturalistic settings mean that it i s imposs ibleto repeat the situation to verify the research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
47/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 47
Research MethodologiesFeminist/Identity Politics Research
1. Historical
2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation
5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action
8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
No single sets of methodologies- rather arelated set of practices which start from a
position on research which says that genderand issues of identity politics must beconsidered as an enormously inf luencialcategory in social theorythat those researchers who ignore its influence
have invalid knowledge as non-feministparadigms usually ignore the partiality of theresearchers ideas about the social worldUndertaken with a political commitment to theidentification and transformation of gender
relations and identityVery important form of research because whilethis form of research is not uniquely political itexposes the fact that all methods of socialresearch are political to the extent that they are
gendered and rely on specific kinds ofrepresentation of identity
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
48/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 48
Research MethodologiesCultural Research
1. Historical
2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation
5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action
8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Many of the prevailing theoretical debates (eg.Postmodernism, post-structuralism) are concerned
with language and cul tural interpretation- these issuesare central to sociological studiesCultural texts expanded to include manymanifestations of cultural exchange:
Opera, TV, cocktail parties, fashion
The main criteria for cultural texts is that one should beable to read some meanings into the phenomena
Need has therefore arisen for methodologies thatallow analysis of cultural texts to be compared,replicated, disproved and generalised:
Structural properties of language (Chomsky SacksSchelgoff)Language as action in i ts contextual environment(Wittgenstein Austin and Searle)Sociolinguis tics and the ethnography of speaking(Hymes, Bernstein, Labov etc)
Semiotic theories of Language (Halliday, Hjelmslev)
h h d l
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
49/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 49
Research MethodologiesCultural Research
1. Historical
2. Comparative3. Descriptive4. Correlation
5. Experimental6. Evaluation7. Action
8. Ethnogenic9. Feminist10. Cultural
Three approaches to the consistentinterpretation of cultural texts are:
Content Analysis : rather positivistic attempt toidentify subjective meaning in the culturaldomain. Example is counting the number oftimes a particular word occurs in a text as anindication of its importance.
Semiotics : takes an opposite approach byattempting to gain a deep understanding ofmeanings by the interpretation of singleelements of texts and tracing the meaningsof things back through the systems and codes
through which they have meaning and makemeaning (Slater 1995, 240)Discourse Analysis : studies the ways thatpeople communicate with each other throughlanguage within a social setting- several
schools
h h d l i
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
50/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 50
Research MethodologiesSome Very Sensible Questions
How do I know which researchmethodology to choose ?
Ask your supervisors or others who
have worked directly in the applicationdomain that you are interested instudying, and/or
Look at significant papers in your fieldand attempt to determine whatmethodology they are using
R h M h d l i
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
51/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 51
Research Methodologies Some Very Sensible Questions
Can I mix research methodologies ?In principle your should not need to. Within eachmethodology there are many schools it is morelikely that you may only need to get more familiar
with the range of methods techniques and conceptswithin your existing methodology. There areconsiderable risks (recall the theoretical pluralismsection)However, having said that if you can demonstratethat you need to do multi-methodology researchand establish the condition for doing it then that will
likely form a substantial part of the originality foryour dissertation (I did this in my own PhD)
R h M h d l i
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
52/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 52
Research Methodologies Some Very Sensible Questions
How do I know whether my question isworth researching ?
You wont necessarily- but others are likely to.Be aware that your problem will change andevolve- in my opinion let it! The problem willchange (get more complex as your reading andresearch increases). Early on if it doesnt getmore complex then it may be that the problemis not really appropriate.If your problem appear to be getting morecomplex then thats often a good sign- your
work is substantial.
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
53/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 53
Research Design FormatsCreswell (1994)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
54/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 54
Research Design Formatsin general there are predictable sets of questions,
issues and information that you need to addressin order to successfully undertake a researchquestionthese predictable elements differ depending on
whether a qualitative or quantitative study isbeing undertakenthese so called research design formats bridgethe gap between your proposal and your evolvingdissertationnote : you will probably need to do both types ofdesign format if you are doing multi-paradigmresearch- just one more reason why multi-methodstudies take more time!
R h D ig F t
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
55/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 55
Research Design FormatsQuantitative Format (relatively Standardised)
IntroductionContext (Statement of the Problem)Purposes of the StudyResearch Questions or Objectives or HypothesesTheoretical PerspectiveDefinition of TermsDelimitations and Limitations of the Study
Review of the LiteratureMethods
Research Design
Sample, Population, or SubjectsInstrumentation and MaterialsVariables in the StudyData Analysis
Appendices: Instruments
Research Design Formats
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
56/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 56
Research Design FormatsQualitative Format 1 (after Creswell 2003)
IntroductionStatement of the ProblemPurposes of the StudyThe Grand Tour Question and SubquestionsDefinition of TermsDelimitations and Limitations of the StudySignificance of the Study
Procedure Assumptions and Rationale for a Qualitative DesignThe Type of Design Used
The Role of the Researcher Data Collection ProceduresData Reduction/Analysis ProceduresMethods for VerificationOutcome of the Study and its Relation to Theory and Literature
Appendices
Research Design Formats
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
57/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 57
gQualitative Format 2
(Marshall & Rossman 1989 in Cresswell 2003)
Introduction and General Questions or TopicStatement of the ProblemSignificance of the ResearchSite and Sample SelectionsResearchers Role in Management, including Entry,Reciprocity and EthicsResearch StrategiesData Collection TechniquesManaging and Recording DataData Analysis StrategiesManagement Plan, Timeline, Feasibility
Appendices
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
58/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 58
Multi-method ResearchCreswell (1994)
Multi method research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
59/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 59
Multi-method researchDefinition of Triangulation
there are certainly occasions wherecombining methods and methodologiescan be useful- generally referred to astriangulation
combination of methodologies deployed tostudy the same phenomenabased on the assumption that any biasinherent in particular data sources,
investigators and method would be neutralisedwhen used in conjunction with other datasources, investigators and methods (this isquite an assumption!)
Multi method research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
60/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 60
Multi-method researchCombined Method Study
one in which the researcher uses multiplemethods of data collection and analysiswithin methods approaches- different types of
quantitative data collection strategies, eg.survey + experimentbetween methods approaches - drawing onqualitative and quantitative data collectionprocedures, eg. survey + in-depth interviewother possibili ties:
observations + structured quanti tative observationsethnography + experimental researchsurvey research + qualitative procedures
Multi method research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
61/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 61
Multi-method researchReasons for Combining Methods
if you are going to use multiple methodsresearch then you must declare why you aregoing to these efforts:
triangulate - seek convergence of results
complementary - overlapping/different facets of aphenomena may emerge (eg. Peeling an onion)developmentally - first method is used
sequentially to help inform the second methodinitiation - contradictions and fresh perspectivesmay emergeexpansion - where mixed methods add scope andbreadth to a study
Multi-method research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
62/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 62
Multi-method researchModels for Combining Multi-methods
simultaneous triangulationresearcher answers qualitative and quantitativequestions at the same timeresults of the qualitative questions are reported
separately and would not necessarily relate to orconfirm the results of the quantitative study
sequential triangulation
researcher conducts two phases of the projectwith the results of the first phase essential forplanning the next phasethe questions in Phase 1 are completed beforethe questions of Phase 2 are raised
Multi-method research
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
63/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 63
Multi-method researchModels for Combining Multi-methods
Simultaneous TriangulationQUAL ; quanQUAN ; qual
Sequential TriangulationQUAL -> quan
QUAN -> qual
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
64/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 64
Possible Future SeminarsPossible Future Seminars for Faculty ofCommerce Higher Degree Students caninclude:
Research Outline: Structure and FunctionWriting a DissertationIdentifying and Selecting Research IdeasDeveloping Research Posters
any others you have in mind contact please do not hesitate tocontact David Aylward (Commerce Faculty Research Manager)or Rodney Clarke (Postgraduate Research Coordinator,
Information Systems)
-
8/14/2019 Reserch Models
65/65
Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies: 65
References; Further ReadingsWalliman, N. S. R. (2001) Your Research Project : A Step-by-Step Guide for the First-Time Researcher by London: Sage Publications LtdMiles, M. B. and A. M. Huberman (1994) Quali tative Data
Analysis 2nd Edition Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage PublishersCreswell, J. W. (2003) Research design : qualitative,
quantitative, and mixed methods approaches ThousandOaks, CA: Sage PublicationsTashakkori, A. (1998) Mixed methodology : combiningqualitative and quantitative approaches Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage PublicationsTashakkori, A. and T. Charles (2003) Handbook of mixedmethods in social & behavioral research Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage Publications