RESEARCH REPORT 2012

Compiled by:

Prof. I. Mapaure

Dr. H. M. Kapenda

Ms. P. Claassen

©Research and Publications Office, 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 2

MESSAGE FROM THE VICE-CHANCELLOR ......................................................................................................... 2

MESSAGE FROM THE PRO VICE-CHANCELLOR: ACADEMIC AFFAIRS & RESEARCH ............................................ 4

MESSAGE FROM THE RESEARCH COORDINATOR ............................................................................................. 5

A: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF FACULTIES ........................................................................................... 7

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................ 7

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES .......................................................... 16

FACULTY OF EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................ 20

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ............................................... 29

FACULTY OF LAW ....................................................................................................................................... 33

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES: SCHOOL OF NURSING & PUBLIC HEALTH ........................ 35

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ....................................................................... 39

FACULTY OF SCIENCE .............................................................................................................................. 47

B: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF ACADEMIC CENTRES AND CAMPUSES ...................................... 61

CENTRE FOR EXTERNAL STUDIES ....................................................................................................... 61

HIFIKEPUNYE POHAMBA CAMPUS ....................................................................................................... 63

KATIMA MULILO CAMPUS ....................................................................................................................... 66

KHOMASDAL CAMPUS ............................................................................................................................. 69

MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CENTRE ........................................................................................ 71

SAM NUJOMA MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTRE ............................. 80

RUNDU CAMPUS......................................................................................................................................... 86

OSHAKATI CAMPUS .................................................................................................................................. 90

UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (INFORMATION & LEARNING RESOURCES CENTRE) ......................... 92

MISSION AND VISION STATEMENTS

Mission

To provide quality higher education through teaching, research and advisory services to our customers with the view to produce productive and competitive human resources capable of driving public and private institutions towards a knowledge-based economy, economic growth and improved quality of life.

Vision

To be a beacon of excellence and innovation in teaching, research and extension services.

MESSAGE FROM THE VICE-CHANCELLOR This year is a very special year at UNAM, in that we celebrate its 20th anniversary. When compared to other universities much older than ours in the region, I am pleased to acknowledge that we have come a long way in such a short time of our existence. In

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addition to providing an excellent education for our students and building a highly-skilled workforce that is mindful of various responsibilities of democratic citizenship, UNAM strives to push the boundaries of knowledge creation and challenge the status quo at every turn of academic enquiry. We do so in order to contribute to the development and constant transformation of our society and the betterment of the larger world in which we live. I believe that UNAM delivers to these goals at an exceptional level. As we celebrate our 20th anniversary this year, I would like to highlight notable milestones over the last two decades. These include:

Development of the requisite research-related policies and guidelines such as the Research Strategy of 2005, a Draft Research Policy, Research Ethics Policy, Ethical Guidelines, and several others.

Allocation of 30% of the time for academics to engage in research activities, while the rest is for teaching, administration and community engagement.

Allocation of a modest annual budget to fund research projects, conference attendance and publication fees for academics.

Establishment of dedicated Research Centres to conduct research of high national priority such as the Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC) and Sam Nujoma Marine & Coastal Resources Research Centre (SANUMARC)

Establishment of the Research & Publications Office, which is responsible for research coordination and management at the university.

Establishment of various research committees at the different levels of the institutional structures.

Establishment of the Centre for Quality Assurance & Management (CEQUAM)

Establishment of UNAM Press, a conduit for scholarly publication for both UNAM academics and other scholars.

The establishment of the Namibia Development Journal and few other Journals managed by the faculties.

A robust Staff Development programme to capacitate our staff was established.

Establishment of several post-graduate programmes in all faculties and Campuses of the University.

Finally, we remain grateful to Government of the Republic of Namibia, donors, sponsors and investors, who generously contribute to our research efforts in order to realise our objectives. We are also grateful to our national and international collaborators who partner with UNAM academics to conduct world-class research. We value these contributions and partnerships and look forward to another successful year.

Prof. Lazarus Hangula Vice Chancellor

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MESSAGE FROM THE PRO VICE-CHANCELLOR: ACADEMIC AFFAIRS & RESEARCH

The University of Namibia (UNAM) recognises and values the importance of research in the creation and dissemination of new knowledge and fostering socioeconomic development by addressing challenges faced by society. It is thus very encouraging to note that UNAM’s research performance and productivity has continued to be on an upward trend. This is mainly due to the hard work and dedication of our academics and the efforts the University puts in support of research and development activities. One of the ways to measure the output of our research activities by is by analysisng the volumes of scholarly publications in a number of academic disciplines. This year our publications output registered an increase of 24% from 2011, with a total of 367 scholarly publications (in addition to hundreds of other publications) produced. The proportional breakdown of the 367 scholarly outputs is shown in the pie chart below. This is a commendable output and achievement by our academics and their post-graduate students. This has been made possible because the University continues to create a conducive environment for research, despite the challenges we face. It is expected that output will continue on this trend during 2013 and beyond. I would like to urge all academic staff members to engage in research because it is only through creation and disseminating of new knowledge that we can realize our goal of transforming our nation into a knowledge-based society. Thus, my Office will leave no stone unturned in our quest to promote research in the University. In our country and in the region at large, we continue to face challenges that continuously require research in order to solve them. Climate change, health-related problems (including HIV & AIDS, Malaria, emerging diseases), natural disasters, food insecurity, poverty, social inequality, gender-based violence, and many others continue to affect our society. I would like, therefore, to encourage staff members to form Research Groups around identified thematic areas in order to carry out focused research and complement our government’s efforts in dealing with these and other challenges.

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Congratulations to all our researchers for their achievements in 2012. The University is very grateful to all our sponsors, collaborators and partners who have contributed to the good research results produced by the University and have supported us all the way. I would like to wish all our staff members a very productive 2013.

Prof. Osmund D. Mwandemele PVC: Academic Affairs & Research MESSAGE FROM THE RESEARCH COORDINATOR This year the Research and Publications Office welcomed two staff members: Dr. Hileni M. Kapenda as Deputy Research Coordinator, who took over from Dr. Gilbert Likando, as well as Ms. Kaarina Mbulu who was appointed as the Secretary for the Research and Publications Office (RPO). Together with the Research Coordinator, Prof. Isaac Mapaure, and Ms. Pamela Claassen, the Research and Publications Officer, the staff complement of the RPO stood at 4 during the year under review. The RPO continued to conduct capacity building (professional development) workshops at various UNAM Campuses throughout the country. This year’s workshops were:

Oshakati Campus: ‘Writing Research Proposals; Writing for Publication’; ‘Use of SPSS and Atlas-Ti in Data Analyses.’ The RPO was assisted by Prof. R. Zimba, Dr. C. Beukes-Amiss and Dr. H. Mitonga to deliver the training. A total of 24 staff members were trained.

Hipikepunye Pohamba Campus: ‘How to Develop a Research Agenda. Prof. Mapaure facilitated the process of developing the Research Agenda for Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus, aided by Dr. Kapenda and Ms. Claassen. The Director of HP Campus, Dr. Sacky Iipinge and the RPC Representative at HP Campus, Dr H. Miranda, were commended for having done a good job in developing the draft document.

The participants were very much engaged in the workshop activities and proposed for Capacity Building Workshops to be longer and at least one week long for them to internalize the materials properly. These Capacity Building Workshops kicked off during 2011, and to date a total of a 130 staff members benefitted from the training. A Workshop was also organized by the RPO (from end of May to early June) to discuss and finalise the Research Policy, Research Ethics Policy and Research Ethics Guidelines. Most participants were the Research & Publications Committee Representatives from various Faculties, Centres and Campuses. The Workshop was very successful and resulted in the mentioned Policies and Guidelines finalized for submission to the relevant Committees for approval.

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The Research & Publications Office continued to participate in Induction Workshops organized by the Teaching & Learning Improvement Unit (TLIU) for new staff members. During 2012, presentations about the functions and roles of the RPO were done to new staff members at Main Campus and to old and new staff members at Rundu, Katima Mulilo, and Hifikepunye Pohamba Campuses. The Research and Publications Office held its annual Planning Workshop at De Duine Hotel, Henties Bay on 01 -04 November 2012. The main objectives were: to review the operations/activities for the year especially on issues such as budget; training workshops for RPO staff and academics; policies and guidelines as well as to plan for 2013. The year 2012 was a very busy one and staff members continued to excel in publications output, which made the institution the most prolific research institution in the country. As part of its 20th Anniversary celebrations, the Research and Publications Office (in collaboration with the Multi-disciplinary Research Centre), organized an institutional-wide UNAM Research Day. The day was celebrated at all campuses where various staff members made academic presentations on their research activities. The highlight was held at the Main Campus where high profile dignitaries graced the occasion. The RPO continued to manage the research budget which funds attendance at conferences by staff members, payment of page charges for journals and funding research proposals. During 2012, the University funded 22 research projects, supported 21 staff members to attend conferences and funded the payment of page charges for 28 journal papers. The publication output of the university increased by 24% from the previous year. A summary of the outputs has been presented in the Statement by the Pro-Vice Chancellor above.

Prof. Isaac Mapaure UNAM Research Coordinator

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A: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF FACULTIES

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

DEAN’S STATEMENT

Applied scientific knowledge and technological advancement have been the spring board for development worldwide. In the past, wealth of countries was defined based on the existence of natural resources. It became imperative for countries with limited natural resources to catalyse economic growth by cultivating knowledge and innovation capabilities. Although the existence of natural resources is a supporting condition towards development, the leveraging of such resources through science and technology is a key pillar of international competiveness. There are a number of examples of countries that are not necessarily rich in natural resources, but are rich in human resources and have used that resource to engender exponential growth, thanks to knowledge generation and application. This clearly emphasises the need for capacity building, scientific research and development and extension services which apply the results of scientific activities to benefit the grass root level.

Bearing in mind the importance of education and research in line with the Millennium

Development Goals, the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources is putting unwavering

efforts on imparting knowledge for vision creation and self-sustainability; conducting

research to feed the nation and channelling the relevant research output through extension

service to beneficiaries. Teaching, research and community services are all provided in

different areas of agriculture and natural resources with particular emphasis on areas of

importance to economic growth in Namibia. The Faculty of Agriculture and Natural

Resources is highly committed to producing graduates capable of formulating and driving

strategic development for creation of wealth and consequently, reducing poverty and

decreasing the levels of unemployment country wide in a sustainable manner.

In spite of limited research funds, the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources is

increasing technical and scientific capacity for active participation in different national

programs. The quality of research output remains a focal area with improvement being

targeted through capacity building of researchers and supporting staff, equipment

acquisition and upgrade and increase of requisite research infrastructures. Teaching has also

been improved through capacity building of lecturers and laboratory technicians.

Five supporting research staff members benefited from short course training on poultry

production and management in South Africa with the objective of establishing sustainable

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projects on egg and chicken production in the country. One technician running laboratory

demonstrations to students benefited from a capacity building to acquire more laboratorial

skills to assist veterinarian students. Ten staff members including one technician and one

lecturer, benefited from a short course on artificial insemination in cattle conducted at

Neudamm campus. Some lecturers have concluded their studies abroad at MSc and Ph.D.

levels, beefing up the faculty research and teaching competence. The faculty continues to

implement existing Memoranda of Understanding with other sister universities in order to

increase research activity and boost capacity building of the staff members and so

circumvent limitations imposed by inadequate funds for research and capacity building.

Two new departments were established in 2012 namely; Department of Wildlife and

Ecotourism and Department of Veterinary Medicine. The latter represents a beginning

towards establishment of a School of Veterinary Medicine with the curriculum development

process having reached an advanced state. The establishment of these two departments will

surely enhance research capacity and broaden the research spectrum of the faculty. All

curricula of the on-going educational programmes were revised and approved by the

University Senate for implementation while discussions for the establishment of a

curriculum on animal health program are underway.

The FANR has been contributing to poverty eradication countrywide, through development

of research in fields with substantial multiplier potential such as fisheries and aquatic

sciences; food science and technology; animal science; crop science; agricultural economics;

integrated environmental sciences. Sustainable initiatives are emerging in the areas of

veterinary sciences and wildlife and ecotourism.

Further, the faculty is focused on the application of scientific knowledge for the upliftment

of rural communities. To this end, extension and community services are making a

difference in people’s lives. An example is farmers who benefited from training on

production of various crops such as rice, vegetables; fodder and hay processing. Research

on production of offspring resulting from crossing local and imported breeds of cattle aimed

at improving milk and meat production and quality, is in progress. Positive reports have

been received from different farmers that are project beneficiaries. Experiments on egg

production are revealing satisfactory results. This initiative will be extended to rural areas

countrywide through capacity building to disadvantaged people, especially the youth in

attempt, to contribute to unemployment reduction.

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RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

While the research agenda of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANR) is broad reflecting diversity of specializations as represented by separate Departments comprising the faculty, the strategic position of the Ogongo Campus focuses on crop production, integrated natural resource management and agricultural economics, This is informed by the geographic locality of the Ogongo Campus within the most populous part of the country where crop production forms the mainstay of local livelihoods as well as the relative competitive advantage the areas has in terms of climate and weather over central and southern Namibia. To this end the strategic research direction and focus areas at Ogongo is geared towards adaptive cropping systems within the flood prone semi-arid north central Namibian rangelands taking advantage of the erratic climatic conditions characterized by both flood and drought conditions.

Neudamm Campus has departments like department of Animal Science; Food Science and

Technology and Agricultural Economics. The department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

which is located in the Central side of Namibia, can be found at Main Campus. These

departments are focused on marine Sciences, food science and animal science. This make

the Neudamm Campus a multi-disciplinary research and less crop science research as

compared to Ogongo Campus. This strategic choice is influenced by the climatic conditions

characterizing the central part of the country favouring most research on livestock

production namely pigs, goats and sheep, beef and dairy.

Ogongo has ventured into studying ‘mixed cropping or intercropping’ of drought adapted

pearl millet (mahangu), maize and other crops with the flood adapted rice crops with the

aim of increasing the preparedness of crop production for any extreme event (drought or

flood) eventualities and thus buffer the local farmers against complete crop failures. This is a

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five-year multi-disciplinary research project mainly investigating the potential introduction

of rice cultivation alongside traditional cropping systems not only in north-central Namibia

but covering the periodically inundated floodplains and low-lying areas of Kavango and

Caprivi regions.

A major component of the ‘Project for Flood- and Drought-Adaptive Cropping Systems to

Conserve Water Environments in Semi-arid Regions in the Republic of Namibia’ project

(hereafter the Rice-Mahangu project) involves hydro-meteorological measurements and

monitoring of both rainfall patterns and the water situation within the Cuvelai drainage

combining direct measurements through instrumentation and analysis geospatial images

with the aid of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software. The aspects being

investigated by the hydrology team cover precipitation amounts, occurrence and duration

of individual precipitation events, evapotranspiration losses, surface water coverage, soil

moisture regimes and groundwater level fluctuations. Socio-economic developmental

studies aimed at establishing baseline data on demographic, social and economic conditions

of targeted rice farmer, assessing the adoption of rice cultivation, promoting and

popularizing rice cultivation through workshops, information field day demonstrations,

maintenance of a germplasm of over 120 varieties of rice and the dissemination of rice

seeds and seedlings form an integral component of the ‘Rice-Mahangu Project’ housed at

Ogongo Campus. Integration of the agronomic, hydro-meteorological and socio-economic

research components into a coherent and sustainable rice-mahangu (or rice-maize in the

case of Caprivi) intercropping system is the ultimate goal of the project.

Pre-trial production of Lucerne has also been initiated at Ogongo Campus with the aim of

scaling it up to full production of irrigated pastures to supplement the dry season fodder

supply for the animal production sections, both dairy and beef cattle at Ogongo and

Neudamm campuses. After preliminary results indicated viability of growing artificial

pasture crops under both rain fed conditions and under irrigation in the local climate, the

fodder crop Galega orientalis has been selected for intensified production at Ogongo to

commence towards the middle of 2013.

Additional to the rice-mahangu and irrigated pasture production Ogongo is partially hosting

an on-going trail of fruit orchards in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, Water

and Forestry (MAWF) where mango trees are grown. This trial is being run in tandem with a

similar one at Etunda irrigation project. Furthermore Ogongo has been long engaged in the

production of Brown Swiss dairy cattle and their cross-breeding with indigenous Nguni

breeds as a means of ensuring improved milk production for local farmers. The hardy Brown

Swiss has been selected for its adaptability to the local rangeland conditions. An integrative

research focus of Ogongo is investigating the possibility of utilising rice and sweet sorghum

stalks as additional feed for livestock by treating them with urea.

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The Rice-Mahangu project is a technical cooperation between the governments of Namibia

and Japan under the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable

Development (SATREPS) project jointly implemented by UNAM and Kinki University of

Japan. The project is financially supported by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). The production fodder crop at Ogongo will

be technically and financially backed by a Russian Biotechnology company. In the area of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, the focus will be in the areas of aquaculture, eco toxicology,

heavy metals and management of fresh water resources.

With regard to value addition to agriculture and natural resources, work is to continue on

development of an extruded fish snack that utilizes locally available cereals and low value

fish (Horse Mackerel). This is an EU funded project whose broad aim is Food security

through the reduction of post-harvest losses of fish. Other work will continue in the area of

adding value to indigenous foods through collaboration with the Multidisciplinary Research

Centre.

SWOT ANALYSIS (Research related)

Strengths Qualified staff members Infrastructure that facilitates teaching, learning and research in agriculture Geographical presence in the country

Threats Emerging competition from other institutions Erratic Rainfall Patterns Loss of animals due to poaching/predators Illegal harvesting

Weaknesses Inadequate relations with communal farmers Limited Research Funding Low stakeholder participation high staff turnover Low research output Limited community engagement

Opportunities Regional and international availability of research grants Government emphasis on Food security and sustainable resource utilization.

STRATEGIC ISSUES (Research related) Limited Research Funding Low research output Lack of qualified staff Low stakeholder interaction High staff turnover Limited community engagement

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STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

Responses to the FANR key strategic issues

Strategic issues Strategic objectives strategic theme

Low research output

Increase research output in Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Research and Development

Shortage of subject specialists

Staff development Teaching and learning and Research and Development

Inadequate stakeholder interaction

Improve relevance of FANR programmes

Research and Development

High staff turnover Reduce staff turnover Operational management Teaching and learning

Limited community engagements

Enhance community engagement

Stakeholder Relations

Limited Research Funding

Strengthen international liaison and collaboration in FANR

RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Staff Research and Consultancy

The major project undertaken by the Department during the year 2012 was JICA

RICE/MILLET PROJECT. Five staff members (Ms Hangula, Ms Jona, Ms Sheehama, Mr Angula

and Mr Thomas) joined the JICA Rice Project in corroboration with the University of

Namibia. Three of the Five JICA RICE/MILLET Project participated in Participatory extension

training in Japan for a period of three weeks. After brief report on the training, three of the

departmental staff member joined the project as well. The members of the project

therefore participated in number of project activities e.g. research proposal, designing

questionnaires for a Socio-economic baseline survey and also PRA (farm sketches).

Journal Articles

Murphrey, T.P., Kalundu, S.K. and Jones, W.A.(2012). Identifying Learning styles and Technology Acceptance of agriculture students: An effort to improve Educational Effectiveness. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, Vol. 19, No.2, p. 135- 143.

Thomas, B. (2012). An Assessment of the Role of Research and Extension Services for Small-scale Crop Farmers in North-Central Namibia. Journal of Agriculture and Biodiversity Research. Vol. 1, Issue 7, p122-126.

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DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

Mpofu IDT, Gwaze F, Makuza SM and Banda PT (2012). Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment on the Nutritive Value of Soyabean Straw. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Appropriate Technology. http://www.appropriatetech.net/?q=content/5th-international-conference-appropriate-technology

Ncube S, Mpofu IDT (2012). Assessing the Potential of Using Nylon Bags in Batch Analysis of Crude Fibre and Ether Extract of Livestock Feeds. 1:321. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.321

Petrus NP, Mpofu I, Shikongo-Nambambi MNNN (2012). Cytochrome. P450-Mediated Phytoremediation using Transgenic Plants: A Need for Engineered. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 3:128. doi:10.4172/2157-7463.1000128

Conference presentations

Mpofu, I.D.T. (2012). Rural Development Strategy Implementation: Rural Development through Fodder Flow Systems for Livestock. The National Government Indaba on Agrarian Change, Land Reform and Sustainable Agriculture Development 2012. 11th – 13th July 2012. Protea Hotel, Durban.

Mpofu, I.D.T., Matondi, G.H.M., Masama, E. and Muronzi, F.F. (2012). Effect of feeding different levels of cottonseed meal on goat erythrocyte membrane osmotic fragility. South African Association for Animal Science (SASAS) CONGRESS 9-12 July 2012, ICC Conference Centre, East London, South Africa.

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD SCIENCE

The year 2012 has been a rewarding experience for the Department of Food Science and Technology (DFST). The department secured two externally funded projects. Seven publications have been produced. Two M.Sc. students studying by research have been registered. The final year research projects were applauded by the departmental external examiner; some of these are now under consideration for manuscripts preparation. Journal Articles

Bille, P.G. and S. Kaposao (2012). Compositional and Bacteriological Quality of Heat Treated Milk Marketed in Namibia. The African J. of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 12(3), 1-12.

Hiwilepo-van Hal P., Bosschaart C., van Twisk C., Verkerk R. and Dekker M., (2012). Kinetics of thermal degradation of vitamin C in marula fruit (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra) as compared to other selected tropical fruits, LWT-Food Science and Technology 49, 188–191.

Petrus, NP; Mpofu, I; Shikongo-Nambabi M.N.N.N. (2012). Coping With Climate Change Challenges By Feeding Indigenous Chickens Under Intensive Systems in Namibia. Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology. 3 (5) doi: 10.4172/2175-7163.1000128

Shikongo-Nambabi, M.N.N.N., A. Shoolongela, M.B. Schneider, (2012). Control of Bacterial Contamination during Marine Fish Processing, Journal of Biology and Life

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Science. 3 (1), http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jbls/article/view/1033 doi: 10.5296/jbls.v3i1.1033.

Shikongo-Nambabi, M.N.N.N., Petrus, N.P. and Schneider, M.B. (2012). The role, isolation and identification of Vibrio species on the quality and safety of seafood. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 7 (2), 16-30.

Shikongo-Nambabi, M.N.N.N., Chimwamurombe, P.M. and Venter S.N. (2012). Identification of Putative Vibrio Species Isolated from Processed Marine Fish using Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Sucrose (TCBS), Agar. British Biotechnology Journal 2 (4), 229-246.

Chapters in books

Shigwedha, N. and Jia L. (2012). Bifidobacterium in Human GI Tract: Screening, Isolation, Survival and Growth Kinetics in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions. (InTech Open Access Publisher.

Conference papers

Shigwedha N., Li Jia and P.G. Bille (2012). Prospective kinetic-measures (D(acid), -D (bile), -Z(acid) –and Z(bile) –values) for evaluating survival of probiotics in the human gastrointestinal tract. J. Food Process Technol. 2012, 3-10. Conference Paper.

Shigwedha, N. and Jia L. (2012). CPT: A newly engineered kinetic-measure about UVphotocatalytic degradation of industrialized textile wastewater.19th International Conference on Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Pasadena, CA, USA, July 29 – Aug 3 (Abstract and Oral presentation).

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

The Department of Veterinary Medicine came into existence only late September 2012 and as such there has not been any research activity for the year to report of. In line with FANR’s Research Agenda (2011-2015) the members of the department will continue to do research on the existing theme topics. In addition we will like to explore topics which pertain to the establishment of baseline information on the occurrence, distribution and prevalence of economically important animal diseases in Namibia. We are in the process of identifying topics and exploring sources of funding for the research projects which will be formulated. The identified topics will be in line with current focus areas. We agree that this information is important not only for our students, partners and stakeholders but will also reflect on our ability and capacity to engage in quality and meaningful research. DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE AND ECOTOURISM

This department is also new, located at Katima Mulilo Campus. In terms of research programs the department will not be an exception, we will continue to do research on the existing theme topics in line with Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Agenda 2011-2015.

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DEPARTMENT OF INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Journal Articles

Gachie P. K, Koech E. K, Njunge J.T, Simons A. J. & Ndalut P. K. (2012). Variation in composition of crude bark extract of Prunus africana in different provenances of Kenya. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 21 (1): 56-62 http://dx.doi/10.1080/14728028.2012.662627/

Kambatuku J.R., Cramer M.D. & Ward D. (2012). Overlap in soil water sources of savanna woody seedlings and grasses. Ecohydrology doi: 10.1002/eco.1273 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eco.1273/

Kopij G (2012). Awifauna lęgowa Gminy Łambinowice na Śląsku Opolskim [Breeding avifauna of Łambinowice county, Opole Silesia]. Przyroda Sląska Opolskiego 18: 1-20.

Kopij G. 2012. Diet of the Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni in Israel. Zoology in the Middle East 55: 27-34.

Kopij G. (2012). Changes in numbers of Lesser Kestrels Falco naumanni and Amur Falcons Falco amurensis at a winter roost. Bulletin of African Bird Club 19 (2): 160-165.

Kopij G. (2012). Awifauna lęgowa Ziemi Nyskiej [Breeding avifauna of the Nysa Region]. Chronmy Przyrode Ojczysta 68 (4): 259-287.

Kopij G. (2012). Expansion of the octopus stinkhorn Clathrus archeri (Berk.) During (1980) in Polish Silesia. Casopis Slezseho Muzea, Opava (A), 61: 83-84.

Kopij G. Moska M., Nikiel R. & Kozyra K. (2012). A large proportion of Micromys minutus in winter diet of the Long-eared Owl Asio otus. Casopis Slezseho Muzea, Opava 61: 91-92.

Mudamburi, B., Ogunmokun, A., Kachigunda, B. & Kaurivi, J. (2012). A comparison of conventional and conservation tillage implements used for crop production in Omusati Region of Northern Namibia. Proceedings of the ICEAE Conference, 29-30 June 2012, Jeju Island, South Korea.

Thomas. B. (2012). An assessment of the Role of Research and Extension Services for Small-scale Crop Farmers in North-Central Namibia. Journal of Agriculture and Biodiversity Research 1 (7): 122-126.

Dissertations and Theses

Mberema, C.H.H. (2012). The influence of sex and muscle type on beef quality and the expression of Calpain/Calpastatin genes. PhD Thesis. Newcastle University, UK.

DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCE

Research and Consultancy

The major project undertaken by the Department during the year 2012 was JICA RICE/MILLET PROJECT. The Department was the main executing body of the project. Its Project Manager was Mr Simon Awala. Three other staffs participated in the crop science aspects of the project. This was the first year of the project, which mainly involved setting up a slopped field for simulation of drought and flood events in Namibia. No publications have yet emanated from this research.

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Dr. Gwanama was also involved with coordination of the UNAM/SANBio Mushroom Project which was executed through the ZERI Project. Several publications arose from that project and are reported in the UNAM departments where the authors are based, such as the ZERI Project, Chemistry Department and Biology Department. However, one abstract is listed below. A seed production manual produced by one of the staff members is also listed below.

Hedimbi, M., Gwanama, C. and Muandingi, N.P. (2012). The use of seaweed, Laminaria luder, as substrate for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus HK35) production. Proceedings of the 3rd conference for the Association of Medicinal and Edible Mushrooms, 25-28 June, Windhoek, Namibia.

Ipinge, S.N., Awala, S.K. and Shilulu, I. (2012). The Namibian Seed Production Training Manual. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Windhoek.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCE

Journal Articles

Nashima, F.P. (2012). Changes in diversity and composition of fish species in the

Southern Benguela Ecosystem of Namibian. Journal of Research in Ecology, 1: 037-043.

Retrieve from http://www.ficuspublishers.com/documents/EC0007.pdf

The new research projects started in 2012 are as follows: (a) EU funded project: Community Conservation Fisheries in KAZA Project (b) MCA funded project: Impalila Tourism fisheries Management of the Kasaya Channel (c) MCA funded project: Sikunga Conservancy Tourism fisheries Management (d) SAREP funded project: Development of a Fisheries Management Plan for the

Okavango River (e) SASSCAL funded project: Improved knowledge of aquatic ecosystems supporting

fisheries, development of integrated strategies for sustainable fisheries and improved fisheries management

(f) Walvis Bay Municipality funded project: Zoobenthos Survey In The Walvis Bay Lagoon

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

DEAN’S STATEMENT

It is worth noting that the research and knowledge generating role of a University, is inert to the extent to which the University, in delivering on its mandate of teaching and learning to its immediate and wider environment, is able to enhance its visibility, relevance and continuing service. Of course, not to talk about the extent to which the output of such research endeavors reinforces teaching and other services. Realizing these, the three cardinal principles invoked to guide research and publications in FEMS are: (i) RELEVANCE: - We strive to ensure that FEMS’s-supported research serves the priorities of the country, the

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Southern African region, and the much wider international environment. Some of the research priorities are well articulated in the Faculty Research Agenda; in addition, an overarching new priority for FEMS will be to position itself as a key and recognizable Knowledge Bank in Africa. (ii) OUTPUT ORIENTATION: - We lay emphasis on the need for practical solutions which ensure that research outputs are relevant to the immediate environment of the University. (iii) We ensure that issues which arise from real world constraints and opportunities in the immediate and wider environment are examined critically – KNOWLEDGE BANK in the society in which we operate, such that Namibia and Southern Africa in particular, can look up to us for knowledge and research output. The overall idea is to be able to generate knowledge through research and provide leadership on development and Economic/Business/Governance and related Management issues in Namibia, Africa and the wider community. In what follows, the research and publications from the different Departments of the Faculty are presented. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journals and Book Chapters

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

Akinkugbe, O. and Ekundayo, B..I (2012). “Financial and Real Sector Interactions in Nigeria”, The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, Vol 18, No. 2, Pp. 367 – 372.

Akinkugbe, O. (2012). Zambia Country Case study, in “Agribusiness for Africa’s Prosperity: Country Case Studies”, UNIDO WORKING PAPER, Second Edition, April 2012, Chapter 9, Pp. 281 – 311, UNIDO, Geneva.

Akinkugbe, O. (2012). “Strengthening Regional Integration in the Quest for Africa’s Trade Expansion and Economic Development”, In Evolution of International Trading System: Prospects and Challenges, Saint Petersburg, Pp. 11 – 27.

Akinkugbe, O. (2012). “The Middle Class and Education in sub-Saharan Africa, In, The Middle Class in Africa, African Development Bank, Tunis, Chapter 9.

Akinkugbe, O. (2012). Facilitating the Production and Export of Manufactured goods in Africa and Asia Pacific: A comparative analysis using pooled/panel data; Collection of Papers, CODESRIA, Dakar.

Akinkugbe, O., Chama, M.C. and Tothlego, N. (2012). Health Financing and Catastrophic Payments for Health Care: Evidence from Household-Level Survey Data in Botswana and Lesotho, African Development Review, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2012, Pp. 358 – 370.

Kaakunga, E. & Matongela, A.M. (2012). Determinants of Manufactured Export Performance in Namibia”, Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 1(2).

Nyambe, J.M. and Belete, A. (2012). Assessment of factors to receiving food aid in the Caprivi region of Namibia: A factor analysis approach. African Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 7(31), pp. 4401-4407.

Ziramba, E. (2012). Revisiting the South African Aggregate Import Demand: a view from Expenditure Components”, Journal of Studies in Economics and Econometrics, vol. 36(2).

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Ziramba, E & Kavezeri, K. (2012). Long-run Price and Income Elasticities of the Namibia Aggregate Electricity Demand: Results from the Bounds Testing Approach, Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, vol.3 (3), pp. 203-209.

DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, AUDITING AND INCOME TAX

Paliwal, U. L. & Mutumba, B. S. (2012). An Analysis of the Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the Namibian Tourism Sector. Indian Journal of Commerce Vol. 65 No 1 January – March 2012

Paliwal, U. L. (2012). Diversification in a small market: Evidence from Namibia. Presented at World Finance & Banking Symposium, Shanghai, China. December 17 – 18, 2012. Accepted for Publication.

Paliwal, U. L. & Sharma, K.R. (2012). Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Namibia. In Maliyamkano, T.L.; Mason, H.; Mugoya, P.; Mutakyahwa, R. G. &Osoro, N. (Eds) Transforming the Informal Sector: How to Overcome the Challenges. ESAURP, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ISBN: 978 9987 25 050 5

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STUDIES

Blaauw, L. (2012). Accountability and Democracy. In M. Koep and B. Simms (eds.) Unfinished Business: Democracy in Namibia. Pretoria: Institute for Democracy.

Blaauw, L. (2012). The interface of foreign relations and economic cooperation. In A. du Pisani and A. Bösl (Eds.). Namibia’s Foreign Relations: Perspectives for the 21st Century. Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan Education. (Forthcoming).

Lwendo B. (2012) Challenges for improving decentralized planning and local government reforms: An African perspective. LAP Lambert Publishing GmbH & co. KG, Germany.

Tonchi, V. l. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Namibia, Second Edition. Lanham, Maryland, USA: The Scarecrow Press Inc.

Van Rooyen, Piet (2012). Rodriguez Queillerie, Cape Town.

Van Rooyen, Piet (2012). Vaarwel, Klein Soldaat (Go Well, Little Soldier) Protea Boekhuis, Pretoria.

Van Rooyen, P. H. (2012). Two Southern African Rock Art Sites as Indicators of Ancient Migratory Routes. Rock Art Research Journal, Volume 29 Number 2.

Conference papers/proceedings

DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, AUDITING AND INCOME TAX

Beukes E. D. and Gamses C. (2012). Critical Shortage of Auditors in Namibia. Presented. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

Chata, T. (2012). Factors that Influence Academic Performance in the Financial Accounting Modules. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

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Heikki Heino (2012). The Game: Made in China Reverse Merge with a US Public Shell Company. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

Nakweenda, L. T. (2012). Housing Finance in Namibia: A case Study of Otjomuise in Windhoek. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

Paliwal, U. L. (2012). Diversification in a small market: Evidence from Namibia. World Finance & Banking Symposium, Shanghai, China. December 17 – 18, 2012

Sharma, K. R. (2012). Development of Bond Market in Namibia. World Finance Conference III Rio de Janeiro, Brazil July 2- 4, 2012.

Sharma, K. R. (2012). Local Participation in Foreign Investment – Emerging Trends in Southern Africa. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

Sharma, K. R. & Paliwal, U. L. (2012). Multiple Financing and Debt Trap. World Finance & Banking Symposium, Shanghai, China. December 17 – 18, 2012.

Tjiueza Sharon V. (2012). Internship Programme in Accounting. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

Tulonga, Shaalukeni (2012). Bursting through the Wide Open Door: Chinese Direct Investment in Namibia. IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance, Windhoek, Namibia October 9 -10, 2012.

RESEARCH RELATED SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND MILESTONES

DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, AUDITING AND INCOME TAX

Conference Participation

Prof K. Sharma participated in the World Finance Conference III Rio de Janeiro, Brazil July 2- 4, 2012 and presented a paper on ‘Development of Bond Market in Namibia’. Profs K. R. Sharma and U. L. Paliwal participated in the World Finance & Banking Symposium I, at Shanghai, China on December 17 – 18, 2012 and presented their joint paper on Multiple Financing and Debt Trap. Dr U. L. Paliwal, presented his paper on Diversification in a small market: Evidence from Namibia at World Finance & Banking Symposium I, at Shanghai, China. December 17 – 18, 2012. Conference Organisation

The Department of Accounting organised the IV International Conference on Accounting & Finance at Hotel Hilton, Windhoek, Namibia on October 9 – 10, 2012. Abstracts of 50 research papers were received from participants from different countries. Out of these 30 papers were presented by participants over four technical sessions of the Conference.

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DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

Department organized an International Conference on Management, Leadership and Entrepreneurship – Key to Africa’s Renaissance at Hotel Hilton, Windhoek, Namibia on May 22 – 23, 2012. CONCLUSIONS

FEMS is focused to promote research, particularly by motivating young members and students to undertake research. Focus areas of research have been identified in the Departments and researchers are working in those areas. Members have been encouraged to participate in International conferences and present their research papers. Within limited resources this participation has been encouraging. Two international conferences were organized under FEMS during 2012, one by the Department of Accounting, Auditing and Income Tax and the other by the Department of Management Science, where researchers from neighbouring countries also participated besides local participants. It is proposed to organize two international conferences during 2013 also.

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

DEAN’S STATEMENT

This report for the Faculty of Education covers the research activities and publications during the 2012 academic year. During the year in review the Faculty held its first Education Conference at Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus in September. At this conference, several quality papers were presented. It was especially pleasing to note the large number of papers presented by colleagues from the Satellite Campus and this in our view augurs well for the research activities in the Faculty of Education. It is our hope that these papers will be published in reputable journals after revisions, incorporating the suggestions given by the colleagues during the workshop. It is also satisfying to note that a number of papers were published in journals, few as chapters in books and several papers presented at different conferences and workshops. The variety of topics addressed in 2012 is a reflection of the varied research interests in the Faculty and addressed problems facing our education system in the country. Further, it should be pointed out that the Faculty was involved in research related activities with other Universities in the region and outside the region, such as Hedmark University College in Norway, University of Oulu among others. These links resulted in publications as indicated in this report.

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RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

Research plays an important role in the development of knowledge and in informing our practice as lecturers. It is therefore, imperative that the Faculty develop a long term research agenda that will address issues and problems affecting the education system in our country. This research agenda spans a period of five years starting in 2013 to 2017. This Faculty Research Agenda will be used by the Faculty in obtaining funding from within and outside the University. Research needs both funding and time off teaching activities. It is therefore our belief and hope that in the next few years, funding and time off will be given to staff to carry out research that will inform our practice. The research envisaged by the Faculty will address various aspects reflecting the expertise in the Faculty. It will include research in areas such as; teacher education, instruction (learning and teaching), teacher/class assessment strategies, child development, gender, ECD, ICTs, school management, administration, community development and lifelong learning to mention just a few. It should be borne in mind that these areas are not cast in stone and the Faculty may need to identify newer areas of research during the said period. OBJECTIVES

1. Carry out research in areas related to education theory and practice. 2. Carry out research related to community development and empowerment. 3. Carry out joint research with colleagues within and outside the SADC region 4. Disseminate research information through publications.

SPECIFIC AREAS OF EMPHASIS BY DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CURRICULUM INSTRUCTION ASSESSMENT STUDIES

Instruction

Teaching and learning

ICT

Teacher/learner assessment strategies

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FOUNDATION AND MANAGEMENT

Educational Management and Leadership

Teacher Education

Teaching Practice

Education Reform

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DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

Life skills teachers’ needs and sheltered support for main guidance and counseling issues they experience in their guidance and counseling roles.

Cognitive factors influencing simultaneous bilingual reading development in Damara/Nama-English, Oshindonga-English, Rukwangali-English, and Lozi-English school children

Who is at-risk for reading difficulties? Identification of children potentially at-risk for developing reading difficulties.

The nature of reading difficulties in consistent orthographies DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE AND SPORT EDUCATION

Teaching and learning

ICT

Cognition

Assessment

Teacher education

Gender

Sport Education

Nutrition/Home Ecology

Pre- and Lower Primary Education

School case studies on the teaching of numeracy and literacy in Namibian classrooms.

Development of indigenous languages for tertiary teaching and learning purposes. Education in Languages, Humanities and Commerce

Entrepreneurship instructional practices at secondary schools

Language teaching in schools

In addition, the Faculty’s research direction will involve the areas of interest:

Research 1: Gender and education. Specifically, Gender parity in education. Research Team: Prof. R.F. Zimba (Team Leader); Prof. C. D. Kasanda, Dr. C. Haihambo and Dr. H. Kapenda

Research 2: Assessment. UNAM students’ perceptions of assessment. Research Team: Prof. C. D. Kasanda (Team Leader), Dr. H. K. Mitonga, Prof. R. F. Zimba and Dr. K. Veii

Research 3: Tracer study of UNAM education students. Research Team: Prof. C. D. Kasanda (Team Leader), Dr. C. Villet, Ms. P. February.

Research 4: Sustainable development. Specifically Sustainable development Education. Dr. A. Kanyimba (Team Leader), Dr. M. Hamunyela and Prof. C. D. Kasanda

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Research 5: IKS in science teaching. Dr. H. Kapenda (Team Leader-Namibia) and Prof. C. D. Kasanda

Research 6: o (1) Factors that make hostel students susceptible to HIV and AIDS infection.

(Case of UNAM main & Khomasdal campus, WHK). Mr. Louis o (2) Impact of Johanna Benson's Olympic success on the sport attitude of

learners with “diffebilities”. (Case of learners at Dagbreek schools). Mr. Louis o (3) The process of co-ordination of subjects between the different

campuses in the faculty of education. Mr. Louis

Research 7: Dr. C. K. Haihambo (Team Leader), Mr. J. U. Hengari, Ms. P. J. February, and Prof. M. L. Mostert

o Issues related to sexual orientation at the Main Campus of the University of Namibia. Action research.

o Learning Difficulties patterns and progammes in Kenya, Namibia and Zambia: An outcome of the Edulink Programme

o Inclusion and Democracy Programmes in Teacher-Education in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Sweden.

o Needs, challenges and best practices of life skills teachers in Namibia

Research 8: Assoc. Prof. A. Mӧwes and Assoc. Prof. L. M. Mostert: Autism Namibia Research/ Survey

Research 9: Mr. Michael Sehani: Challenges and opportunities in guidance and counseling: The case of the Mayuni circuit; Caprivi Region

Research 10: Mrs. Cecilia Sibuku: An Investigation into how Lower Primary teachers in the Caprivi Region promote learning with understanding.

Research 11: Mrs. L. Mbodo (Team Leader), Ms. E. I. Tobias, Ms. I. Patoko, Dr. S. G. Taukeni: A tracer study of the challenges and needs experienced by teachers with visual impairment in the Northern Education Regions of Namibia.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal Articles

Amushigamo, A. P. (2012). Interpersonal relationships in organisations. Crown Research in Education, 2(1), 32-34.

Chinsembu, K.C. & Kasanda, C.D. (2012). The evolution of science and technology policy dialogue in post-colonial Africa. Educational Research 3(4): 351-356. Available at: http://interesjournals.org/ER/pdf/2012/April/Chinsembu%20and%20Kasanda.pdf

Mostert, L.M., Hamunyela, M., Kasanda, C., Smit, T. C., Kangira, J., Zimba, R. F., Hengari, J. U. and Veii, K. R-H. (2012). Views and preferences of parents, teachers and principals on the implementation of the language policy in primary schools in Namibia: an explorative study in the Khomas region. Journal for studies in humanities and social sciences, 1(2), 167 – 177.

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Book Chapters

Kasanda, C. D., Keyter, M. C & Zealand, D. (2012). The status of health education in

Namibian schools. In N. Taylor, M. Littledyke, F. Quinn, and R. K. Coll (Eds.). Health

Education in context. An International Perspective on Health Education in Schools

and Local Communities. (Pp. 133 – 144). AW Rotterdam: Sense Publications.

Conference Papers

Anyolo, E. O. (2012). Investigating the incorporation of education in/through the environment in the Geography Junior Phase curriculum: A case study for three schools in the Oshana Education region. Paper presented at the Regional Conference on Research and Publication, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus.

Chinsembu, K. C. and Kasanda, C. D. (2012). HIV and AIDS and secondary school science education in Namibia. Paper presented at the 20th SAARMSTE Conference held at Crossroads Hotel, Lilongwe, Malawi 15 – 20th January 2012.

Haihambo, C. & Tobias, E. (2012). Barriers to the inclusive education: The case of visual impairments from parents to teachers. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 283-300. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Haimbodi, F. N., Kasanda, C. D., & Kapenda, H. (2012). The effects of cooperative learning on performance and motivation of grade 11 mathematics learners in Oshana education region. In H. Miranda & S, M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 164 - 174. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Iipinge, J. J., Kasanda, C. D. & Kapenda, H. (2012). The socio- economic factors that influence girls’ participation in mathematics in the Oshana education region. In H. Miranda & S, M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 176 – 187. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Iipinge, S. M. (2012) Approaches to promote assessment for quality learning. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 58-58. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Iipinge, S. M. (2012). Teachers’ Perception of their English Language Proficiency in the Light of their English Test Results: A Namibian Case Study. Paper presented to Regional Conference on Research and Publication: University of Namibia, Rundu Campus, 12-13 July 2012.

Kaapanda, L. (2012). The use of module learning in tertiary education. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 272-282. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Kaapanda, L. An evaluation of factors determining the selection of mobile telecommunications service providers in the northern region of Namibia. 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research Proceedings Page Numbers?).

Kandenge, T., and Shalyefu, R.K. (2012).The Documentation of Indigenous Knowledge of “Efundula” (Girl’s Initiation Process) Ceremony and its Activities of “Ovawambo” people in Namibia. Paper presented at the African Indigenous

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Knowledge Systems Conference on the 24th and 25th of April 2012 at the Gaborone Sun Hotel, Gaborone in Botswana.

Kapenda, H. M., Kasanda, C. D., & Vhurumuku, E. (2012). Junior secondary school teachers’ and learners’ views on the use of medicinal plants: A case study in the Oshana education region in Namibia. In D. Nampota & M. Kazima (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (SAARMSTE) Conference, pp. 81 -83. Lilongwe Malawi: University of Malawi.

Kasanda, C. (2012). Ethics in conducting research at UNAM: Where are we? Paper presented at the UNAM Postgraduate supervisors’ capacity building workshop, 15 – 16 October 2012 at the School of Medicine and Arresbusch Lodge, Windhoek.

Miranda, H. & Nakashole, S. (May, 2012). The gaps and overlaps in the Namibian mathematics curriculum. A paper presented at the Namibian National Mathematics Congress, Swakopmund.

Miranda, H. (May, 2012). Namibia mathematics standardized achievement test results 2009/2011. A paper presented at the National Mathematics Congress, Swakopmund.

Miranda, H., Nakashole, L., Nakashole, S., & Shikongo S. (2012). Needs experienced by learners accommodated in Namibian school hostels. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 127-147. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Mostert, M. L. (2012) Education, Development and language. Implications for teacher education in Namibia. A presentation at the NOMA conference held in Livingstone, Lusaka from 22 to 28 March 2012.

Mostert, M. L. (2012). Examination of thesis and dissertations. A paper presented at the University of Namibia, School of Postgraduate Supervisors Capacity Building Workshop that was held in Windhoek, Namibia from 15 to 16 October 2012.

Mostert, M. L. (2012). The Namibia Vocational Interest Inventory (NAMVII). Presentation and training for Educational Psychologists at the Continuous Professional Development (CPD) workshop that was held at MyWellness Centre in Windhoek in July 2012.

Nakashole, L., Shikongo, S., Dengeinge, R. & Miranda, H. (2012). The general quality of education in Namibia: Lessons from the SACMEQ III report. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 44-57. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Naukushu, S. T., Kapenda, H. M., Kasanda, C. D., & Kamati, A. M (2012). The Role of the Foundation Programme (FP) on preparing students for tertiary education in Science related careers. In D. Nampota & M. Kazima (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Annual Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education (SAARMSTE) Conference. Lilongwe Malawi: University of Malawi.

Shaimemanya, C. N. S., Chinsembu, K. C., and Kasanda, C. D. (2012). Indigenous Knowledge on HIV and AIDS in Namibia. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, UNAM Library Auditorium Hall, 8 - 9 October 2012

Shalyefu, R.K. (2012). A Critical Review of the Student-Lecturer Confidential Teaching Evaluation Reports at the University of Namibia. Paper presented at the Higher

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Education Learning and Teaching Association of Southern Africa (HELTASA) Conference, Stellenbosch University, RSAS

Silas, P., Kapenda, H. & Kasanda, C. D. (2012). The effects of learning styles on grade 11 learners’ performance at one secondary school in the Oshana education region. In H. Miranda & S, M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 175. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Taukeni, S. G. (2012). Defining the role of stakeholders in the provision of basic needs to orphaned learners at school and home. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 120-225. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Vatilifa, N. & Vatilifa, F. N. (May, 2012). Number patterns and the mathematics curriculum. A Paper Presented at the Namibian National Mathematics, Congress, Swakopmund.

Villet, C. (2012). Can we change course before it is too late? The Role of the school Principal as instructional leader. Paper presented at the 1st Annual Teacher Education Research Conference at HP Campus, Ongwediva, September 2012.

Monograph

Shalyefu, R. K. (2012). Youth and Adult Learning and Education (YALE) in Namibia, OSISA, RSA. A commissioned research booklet printed by the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA)

Research Reports

Banda, D., Mostert, L., and Wikan, G. (Eds.) (2012). The language of education policy.

Implementation, practice and learning outcomes in Zambia, Namibia and Norway.

Hedmark University College, Norway.

Theses and Dissertations

Boer, P. J. (2012). Implementation of an Education Technology Policy in Namibia’s High Schools: Through the Eyes of the Teacher. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University,. Dissertation Abstract International (UMI No. 3545628)

OTHER SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH RELATED ACTIVITIES

Several projects are being taken in the Faculty whose realization will be to the benefit of both the UNAM community and the Namibian society.

Norway Masters Programme (NOMA)

Norway Masters (NOMA) Programme Comprising Hedmark, UNAM and UNZA. The NOMA Workshop on Literacy and Learning was held from 22 to 28 March 2012 at the Fairmount Hotel in Livingstone. Four M Ed students form UNAM presented their research findings at this workshop. In addition to this the findings from a research project conducted by lecturers on the project were also presented and the research results were also

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disseminated as a research report (all three countries) and an article (Namibian Results only). See publications. The comparative research results from the three countries participating in the NOMA project were also disseminated via a comprehensive research report (see publications). The students presented their research under the following titles:

Constraints encountered by Grade 10 teachers in teaching ESL – a case study of the Oshana Region, Namibia. Simon Lumbu, UNAM student.

Challenges faced by English teachers in integrating information and communication technology (ICT) in the teaching of reading and writing in selected schools in Namibia. Esther Nuuyona, UNAM student.

The impact of language of instruction and gender on the acquisition of English as a Second Language: The case of Afrikaans speaking learners in two Windhoek schools. Jacolyn Anderson Van Wyk, UNAM student.

A case study of the factors which inhibit grade 12 learners' comprehension in English as a Second Language at Ongha Senior Secondary School in the Ohangwena region Leader Ilongwa, UNAM student.

Research Tool on HIV Vulnerabilities

In 2012, the Faculty of Education HIV Focal person, in collaboration with Mr. Maurice Mkusi of the Polytechnic of Namibia and Mr. Tutaleni Asino of the Pennstate University Developed a Research Tool for Assessing HIV vulnerabilities on Higher Education Institutions. This tool is available online and students from UNAM and the Polytechnic of Namibia are ready for implementation in April 2013. Data will be analysed through a computer programme with the help of Tutaleni Asino, dual PHD candidate at Pennstate University who is donating his time and mobilizing resources to make the analyses of the data for this project. It is expected that the findings of this research will assist University Management on improvement of HIV programmes.

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HIV Vulnerabilities on Main Campus

At Main Campus, NTERA –Namibia used the initial tool of the HIV Vulnerabilities to do what was intended to be the pilot study, to collect data with the support of four students. The data turned out to be very exciting. The four students presented the paper at a Conference for Education and Democracy and received applause for it. This paper is attached. The students are in the process of preparing their paper for review before it is submitted for publication.

Philip Wetu Teachers’ Guide

Ministry of Health and Social Services, with the support of GIZ, developed a Movie and Comics titled; The Three Lives of Philip Wetu. This is material developed for adolescents and young adults to raise their awareness regarding risky behaviours that could aid HIV-infection. NTERA-Namibia (Network for Teacher-Educators Responding to AIDS) participated in two workshops: One in which Bachelor of Eduction Students and HIV coordinators of some of our campuses (Main Campus, HP and Rundu) were trained in using the Philip Wetu Movie and Comics as teaching tools and the other aimed at developing a Teachers’ Guide to the Movie and Comics. GIZ has appointed a Consultant who is reviewing the The Teachers’ Guide and getting it ready for publication.

Grapholearn Project

The GraphoLearn Project is an initiative organised by Niilo Mäki Institute and the University of Jyväsylä, Finland with the support of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. This particular project aims at establishing a pool of specialists on reading rehabilitation. This is done through training which will result in a Diploma recognized by the Niilo Mäki Institute and the University of Jyväskylä. It also aims at creating opportunities to contribute to international publications. Collaborating partners in the project are tertiary institutions from Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia. The main objectives of the Diploma programme are:

To give the trainees the basic knowledge of learning difficulties that is needed in clinical.

practice for helping children who struggle with learning, especially in learning to read

To give the trainees a high level expertise in using and training Graphogame technology for remediation of basic skills in reading and mathematics.

To provide specialized reading rehabilitation services in a sustainable manner. Trainees and trainers are required to do specific case studies between seminars, whereby learners with reading and mathematics difficulties are identified through various assessment tests and remediated using the Graphogame technology, which generates data with regard to the learners. The results are reported on at each seminar. The aim is to build a researched profile of learners and their specific learning needs within each of the participating countries, which in turn will inform institutions regarding innovative teaching and learning practices to be carried over to student teachers.

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SIDA-MIET Project On Inclusive Education

This project aims at the promotion of inclusive education in each of the participating countries, namely Botswana, Namibia and South Africa with its partner, Sweden. The focus is on promoting inclusive education practices, rather than just disabilities. Action research forms an integral part of this project and teachers are involved in carrying out the action research in their classrooms. Dr. Haihambo is representing the University of Namibia on this project and was in Botswana in the beginning of March 2013 for this project.

Joint Project with the University of OULU

The Faculty of Education had a joint project with the University of Oulu during 2011 and 2012: Capacity Building in Pre-primary and Lower Primary Teacher Education. One of the outcomes of the project was to prepare an electronic publication based on the topics of the seminars, workshops and visits that took place during the project. The publication will serve as a way of disseminating the results of the project. The publication will also be used as learning material for UNAM students and teachers.

Kronqvist, E., Möller, J., & Ketonen, L.(2012). Capacity Building in Pre-primary and Lower Primary teacher Education – Cooperation between University of Oulu and University of Namibia. Electronic publication of the University of Oulu and the University of Namibia.

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEAN’S STATEMENT

The Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology (FEIT) continued to engage in research activity, amidst the hectic teaching duties and community services. During the course of the year (2012), a notable step was taken to strengthen research activity in the faculty. The Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology Research Centre (FERC) was formally established on July 1, 2012 with Prof. IE Davidson nominated to serve as the Coordinator of the FERC. The FERC is a multi-disciplinary unit across the broad spectrum of engineering disciplines in the faculty, namely: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Mining and Metallurgical Engineering; focused on applied scientific research and technology development in support of the National Development Plan (NDP) of Namibia, and to improve on the living standards of people in the Namibian society and to contribute towards nation building. The purpose of the FERC is to contribute to the Namibian engineering and scientific expertise through its own fundamental and applied research, and through collaborative work with others. The multidisciplinary nature of our research is reflected in the current and future activities of the Centre’s research and community-based development projects, a number of which are highlighted in this report. The Centre engages in inter-disciplinary approaches to the resolution of real-world engineering problems. The first FERC brochure was published / distributed to the university community and our stakeholders during the research day celebration in September 2012.

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The FERC derives its mandate from UNAM’s research vision, which is to become a research institution of international repute in various key areas of research excellence which create and share knowledge needed for the upliftment of the quality of life of the Namibian people. The University of Namibia’s Research Mission is to develop a conducive infrastructure that will ensure that the institution undertakes high quality internationally competitive research, and publishes such work as appropriate to allow its exploitation for the good of mankind, deriving benefits in areas such as economic growth, educational development, cultural integration, health care delivery and social benefits for the prosperity and well-being of Namibia, and other countries beyond the borders. The FERC with its team of dedicated academics and students engaged intellectually and professionally in fundamental and applied research efforts in an inter-disciplinary manner to expand knowledge and resolve real-world engineering problems that strengthen the position and influence of our communities in the world arena.

STRATEGIC RESEARCH DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

FERC engages in value-adding interdisciplinary research investigations which are community-based and focused on:

Solving basic local engineering problems; Critical environmental problems and t Develop cost-effective solutions to energy supplies for rural schools and

communities in Namibia. The following are focused research projects being investigated or earmarked for implementation, namely:

Ongwediva Waste Management System / Bio-gas Production Plant for Community School. Researcher: Anna Lenhart, Fulbright Scholar. Supervised by Prof. FPL Kavishe and Dr. AA Ogunmokun. Sustainable Power and Energy Systems This is focused on research and development in sustainable energy technologies/systems: generation, transmission, distribution and delivery; including the design, fabrication, construction, installation, applications, operation and management of sustainable electric power and energy systems (alongside conventional sources) for the safe, reliable, and economic delivery of electrical energy for general industrial, commercial, public / domestic consumption. Activities here emphasize environmental issues, engineering sustainability, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and carbon neutrality. The following are research activities and community-based projects: Grid Interoperation

Integration of Renewable Energy in Modern Electric Power Systems. Develop methodologies/standards for the integration of renewables and distributed resources into

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the SADC electric power pool, beginning with collaboration for Namibian national grid and South African power grid. Researchers: Prof. IE Davidson, Mr. MM Bello (Eskom).

BENGUELA Community-UNAM Wind-Power Project in Luderitz

This is a joint initiative / collaboration between the MRC, UNAM and the Benguela Community, sponsored by the European Union (EU) for a field implementation of a Wind-power Demonstration system to supply power to the Benguela community in Luderitz, Namibia.

o Completed Tasks: - Feasibility Studies - Site Location/Acquisition

-Equipment Specification/Tender Process (In Progress) o On-going Tasks:

- Equipment Supply Tendering Process - Equipment verification to match specifications - Installation work quality assurance - Preparation of the turbine installation drawings - Preparation of the training manual of the community technicians - Preparation of the guide for training and technology transfer by the supplier,

and approval for the compliance of the training with such guide - Train the technicians in the recording and collection of key energy supply - performance data of the turbines and energy system - Supervise and train UNAM engineering students who may use the project as

a study site now and in the future. This project is modular and expandable as more funds become available for increased generation capacity. It will also serve as an experimental research facility. Researchers: Prof. IE Davidson (Project Leader), Dr. H. Mu-Ashekele (MRC), Mr. A. Ngoshe, Mr. K Amaambo

Technical and Economic Evaluation of the Concentrated Solar-Power (CSP) for Namibia

Namibia faces potential power shortages as early as 2014, when some existing electricity purchase-contracts and agreements will expire. One of the bulk power generation options the government of Namibia is considering is a CSP Plant in Namibia. A final stake-holders consultative workshop was conducted by the Ministry of Mines & Energy, Namibia to evaluate the “Prefeasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar-Power Plant in Namibia (CSP NAM Project)”, Namibian Ministry of Mines & Energy, MME Auditorium, 1 Aviation Road, Windhoek, 25th July 2012. Researchers: Prof. IE Davidson, Mr. N. Mbaimbai

Compiled a Proposal for Flood Water Management for the Northern Regions of Namibia. Researchers: Prof. Kavishe, Prof. F.-M. Adam, Prof. Juepner

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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Refereed journal papers

Bathgate, G., Iyuke, S. and Kavishe, F. (2012). Comparison of Straight and Helical Nanotube Production in a Swirled Fluid CVD Reactor. ISRN Nanotechnology, Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 985834, 10 pages, doi:10.5402/2012/985834

Ogedengbe K, (2012). Horticulturing and Landscaping as Business Ventures. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSB 1450-2887 Issue 82(2012).

Ogedengbe K. (2012). Emission Stabilization using empirical evaluation of some agricultural residues as potential alternatives energy and soil amendment sources. International Journal of Advance Scientific Research and Technology, 2012.

Conference papers

Lenhart, A, Kavishe, FPL and Ogunmokun, AA. (2012)., Ongwediva Waste Management System / Bio-gas Production Plant for Community School. Faculty seminar presentation at the UNAM Engineering Boardroom, July 2, 2012.

Lenhart, A, Kavishe, FPL and Ogunmokun,AA. (2012). Ongwediva Waste Management System. Presentation to the Ongwediva Town Council, Ongwediva, July 4, 2012.

Ministry of Mines & Energy, Namibia (2012). Prefeasibility Study for the Establishment of a Pre-Commercial Concentrated Solar-Power Plant in Namibia (CSP NAM Project). Final Stakeholders Consultative Workshop. Invitation by Namibian Ministry of Mines & Energy, MME Auditorium, 1 Aviation Road, Windhoek, 25th July 2012.

Mudamburi, B., Ogunmokun, A., Kachigunda, B. and Kaurivi, J. (2012). A Comparison of Conventional and Conservation Tillage Implements Used for Crop Production in Omusati Region of Northern Namibia. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Environmental and Agriculture Engineering – ICEAE 2012, June 29-30, 2012, Jeju Island, South Korea.

Shifeta, N., Kavishe, FPL, Naomab, E.and Shuuluka, D. (2012). Production of Bioplastics from Seaweed: MSc Proposal. Presented to the 2nd African Material Science and Engineering Network (AMSEN-A Carnegie-IAS Network), AMSEN Workshop, Nairobi Kenya, 21st - 23rd March 2012.

Temaneh CN (2012). Developing a statistical Model for Electromagnetic Environment for Mobile Wireless Networks. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Issue 61 January 2012, Dubai UAE.

Other publications

Iipinge, S., Udjombala, H., and Iita, H. (2012). Student Manual for the Module: Society And The Engineer. Source Material for HIV/AIDS Awareness and Education for Engineering Students. Kavishe, F.P.L and Haunit, L. (Eds). University of Namibia.

Iipinge, S., Udjombala, H., and Iita, H. (2012). Lecturer Manual for the Module: Society And The Engineer: Source Material for HIV/AIDS Awareness and Education for Engineering Students. Kavishe, F.P.L and Haunit, L. (Eds). University of Namibia.

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FACULTY OF LAW

DEAN’S STATEMENT

The Faculty of law of the University of Namibia has since its establishment in the early 1990’s served as the only law faculty in the country. The Faculty has three academic departments namely, the Departments of Commercial Law, Private and Procedural Law and Public Law & Jurisprudence. The Faculty is staffed by 11 full-time teaching staff members and a number of part-time lecturers. It currently has about 880 students who are registered for the following qualifications:

the 3 year B Juris degree;

the 2 year LL. B degree (in addition to the B.Juris); and

the 4 year undergraduate LL. B degree

The Faculty also offers 2 undergraduate diploma qualifications, namely:

the Diploma in Arbitration and Dispute Resolution; and

the Diploma in Para-legal Studies The B Juris and the 2 year LL. B qualifications are being phased out while the 4 year undergraduate LL. B degree is being phased-in with effect from the 2012 academic year. During the year under review, the Faculty registered 14 postgraduate students who are pursuing either masters or doctoral qualifications. The Faculty also hosts two centres, namely the Human Rights and Documentation Centre (HRDC) which focuses on human rights issues in the country and also regionally. The other centre is the Justice Training Centre (JTC), whose main remit is the co-ordination of the professional training of legal practitioners in the Republic of Namibia. The 2012 academic year has been a very challenging one for the Faculty of Law in as far as research productivity is concerned. In this area, it is very clear that the research profile of the Faculty has decreased somewhat due to a number of factors such as staff resignations, resulting in an extremely heavy workload in the Faculty. Nonetheless, despite these challenges, colleagues in the Faculty were able to research, prepare and present conferences papers. Other colleagues were able to write journal articles and book chapters for publication during the year under review.

The Faculty is fully aware of the need to urgently reverse its current situation and is addressing it through a number of strategies such as the development of a five year Faculty research plan. Its purpose is to identify niche areas of research, taking into account the existing expertise of its current staff cohort. It has also instituted a bi-monthly seminar series entitled “Namibian Law Update” and annual Bench Bar Faculty conference. These are platforms for law academics to meet and present their research findings which, it is hoped will lead to an increased research output in the Faculty. It is also hoped that with the appointment of four new staff members, the current heavy teaching workload on the existing staff will be reduced somewhat to allow colleagues to focus on their research activities. During the year under review, in order to boost its future research output the

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Faculty has made a budgetary allocation of N$20 000.00 to each member of staff to attend a conference.

It is against this brief introductory background that I present to you the list of research outputs of the Faculty of Law of the University of Namibia for the 2012 academic year. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Chapters in books

Amoo, S.K. (2012). The Procurement Laws of Namibia: in Sue Arrowsmith and Geo Quinot (eds) Pubic Procurement Regulation in Africa (2012) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Mchombu, C. (2012). The Rights to Access Information in Namibia. In A Baseline Survey on Human Rights in Namibia.

Zender, A. (2012). Legal Implications of Grazing Policies on the Carrying Capacity of Rangeland in Namibia. In M. O. Hinz et al (eds) Knowledge Lives in the Lake: Case Study in Environmental and Customary Law (2012) Namibia Scientific Society.

Conference papers /proceedings

Baloro, J. (2012). The State of WTO Law Education within SADC: A tentative assessment. Paper presented at the WTO Chair Annual Conference, 25-26 June, 2012, Geneva, Switzerland.

Baloro, J. & Dausab, Y. (2012). Creating a Conductive Environment for Teaching and Learning in Tertiary Institutions: A critical assessment of the sexual harassment policy of the University of Namibia. Paper presented at the Regional Conference on Research and Publications, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus in collaboration with Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES), 12-13 July 2012.

CONCLUSION The Faculty of Law is among the smallest faculties in the university. It has a proud record in research and publications. However, in recent years, due to an extremely heavy teaching load and a relatively high staff turnover, its research outputs have tended to decrease. It is however hoped that the measures being put into place will reverse this trend.

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FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES: SCHOOL OF NURSING & PUBLIC HEALTH

ASSOCIATE DEAN’S STATEMENT

The report for the School of Nursing and Public Health reflects on all the research activities and publications during 2012 academic year. The research output shows a satisfactory increase since 2011 although much still needs to be done. Staff members produced some publications, while others presented either a paper or a poster at international conferences. Some few also produced books. RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

Nursing research focuses on generating knowledge of health promotion, aiming to maintain and improve health, alleviate suffering and create conditions for a peaceful death. Although there is no strategic plan for research developed for the school currently, the school will develop such plans as a matter of urgency. The school has identified some contemporary issues such as:

Effective teaching and learning approaches (The School is in the process of adopting and adapting Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach. We have exchange teaching programme with the University of Linkoping (Sweden) where lecturers and students are participating in PBL approach);

Best practices to accelerate Millennium Development Goals related to health;

Contemporary infectious diseases and

Professional conduct of nurses. Some ad hoc research is already carried out by individual lecturers on above issues. However, it is essential that the School needs to have a five strategic research plan and also source of funding for implementation thereof. OBJECTIVES

1. Conduct research in areas related to teaching and learning approaches 2. Conduct research on best practices for acceleration of Millennium Development Goals 4,

5, & 6 3. Conduct research in areas related to contemporary infectious diseases 4. Conduct action research to support nurses to change negative attitudes towards

clients/patients

SPECIFIC AREAS OF EMPHASIS BY THE SCHOOL

Teaching and learning approaches Problem-based Learning

Millennium Development Goals Best practices to reduce maternal and peri/neonatal deaths Best practices to reduce HIV prevalence

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Contemporary infectious diseases STIs Malaria Tuberculosis

Professional conduct Professional ethics

Participatory Action and Reflection approaches In addition, the school’s direction will involve the following areas of interest (Projects will be conducted by different departments). DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL NURSING & SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS

Research 1: Experiences of problem-based Learning by 2nd year nursing students at University of Namibia. Dr K. Amakali.

Research 2: Perceptions of Nursing Education at University of Namibia: Implications for curriculum review. Prof. L. Small, Prof S.N. Iipinge, Dr P. Angula, Dr L. Pretorius, Ms L. Nelumbu, Ms W. Wilkinson, Ms E. de Villiers, Ms L. van der Westhuizen.

Research 3: Assessment of nurses’ knowledge perception and practices on tuberculosis (TB) infection control at health care facilities, in Oshikoto and Khomas regions. (Team Leader Dr S. Kuugondgelwa and Ms H. Niikonda)

DEPARTMENT OF MIDWIFERY SCIENCE

Research 1: Partnership with low-income communities of Sewende Laan and Babylon in Windhoek for reducing maternal mortality rates: An action research. Dr K. Hofnie-//Hoebes

Research 2: Assessment of training needs of practicing midwives for development of training manual. (Team Leaders: Dr K. Hofnie-//Hoebes and Ms E. Mulenga)

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Research 1: Needs assessment of Public Health related programmes at University of Namibia (UNAM)

Research 2: Impact evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) training on the nursing practice

DEPARTMENT ALLIED HEALTH

Research 1: Assessment of patient education provided by radiographers and students regarding radiographic procedures. (Ms L. Kalondo and C. Nabasenja)

Research 2: Investigating factors affecting capacity and quality of clinical supervision in imaging department. (Ms L. Kalondo and C. Nabasenja)

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CLINICAL EDUCATION COORDINATION UNIT AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Research 1: A comparative study on perceptions of student nurses and Registered nurses regarding the newly implemented Block system and the Integrated practical allocations. Dr L. Pretorius and Ms A. Walters

Research 2: Utilisation of scenarios in the facilitation of simulation teaching. Dr L. Pretorius and Ms A. Walters

Research 3: Assessment of teacher exchange programme at School of Nursing and Public Health. Dr L. Pretorius and Ms A. Walters.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles

Amakali, K. (2012). Motivation for the use of problem based learning for preparation of undergraduate nursing students for professional competencies. A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Science, 2 (5): 53-57.

Iipinge, SN. & Pretorius, L. (2012). The Delivery and Quality of Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment by Private General Practitioners in Windhoek Namibia. Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 4, No. 5; 2012. ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744; Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.

Nabasenja, C, Engel-Hills, P, Kotze, T & Davidson, F. (2012). .Radiation doses for barium meals in the Western Cape South Africa. The South African Radiographer. 50 (2): 9-12.

Ojulong, J., Mitonga, KH. & Iipinge, SN. (2012). Knowledge and Attitudes of Infection Prevention and Control among Health Sciences Students at University of Namibia. ScholarOne, 375 Greenbrier Drive, Charlottesville, VA, 22901.

Webel, A.R., Phillips, J.C., Rose, C.D.Holzemer, W.L., Chen, W.T., Tyler-Viola, L., Rivero-Mendez, M., Nicholas, P., Nokes, K., Kemppainen, J., Sefcik, E., Brion, J., Eller, L., Iipinge, S., Kriksey, K., Wantland, D., Chaiphibalsarisdi, P., Johnson, M., Portillo, C., Corless, I.B., Voss, J., and Salata, R.A. (2012). A Cross-Sectional Description of Social Capital in an International Sample of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). MS ID 3414082986225801. http://www.biomedcentral.com/imedia/3414082986225801_article.pd

Webel, A.R., Phillips, J.C., Rose, C.D.Holzemer, W.L., Chen, W.T., Tyler-Viola, L., Rivero-Mendez, M., Nicholas, P., Nokes, K., Kemppainen, J., Sefcik, E., Brion, J., Eller, L., Iipinge, S., Kriksey, K., Wantland, D., Chaiphibalsarisdi, P., Johnson, M., Portillo, C., Corless, I.B., Voss, J., and Salata, R.A. (2012). Self-Compassion Inventory with an International Sample of People with HIV/AIDS. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/188

Webel, A.R., Phillips, J.C., Rose, C.D.Holzemer, W.L., Chen, W.T., Tyler-Viola, L., Rivero-Mendez, M., Nicholas, P., Nokes, K., Kemppainen, J., Sefcik, E., Brion, J., Eller, L., Iipinge, S., Kriksey, K., Wantland, D., Chaiphibalsarisdi, P., Johnson, M., Portillo, C., Corless, I.B., Voss, J., and Salata, R.A. (2012). Mediators of Antiretroviral Medication Adherence: A Multisite International Study (AC-2011-11-0596) AIDS Care. Site URL: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ac-phm-vcy

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Books and monographs

Nabasenja, C. Book title: "“Radiation doses for barium meal and barium enema examinations”" under technical revision(ISBN 978-3-8484-9002-8) Karen Holmes Acquisition Editor; LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG Heinrich-Böcking-Str. 6-8; 66121, Saarbrücken, Germany.

Pretorius, L and Small, LF. Book Title: The State of Nursing and Nursing Education in Africa. A country-by-country review. To be launched the first week of August at the STTI conference in Australia.

Conference papers/proceedings

Amakali, K. (2012). The plied of parents/caregivers of children with heart diseases in the rural areas of Namibia. Paper presented at an International Conference on Medical and Nursing care for patients with heart diseases, Cape Town.

Angula, P. (2012). Community based HIV/AIDS stigma reduction intervention in Ongenga Constituency, Namibia. Paper presented at AfricComnet Practicum, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

De Villiers, JE. (2012). The challenges in nursing ethics education in South Africa and Namibia. 1st International Scientific Conference of the Centre for Teaching and Learning (University of the Western Cape) – 20-22 November 2012. Poster presented.

Nabasenja, C. (2012). Radiation doses for barium meals in the Western Cape South Africa, 2-5 September 2012, Oxford, UK.

Research reports

Iipinge, SN., van der Vyver, M. & Sheehama, J. (2012). The evaluation of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis specific host cytokine signatures in whole blood culture supernatants as diagnostic marker for active TB infection in progress.

Dulo, C., Iipinge, SN. & Dambisya, Y. (2012). Report of the EQUINET Assessment of the Support Needed for The Lesotho Retention and Recruitment Policy. Participating EQUINET Institutions: University of Limpopo (South Africa), University of Namibia (Namibia) and Mustang Consultants (Kenya).

CONCLUSION

It is worth noting that the Postgraduate students (Masters and PhD) produced quality research reports on the contemporary public health and nursing issues during 2012 academic year. This rich data need only to be converted into publications with the encouragement and guidance of their supervisors.

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FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEAN’S STATEMENT

The research profile of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Science (FHSS) continues to be impressive. The faculty witnessed overwhelmingly influx of research activities in 2012. These were expressed in a broad range of staff publications, research collaborations, conference attendance, as well as through external collaborations with local and international research bodies. In line with the University’s new requirements, each department identified research focus areas at the beginning of the year within the framework of its strategic plan (2012-2015) developed in 2012. At its last re-treat in October 2012 all staff members had provided input on their achievements in line with a plan. In most instances, staff members scored very well on their individual plans and some members even exceeded their projected research output for 2012, some in spite of relatively heavy teaching loads. The faculty published 39 refereed articles in scientific journals. Staff members published five Academic books or chapters in books and presented 37 papers at local, national and international academic gatherings. Despite the high workload, Faculty members also contributed to research by being editor of national/international journals, doing peer review for accredited journals. They also presented a large number of papers at academic conferences by facilitating and conducting workshops and by participating at exhibitions. Another important milestone is the hosting of the 5th Annual Faculty Research Conference and the launch of the Faculty Journal (Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences). The Journal establishment was a success as a first printed publication of the Faculty and University at large.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The table below provides main research areas by Department. Even though there has been progress in conducting research, research in the Faculty was hampered by the lack of funding and heavy workload. Therefore urgent steps have to be taken by the Faculty to increase the research output.

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Table 1: The main thematic areas of research were as follows in respective Departments:

Department Main area of research

DGHES Liberation Strangle, Archeology, Climate change and Adaptation, wind patterns in the dunes, Economic impact of Tourism on SME, Determinant and consequences of Urbanization

DICS Backlog in Land Allocation, Role of School in Libraries in promoting reading culture, Scholarly communication practices,

DLLS Effect of English on Namibia National Languages, preference on implementation of the Language Policy in primary school in Namibia, Inter-cultural perceptions of UNAM students,

DS Women and gender rights in Namibia and southern Africa, social media and youth identity shifts, architecture and culture, cultural and linguistic transformations in Windhoek, mortality and health trends in Namibia, trade unions rights and poverty, issues of unemployment, education and democracy, and migration, mobility and electronic communication.

DVPS Rituals of Indigenous people,

The following list of research activities / projects should not be regarded as a comprehensive overview, but gives a scope of the variety of research projects conducted by Faculty members.

Liberal tradition in Colonial Namibia conducted by Prof C Botha.

Shifting culture, language and identity in Windhoek in collaboration with colleagues Freiberg Institute, Germany.

Mobile margins: mobile communication and the reconfiguration of the family in post-independence Namibia.

Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), at the phase dealing with adolescents and youth studies.

Equitable access to health care.

CoBasys - research project on Community Based systems for HIV treatment.

Equitable access to health care and the CoBasys - research project on Community Based systems for HIV treatment.

Reconciliation and violence in the aftermath of large-scale violence: the cases of Angola and Namibia.

ICTs, labour migration and the reconfiguration of family structures in post-independence Namibia.

Mobile margins: mobile communication and the reconfiguration of the family in post-independence Namibia.

Identification of Potential Intervention Mechanisms for Improving Small-Scale Farmers’ Livelihood and Reducing Land Degradation with the Support of PES in the Communal Areas of Northern Namibia.

Soil and vegetation conservation as tools to earn Carbon credits and the methods used to estimate the carbon credits.

Impact of bush encroachment on ground water resources.

Knowledge Management in Namibia

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Within the scope of exchange programmes with existing cooperation agreements between partner institutions in Finland, Sweden, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, USA, and South Africa, the Faculty welcomed colleagues from our partner universities at UNAM, while FHSS colleagues paid visits to these universities or supported them as external examiners. These collaboration strengthen research activities between institutions.

CHALLENGES

The Faculty is convinced that Namibia’s development can only be consolidated through the availability of a pool of well-trained professionals. Unfortunately, some students admitted to the University, despite fierce competition for places, are not adequately trained for embarking on tertiary studies. A lot of time is taken up in raising these students’ analytical skills/capacities. This eats into time, which would otherwise be spent by colleagues conducting research. Despite the fact that the academics of the Faculty have been actively involved in assisting students in their academic endeavors and in spite of the fact that they are under severe teaching pressures because of increasing student numbers and decreasing numbers of staff, the Faculty still managed to produce a significant, but not satisfactory, number of academic publications of reputed standard as is shown in the following table. Table 2: Research output

Academic Books

Chapters in Books

Articles in Refereed Journals

Academic Papers Presented at Conferences

3 2 38 37

LISTS OF PUBLICATIONS BY DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (DGHES)

Journal articles

Akawa, & Jearemy, S.(2012) Waking the dead: Civilian casualties in the Namibian liberation struggle. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social sciences. Vol. 1, No 1.

Angombe, S. (2012). Evaluation of drought indices using the 40-percentile threshold for the north-central regions of Namibia. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 1 No.2, pp 247-260.

Bryant, R.G., Eckardt, F.D., Vickery, K., Hipondoka, M., Murray, J.E., and Abrahams, D., 2012. Etosha Pan: Dust source characteristics and emission controls. Southern African Association of Geomorphologists. The 2012 Bienniel Conference, Gobabeb, 8 -12 September 2012.

Christo, B. (2012) The Emergence of Commercial Ranching under State Control and the Encapsulation of Pastoralism in African Reserves, In Michael, Hans, P & Michael, S. Pastoralism in Africa Past, Present, and Future. London.

Gwasira, G. (2012) The Archaeology of the Dome Gorge in the Daureb/Brandberg, Namibia: themes, content and context. Journal for humanities and social sciences. Vol 1 No.1. pp. 1-20.

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Gwasira, G. (2012) “To live in the hearts of those we left behind is not to die”: Continuity and conformity in vernacular architecture at Genadendal Mission Station, South Africa. Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol.1 No.2, pp 143-153.

Hipondoka, M.H.T., Mauz, B., Packman, S., Bloemendal, J., Kempf, J., Chiverrell, R., (2012). Sand-ridge dynamics and the evolution of the Etosha Pan, Namibia. Southern African Association of Geomorphologists. The 2012 Bienniel Conference, Gobabeb, 8 -12 September 2012.

Joubert, EC, Harms, TM, Muller, A, Hipondoka, M, Henschel, JR, (2012). A CFD study of wind patterns over a desert dune and the effect on seed dispersion. Journal of Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Vol 12, pp 23-44.

Kaundjua, M., Margaret N. Angula & Angombe, S. (2012). Community perceptions of climate change and variability impacts in Oshana and Ohangwena Regions. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 1, No.1, 21-32.

Sinvula, K., Coetsee, S., Cooper, A.K., Hipondoka, M., (2012). Exploring the potential suitability of an SDI model in context of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) of Namibia. Proceedings of the Ukubuzana Conference of Geographical Information Systems of South African in Kempton Park, South Africa. Available at: http://www.eepublishers.co.za/article/gissa-ukubuzana-2012-conference-proceedings.html

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION STUDIES (DICS)

Journal articles

Abankwah, R. M. (2012). Backlog in land allocation: a case of poor recordkeeping practices in land boards in Botswana, ESARBICA Newsletter, Issue 26, pp. 7-8.

Abankwah, R. M. (2012). Policies and strategies that govern the management of audio-visual materials in Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Brach of International Council on Archives (ESARBICA), SA Archives Journal, vol. pp. 98-120.

Abankwah, R. & Ngulube, P. (2012). Environmental conditions and the strategies and the storage of audiovisual materials in archival institutions in the ESARBICA region. ESARBICA Journal, Issue 31, pp.75-82.

Mchombu, K (2012). An investigation into the information needs for poverty eradication at Greenwell Matongo in Katutura, Windhoek, in the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In: Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, p75 – 92

Nengomasha, C. T, Uutoni, W, Yule, W. & (2012). School libraries and their role in promoting a reading culture: A case study of Caprivi, Omusati, Omaheke, Karas, and Khomas Regions, Namibia. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Issue 1, No. 1, pp. 159-171.

Nengomasha, C. T., Uutoni, W and Yule, W. (2012). The impact of school libraries on academic achievement. International Journal of Information Processing and Communication, Issue 1, No. 1, pp. 120-138.

Nengomasha, C. T. & Nyanga, E. H. (2012). Managing semi-current records: a case for records centres for the public service of Namibia. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Issue 1, No. 2, pp. 231-245.

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Chapters in books

Nengomasha, C.T. (2012). Electronic mail management – the public service of Namibia experience: lessons for Zimbabwe. In Ngulube, P. (ed). National Archives 75@30: 75 Years of Archiving Excellence at the National Archives of Zimbabwe. Harare: National Archives of Zimbabwe.

Nengomasha, C.T. (2012). Librarians, Records Managers and E-Government.. In Hershey, PA Library and Information Science in Developing Countries. IGI : Global.

Books and monographs

Mchombu, K.J. and Mkusa, E. L. (2012). A Study of Development Knowledge Management. Windhoek: Information and Knowledge Management (IKM) Emergent Research Programme

Conference papers proceedings

Mabhiza, C., Shatona, M and Hamutumwa, N. (2012). Information seeking behaviours of the faculty of Economics and Management Science, University of Namibia. Published in Iivonen, M., Helminen, P., Ndinoshiho, J and Sisatto, O. 2012. Empowering people: Collaboration between Finish and Namibian University libraries. Tampere: Tampere University Press. P300 ISBN 9789514489778

Selabe, M. and Abankwah, R. M. (2012). An assessment of users and Librarians’ skills and competencies in the use of electronic resources at the University of Botswana Library, A paper presented at the Botswana Library Association 4th Annual Conference, Maun Lodge, Maun 25th – 27th July.

Beukes-Amiss, C.M. (2012). Namibia positioning itself as a Knowledge Economy, presented at eLearning Africa (eLA) conference, Cotonou, Benin 23-25 May 2012

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND MILESTONES

Two members of staff (Prof K. Mchombu and Dr C. Nengomasha) were involved in the development of a Knowledge Management Framework for the Electricity Control Board (ECB) and produced a research report. Two members of staff (Prof K. Mchombu and Mr W. Uutoni) participated in a Faculty-wide research as part of a study on scholarly communication practices at the University of Namibia: A case study of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (FHSS) and produced a research report. A member of staff (Dr C.M. Beukes-Amiss) received the UNAM meritorious award for the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. A member of staff (Dr C.M. Beukes-Amiss) was appointed and seconded on a part-time basis by the Vice Chancellor as the chairperson of the Local Organising Committee on behalf of the Ministry of Education and ICT, for the upcoming eLearning Africa (eLA) conference in Namibia, 29-31 May 2013.

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DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE STUDIES (DLLS)

Journal articles

Augart, J. (2012). (Süd-)Afrikanische Germanistik. Zur Positionierung und Professionalisierung der Germanistik im südlichen Afrika. eDUSA (1), 7-22.

Augart, J. (2012). Zauber und Magie in ‚Afrikanisches Schach. Ein Leben mit den Geistern an Kenias Küste‘. Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik, ed. by Carlotta von Maltzan. Bern: Peter Lang Verlag, 73-78.

Augart, J. (2012). ‚Nach dem Spiel ist vor dem Spiel‘? Fußball und Leidenschaft in ‚Das Wunder von Bern‘ und ‚Fußball ist unser Leben‘. In: Sport, Spiel und Leidenschaft. Afrikanische und deutsche lkiugfPerspektiven, ed. by Carlotta von Maltzan/ David Simo. Tübingen. Fink Verlag, 189-200.

Augart, Julia (2012). Germanistik in Kenia: Interkulturelles Lesen und Verstehen durch Identifikationsmöglichkeiten. In: Re-Visionen. Kulturwissenschaftliche Herausforderungen interkultureller Germanistik, ed. by Ernest Hess-Lüttich et al. 177-192.

Augart, Julia (2012). Book-Review: Hofmann, Michael / Rita Morrien (eds.). Deutsch-afrikanische Diskurse in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Literatur- und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Amsterdam/ New York: Rodopi 2012, in: The German Quarterly 85:4, 3, 2012, 497-499.

Kangira, J. (2012). Views and preferences of parents, teachers and principals on the implementation of the language policy in primary schools in Namibia: An explorative study of the Khomas region, Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol.1 No.2.

Kangira, J. (2012). Praiseworthy values in President Hifikepunye Pohamba’s epideictic Speech marking the 20th Anniversary of Namibia’s independence, in Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol.1 No.1.

Smit, T. (2012). Language Identity of First-Generation Students entering Higher Education in Namibia and its impact on Learning. NERA Journal for the Namibian Educational Research Association. Vol. 11. No. 1. pp. 185 – 196.

Smit, T. (2012). Conventional and novel/creative metaphors: Do differing cultural environments affect parsing in a second language? Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 1. No. 1. pp. 93 – 108.

Smit, T. (2012). Views and Preferences of parents, teachers and principals on the implementation of the language policy in primary schools in Namibia: An exploratory study in the Khomas region. Co-authored with L.M. Mostert, M. Hamunyela, C. Kasanda, J. Kangira, R. Zimba and J. Hengari. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 1. No. 2. pp. 167 – 178.

Smit, T. (2012). First Language and Second Language: The Effect of English on Namibian National languages. Canada International Conference of Education. (CD).

Zappen-Thomson conducted a small research project with her students in the course Intercultural communication (LGT 3800) to obtain more clarity about the way that UNAM students perceive culture.

Zappen-Thomson, M (2012): Spiel und Leiden im Jugendroman Themba von Lutz von Dijk“ In: Carlotta von Maltzan & David Simo (Hrsg): Sport, Spiel und Leidenschaft Afrikanische und Deutsche Perspektiven, W. Fink Verlag, 2012, 109-122.

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Zappen-Thomson, M (2012) Editor: eDUSA – Band 7, Jahrgang 2012: Nr. 1 [ISSN 1991-6272] Redaktionelles, Vorwort http://www.sagv.org.za/eDUSA/index.htm

Books and monographs

Zappen-Thomson, Marianne (Ed.) (2012) English – German Glossary of Namibia Terms. Windhoek. Unam Press.

Conference papers

Augart, J. (2012). Intercultural investigations. German Crime Fiction in Africa. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences 4th Annual Research Conference, September 2012, University of Namibia.

Augart, J. (2012). Crime Scene Africa – German Crime Fiction on the African Continent. Research Colloquium at the Department of Language and Literature Studies, July 2012, University of Namibia.

Augart, J. (2012). Deutsch für den Beruf? Zur Professionalisierung in südafrikanischen Curricula, Deutsche Sprache und Literatur im afrikanischen Kontext, DAAD, March 2012, Stellenbosch University.

Kangira, J. (2012). An offence to Black and Human: A rhetorical engagement of Mvula ya Nangolo’s imaginative views of Namibia’s war of liberation in poetry collection Watering the Beloved Desert, paper presented at the F.I. Moloi International Conference held at the National University of Lesotho, 25-28 April 2012.

Potrykus, B. (2012). Creating a Vision: Motivation, Identity and the Concept of the L2 Ideal Self. Humanities and Social Sciences 4th Annual Research Conference, 26 - 27th of September 2012.

Smit, T. (2012). First Language and Second Language: The Effect of English on Namibian National Languages. Presented at Canada International Conference of Education, Toronto.

Smit, T. (2012). The Effect of English on Namibian National Languages. Presented at the DLLS Colloquium, UNAM, Windhoek.

Smit, T. (2012). Can Grandparents still talk to their Grandchildren? A Namibian Perspective.

Presented at the 3rd Annual FHSS Conference at the University of Namibia.

Zappen-Thomson , M. (2012). Schädel im Brennpunkt. Paper presented at the DAAD Converence 25 – 29 March 2012, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

Zappen-Thomson , M. (2012). Guestprofessor at the Universität Duisburg Essen „Wie kann das Übersetzen/Dolmetschen sinnvoll in den Fremdsprachenunterricht integriert werden?“ 24 June – 21 July 2012.

Zappen-Thomson , M. (2012). How will UNAM students perceive culture? Paper presented together with 5 students at the Research Colloquium of the Department of Language and Literature Studies, Windhoek, 26 July 2012.

Zappen-Thomson , M. (2012). How do UNAM students perceive culture. Paper presented at the 4th Research Conference of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Namibia, 26 September 2012.

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DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

Journal articles

Edwards. L. (2012). Action research on gender-based violence at the University of Namibia: Results and methodological reflections Sexual Rights Activism in Southern African Higher Education. Feminist Africa, Vol 17.

Fox, T. (2012). Assessing virtual culture exchanges: Internet social networks and global interactions among Windhoek youth. The journal for studies in humanities and social sciences. 201-216.

Fox, T. (2012). New monumental architectures of independence: National representations in Windhoek’s civic spaces. The digest of Namibian architecture. pp 10-14.

Fox, T. (2012). Mass media, lifestyle and young adults’ (un)reflexive negotiation of social and individual identities in Windhoek. Online publication. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch.

Kaundjua, M.B.; Angula, M.N. & Angombe, S.T. (2012). Community perception of climate change and variability impacts in Oshana and Ohangwena Regions. In Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 1 No.1,pp 21-32.

DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS

The Visual and Performing Arts department has been involved in a massive research in Ethnomusicology together with experts from the Cibelius Academy in Finland. The project is about researching information and data collection on various rituals of the indigenous people of Namibia. The purpose of this research is to store this information in the museum of Ethnomusicology at the University of Namibia. The programme is sponsored by the Government of Finland through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The department is also involved in arts programme exchange called “Linnaus-Palme Exchange” in collaboration with Sida under the University of Umeä -Sweden. Various lecturers published in our Faculty journal and also outside Unam in our individual field of specialization. As artists we are, various performances and exhibitions were staged both inside and outside Namibia in the name of UNAM, and many awards were won in various categories. This makes our department vibrant and famous and our stakeholders satisfied. The department has assisted the college of the Arts and other institutions in terms of curricula for NQF submission and also our lecturers supervised their exam papers for better standard.

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FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEAN’S STATEMENT

Despite the heavy teaching loads, the Faculty has managed to produce a good number of refereed and conference papers. There were many outstanding research projects going on among others, Marama Bean research, Nuclear Physics, Astrophysics under the HESS project, ecology and conservation, animal and plant breading research, rural wires network, namibianizing internet, cloud computing technologies, mining and environmental impact and restoration research, ground water, demography, category theory, financial mathematics and dynamical systems, phytochemistry of biologically active plant chemicals against malaria and the synthetic metal complexes with biological activities against malaria parasites and projects on other diseases. Emanating from some of this work, 7 patent letters were locally granted in Namibia and since then and citing the UNAM website the “work was further submitted to the World Intellectual Patent Organization, a United Nations organization with 184 member states, through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). WIPO through its International Search Authority has granted Novelty and Industrial Applicability to all the applications presented to them”. This is great news for the Faculty and UNAM as it is probably the first time UNAM got some of its research work patented. Furthermore, our Departments have tremendously improved their research capacities, resulting in a higher publication output compared to previous years. The total number of refereed journal articles published during the year was 53, 1 book chapter, in addition to 21 conference papers. This has brought a total of 77 publications plus 7 patents providing a glowing international visibility for our University. The Faculty of Science is still striving to specialize in applied research which has potential to enhance development.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The Faculty of Science encourages collaborative research and research teams focus their research around specific key themes that are in line with Vision 2030 of the country. Most of the research projects are funded from external funding that was sourced by members of the Faculty. Faculty members were very active and successful in sourcing funding for research projects. Funding agencies and collaborative partners outside UNAM include the Joint Namibian (Ministry of Education)-NRF (South Africa) fund; the National Science Foundation (NSF) USA; Government of the Republic of Namibia (NDP III) fund; CPP/UNEP/GEF fund; Kirkhouse Trust; SIDA-Sweden; BMBF (Germany); NEPAD; SANBio; German-Africa Cooperation Projects in Infectology; African Regional Co-operation Agreement (AFRA); IAEA; WHO, among others. This illustrates the high involvement of members of the Faculty in proposal writing to search funding. A number of projects are also funded by the UNAM Research and Publication Committee (RPC) funding. Although individual departments have members with different skills and areas of specialization collaborative researches between departments also take place. Collaborative projects between various departments include: Traditional knowledge

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systems; Mushroom research; Nutritional and medicinal value of indigenous plant extracts; Water quality research; Research on Climate Change, among others. The focus areas and research activities within individual departments are given below.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Ecology and Conservation

Assessing the effect of herding on livestock performance in semi-arid communal rangelands in South Africa and Namibia.

Population dynamics Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger: Population structure, recruitment and reproductive vigor in different habitats.

Flora of Namibia Project: This is a collaborative research project with the national Herbarium of Namibia and is focused towards the production of a comprehensive and descriptive English Flora of Namibian Plants. It involves collating and analysing data, existing and new, on the indigenous and naturalised plants of the country in order to promote knowledge and sustainable utilisation of this resource.

Population dynamics of an endemic tree species, Moringa ovalifolia: Funded through the University of Namibia Research and Publication Office, in this collaborative research between UNAM, Etosha Ecological Institute, and the National Botanic Research Institute, we address questions around population structure, population dynamics, genetic diversity and reproductive Ecology of populations occupying different habitats in the country.

Assessment of the effects of variation in vegetation structure due to bush encroachment on the species composition and diversity of small mammals and ground dwelling invertebrates at selected sites in the Omaheke Region.

Seasonal changes in dietary preferences of the oryx and springbok in Damaraland. This study will be undertaken in collaboration with conservancies e.g. Torra conservancy.

Human Wildlife Conflict along the Boundaries of the Park.

Carbon turnover and nutrient cycling in shelf sediments off the Namibian coast

Dynamics of intertidal zone communities on the coast of Namibia

Limnology of lentic freshwater systems in Namibia

Landscape processes and biodiversity change along the Kwandu River in Caprivi, Namibia.

Profiling, monitoring and conserving the rich microbial diversity along the Namibian coast.

Isolation of actinomycetes from Namibian soils.

The impact of different management practices on the range condition of Savanna ecosystems.

Disturbance and Restoration Ecology

Understanding the dynamics of arid savanna ecosystems experiencing various disturbance regimes in highland biomes of central Namibia: Implications for local management for economics and conservation objectives.

Restoration of Sendelingsdrif mining site. Pollution

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Evaluation of water quality in drinking water of Namibia

Endocrine disrupting chemicals in water sources of Namibia

Microcystin toxicity in eutrophic aquatic systems

Bacteriological quality of water sources (mostly open and ground water) in the vicinity of informal settlements in the City of Windhoek for the presence and prevalence of Mycobacterium avium.

Host-plant interactions (Parasitology)

Plant-microorganism interaction with a focus on Plant Growth Promotion by Rhizospheric

Endophytic microorganisms associated with plant occurring in the Namibian Deserts Host-animal interactions (Parasitology)

Rainfall and herbivory: characterizing the transmission route for anthrax in grazing wildlife, Etosha National Park.

Parasites of rodents in South Africa and Namibia with a focus on emerging infectious diseases.

Emerging viruses in West and Southern Africa: Molecular identification and characterization of rodent- and shrew-borne hantaviruses and assessment of their public health potential.

Monitoring the effects of anthropogenic and environmental change on parasite diversity and communities and infectious disease on small mammal communities along a climate gradient in Southern Africa.

Climate Change

The combined use of groundwater, honey bees and soil in the assessment of climate change and adaptation strategies among communities of the Omusati, Ohangwena, Okavango and Caprivi Regions of Namibia.

Medical Microbiology

HIV-1 biological activity and toxicity prospecting of ethnobotanicals of Namibia.

Malaria prevalence study in the Oshikango region.

The impact of nutritional status on clinical outcomes of malaria following ACT treatment in children under the age of 5.

The evaluation of medicinal plants for potential use as herbal supplements for cancer, diabetes and hypertension.

The evaluation of indigenous plant species as potential sources of antimalaria products.

The molecular surveillance for drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Namibia (collaboration with the Directorate of Special Programmes, MoHSS, Namibia).

Malaria Research Group at the University of Namibia. Research interest include: Anti-malarial drug discovery (Evaluate the antimalarial activity of novel synthetic metal compounds as well as natural products; establish the mode of action). Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Pathogenesis and Vector Biology

Isolation of novel antibiotics for use against Tuberculosis

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Traditional Knowledge systems

Access to and use of research results: increasing community awareness and utilization of indigenous grains to improve nutrition security and livelihoods in Botswana and Namibia.

The evaluation of medicinal plants used by traditional healers for potential use as complementary medicine for treatment malaria.

Animal and Plant breeding research

Development of Marama bean cultivars with desirable agronomic traits using mutation breeding.

Domestication of Marama bean: Agronomy and molecular genetic characterization for its improvement.

Analysis of starch synthesis in Marama bean to identify industrial uses for it.

Cultivation of Tylosema esculentum (Marama bean) Trials

Development of Marama bean cultivars with desirable agronomic traits using Mutation Breeding (DOMBATUMB)

Analysis of microbial nutrient cycling, GHG production, BNF and plant growth promotion for sustainable land use management” under the project The Future Okavango ( TFO)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

In the Computer Science Department there are three research groups that focus on: (a) Rural Wireless Networking utilising the Long Term Evolution and Cloud Computing Technologies; (b) “Namibianizing the Internet” looking at innovative ways to expose the Namibian cultural norms and practices to the world. This research group is looking at various aspects including indigenous knowledge systems and social networks that are applicable to the Namibian environment; (3) on Cloud Computing looking at billing and security aspects of applications in the cloud environment. The computer Science Department also houses the Centre of excellence in Telecommunication that run and implements research activities and publish research results. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

The Physics Department has a small staff component, but still manage to be active in sourcing funding, conducting research and publish in high quality Journals. Focal areas of research include: Radioactivity Measurements Nuclear techniques are being used to determine the distribution of naturally occurring gamma-emitting radionuclides in the soils of Namibia. Such radionuclides are uranium-238 and potassium-40 which decay spontaneously releasing ionizing radiation which is a major hazard to human beings. Namibia is known to have a lot of uranium and mineral deposits and therefore the concentration of these radionuclides in the soils may be high in certain regions or locations thus leading to over-exposure of the inhabitants to hazardous radiation. The radioactivity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil samples collected from selected

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towns are determined using an HPGe detector. Suitable computer software and statistical techniques are being used to analyse the resulting huge data to obtain the exposure attributable to the isotopes. The project will help identify towns or regions having high radioactivity and provide very useful information on natural radioactivity levels in Namibia. Fluorescence studies on vegetation It is well known fact that the growth of similar plants in Namibia is different in different regions mainly due to the influence of ultra violet (UV) radiation and that the local environmental conditions always differ from place to place. Various techniques are available to study the growth parameters of plants. We use fluorescence techniques because the fluorescence spectrum of plants is so specific and gives detail information about the plants. Therefore, the fluorescence studies on vegetation in order to understand the mechanism of environmental stresses on local plants and the effects on their growth will continue in the physics department. Applications of lasers In this area, innovative techniques have been developed to find physical and optical constants in the laser laboratory of the Physics department. High-energy astrophysics The Department's involvement in the phenomenally successful H.E.S.S. Project (High Energy Stereoscopic System) continues with the above mentioned two members forming the UNAM H.E.S.S. Group with R. Steenkamp as group leader. The year 2012 will see the inauguration of the 30 metre H.E.S.S. II Telescope which will be the largest Cherenkov telescope ever built. In addition to H.E.S.S., the above two members are also heavily involved in the Namibian bid/proposal to host the next generation Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) in Namibia. Both members have been and will be involved with the site survey and evaluation and proposals to attract this prestigious 100 million Euro project to Namibia. Personal research will be undertaken in the fields of cosmic ray transport in astrophysical systems, like cosmic ray production in supernova remnants and rich galactic clusters. A theoretical study of charged particle transport in magnetic fields to revisit the issue of cross-field diffusion is being planned. Another field of research will be in Gamma-ray Astronomy, particularly on the TeV gamma-rays from Galactic X-ray binary stellar systems. H.E.S.S. array can probe the already well-established X-ray binaries (well-studied in X-ray Astronomy) for possible gamma-ray emission in order to correlate the observed X-ray features to the gamma-ray features. These studies are in the interest of Multi-wavelength Astronomy – an approach which combines the wealth of the information accessible to various astronomy groups for enhancing the deeper discovery of the Universe. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

The Geology Department is a small department with only a few academics who are actively involved in research, despite high workloads shared among them. They are involved in the following projects:

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The Matchless project The project is partially sponsored by the Swedish geological survey and University of Uppsala and Weatherly Mining Plc Naukluft Groundwater and Aquifer geometry Project (structural, groundwater and Isotopic project), active since 2008, for which we had got funding of N$300 000 from the NRF of South Africa; being a collaborative project between us University of Stellenbosch, University of Cape town and Lausane University in Switzerland. This project is Omusati-Ohangwena-Kavango climate change Project This project is in collaboration with the Department of Biological sciences at UNAM and the Geography Department. Mining and Environment project (IGCP 594) This project is funded by UNESCO partly, but mainly by the Czech geological Survey. DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

Research focus in the Statistics department include: Social aspects

Women and Food Insecurity in Urban area in Namibia. This is a case study within the informal settlements of Windhoek

A comparative study of the socio-economic determinants of infant mortality in Namibia. A case study of 200 and 2006 DHS.

Explaining marriage patterns and trends in Namibia. This research is undertaken toward the fulfilment of a PhD degree.

Model Fitting to Home language in Windhoek Primary Schools

Completion of the second and final pat of the Phase II UNESCO Culture for Development Indicator Suit project

Health aspects

An evaluation of the effect of maternal smoking on the health of infants in Namibia. Small area estimation of health status/conditions and interventions. The main focus currently is in malaria, but easily expandable to other public health problems. With collaborators in Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute and University of Oxford, we are using cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data obtained in various African countries to estimate i) health interventions coverage (long lasting nets) ii) health status and conditions (malaria prevalence), iii) health promotion and disease prevention issues (prompt use of appropriate care).

Demography

Statistical methods in demography- this project essentially is using advanced regression methods to analyze and explain demographic processes. Census and DHS data are being used. Two book chapters currently under review have emanated from this research project.

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

The Research Agenda for the Department of Mathematics centers on creation of theoretical knowledge, realizing that the country needs pure mathematicians to provide the driving force behind innovation, and the application of mathematics to the financial sector and industry. Focus areas of research are: Pure Mathematics The Department has been carrying out research in Categorical Topology. In this research structured frames called nearness frames are utilized. The work involves applying category theory to topology. Applied Mathematics Research has been going on in the following areas: 1) Financial Mathematics. Semi martingales are applied to finance. The focus is on the

modelling of exchange rates, optimal harvest and default able securities. This work has played a part in strengthening the modelling of risk management in the banking industry. Stochastic dynamic models for banking items were developed enabling one to analyse the interplay between the bank exposures and its regulatory capital to mitigate these.

2) Dynamical Systems. This involves the study of the dynamics of Biological groups. The dynamics of Biological groups is represented by a system of nonlinear Partial Differential Equations. The study focus on the well-posedness and regularity properties of the solutions to such systems of equations.

3) Perturbation Theory. This research in perturbation theory has wide applications in chemical reactors, lubrication, bending problems of thin plates and shells, DC motor analysis, quantum and fluid mechanics, elasticity, and other similar areas. It is clear that these applications are quite relevant to the development programs of Namibia, especially in the industrial sector.

4) Differential Equations and Numerical Methods. This work involves modelling of the spread of diseases.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry is involved in the following research areas: Biomedical Research and Development (Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development) The department formalised this research platform as the main focused area, with the view to improve human health and nutrition. The current focus is on HIV/AIDS and nutrition, malaria and Cancer research. Some of the current research topics are:-

• Synthesis of coordination complexes containing thio-based ligands • Synthesis of coordination complexes containing nitroxyl ligands • Screening for biologically active products in medicinal plants and subsequent

chemical, biochemical and pharmacological studies on plant secondary metabolites

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• Establishment of seasonal occurrence of algal marine biotoxins along the central Namibian coast. Design and synthesis of potential anti-infective agents modeled on natural products.

Advancement (IKST) in collaboration with Ministry of Education and MRC. Research and Development in this programme is focused on:-

Biochemical and Chemical characterization and molecular, environmental and nutritional evaluation of local plant and crop species

• Screening, isolation, purification and characterisation of novel enzymes from microorganisms and/or plants

• Studying the fermentation/cultivation conditions for the production of enzymes and other functional compounds produced by microorganisms, in particular fungi

• Plant Resources • Plant Environment Interactions and adaptation strategies, enhancing coping strategies

of communities to climate change variability • Value addition and improvement of local plant/crop species

Build Environment: Environmental Chemistry, Sustainable Energy, Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Application of green chemistry to synthetic organic chemistry, specifically in alternative reaction media (including solvent-free synthesis) and alternative activation (e.g. microwave, ultrasound, etc.)

• Wastewater treatment • Resource efficiency measurements and Carbon footprinting • Climate Change technologies • Carbon Management • Environmental Management Systems and ISO standardization of Organization • Environmental Policy • Sustainable Energy • Renewable energy sources • Environmental Radiochemical Analysis

Cyber Technology: Computational Chemistry, Bioinformatics, Systems Biochemistry

• Electronic structure of semiconductor clusters • Computational modeling of the interaction of ozone with thio-phenol, seleno-phenol

and DNA bases • Bioinformatics for small scale genome project for local species, AKA X-species

hybridization • Gene Ontologies for Namibia Fauna and Flora • Systems biology for biochemist

Industrial Application: New Materials (Nanotechnology), Biotechnology, Polymer Science research and Petroleum Chemistry. The latest venture in the department is identification of new materials for medical and industrial application. Notable project is a joint research venture with School of Engineering, African Material Science and Engineering Network and SANUMARC on Bio-plastic production.

• Nanomaterials, Polymer Research, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journals papers

Abramowski et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp] (2012). Discovery of hard-spectrum gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac object 1ES 0414+009’, Astron. Astrophys. 538: A103

Abramowski et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp] (2012). A multiwavelength view of the flaring state of PKS 2155-304 in 2006, Astron. Astrophys. 539: A149

Abramowski et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp] (2012.) Search for Dark Matter Annihilation Signals from the Fornax Galaxy Cluster with H.E.S.S. Astrophys. Journal, 750: 123

Abramowski et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp] (2012). Discovery of VHE gamma-ray emission and multi-wavelength observations of the BL Lac object 1RXS J101015.9-311909. Astron. Astrophys. 542: A94

Abramowski et al. [inc. R. Steenkamp] (2012). H.E.S.S. observations of the Carina nebula and its enigmatic colliding wind binary Eta Carinae. MNRAS. 424: 128-135

Aminake, M.N., Mahajan, A., Kumar, V., Hans, R.H., Wiesner, L., Taylor, D., De Kock, C., Grobler, A., Smith, P.J., Kirschner, M. Rethwilm, A., Pradel, G., Chibale, K. (2012). Synthesis and evaluation of hybrid drugs for a potential HIV/AIDS-Malaria combination therapy, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 20, 5277–5289

Chimwamurombe P.M., Takundwa M., Nepolo E., Cullis A.C. and Kunert K. (2012). Development and use of microsatellite markers in Marama bean. Africal Crop Science Journal Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 95 – 105

Chinsembu, K.C. (2012). Teeth are bones: Signature genes and molecules that underwrite odontogenesis. Journal of Medical Genetics and Genomics 4(2): 13-24. Available at: http://www.academicjournals.org/JMGG/PDF/pdf%202012/March/Chisembu.pdf

Chinsembu, K.C. & Hedimbi, M. (2012). Ethnomedicinal study of plants used to manage HIV/AIDS-related disease conditions in the Ohangwena region, Namibia. International Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 1(1): 004-011. Available at: http://www.internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ijmpr/archive/june-2012-vol.-1-(1)

Chinsembu, K.C. & Kasanda, C.D. (2012). The evolution of science and technology policy dialogue in post-colonial Africa. Educational Research 3(4): 351-356. Available at: http://interesjournals.org/ER/pdf/2012/April/Chinsembu%20and%20Kasanda.pdf

Dube T., Mugochi M.M. and Naidoo I. (2012). Čech-completeness in pointfree topology. Quaestiones Mathematicae

Gatsinzi J-B. (2012). Rational Gottlieb group of function spaces of maps into an even sphere. International Journal of Algebra 6: 427-432

Gideon, F. , Petersen M.A., Mukuddem-Petersen J. and De Waal B. (2012). Bank liquidity and the global financial crisis. Journal of Applied Math., Hindawi Pub. Co., doi:10.1155/2012/743656

Hamata, O.P. and Chinsembu, K.C. (2012). Use of selective media and colony Polymerase Chain Reaction to isolate Shigella from water catchments in Namibia. Journal of Research in Microbes 1(1): 044-050. Available at: http://ficuspublishers.com/documents/MI0010.pdf

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Hedimbi M., Ananias N.K. and Kandawa-Schulz M. (2012). Effect of storage conditions on viability, germination and sugar content of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains, Journal of Research in Agriculture

Hedimbi M., Naikaku N.A. and Singh S. (2012). Effect of stimulated UV radiation on the growth of maize seedling. Journal of Research in Plant Sciences 1

Hedimbi M., Singh S., and A van Kent. (2012). Laser induced fluorescence study on the growth of maize plants. Natural Science Journal 4(395)

Hedimbi M., Hamunyela M.H., Hans R.H., and Chinsembu K.C. (2012). Analysis of antimicrobial properties of Acrotome inflata and Sesamum alatum. Journal of Research in Antimicrobials 1(1): 043-048. Available at: http://ficuspublishers.com/ documents/AM0008.pdf

Hedimbi, M.; Ndjoze-Siririka, V.N.; Hans, R.H. (2012). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Acanthosicyos naudinianus and Puechuel-loeshea leubuitziae on five pathogenic microorganisms. Journal of Research in Microbes, 1(1), 033-038

Hedimbi M., Kaputjaza D.K., Hans R.H., Mumbengegwi D.R., Böck R. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of Pechuel- Loeschea leubnitziae (Kuntze) O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae) crude extracts. Journal of Research in Microbes. 1(1), 039-043

Indongo, N. & Pazvakawambwa, L. (2012). Determinants of fertility in Namibia Southern African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16 (4) 50-57

Indongo N. and Neema I. (2012). Non-utilization of sexual and reproductive health services and products in Namibia: An evaluation of men perspective. African Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 2, Number 4, pp: 125 – 138

Julies, E.M., Le Loup, J., and Kohls, K. (2012). Microbial response to laminarin addition during anaerobic degradation of organic carbon in Namibian shelf sediment. Research Journal of Biology, 2(4): 126-137.

Julies, E.M., Fuchs, B.M., and Brüchert, V. (2012). Vertical shifts in the microbial community structure of organic rich Namibian shelf sediments. Afr. J. Microbiol. Research, 6 (17): 3887-3897.

Kazembe L.N., Clarke A., Kandala N-B. (2012). Childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional insight into small-scale geographical inequalities from census data. BMJ Open, 2:e001421. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001421

Kido L.R., Uzabakiriho J.D. and Chimwamurombe P.M. (2012). Isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi associated with Aloe zebrina flower malformation. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 6(1): 125-129.

Kiremere, E. (2012). The Unshifted Atom-A Simpler Method of Deriving Vibrational Modes of Molecular Symmetries. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 28(1):189.

Le Heron, D.P, Busfield, M.E, Le Ber, E., Kamona, A.F. (2012). Ironstone stromatolites and diamictites in the Chuos Formation of Namibia: implications for Cryogenian glaciation. Palaeo 3

Le Heron, D.P., Busfield, M.E., Kamona, F. (2012). An interglacial on snowball Earth? Dynamic ice behaviour revealed in the Chuos Formation, Namibia. Sedimentology –Wiley Online Library

Le Heron, D.P., Busfield, M.E., Kamona, F. (2012). Neoproterozoic ice sheet dynamics: a case study from the Omutirapo Palaeovalley of northern Namibia. Sedimentology. Manuscript ID SED-2012-OM-040

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Madewe, C., Madewe V., & Pazvakawambwa, L. (2012). An analysis of Knowledge and attitudes towards HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing among University and College Students in Zimbabwe. Education Research Journal, 2 (1) 7-13.

Makurira, H., Chaplot, V., Mapani, B., Mazvimavi, D., Mul, M., Mulwafu, W. and Wepener, V., (2012). Harnessing the rivers of knowledge for socio-economic development, climate adaptation and environmental sustainability. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, volume 50, 1-4. Elsevier

Masangwi S.J., Ferguson N.S., Grimason A.M., Morse T.D., Zawdie G., Kazembe LN. (2012). Patterns of Maternal Knowledge and Its Implications for Diarrhoea control in Southern Malawi: A multilevel thresholds of change analysis. Int J Env Res Public Health. 9:955-969.

Masangwi S.J., Ferguson N.S., Grimason A.M., Morse T.D., Zawdie G., Kazembe L.N. (2012). Community knowledge variation, bednet coverage and the role of a district health care system and their implications for malaria control in southern Malawi. South Afric J Epidemiol Infection. 2012, 27(3):116-125.

Mbale J. (2012). The Academia VPN Information Interaction on Internet and Mobile Media (AI3M2) on the Institutional Networking. International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications (IJCST), Volume 3, Issue 10, pages 30 – 32.

Mbale J. (2012). Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance Visualisation Teaching Tool (CSMA/CA-VTT). Global Advanced Research Journal of Educational Research and Review (GARJERR). Volume 1, No. 8, pages 156 – 163.

Mbale J. (2012). eGovernance Triangle of Hope (eGTOH). A Full Housed Integrative Architecture Framework that Adapts to Evolved Technologies. International Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems (IRJCSIS), Volume 1, Number 1, pages 1–9.

Mbale J. (2012). An Educational Model Cellular Shape Convertor (EMCSC): A Tool that Demonstrates and Calculates the Sizes and Shapes of Cells in Cellular Networks. Journal of Telecommunications (JoT), Volume 16, Issue 1, pages 12 – 18.

Mbale J. (2012). Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection – Teaching Model (CSMA/CD – TM): S Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Collision Detection Mechanism. Journal of Telecommunications (JoT). Volume 15, Issue 2, pages 51 – 54.

Mugochi M.M. (2012). A short note on the role of grills in nearness frames. Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 41:1, pp 85-91.

Mukaru, W.C. and Mapaure, I. (2012). Impacts of large herbivores on plant species diversity and range condition around water points in Waterberg Plateau Park, central Namibia. Journal of Research in Conservation Biology 1(1): 41-48.

Nashidengo E., Uzabakiriho J.D. and Chimwamurombe P.M. (2012). Fungi associated wall bizarre gall formations on Acacia reficiens in the Numas river area in Namibia. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 5(2): 617-621.

Neelum S., Soopramanien M., Hassan H. A., Archibong E.F. and Ramasami P. (2012). Ga2Te3, Ga3Te2 clusters. Understanding their structures, vibrational and energetic features using DFT and ab-initio methods. Journal of Material Science 47: 4332.

Neema I. and Bohning D. (2012). Monitoring murder crime in Namibia using Bayesian space-time models. Journal of Probability and Statistics, Volume 2012, Article ID 194018, 12 pages, doi: 10.1155/2012/194018

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Rowe, C.D., Fagereng, Miller, J.A., Mapani, B. (2012). Signature of coseismic decarbonation in dolomitic fault rocks of the Naukluft Thrust, Namibia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 333-334. pp. 200-210.

Shilangale, R.P., Di Giannatale E., Chimwamurombe, P.M. and Kaaya G.P. (2012). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella in animal feed produced in Namibia. Veterinaria Italiana, 48 (2), 125‐132.van Staden S. and Mbale J. (2012). The Information Systems Interoperability Maturity Model (ISIMM): Towards Standardizing Technical Interoperability and Assessment within Government. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business (IJIEEB), Volume 4, Number 5, pages 36 – 41.

Wang J. (2012). The preparation and characterization of nano ZnO and its analysis of photo-catalytic properties. Materials Review. 5, 59-62.

Chapters in books and Monographs

Kativu, S., Bjorå, C.S., Kwembeya, E.G. and Klaassen, E.S. (2012). Anthericaceae. Flora of Namibia. Occassional Contributions 4. National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mileusnić, M., Ružičić, S., Mapani, B.S., Kamona, A.F., Mapaure, I., and Chimwamurombe, P.M. (2012). Trace elements dispersion from a tailings impoundment (dam) and speciation study in surrounding agricultural soils: A Case study from Kombat Mine area, Otavi Mountainland, Namibia. Proceedings of the Annual workshop IGCP/SIDA No. 594: Environmental and health impacts of mining in Africa. In: Mapani, B. and Kříbek, B. (eds). Prag: Czech Geological Survey, 2012. Pp.37-40 (ISBN: 978-80-7075-781-9)

Conference papers/proceedings

Chinsembu, K.C. (2012). Writing an effective book chapter. Paper presented at the IKS book writers’ workshop. UNAM Library, 24th October 2012.

Chinsembu, K.C. (2012). Bioprospecting for anti-HIV activity in ethnobotanicals of Namibia. Paper presented at the IKS workshop, UNAM library, 8-9 October 2012

Ekandjo L and Chimwamurombe P.M. (2012). Genetic diversity of Ganoderma species in North East parts of Namibia. 3rd African Conference on Edible and medicinal Mushrooms, 24-28 June, 2012; Windhoek Namibia. Conference Abstract Book, 2012, page 42.

Haita A; Chimwamurombe P.M. and Kadhila-Muandingi N.P. (2012). The use of riverbed sunflower stalks as substrates for king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) cultivation. 3rd African Conference on Edible and medicinal Mushrooms, 24-28 June, 2012; Windhoek Namibia. Conference Abstract Book, 2012, page 19.

Julies E.M. (2012). Organic carbon transformation in anoxic organic-rich shelf sediments. Paper presented at an International Workshop on Innovative approaches for balancing human land use and nature conservation on a transnational scale (under the auspices of DAAD-funded Quality Network biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa). Karatina University College, Kenya, 22-25 October 2012.

Kamona, F., Mapani, B., Ellmies, R., Tarr, P., Ndalulilwa, K., Leonard, R., Iipinge, S., Shaduka, I. (2012). Issues on Strategic Environmental Assessment and Management -

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a Namibian Case Study. “Different aspects to the Uranium Production Cycle” Workshop, April 23-27, 2012. Ministry of Mines and Energy, Lusaka, Zambia Zambia.

Mbale J., Mufeti K. and Hamutenya V. (2012). Examining Ubiquitous Security-Capital Issues in Implementing a Campus-System-as-a-Service (CSaaS) Model in the Cloud Computing Age: Case Study sub-Saharan Region. 7th International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), London, United Kingdom (UK), 10th – 12th December 2012

Mbale J. (2012). Envisaging Multipoint Bridge Technology Enhancing eLearning Infrastructure Sustainable Development: Case Study - University of Namibia. e-Learning Africa 2012: 7th International Conference on ICT for Development, Education and Training. Cotonou, Benin, 23rd – 25th May 2012

Mapani B.S., Hahn R.L., Ellmies R., Schneider G., Mwananawa N. Uugulu S. and Amaambo W. (2012). Results of urine and blood analyses from residents living around the copper smelter: Tsumeb Namibia— an example of anthropogenic contamination? 34th International Geological Congress: Unearthing the past and Future-resourcing tomorrow. Brisbane, 5th-12th August 2012.

Mileusnić, M., Ružičić, S., Mapani, B. S., Kamona, A. F., Mapaure, I. Chimwamurombe, P. M. (2012). Trace elements dispersion from a tailings impoundment (dam) and speciation study in surrounding agricultural soils: A Case study from Kombat Mine area, Otavi Mountainland, Namibia. Mapani B., Kribek, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of The Annual Workshop IGCP/SIDA No. 594, Windhoek, Namibia, July 5th – 6th, 2012. Environmental and health impacts of mining in Africa.

Vennemann, T., Reymond, C., Buffat, A., Despond, L., Morel, C., Naude, K., Miller, J. and Mapani, B. 2012. Stable Isotopes in the service of water resource management in the Namib-Naukluft area of Namibia.

Mapaure, I. (2012) Developing a research agenda for a campus/centre/faculty at the University of Namibia. Paper presented at a Workshop to develop a Research agenda, Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus, Ongwediva, 26th July, 2012

Mapaure, I., Graz, F.P. and Ihula, R. (2012) Water points, large herbivores and biodiversity conservation in protected areas: Case study of Etosha National Park, Namibia. Paper presented at the UNAM Research Day Ogongo Campus, 18th September, 2012

Mapaure, I. (2012) The role of the Research & Publications Office in promoting and enhancing research at the University of Namibia. Paper presented at a Staff Capacity-building Workshops, Katima Mulilo Campus, 21-22 May 2012 and Oshakati Campus, 23-25 July, 2012

Mapaure, I. (2012) Publishing results from theses and dissertations in refereed journals. Paper presented at a Workshop on Building and Enhancing new Postgraduate Students Research Capacity. Arebbusch Travel Lodge, Windhoek (Organised by School of Postgraduate Studies, UNAM), Windhoek, 23 March, 2012

Mapaure, I. (2012) Towards excellence in research at the University of Namibia. Paper presented at Rundu Campus (Sarasungu Hotel, Rundu, 19-20th January, 2012), Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus (23-24 January, 2012) and Sam Nujoma Marine & Coastal Resources Research Centre, Henties Bay, 9th March 2012

Mapaure, I. and Mwandemele, O.D. (2012) The need to conduct research that addresses Namibia’s socio-economic development goals: The role of Higher

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Education Institutions in Namibia. Paper presented at the Southern African Comparative History of Education Society (SACHES) International Conference, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia, 12-13 July, 2012

Morkel, M.A. and Mapaure, I. (2012) Diversity, structure and dynamics of Acacia erioloba woodlands in the Windhoek area: Insights for the management of urban habitats. Paper presented at an International Workshop on Innovative approaches for balancing human land use and nature conservation on a transnational scale (under the auspices of DAAD-funded Quality Network biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa). Karatina University College, Kenya, 22-25 October 2012

Muandingi N.P. and Chimwamurombe P.M. (2012) Types of mushrooms used for medicinal purposes in Oshana and Ohangwena Regions of northern Namibia. 3rd African Conference on Edible and medicinal Mushrooms, 24-28 June, 2012; Windhoek Namibia. Conference Abstract Book, 2012, page 45

Shikongo LT, Chimwamurombe P.M., Lotfy El Sayed H.R., and Kandawa-Schulz M. (2012) Analysis of the classes of mycochemical components of the indigenous Namibian Ganoderma mushrooms. 3rd African Conference on Edible and medicinal Mushrooms, 24-28 June, 2012; Windhoek Namibia. Conference Abstract Book, 2012, page 40.

Uietele ISE; Chimwamurombe P.M. and Kadhila-Muandingi N.P. (2012) Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum productivity under culture. 3rd African Conference on Edible and medicinal Mushrooms, 24-28 June, 2012; Windhoek Namibia. Conference Abstract Book, 2012, page 18.

CONCLUSIONS

The Faculty of Science has been highly productive in research activities and output during 2012. Challenges faced by academic members of the faculty are the high teaching loads; limited laboratory space to conduct research, since all the laboratories are currently used for teaching; limited equipment; no budget for research activities, except the limited amount of funding from the Research and Publication Office. We are continuously striving to conduct quality research within these limitations.

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B: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF ACADEMIC CENTRES AND CAMPUSES

CENTRE FOR EXTERNAL STUDIES

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The Centre for External Studies (CES) at the University of Namibia is one of the leading service providers in Open and Distance Education in Namibia. CES is committed to Vision 2030 to ensure that Education for All is indeed accessible to all to reach their full potential and take their place in Namibia. As an Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Centre, we are committed to quality education that would contribute to the optimal development of individuals and the socio-economic growth of Namibia. Through the research unit within CES our aim is to ensure best practice in the areas of study materials, academic support and technologies that would meet the individual needs of students. Although CES mainly conduct research in the area of open and distance education, it also has research links with the various faculties within the University of Namibia. The vast majority of staff has expertise in diverse areas for example education, nursing, psychology, HIV and AIDS, communication and science amongst others. Hence CES has established research links with UNESCO, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and many more Governmental and non- Governmental Organisations. Staff members belong to various research bodies for example, Distance Education Association of Southern Africa (DEASA), Namibian Educational Research Association (NERA) and Namibia Open Learning Network (NOLNET). CES participates in collaborative activities with other national and international Open and Distance Learning (ODL) institutions through NOLNET and other organisations within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, through its participation in DEASA, Namibia Educational Research Association Executive Committee; Southern African Association of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, Distance Learning Task Force (I-TECH) and Commonwealth Institution of Open Learning. An Open and Distance Learning conference was hosted in Swakopmund, Namibia by DEASA in 2012 and many research papers on ODL issues and challenges were presented by local and international researchers. CES is sharing various platforms and participate in collective activities with national and international ODL institutions. The Centre for External Studies was very active with research activities during the year under review and many research activities were not completed and will be completed 2013.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

Apart from striving to produce quality research and publications, CES staff members also have research activities as one of their major role and responsibilities as University academics.

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The Centre derives its research mandate from the UNAM strategic objective which reads: Increase and broaden research output in ODL and the following research objectives and areas were conducted in 2012: 1. Improve quality service to Open and Distance Learning (ODL) students through

research; 2. Explore how technology could be used to improve student support in an ODL

institution; 3. Collect Empirical evidence to strengthen policy and practice in Open and Distance

Learning (ODL); 4. Establish inter-research activities with other faculties within the University and ODL

institutions in the region and beyond, and to 5. Develop research activities with the purpose to grow as academics. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles

Nekongo-Nielsen submitted an article to the International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning (IRRODL) entitled “The applicability of My UNAM Portal to the learning of distance students”. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning URL: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl. (Acknowledgment communication received).

Shikongo, R. & Mchombu, K. (2012). Does mass media communication support HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns among the youth in Oshana Region, northern Namibia? Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), pp. 153 – 166.

Conference papers / proceedings

Brown, A.; Lewin, A. & Shikongo, R. (2012). A prediction of the University of Namibia full time academics’ attitudes towards distance education. A Paper presented at DEASA Conference in Swakopmund on 21st – 23rd September 2012

Haihambo, C.K., Brown, A., Ndimwedi .J. & Claassen, P. (2012) The crisis of education for the San and Ovahimba in contemporary Namibia. A Paper presented at the Indigenous Knowledge Conference of the University of Namibia, 8-9 July 2012.

Mbukusa, N. (2012). Understanding the coping strategies of the Masuviya of the flooded plains of the Caprivi Region. A case study. A Paper presented at the Indigenous Knowledge Conference of the University of Namibia, 8-9 October 2012.

Mbukusa, N. (2012). Challenges of leading and managing open and distance learning at the University of Namibia. A Paper presented at the 47th DEASA Conference in Swakopmund as from 21 -23rd September 2012.

Mbukusa, R. N. (2012). Distance education undergraduate students' experiences of project work supervision in Namibia. A paper presented at Southern African Society for Education International Conference, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe, 4 - 6 October 2012.

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Nekongo-Nielsen, Haaveshe & Mbukusa, Nchindo - The educational consequences of teenage pregnancy in the Kavango region. A Study presented at the NAPA-Rundu Conference, September 2012.

Shilongo, J.; Murangi, G. & Kazavanga, J. (2012). Student perceptions on the quality of CES study materials. A Paper presented at the 47th Distance Education Association of Southern Africa (DEASA) Conference in Swakopmund, form 21st - 23rd September 2012.

Tjiramba, E & Brown, A. (2012). Voices and Experiences of San Learners Studying through Open and Distance Learning: A case study of San learners in Omaheke Region. A Paper presented at the 47th Distance Education Association of Southern Africa, 21 -23 September 2012.

HIFIKEPUNYE POHAMBA CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus of the University of Namibia recognizes the value of applied research to education and development related issues in Namibia and beyond. Despite lack of educational research experiences, particularly at the new campus like ours, we manage to publish and present papers at various journals and conferences. This, in our opinion, is our humble contribution.

RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREA

In its Management Strategic Plan for 2012, HP Campus puts an emphasis on motivating staff and students to engage in research activities for effective knowledge creation and application. As a result, the campus set its strategic objective of increasing and broadening research output to directly respond to the current low level of research output. The following are themes as they appeared in the Research Agenda.

THEME 1: Promoting the Enhancement and Improvement of the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics and Science for Sustainable Development in Namibia

The world economy has been fluctuating yet rapid advances in science and technology create opportunities for Namibia, as recognized with the introduction of Vision 2030. This document spells out the country’s development programs and strategies to achieve the national objectives and goal for Namibia to become an industrialized, competitive and high-performing economy by 2030, offering high living standards to its citizens. In response to the goals and objectives of Vision 2030, the HP Campus is committed to addressing the various issues and challenges pertaining to the teaching and learning of Mathematics and Science.

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THEME 2: Putting Theory into Practice for the Enhancement of Quality Teacher Education in Namibia

This theme seeks to investigate the relationships between practice and the theory. Theory informs the practices that ought to take place. The question of theory and practice is evident and can be detected in how learning content is exposed to learners in the first project, how a school's management team contributes to school performance, how an advisory teacher service unit assists teachers in schools to improve their teaching and how graduates feel they have been equipped with national professional standards to meet competencies expected of any professional teacher. In all projects the focus is thus more on how the practices that individual educators partake in are informed by theoretical frameworks, and determining whether there is a deviation from the theoretical models. THEME 3: Providing Quality Education Through Improved Instruction and Assessment for Sustainable Development

Projects under this theme will investigate the challenges that education stakeholders in Namibia face in implementing the curriculum and seeks to inform the policymakers and curriculum developers to address those challenges. THEME 4: Enhancing and Promoting the Teaching and Learning of Arts, Languages and Social Sciences at all Levels of Education

This theme focuses on issues pertaining to the teaching and learning of arts, languages and social sciences. THEME 5: Enhancing Teaching and Learning at the Pre–Lower Primary Phase

The Pre-Lower Primary Phase is the foundation for later learning. As such it is important to have ongoing research on the different aspects of the Pre-Lower Phase such as curriculum development and implementation and practical aspects in the schools and community, in order to enhance teaching and learning in this phase of education. THEME 6: Providing Psycho-Social Support to Ensure Effective Inclusive Education

This theme aims to address the challenges related to discriminatory practices and attitudes that hinder the creation of welcoming environments, welcoming communities and inclusive societies, and achieving education for all. It also focuses on ascertaining the most effective means of embracing people with diverse needs.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles

Amushigamo, A. P. (2012). Interpersonal relationships in organisations. Crown Research in Education, 2(1), 32-34.

Iipinge, S. M & Likando, G. (September 2012). The Educational Assessment Reforms in Post-Independence Namibia: A critical analysis. SA-eDUC Journal, vol 9 (2).

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Chapters in books

Iipinge, S.M. & Wolfaardt, D. (2012). Teachers’ Perception of their English Language Proficiency in the Light of their English Test Results: A Namibian Case Study. In: G. R. Auala, G. Likando, K. Matengu,& C.C. Wolhuter, (Eds) (2012), Education in Africa in the 21st Century.

Conference papers/proceedings

Anyolo, E. O. (July, 2012). Investigating the incorporation of education in/through the environment in the Geography Junior Phase curriculum: A case study for three schools in the Oshana Education region. Paper presented at the Regional Conference on Research and Publication, University of Namibia, Rundu Campus.

Haihambo, C. & Tobias, E. (2012). Barriers to the inclusive education: The case of visual impairments from parents to teachers. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 283-300. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Iipinge, S. M. (2012) Approaches to promote assessment for quality learning. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 58-58. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Kaapanda, L. (2012). The use of module learning in tertiary education. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 272-282. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Kaapanda, L. An evaluation of factors determining the selection of mobile telecommunications service providers in the northern region of Namibia. 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research Proceedings Page Numbers?).

Miranda, H. & Nakashole, S. (May, 2012). The gaps and overlaps in the Namibian mathematics curriculum. A paper presented at the Namibian National Mathematics Congress, Swakopmund.

Miranda, H. (May, 2012). Namibia mathematics standardized achievement test results 2009/2011. A paper presented at the National Mathematics Congress, Swakopmund.

Miranda, H., Nakashole, L., Nakashole, S., & Shikongo S. (2012). Needs experienced by learners accommodated in Namibian school hostels. In H. Miranda & S. M. iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 127-147. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Nakashole, L., Shikongo, S., Dengeinge, R. & Miranda, H. (2012). The general quality of education in Namibia: Lessons from the SACMEQ III report. In H. Miranda & S. M. iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 44-57. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

Taukeni, S. G. (2012). Defining the role of stakeholders in the provision of basic needs to orphaned learners at school and home. In H. Miranda & S. M. Iipinge (Eds.), The First UNAM Annual Educational Conference Proceedings, pp. 120-225. Ongwediva: HP Campus.

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Vatilifa, N. & Vatilifa, F. N. (May, 2012). Number patterns and the mathematics curriculum. A Paper Presented at the Namibian National Mathematics, Congress, Swakopmund.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, MILESTONES AND ACHIEVEMENTS

The Campus launched the first UNAM Annual Educational Conference from 10-12 September 2013 which brought together close to 200 delegates to discuss issues and problems concerned with the quality of education in Namibia and beyond. In addition, the Campus in consultation with the Research and Publication Unit was able to develop and launch its Research Agenda 2012-2016. CONCLUSION

It is our hope that we will be able to maintain the current momentum in matters related to research. With the research agenda developed, we will remain focus on those themes in order to create knowledge and suggest practical solutions to educational problems. Overall, this will contribute to the research output at the University.

KATIMA MULILO CAMPUS DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The Katima Mulilo Campus is one of the former colleges of education campuses which were merged into the Faculty of Education of the University of Namibia. One of the major reasons for merging the colleges to the university was to address the issue of quality, in terms of curriculum (strengthening content as well as pedagogy), output (quality of graduates) and quality of processes. In addition, the quality of staff members managing these processes needed to be strengthened or upgraded to be at the required level of education to be able to ensure all-round quality of services. The majority of academic staff members in these campuses are those inherited from the former colleges. It goes without saying therefore that the transition or transformation from college to university practice is still on-going and has a determinant effect on the research output and its quality at these campuses. The major junk of research activities on-going at these campuses is related to individuals’ programmes of study. Colleagues are given a deadline of 2015 to obtain their Master degrees and thus all efforts are concentrated on their studies. While we encourage them to present papers emanating from their studies as work in progress, most of their work is not at the level where it would easily be published. They are too engrossed in their studies which they do while teaching which leaves them with little time to polish their work for publication as required by peer reviewed academic journals. We continue to encourage senior faculty members to consider co-authorship or collaborative research with junior faculty members to give them exposure to research and the nitty-gritties of academic writing for publishing. Nonetheless, we are pleased to report that in 2012 our campus can boast with ten (10) research papers, one of which is already published in a scientific journal, and the remaining

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nine (9) are due to be published in a SACHES Conference book in July 2013 which will significantly be launched at the Katima Mulilo Campus. SACHES is the Southern Africa Comparative and History of Education Society. About five (5) of these research papers are co-authored. Almost all these research papers are in the field of education because that is the only degree which was running on a full-time basis at this campus in 2012. The 2012 research activities of the colleagues in the newly created Department of Wildlife Management and Eco-tourism in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management are reported as part of the Department of Integrated Environmental Science at Ogongo Campus, presumably so. They will reflect as part of our campus in the 2013 research report. RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

We are now in the final stages of compiling a five (5) year Research framework for the campus. When the draft document is done, we will enlist the expertise of the Research and Publications Office (RPO) to workshop it with us so that it speaks to and conforms to the research strategic ideals of the University of Namibia. It is this document which will clearly articulate the strategic direction and spell out the focus areas in terms of research for the campus. More broadly, the expertise which we have at this campus is in the areas of education and wildlife management, conforming to the two Faculties existing here, that of Education and that of Wildlife Management and Eco-tourism in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management. Our research agenda therefore is driven by those two main or broad focus areas. In terms of education, a wide range of interest exist in areas of pedagogy and content: school leadership, teaching strategies, indigenous knowledge in teaching physical science concepts, counseling in schools, mother-tongue instruction in schools and its implications, etc. In the Department of Wildlife Management and Eco-Tourism, interests exist in the following areas:

Population dynamics, parasites and diet composition of selected fish species in Lake Lyambezi.

Aspects of breeding ecology of the Schalow's Lourie, Batelieur and Mayer's Parrot.

Quantitative studies on ungulates in selected areas in the Caprivi Region.

Comparative studies on avian communities in all vegetation types in KAZA.

Biodiversity studies on some flowering plant and invertebrate families.

Human-wildlife conflicts in Eastern Caprivi.

Inventory of flora and fauna of the Salambala Conservancy.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal papers

Tshabangu, I. (2012): Researching School Leadership through Ethnography: In Search for the Best Alternative, International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol.2, (1) 52-63.

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Conference papers/ proceedings

Chata, C. (2012). Assessing teacher counsellors’ needs in the Caprivi Region. Paper presented at the 2012 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES) July 10 - 12, 2012, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia.

Kangumu, B., & Likando, G. (2012). Mission Education in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the colonial times, c1920s – c1964. Paper presented at the 2012 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES), July 10 -12, 2012, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia

Masule, B. L. (2012). An Investigation into the Implementation Process of the merger between UNAM’s Faculty of Education and the former Colleges of Education in Namibia. Paper presented at the 2012 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES) July 10 -12, 2012, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia

Matakala, V., Tshabangu, I., & Zulu, A. (2012). Reflective Practice Strategies: Enhancing the quality of teaching and learning in Namibian higher education. Paper presented at the 2012 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES), July 10 -12, 2012, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia

Mukwambo, B.M. & Zulu, A. (2012). Understanding the challenges of how trainee teachers’ source distilled water for their practical work in Science at under- resourced schools in Namibia. Paper presented at the 2012 Southern African Comparative and History of Education Society (SACHES) July 10 -12, 2012, Rundu Campus, University of Namibia

Mukwambo, B.M., Ngcoza, K. & Zulu, A. (2012). Trainee teachers’ perceptions on engagement with Indigenous Knowledge and explanations of natural phenomena when teaching physical science concepts. Paper presented at the 2012 Economic and Management Science Annual Conference, University of Namibia, Windhoek.

Tshabangu, I. (2012). Distributed Leadership and African Perspectives: Upstaging hierarchical hegemonies and transforming school cultures, Paper presented at the UNAM Annual Educational Conference, September 10 – 12, 2012, Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus, University of Namibia

Tshabangu, I. Matakala, V, & Zulu, A. (2012). Access to Namibian Higher Education: Commodification and quality dimensions. Paper presented at the UNAM Annual Educational Conference 10 – 12 September 2012held at the Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus, University of Namibia

Tshabangu, I. (2012). Distributive Leadership: Hierarchical Hegemonies and Policy challenges in African Schools, Paper presented at the 2012 Hong Kong International Conference on Education, Psychology and Society, December 14-16, 2012, Sky City Marriott Hotel, Hong Kong.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND MILESTONES

In the year under review, a sizable number of our staff members participated and/or presented papers at the SACHES Regional Conference successfully hosted by the Rundu Campus of the University of Namibia. For junior faculty members, these maiden presentations went a long way in instilling that sense of confidence in them that research,

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and sharing of research results, can be as easy as ABCs, and that yes, they can do it, that anybody can do it. That it is not only the preserve of ‘seasoned’ researchers and that they are in actual fact doing it on a daily basis. They now look forward to more opportunities to present papers. To get at that level, we organized campus based presentations where those who submitted abstracts for presentations in Rundu rehearsed their presentations and in the process received useful feedback from their peers on campus. This was a worthy morale building exercise. Because of this successful participation at the Rundu Conference, SACHES has decided that our campus will host the 2013 Regional Conference slated for 10-12 July 2013. In the last quarter of 2012, our campus, particularly the Campus Director, started to work on a joint research project on Oral History with colleagues from the University of Eastern Finland. This project is on-going and will be reported in detail in the 2013 annual research report. Two of the colleagues from the University of Eastern Finland visited our campus in early May 2013 to work on the project. They are Prof. Maria Lahteenmaki and Prof. Alfred Colpaert, both from the Department of Geography and Historical Studies. It is significant to mention that two of our senior students are involved in this project, as research assistants, to collect oral testimonies and to translate/transcribe such. The project is paying them a stipend, but the major benefit for them really is exposure to research in social sciences. They received training in this regard. CONCLUSON

Kace-kace unfuzu a va luti Iyambezi’, is a Subia proverb which translates that ‘slowly but sure the tortoise managed to cross Lake Lyambezi.’ While there is a variety of English equivalents, the most common is the ‘Rome was not built in one day’, or ‘Slowly but surely’, or ‘One step at a time’, etc. Similarly, as former colleges, we believe we will get there in terms of research output, and most importantly, we believe that we are on the right track. With patience and especially with requite support from the RPO, we believe our 2013 Annual Research Report will carry more activities and will be better than the 2012 one.

KHOMASDAL CAMPUS DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The main mandate of Khomasdal campus is to train teachers in Primary Education. Therefore this is also the main area of research. The campus has only two PhD holders as part of the academic staff. Therefore the research output is low. 9 lecturers were enrolled for Masters Studies of which 2 obtained Masters degrees during 2012. The HOD for Early Childhood Development and Lower Primary is housed on Khomasdal campus and many of the activities on campus revolve around the development of this department. Because of proximity, Khomasdal campus cooperates closely with the lecturers and management of the Faculty of Education on Main campus on various levels. Staff members are therefore involved in projects across campuses.

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Currently the campus is involved in the following research projects:

The reading habits/behavior and preferences of African children: the Namibian chapter in collaboration with UNISA (URPC/2011/37). This research is conducted in collaboration with the Namibian Children’s Book Forum and the University of South Africa. All data collection was concluded in 2012. Researchers: Alexander. A.S. and E. Kirchner.

CIAS department: Assessment Practices in Namibian Primary Schools.

Department of Early Childhood development and Lower Primary Education (Primary researcher: Moller, J.). Factors influencing low Pre-and Lower Primary student intake. All data were collected and interpreted in 2012.

Department of Early Childhood development and Lower Primary Education (Researchers: Nghikembua, T., Poulton-Busler, R., Frindt, T., and Feris, L.). Early Grade Reading Assessment of Pre- and Lower Primary students at the University of Namibia. The pilot study was concluded in 2012.

RESEARCH DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

Research Direction: Teacher Education and Training Focus Areas:

Education for the Lower Primary Phase

Teaching and learning in Literacy and numeracy Education for the Upper Primary Phase

Teaching and learning in Arts and Humanities

Reading and reading preferences Factors influencing quality (teacher) education in Namibia

Student enrolment in teacher education

Assessment of reading in student teachers

Assessment practices in schools LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles

Alexander, S. 2012. Kan ‘n laerskoolkind ‘n gedig skryf? (Can a learner in the primary education phase write a poem?) In: Klasgids, February 2012.

Kasanda, C.D., Keyter, M.C. and D. Zealand. (2012). The status of health education in Namibian Schools. In: Taylor, N., Quinn, N., Littledyke, M. and R.K. Coll. Health Education in context: An International Perspective on Health Education in Namibia. Pp 133 – 144. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

Moller, J., Cheek E.H., Ortlieb, E.T., Steward, F. (2012.) Model, Engage, Write and Educate: a model for informative writing. Journal of Studies in Education. Vol 2(1). Macrothink Institute.

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Conference papers/proceedings

Katjaita, M. and Goagoses, J. (2012). The role of teachers, student teachers and students in ensuring quality education in learner performance, NSS Intensive Seminar 2012 25 – 29 June 2012, Cape Town.

Kirchner, E. (2012). Managing student welfare at Khomasdal campus – results from a questionnaire. Conference proceedings, Annual Education Conference: A Commitment to quality Teacher Education in Namibia. Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus 13 – 16 September.

Kirchner, E. (2012). Research project on reading behavior: data collection and reflections. Research seminar held at UNISA, SA , 12 and 13 November.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH CENTRE DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

Research is the core business at MRC. In 2012, researchers at MRC have been very actively involved in research activities of diverse nature as outlined in the MRC Management Action Plan. The 2012 MRC activities were well aligned to the UNAM strategic objectives and were planned to positively contribute to the achievements of the UNAM strategic objectives. MRC contributed to three main strategic objectives which are all research related.

Increase and Broaden research output

Strengthen international liaison and collaboration

Strengthen community engagement In terms of increasing research output, MRC achieved 74% of their 2012 target (20 peer reviewed papers). During the 2012 academic year, MRC hosted the INSAKA Symposium from 5-7 June 2012. INSAKA is a consortium of five (5) universities, namely, University of Kwazulu Natal (South Africa), Copperbelt University (Zambia), University of Monash (South Africa) and the University of Montana (USA). The symposium was the second international symposium hosted by the consortium. The symposium was attended by a diverse range of participants from across the world and the southern African region. The participants included academics, practitioners, government officials, civil society, research students, private sector and media fraternity. A total of 68 participants, of which 46% were women, attended the symposium. The academics leaders (Pro Vice Chancellors), attend a site meeting to review INSAKA progress towards the 5 Year Strategic Plan. Copies of official proceedings of the INSAKA Symposium are available at MRC Resource Centre. The MRC also saw the launching of the newsletter, “Research Matters” which was developed in order for MRC to reach out to a wider community as well as to share research activities and outputs with researchers within and outside Namibia. MRC has also strengthened its network through various research collaboration and partnerships.

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A new memorandum of understanding (worth US$86 000) was signed between UNAM and University of California, San Francisco and Global Health Group and various research funded activities have been carried out under the Epidemiology and active case detection of malaria in the Ohangwena region, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Social Services and researchers from UCSF, London School of Hygienic and Tropical medicine (LSHTM). In addition, the collaboration between the University of Eastern Finland and MRC continues to be active under the research project on Demographic change and resilience of the social and ecological system in north-central Namibia. Active collaboration with Rutgers University, New York and Global Institute of Bio exploration continued on the Millennium Challenge Account Namibia (MCA-N) Indigenous Natural Products Project. The university-wide Research Day was successfully held in 2012 and included all UNAM campuses under the leadership of MRC and Research and Publications Office (RPO). A number of researchers from MRC visited various research institutions in Kenya, including the University of Nairobi to identify research collaboration, partnership and networks as well as for best practices especially in identifying and reaching out to potential funders. A number of workshops were also successfully held at MRC, while others were organized in collaboration with faculties at the University. The Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) workshop attracted 27 presentations of which 16 were selected to be included as book chapters in the IKS book to be developed in collaboration with the Faculty of Science. A refresher training workshop for MRC researchers on data analysis was also conducted. In an effort to increase research outputs, MRC also organized a 4 days writing workshop for all researchers at the Centre. A number of research papers were developed and sent to various journals for review. Some of these are already published. RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

MRC’s focus is to strengthen research collaboration with UNAM faculties and stakeholder ministries and partners. MRC recognizes the expertise within faculties and strives to ensure

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that research teams are formed for every research programme and research activities address the nation’s research needs and are aligned to the national development plans (NDP4, Vision 2030, Malaria Elimination Strategic Plan, Climate Change Plan), among others. MRC’s research strategy is to provide relevant and accurate research information in various areas ranging from health, education, biodiversity, climate change, socio ecological systems, gender, IKS, etc. for policy decision making and programme interventions. The Centre also strives to reach out to communities at grassroots level by presenting research findings through media, community meetings, and disseminating research reports. In 2012, a new management team was appointed and consisted of the Director, Dr Nelago Indongo; Deputy Director and Head of the Science, Technology and Innovation Division (ST&ID), Dr Davis Mumbengegwi; Dr Alfons Mosimane, Head of the Life Sciences Division (LSD); and Mr Gert Van Rooy, Head of the Social Sciences Division (SSD). Three internal committees were established and have been very active:

i) The MRC Resource Centre Committee which is responsible for management of the resource Centre and MRC webpage;

ii) MRC Research and Training Committee which is responsible for organizing academic workshops and seminars, networking and resource mobilization; and

iii) MRC Research Dissemination and Promotion Committee responsible for promoting the image and activities of the MRC.

MRC is made up of three Research Divisions, namely the SSD, LSD and ST&ID. Under the SSD the following research programmes were active in 2012:

Urbanization and well-being

Gender Training and Research

Health

Education Research teams have been formed under a number of these programmes, which included experts from relevant University faculties. A successful stakeholder’s workshop for the Gender Programme was held on 23 October 2012 in Windhoek. The main purpose was to:

Identify and formulate a responsive research agenda;

Establish and foster closer links with stakeholders nationally and internationally;

Solicit funding for research

Reduce duplication of research activities

Approximately 23 people from various stakeholder institutions attended the workshop. A number of resolutions were taken, including:

Developing research proposals with input from stakeholders

Strengthening partnership with stakeholders through engagement on an annual basis.

Spearhead the implementation of a Master’s Degree course in Gender Studies.

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The following research programmes were active in 2012 under the LSD:

Socio ecological systems

Climate change

Biodiversity The Social Ecological Systems Programme focused on three projects. First, the Common pool resources governance hosted the INSAKA symposium 5-7 June 2012 with focus on managing benefit sharing in changing social ecological system. In addition, three (3) peer reviewed journal papers were published under the INSAKA collaboration. Second, the Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) focused on the completion of data analysis of the Ehirovipuka Socio economic study and a technical report was completed. In addition, a peer reviewed journal article was produced focusing on the participation of women in conservancies. Another activity was the Nature Based Tourism study, in collaboration with the University of Maryland, Professor Julie Silva, and analysing data collected in 2009 and 2011 which resulted in another peer reviewed journal. Third, the Human wildlife conflict (HWC) analysed the human wildlife conflict data collected along the borders of the Etosha National Park. A technical report was produced and a book chapter focusing on the use of traditional knowledge in the management of Human wildlife conflict was drafted. The Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management Programme focused on indigenous knowledge and adaptation strategies, and disaster and risk assessment. The activities we engaged in under the indigenous knowledge and adaptation strategies included the drafting of a Book chapter for the Indigenous Scientific Knowledge book. Further activities were drafting a Grant proposal in collaboration with Lund University Center for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS) Climate and Development Research in Sweden and the completion of the Gender and climate change project funded by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). A technical report and several sector specific briefs were developed after presenting the report at a stakeholders workshop hosted in Windhoek. The activities under the disaster risk management involved the completion of data collection and draft reports on the Views from the Frontline project that focused on Community Perception on Disaster Management in the Caprivi Region, Omusati and Oshana Regions of Namibia. In addition to a technical report a conference paper was drafted and presented at a Disaster Risk conference hosted in South Africa, Northwest University. The Biodiversity and Ecology Programme only came into operation in 2012 after the appointment of Dr Ndafuda Shiponeni in September. The first objectives were to define the project focus and the objectives of each project under the programme. The biodiversity and ecology programme focus its activities on two projects. First, the population biology of indigenous plans of conservation priority focused on the expansion of data collection on the Moringa specie to other tree species. The Welwitschia excavations study involved the collection of soil sample for analyses, and the preliminary data analyses. Second, restoration ecology had an emphasis on the rehabilitation of degraded land through mining. A master’s student, registered at the University of Namibia, completed data collection on the restoration of minded land at the Navachab Gold mine.

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Under the ST&ID, the following research programmes were active:

Pharmaceuticals

IKS

Renewable Energy

A Global Institute of Bio exploration training workshop on biological properties of indigenous plants was conducted for stakeholders from UNAM faculties, the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). Screen-to-nature kits were used to train individuals to identify biological activity of indigenous plants for pharmaceutical or cosmetic use. Approximately 53 samples were analysed during the workshop for properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and protease and protease inhibitor activities. A survey of indigenous medicinal knowledge was conducted in the Kavango region in collaboration with the Directorate of Research, Science and Technology (DRST), Ministry of Education. A total of 126 traditional healers and/or knowledge holders were interviewed and 174 plant samples were collected for scientific identification. A collaborative research project with Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS), the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) was initiated on epidemiology and active case detection of malaria in the Engela district, Ohangwena region. All cases of malaria reported at the 18 clinics in Engela were followed up to the household level and all members of the household and neighbours were tested for malaria. For an RET Programme, the Benguela Windpower Demonstration project in Luderitz the MRC received a technical visit by renewable experts from India. They came to assist in determining the specifications for the wind mill turbines. A field trip was conducted to collect indigenous beverages, namely Oshikundu, Omashukwa and Mavisu in the Oshana, Ohangwena, Oshikoto and Omusati regions. The nutritional profile of Oshikundu was determined.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

In 2012, MRC has seen a significant increase in the number of peer reviewed published papers across all the three divisions. The publications are as follows: Journal papers/articles

Auala, J.R., Mumbengegwi, D.R., Du Preez I. and Bock, R.A. (2012). Evaluation of Tarchonanthus camphoratus plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens. Journal of Research in Microbes,1(2):96-104.

de Beer, I.H., Gelderblom, H.C., Schellekens, O., Gaeb, E., van Rooy, G., McNally, A., Wit, F.W. and de Wit, T.F.R.(2012). University students and HIV in Namibia: an HIV

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prevalence survey and a knowledge and attitude survey. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2012, 15:9, http://www.jiasociety.org/content/15/1/9

Du Preez, I., and Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2012). Phytochemical investigation on Namibian plants for anti-malaria compounds. Journal of studies in humanities and social sciences, 1(1): 147-158.

Dushimemaria F., Mumbengegwi D.R., Du Preez, I.and Bock R. A.(2012). Qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial effects of plant extracts of Searsia tenuinervis. Journal of Research in Microbes, 1(2):88-95.

Graz, F.P., Westbrooke, M.E., and Florentine, S.K. (2012). Modelling the effects of water-point closure and fencing removal: A GIS approach. Journal of Environmental Management 104:186-194.

Hedimbi, M., Kaputjaza, D.K., Hans, R.H., Mumbengegwi, D.R., and Böck, R.A. (2012). Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial screening of crude extracts from Pechuel-Loeschea leubnitziae (Kuntze) O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae). Journal of Research in Microbes (2012) 1: 039-043.

Hendriks, M.E., Wit, F.W.N.M., Roos, M.T.L., Brewster, L.M., Akande, T.M., de Beer, I.H., Mfinanga, S.G., Kahwa, A.M., Gatongi, P., Van Rooy, G., Janssens, W., Lammers, J., Kramer, B., Bonfrer, I., Gaeb, S., van der Gaag, J., deWit, T.F.R., Lange, J.M.A and Schultsz, C. (2012). Hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-Sectional Surveys in Four Rural and Urban Communities. PLoS ONE 7(3): e32638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032638

Indongo, N. and Pazvakawambwa, L. (2012). Determinants of fertility in Namibia. African Journal of Reproductive Health; 16(4): 84-91.

Indongo, N. and Neema, I. (2012). Non-Utilization of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services and Products in Namibia: An Evaluation of Men’s Perspective. African Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (4):125-138.

Landmann, T., Schramm, M., Shiponeni, N., Huettich, C., and Dech, S. (2012). The utility of 250-meter modis metrics and AMSR-E observations for assessing climate induced variability within Southern African wetlands. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), art. No. 6350785, pp. 3038-3041.

Lendelvo, S., Munyebvu, F, & Suich, H. (2012). Linking Women’s Participation and Benefits within the Namibia’s Community Based Natural Resource Management Program. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(12):27-39.

MacLachlan, M., Amin, M.c, Mannan, H., El Tayeb, S., Bedri, N., Swartz, L., Munthali, A., van Rooy, G., and McVeigh, J. (2012). Inclusion and human rights in health policies: Comparative and benchmarking analysis of 51 policies from Malawi, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia. PLoS ONE 7 (5), art. no. e35864.

Mannan, H., McVeigh, J., Amin, M., MacLachlan, M., Swartz, L., Munthali, A. and Van Rooy, G. (2012). Core Concepts of Human Rights and Inclusion of Vulnerable Groups in the Disability and Rehabilitation Policies of Malawi, Namibia, Sudan, and South Africa. Journal of Disability Policy Studies 23 (2): 67-81.

Mosimane, A.W., Breen, C., and Nkhata, B.A. (2012). Collective identity and resilience in the management of common pool resources. International Journal of the Commons, 6(2): 344–362.

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Mu Ashekele, H., Embashu, W. and Cheikhyoussef, C. (2012). Indigenous Knowledge System Best Practices from Namibia: the Case of Oshikundu Processing Methods. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 7(11): 913 – 921.

Nkhata, B.A., Breen, C. and Mosimane, A.W. (2012). Engaging common property theory: implications for benefit sharing research in developing countries. International Journal of the Commons, 6(1): 52–69.

Nkhata, B. A., Mosimane, A.W., Downsborough, L., Breen, C. and Roux, D.J. (2012). A typology of benefit sharing arrangements for the governance of social-ecological systems in developing countries. Ecology and Society 17(1): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04662-170117

Shapi, M., Mu Ashekele, H., Cheikhyoussef, A. (2012). General Practices on Indigenous Knowledge System Technology in Selected Regions of Namibia. Journal of Applied Sciences, 12(14): 1445-1455

Silva, J.A. and Mosimane, A.W. (2012). Conservation-Based Rural Development in Namibia: A Mixed-Methods Assessment of Economic Benefits. Journal of Environment & Development, published online 21 December 2012, DOI: 10.1177/1070496512469193

Van Rooy, G., Amadhila, E.M., Mufune, P., Swartz, L., Mannan, H., and MacLachlan, M., (2012). Perceived barriers to accessing health services among people with disabilities in rural northern Namibia. Disability and Society 27 (6):761-775.

VanRooy, G., Amadhila, E., Mannan, H., McVeigh, J., MacLachlan, M., and Amin, M. (2012). Core Concepts of Human Rights and Inclusion of Vulnerable Groups in the Namibian Policy on Orthopaedic Technical Services. journal Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development, 23(3): 24-47.

Conference papers/proceedings

Amadhila, E.,Van Rooy, G., Siyambango, N., and Shaamhula, L. (2012). Views from the Frontline On Disaster Risk Reduction in Omusati and Oshana Region in Northern Namibia. Presentation at the 1St Biennial Conference: October 2012, Potchefstroom South Africa.

Amoako, E.E., Nakanyala, J., Nasedjanov, M., Nsimiire, W., Jargalsaikhan, G., Awoonor, J., Awilli, A., Lhagvajav, O., Tjirumbu, L. and Amgaa, B. (2012). The Quest for Sustainable Land Use and Restoration - Experiences from Africa and Asia. Paper presented at Soils, Governance and Society: Shaping Innovations in Natural Resource Governance Conference, 4 June 2012, Reykjavik, Iceland.

Du Preez, I., Mumbengegwi, D.R. and Bock, R.A. (2012)(2012). Namibian medicinal plant extracts and their mechanism of action against Plasmodium falciparum in an in vitro model: 315 Presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) Annual Conference 2012, Atlanta, USA.

Du Preez, I., Mumbengegwi, D.R., Porfirio, C. andBock, R. (2012). The value of herbal supplements for treatment of chronic diseases in Namibia. Paper presented at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences 4th Annual Research Conference, 26-27 September 2012, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Du Preez, I., Mumbengegwi, D.R., and Bock, R. (2012).. Antiplasmodial activity of ethno-medicinal plants and their mode of action against Plasmodium falciparum: an

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in vitro study. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Dushimemaria, F., Mumbengegwi, D. & Bock, R. (2012). Palliative treatment of cancer in resource poor settings. Paper presented at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences 4th Annual Research Conference, 26-27 September 2012, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Dushimemaria, F., Mumbengegwi, D. & Bock, R. (2012). Screening of ethnomedicinal plants from the Caprivi region for potential Anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Embashu, W., Cheikhyoussef, A. and Kahaka, G. (2012). Physiochemical and Nutritional Analysis of Oshikundu: fermented Beverage from Namibia. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Embashu, W., Cheikhyoussef, A. and Kahaka, G. (2012). Physiochemical and Nutritional Analysis of Oshikundu: fermented Beverage from Namibia. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Heita, L., Cheikhyoussef, A. and Shigwedha, N. (2012). Microbiological and Physiochemical Analysis of Tradition Fermented Milk from North-East Namibia. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Landmann, T., Schramm, M., Shiponeni, N., Huettich, C. and Dech, S. (2012). The utility of 250-meter MODIS metrics and AMSR-E observations for assessing climate induced variability within southern African wetlands. Paper presented at the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 22 – 27 July 2012, Munich, Germany.

Lendelvo, S. and Munyebvu, F. (2012). Linking women’s participation and benefits within Namibia’s Conservancy Programme. Paper presented at the Insaka Symposium, 5 – 7 June 2012, Arebbusch Travel Lodge, Windhoek, Namibia.

Lendelvo, S., Angula, M. and Mfune, J.K.E. (2012). The application of traditional knowledge in the management of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) along the Etosha National Park. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mfune, J.K.E., Angula, M., Mosimane, A.W. and Lendelvo, S. (2012). Natural Resource Management: Benefit or cost sharing: the case of Human wildlife conflict along the boundary of Etosha National Park, Namibia. Paper presented at the Insaka Symposium, 5 – 7 June 2012, Arebbusch Travel Lodge, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mogotsi-Sechogele, E. (2012). Current ratio of girls and boys in the education sector; the existing legal frameworks that protect girls and boys; possible sexual exploitation/trafficking of women and boys and girls at the boarders. Paper presented at the Parliamentary Committee on Gender and Family Affairs, 8 October 2012, Windhoek, Namibia

Mogotsi-Sechogele, E. (2012)Paper presented at OSSREA Workshop in Social Science Research for Development in Eastern and Southern Africa; Namibian Chapter Perspective, 28 August 2012. Blantyre, Malawi.

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Mogotsi-Sechogele, E. (2012). Opportunities for collaboration with journalist in sexual and reproductive health and right. Paper presented at Namibia Women’s Health Network, 9 August 2012, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mogotsi-Sechogele, E. (2012). The struggle against Labour brokers as a struggle for decent livelihoods in the era of global capitalist crisis-sharing the Namibian Experience. Paper presented at Cosatu International Conference, 22 May 2012, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Mu Ashekele, H., Embashu, W. and Cheikhyoussef, A. (2012). Indigenous Knowledge Systems Best Practices from Namibia: the Case of Oshikundu Production Methods. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mumbengegwi, D.R. and Bock, R. (2012). Indigenous medicinal knowledge as a platform for discovery and development of novel pharmaceutical products in Namibia. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mumbengegwi, D.R. and Conteh, M. (2012). Knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers towards malaria case management in changing malaria transmission in Namibia: Presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) Annual Conference 2012, Atlanta, USA.

Mumbengegwi, D.R. and Conteh, M. (2012). Knowledge attitudes and practices of health care workers in Namibia to malaria case management in low malaria transmission. Paper presented at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences 4th Annual Research Conference, 26-27 September 2012, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Mushabati, L.F., Kahaka, G. and Cheikhyoussef, A. (2012). Phytochemical Screening of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables from Caprivi Region, Namibia. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Nafuka, s., Mumbengegwi, D.R. and Bock, R. (2012). Identification of chemical entities for anti-malaria drug development from indigenous medicinal plants using bio-assay guided fractionation. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Nafuka, S.N., Bock, R. and Mumbengegwi, D.R. (2012). Identification of anti- malaria bioactive compounds from Namibian medicinal plants: 674 Presented at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) Annual Conference 2012, Atlanta, USA.

Pazvakawambwa, L., Indongo, N.,and Kazembe, L. (2012). Explaining marital patterns and trends in Namibia: A multinomial regression analysis using 1992, 2000 and 2006 DHS data. Paper presented at 2012 PASA conference in South Africa.

Potgieter, S., Naomab, E. andCheikhyoussef, A. (2012). Phytochemical Composition of Selected Namibian Fruits. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

Raidron, C., Hans, R., Kahaka, G. and Cheikhyoussef, A. (2012). Phytochemical and Nutritional Studies of Pleurotus and Termitomyces mushrooms. Paper presented at the 2nd Indigenous Knowledge Systems Symposium, 8-9 October 2012 University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.

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SAM NUJOMA MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTRE DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

The Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre (SANUMARC) is a research unit of the University of Namibia with focus of the marine and coastal environment. The Centre which was inaugurated in 1999 has come a long way in meeting the objectives for which it was set up. The Centre’s vision is to become a centre of excellence in Science and Technology research in marine and coastal resources, in order to contribute to global efforts in promoting food security and eradicate poverty. With this vision in mind and guided by its mission, the Centre strengthen its international collaborations in 2012 with the view of enhancing its research capabilities for the years ahead. In accordance with the University strategic planning, efforts were geared up in 2012 to ensure the relocation of the third and fourth year students of the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences from the Main Campus to the Centre. A new hostel block to house male students and an administration block were completed. The relocation is expected from the second semester of 2013 academic year. At the beginning of 2012 academic year, the Centre through the Namsov/SANUMARC Trust instituted the Namsov Postgraduate Fellowship scheme, under which two MSc students were awarded scholarship at the University of Namibia and their research theme focused on the research strategy of the Centre. A third student registered for a PhD degree at Rhodes University is also being supported through this Fellowship. During 2012, the Centre’s collaboration in the SPACES (Science Partnerships for the Assessment of Complex Earth System Processes) programme continued with two proposals in which the Centre is involved were accepted for funding by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Also during 2012, the Centre became a member of the AERONET group. AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) is a network of ground-based sun photometers which measure atmospheric aerosol properties. The measurement system is a solar-powered CIMEL Electronique 318A spectral radiometer that measures Sun and sky radiances at a number of fixed wavelengths within the visible and near-infra red spectrum. RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

SANUMARC research activities are guided by use of Development Plans (Five Year Development Plans) and annual work plans to implement output-oriented and inter-related research programmes, each of them focused on a few carefully selected thrusts or objectives. For 2012, the following research areas received attention at the Centre: 1. Seaweed cultivation 2. Induced spawning of Oyster under laboratory conditions 3. Fish parasitology 4. Desert and Coastal Agriculture 5. Mushroom research and development

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6. Bio-gas production from different biomass SEAWEED CULTIVATION

1. Cultivating Laminaria pallida and Gracilariopsis funicularis This research forms part of SANUMARC partnership with the Kuiseb Fishing Enterprise (KFE). The objectives of this research include the development of a seaweed hatchery and on-growing methodologies for Laminaria pallida as well as growing of vegetative materials of Gracilariopsis funicularis. Laminaria products are used for industrial purposes (iodine, algin and mannitol), medical purposes, human consumption, cosmetics, livestock fodder and fertilizer. Algin, a polysaccharide extracted from Laminaria is widely used as a binding agent in textile, printing, medical and food manufacturing industries. Moreover, Gracilariopsis funicularis is a source of agar which is the basis of the scientific laboratory media used for growing bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. It’s also used for making gel capsules and many other applications. The success of this research project has a potential to provide a platform for transferring the technology to create new business opportunities in seaweed aquaculture

Collection of fertile materials of Laminaria pallida at sea

The life cycle of Laminaria pallida was successfully completed in laboratory culture.

Preparation of spore release experiments

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3. Herbarium seaweed specimen collection This collection focuses on the diverse seaweed flora of Namibian coast. The collection is critical to the identification, monitoring and conservation of seaweed diversity in Namibia and it will be an important resource for education and scientific research. So far the Centre has collected seaweed specimens along the Henties Bay shore. Green, brown and red seaweed are well represented in the collection and displayed in the herbarium. INDUCED SPAWNING OF THE PACIFIC OYSTER UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are one of the major species farmed in Namibian coastal waters, they are a marine delicacy. Oysters are reared easily in running seawater but there has always been a flaw on successfully spawning these marine organisms and therefore SANUMARC decided on establishing a protocol for successfully inducing the Pacific Oyster under the optimal laboratory conditions for spawning. The project setup was successfully completed and adult oysters were collected and placed for conditioning. Since oysters are filter feeding on microalgae the Centre acquired several microalgae species isolated from natural environment and bloomed in semi-controlled environment.

FISH PARASITOLOGY

Occurrence and distribution of fish parasites of potential threat to the aquaculture sector along the Kavango River, Namibia: This research forms part of the collaboration between the Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources and the University of Namibia, with focus of contributing to the Government’s effort in Aquaculture Development for the country as entrenched in vision 2030. Parasites are common among fish species and affect them negatively in several ways, which poses potential threat to the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture. Parasitological investigation of three species of tilapia: the Three-spot tilapia (Oreochromis andersonii), Red-breast tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) and ‘Nembwe’ (Serranochromis robustus) in this study indicated that of the 205 target fish species examined for endo and ecto parasites over a twelve months period, 102 were infested with a variety of parasites representing 49.7% prevalence level. Protozoan, helminths and parasitic crustaceans were reported, with Trichodina spp. being the highest in abundance followed by Dactylogyrus spp. with 0.18 and 0.17, respectively.

Skin Lesion on Oreochromis andersonii from the Kavango River

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DESERT AND COASTAL AGRICULTURE

1. Domestication of Salicornia The main focus of research activities here was to device techniques for the cultivation of bio-saline food crops and fodder. The planned activities during the year were to obtain plant materials for testing and investigate their growth under the green house and in the field. SANUMARC identify and obtain two Salicornia species (Salicornia bigelovii and Salicornia perennis) for experimental trials during the year. The collected Salicornia specimens were sent to the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) for verification.

Salicornia perennis growing in the wild at Walvis Bay lagoon (left), Salicornia bigelovii transplanted hydroponically at SANUMARC (right)

The 2 halophytes species are potential fodder for animals. The coastal area being in abundance of saline water, there is a potential for production and commercialization of Salicornia. Salicornia bigelovii is also known to have biofuel attribution making it a much interesting species to domesticate. SANUMARC attempted transplanting the 2 species into a controlled environment in a greenhouse where they were grown both hydroponically and on soil. Salicornia perennis adapted and all transplanted plants performed well, whereas, Salicornia bigelovii totally died-out when transplanted on soil. Salicornia bigelovii however, had varied results when grown hydroponically under different treatments (effluent seawater from Oyster farm, filtered seawater with supplementary nutrients and filtered seawater). 2. Assessment of organic manure in desert and coastal environment The main focus of this research was to assess the best manure to use in a desert environment for various vegetables. The planned and carried-out activities were to compare vegetable germination and growth using goat and cow manure. Vegetables sowed included tomatoes, spinach, beetroot, garden peas and pepper. The results showed that for goat manure treatment, only garden peas that germinated whilst all sown vegetables germinated using cow manure treatment. Furthermore, vegetables were also experimented using organic manure in hydroponic tables and yielded good results.

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Spinach grown hydroponically at SANUMARC greenhouse

MUSHROOM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Determination of optimum ratio of seaweed Laminaria pallida to grass in cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleorotus ostreatus

This work was initiated to ascertain the possibility of using a combination of beach cast Laminaria pallida (a brown seaweed) and grass as a substrate for producing mushrooms. The abundant veld grass in Namibia is generally not utilized for various uses besides animal feed, so is the seaweed, which is casted along the beach is underutilized. The objectives of this study were twofold: firstly, to determine whether seaweed L. pallida, can enhance the yield of oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus, secondly, to determine the optimum ratio of seaweed to grass that can produce maximum yield of oyster mushrooms P. ostreatus. In this study different ratios of seaweed, L. pallida and veld grass were used as substrate to grow oyster mushrooms P. ostreatus. The optimum ratio was found to be 10% seaweed and 90% grass respectively. The research findings were presented at the 3rd African Conference on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms (ACEMM) dated 24-28 June 2012, in Windhoek. The audience commended the work and advised for publication. 2. Identification of indigenous edible mushroom from the Kavango region and

domestication of selected species. Specimens of indigenous edible mushrooms were collected from Kavango Region in February 2012, for domestication purpose. The collected specimens all belong to the Genus Termitomyces but their specific identity are yet to be established. Tissue cultures were developed from the collected specimens and trials on domestication is in progress. A species known in the local language as Kakarahambo has been responding well to laboratory culture techniques. Thus far, cultures are preserved and spawn development is in progress.

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Members of National Youth Scheme (NYS) with mushroom produced during their training

BIO-GAS PRODUCTION FROM DIFFERENT BIOMASS

1. Biogas digester design The most adopted of bio-digester’s model is as Deenbandu Model. This represents a fixed dome digester with spherical shaped wall built of bricks and buried underground. Apart from its reliability, it has some minor disadvantages like the drainage of sludge. To help ease some of these problems, SANUMARC came up with the design that will make sludge disposal easier and done simultaneously with gas production and supply. This comprise of a 1000-liter tank, which was modified and adopted as bio-digester, with inlet for feeding, gas outlet and the sludge release valve at the bottom. 2. Biogas production After assembling the bio-digester, cattle and goat manure were collected and the digester was started, with co-digestion of manure and garden waste from the Centre. Firstly, the aim was to have environment suitable for methanogenic microorganisms to grow, these are microorganisms responsible for biomass conversion to biogas; they occur naturally in the cattle stomachs. Thus co-digestion of garden waste and cattle manure will speed up biogas production. It took three weeks for noticeable gas production and it was possible to have flame on it. AEROSOL ROBOTIC NETWORK (AERONET)

SANUMARC is now part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) through the collaboration between the Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre (SANUMARC) and School of Geo- and Spatial Science of North-West University in South Africa. AERONET is an optical ground based aerosol monitoring network and data archive supported by NASA's Earth Observing System. The network hardware consists of identical automatic sun-sky scanning spectral radiometers. Data from this collaboration provides globally distributed near real time observations of aerosol spectral optical depths, aerosol size distributions, and perceptible water in diverse aerosol regimes. The data undergo preliminary processing (real time data), reprocessing (final calibration about 6 mo. after data collection), quality assurance, archiving and distribution from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre master archive and several identical data bases maintained globally. The data

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provides algorithm validation of satellite aerosol retrievals and characterization of aerosol properties that are unavailable from satellite sensors.

The Cimel Sunphotometer at SANUMARC LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Journal articles

Mowa, E. & Maass E. (2012). The effect of sulphuric acid and effective micro-organisms on the seed germination of Harpagophytum procumbens (devils claw). Elsevier Science Direct. South African Journal of Botany 83 (2012) 193–199.

Muzungaire, L., Mebelo, W., Shuuluka, D. and Omoregie, E. (2012). Preliminary investigation of bio-magnifications of trace metals in the Okavango River, North-eastern Namibia. Research Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Management 1(2): 34 – 42.

Shuuluka, D., Bolton, J. J., & Anderson, R. J. (2012). Protein content, amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of Ulva rigida and Ulva capensis from natural populations and Ulva lactuca from an aquaculture system, in South Africa. Journal of Applied Phycology, DOI: 10.1007/s10811-012-9902-5.

RUNDU CAMPUS

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

Introduction Research is a major critical component in informing teaching and learning as well as addressing priority and strategic areas as outlined in the National Development Plan (National Planning Commission - NDP 4, Executive Summary, p. 26-27). In this context the University of Namibia has prioritized research as one of its core-functions in addition to teaching and learning and community engagement. In line with the University core-functions the Rundu campus initiated a number of research activities to address the low research output among academic staff as highlighted in the campus management for 2012. The following activities are worth mentioning:

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Research and related activities

Research conferences and workshops

In an attempt to positively respond to one of UNAM’s core functions (Research), the campus organized a conference in July 20132 in collaboration with the Southern Africa History and Comparative Education (SACHES). The conference was preceded by a public lecture presented by Prof. Charl Wolhuter who was the guest speaker. The theme for the conference was: “Education in Africa for the 21st Century”. This conference was attended by scholars from Kenya, South Africa and the University of Namibia. About 11 members from Rundu campus presented their research papers, which will be part of the conference proceeding to be published in South Africa and launched at Katima Mulilo conference in July 2013. This exercise boosted the moral of academic staff since some of them have never presented a paper at any conference let alone publishing a research paper. Furthermore, one of the staff from Rundu campus core-presented a research paper at the HP Conference held in September 2012. Important to note also in that given the encouragement and moral support provided to academic staff members three of the staff members presented papers during the UNAM Research Day held in September 2012. Furthermore, the following research workshops were hosted by the Campus: The National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) in their mandate to enhance the research skills of researchers both in academic institutions and other sectors organized a research workshop hosted by the Rundu Campus on 2nd October 2012. This workshop was conducted and facilitated by Prof. R. Zimba from the University of Namibia. This workshop came as another benefit for our staff to gain skills that will enhance their knowledge in research since the majority of them are studying for their postgraduate degrees. Research Day

This activity was organized by the Research and Publication committee of Rundu Campus. The theme of the event was: “Celebrating 20 years of Excellence in Research and Innovation towards Development”. It was a one-day activity which was held on the 18th of September 2012. The activity was organized in three sessions: In the morning session, was the official Opening Ceremony and Professor C. Kasanda presented a keynote speech. Presentations on presentation on research papers and poster presentation took place in the afternoon. The final session took place in the evening, where Professor Nico Schutte presented a public lecture on the theme “The role of research in addressing socio-economic development issues”. Opportunities and challenges

The Campus’ initiative to introduce an annual conference rotated between the three former Colleges of Education (out-of-Windhoek) has provided academic staff with an opportunity to undertake research, present research papers and also an opportunity to publish. Furthermore, the RPO’s initiative to introduce Annual Research Day has also created a platform for academic staff to showcase their research results. However, the challenge that

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still confronts our campus is make academic staff understand the value of conducting research as one of the core-functions of the University. Training is still needed on research proposal writing and writing for publication. RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

The academic staff members for Rundu Campus during the year under review were all Faculty of Education staff. Although the campus had diversified its programmes, no staff members in the fields of commerce participated in the research activities during 2012 at the Rundu Campus. The following are research strategic direction and focus areas as outlined in the campus draft Research Agenda. Educational management and leadership issues

Educational Policies and planning

Issues of school management and leadership

Curriculum, Instructions and Assessment Issues

Numeracy skills

Student perception towards basic Mathematics

Investigation of Ethno mathematics

Environmental regarding Crop production in the region

Issues on inclusive education

Childrearing practices

The household roles of school going orphan and vulnerable children

Discipline in inclusive schools LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

The following publications were produced in 2012. Journal article(s)

Iipinge S.M. & Likando G. (2012). The Educational Assessment Reforms in Post-Independence Namibia: A critical analysis. SA-eDUC Journal. Volume 9, no.2, Special Edition, September 2012. http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/clone-volume-9

Chapters in books

Likando, G.N. & Wolhuter, C. (2012). Education in Namibia. In Harber, Clive (ed). Education in Southern Africa. London: Bloombury. ISBNs: 9781441171498

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Conference papers

Daries S. & Utete C. (2012). The challenges of multi-grade teaching in the Kavango Region. A research paper presented during the UNAM Research Day, at Rundu Campus, 18 September 2012.

Dikuwa A. (2012). Teaching critical reading to student teachers in Namibia. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Ilukena A. (2012). A needs analysis for the implementation of a complementary course in Mathematics Education for teachers of Mathematics in Namibia: A case study. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Ilukena A., Luwango Z., Ausiku C. (2012). Ethno-Mathematics in the Kavango Region. A research paper presented during the UNAM Research Day, at Rundu Campus, 18 September 2012.

Mungongi, F. (2012). An investigation of learner’s perceptions of ESL Classroom teaching and learning activities at a selected school in the Rundu Education region. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Likando G. & Kangumu B. (2012). Mission Education and Health Provision in the Eastern Caprivi Strip during the Colonial times, c1920s – ca1964. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Luwango, Z. (2012). Critical reflective practice: Aspects to focus on when reflecting critically. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Mwala, M. E. (2012). The context of reflective practice in Namibia: Teacher Education. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Shigwedha, J. (2012). Online Scholarly databases. A research paper presented during the UNAM Research Day, at Rundu Campus, 18 September 2012.

Shihako, M. (2012). An analysis of novice teacher’s capacity to apply participatory learning strategies to achieve meaningful learning: A case study involving cooperative learning strategies in History. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Situnda J. M. (2012). Addressing poverty in Namibia: The role of Home ecology Education. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Siyave T.N. (2012). Teaching reading in Rukwangali: How children learn to read: A case study. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Utete, C. & Shihako, M. (2012). An investigation of the Pre-service Basic Education teacher Diploma (BETD) graduates from Rundu campus. A research paper presented at the research conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

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OSHAKATI CAMPUS DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

At Oshakati we refer to ourselves by choice as a “host campus”. Much of the teaching and research activities that takes place are done by staff who also belongs to other Faculties due to dual reporting system. Thus some of the publications and activities that will be reported in this reported might featured in other reports for Faculties and Centers already. For example, our Nursing Department’s academic staff who is the majority of staff on Campus might have already reported their research related activities as a contribution to the School Research and Publication Report Nevertheless. The Director of Oshakati Campus encouraged all staff on Campus and equally support research and publication activities as one of the major functions of the University. Research thus form part of our Strategic and Management plan during the year under review. STRATEGIC RESEARCH DIRECTION

The major strategic issues regarding research in 2012 was to build capacity of research on campus currently very low and need improvement. As a result some workshops were held with the assistance of the Research and Publication Unit from Main Campus to help build the capacity on specific issues such as proposal writing. Although the capacity on Campus is still very low leading to lecturers lacking confidence in getting started in conducting research, some research activities and publication took place in 2012. One of the strategy was to invite University Research and Publications Office to conduct a capacity building workshop which took place between 23-25 July 2012. The workshop focused on:

1. How to write research Proposals 2. How to write for publication 3. Using Atlas-Ti and SPSS in data analysis.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

The following publications and conference papers were achieved by individual academics and members of staff. Particularly, the Campus Director commends Mr. Joseph Ndinoshiho, the Deputy University Librarian for the great effort he put in publication as could be seen in this report. As a Director I therefore add my warm thanks to all those academics and units who assisted to this achievement in the form of publication and in building capacity on research at Oshakati campus. My special thanks goes to the Research and Publication unit for the support they rendered to Campus during the year under review. Below is the list of the publications. Books and monographs

Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J., Sisättö, O., (Eds.). (2012). Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries. Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

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Chapters in books

Forsman, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Poteri, E. (2012). Research support services of University Libraries today and in the future. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J., Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.180-200). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Nakanduungile, C., Shilongo, G., Heino, T. (2012). Use of electronic resources in searching for health information at Oshakati Campus. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J., Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.57-75) Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Toivonen, L., Ndinoshiho, J. (2012). Strategic competency management in university libraries. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J., Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.38-56). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Conference papers and proceedings

Hangula, W. and Anghuwo, A. (2012). Observation and control of the internet usage at the institute of higher learning: UNAM Oshakati campus scenario. . Paper presented a paper at the SACHES Conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

Uugwanga, P. (2012). Emergent findings on the perceptions of the Namibian teacher educators involved in merger between former colleges of education and the University of Namibia, Faculty of Education. Paper presented a paper at the SACHES Conference on “Education for the 21st Century” held on 12-13 July 2012, at Rundu UNAM Campus.

CONCLUSION As can be seen, research output for Oshakati Campus is very low and needs serious support. Our suggestion is to engage the Campus into more research capacity and mentoring programmes.

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UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (INFORMATION & LEARNING RESOURCES CENTRE)

UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN’S STATEMENT

The Library aligns its priorities with those of the University, as outlined in the 2011-2015 UNAM Strategic Plan. The strategic vision of the Library is to anticipate and respond to research needs and provide an information infrastructure that supports ground-breaking research and innovation. This objective was addressed through the effective use of library expertise in knowledge management and information and communication technology to deliver current, relevant and appropriate information resources to researchers. The Library has been gradually concluding licensing agreements with publishers of electronic journals, databases and eBooks in order to provide our researchers with access to a great amount of full-text e-journal articles, eBooks and databases with distinct, current, high impact factor, peer reviewed global information. Currently these subscriptions include six electronic databases: Ebscohost, Emerald, ScienceDirect, SA E-publications, Springerlink and Oxford journals. This deliberate move to add e-resources into the library collections was intended to provide 24/7 library service, reaching out to UNAM staff and students wherever they are –in the offices, in the field, at home, in the library, anytime, anywhere. Moreover, Library continued to subscribe to 297 print journal titles based on the usage and demands from the user community. Similarly, a total of 23 686 new book titles were added to the library collections in 2012, in order to ensure full support to UNAM research programs. The Library developed a draft Information Literacy Instruction Programme, aimed at providing information literacy skills to researchers and students to become self-directed researchers who would put the library resources to optimal use. The Library addressed the findings of two research reports namely Zimba (2008) and Matengu & Shapi (2008)1 which were very critical about limited library resources and facilities to support research and post graduate programs at UNAM. These findings were addressed by submitting a proposal to the Ministry of Education to extend and renovate the current UNAM Library space and to bring it at par with academic library standards. An amount of N$50 million was made available under the MTEF 2012/13-2014/152, to extend the Library and add amongst other facilities, a Research Common that would cater for the needs of researchers and post-graduate students. Project description of the renovation and extension project was completed and submitted to the architect through the Office of the Director of Estates Services.

1 Matengu, K. & Shapi, M. (2008). User perceptions of library services at the University of Namibia (UNAM). A

study report compiled on behalf of the UNAM Library by the Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre (MRC).

Windhoek: UNAM. ; Zimba et al. (2008). Report of the Task Force on Enhancing the University of Namibia`s

Research and Publications Performance. Windhoek: UNAM. Office of the PVC: AA&R.

2 Office of the President: National Planning Commission (2012). Development Programmes: Estimates of

Expenditure. Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) 2012/2013 to 2014/2015, Republic of Namibia. P.113.

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In line with the University’s strategic objective of increasing and broadening research output, the Library Management made concerted efforts to encourage librarians to engage in scholarly discourse through research and publication. This was carried out with due recognition that research is a key driver in providing improved, innovative and client-focused information services and resources. Consequently, the Library organized a professional development workshop and a seminar aimed at improving research and academic writing skills amongst library staff members. The academic writing skills workshop was sponsored by the International Training and Education Center (I-TECH), while the seminar was facilitated under the human resource capacity building cooperation project between the UNAM Library, University of Helsinki Libraries and University of Tampere Library. The cooperation with the two Finnish University libraries took a multidimensional approach to human resource development, such as, seminars, staff attachments and collaborative research. Research and scholarly publishing was given the highest priority and yielded positive results. Most of the UNAM librarians were able to put into practice the research skills gained by actually conducting research and publishing peer-reviewed papers. The year 2012 saw the Library producing its highest number of research outputs. This was a great achievement in our quest to conduct evidence-based research which would inform Library decision making and future planning for better services to researchers and students. These achievements are indicative of the Library’s strategic direction geared towards improving research services to library clientele and to plan for research centred infrastructure. It is our strong believe that in order to provide research focused services the library staff must be able to understand the research processes. This report presents the Library’s research strategic direction and focus areas, the list of publications, and the significant events that occurred during 2012.

UNAM LIBRARY RESEARCH STRATEGIC DIRECTION AND FOCUS AREAS

As outlined in the UNAM strategic plan the overall Library Strategic Objective for 2011-2015 is to “Improve Quality of Library Services”. The library’s facilities, services and resources are aligned to the university strategic direction, and hence are geared towards supporting the academic and research goals of the University. In order to achieve this strategic objective, the Library shall pursue the following strategic directions: Position the Library at the core of teaching and learning, research and study; Enable the discovery, curation, and use of rich research collections; Leverage information and communication technologies to engage with changing modes of teaching, learning, and research; Create and maintain functional, attractive spaces that meet users’ evolving educational and research needs; Build, extend, and sustain relationships with key stakeholders; and Prepare the Library to succeed in an environment of continuous change. As an academic key support service of the university, the Library carries out research or engages consultants to facilitate research in the following library related focus areas: User needs and customer satisfaction surveys; Evidence-based librarianship; Process analysis; Digital libraries and scholarly communication(s); Information Literacy instruction and pedagogical knowledge; Records Management and Archives Services; Human resources

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development strategy of the UNAM Library; Analysis of library statistics; Library buildings; Benchmarking library standards for performance measurements; Collection assessment (evaluation) studies. During the 2012 academic year, the Library participated in research activities that focused on four research themes from those outlined above, they are: Human resources development of library staff; User needs and customer satisfaction surveys; Library renovation and extension; Scholarly communication and scientific publishing and information literacy instruction. The research results of most works by UNAM librarians and archivists were disseminated or communicated to the public in the form of chapter contributions to a book published and printed at the University of Tampere, Finland. The book itself is the outcome of collaboration among three university libraries, the University of Namibia, the University of Tampere and the University of Helsinki libraries. The collaboration was started and developed under the research theme: Human Resource Development of the University of Namibia Library staff and was financed by the Higher Education Institutions Institutional Cooperation (HEI ICI) programme of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Books & monographs

Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.). (2012). Empowering People: Collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries. Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Chapters in books

Asplund, J., Tapio, S., Mwiiyale, J. & Karsten, S. (2012). University pedagogy training improves information literacy education. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.216-233). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Forsman, M., Iivonen, M. & Namhila, E.N. (2012). University libraries on the arena of scholarly communication. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.237-249). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Forsman, M., Ndinoshiho, J. & Poteri, E. (2012). Research support services of University Libraries today and in the future. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.180-200). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Helminen, P. and Katjihingua, M. (2012). Information literacy models in action – mission immense. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.203-215). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Hyödynmaa, M. & Buchholz, I. (2012). Usability of the Tampere University Library collection mapping method at University of Namibia Libraries. In: Iivonen, M.,

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Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.162-179). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Iivonen, M. & Namhila, E.N. (2012). Evidence-based librarianship as a method. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.57-75) Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Lehto, A., Matangira, V., Shatona, M. & Kahengua, K. (2012). Obstacles to scholarly publishing by academic librarians. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.270-291). Tampere: University of Tampere Press, 2012.

Mabhiza C., Shatona, M. & Hamutumwa, N. (2012). Information-seeking behaviors of the Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, University of Namibia. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.79-99). Tampere University of Tampere Press.

Matangira, V. (2012). Seventy five years of archiving excellence and a decade of loss. In: Ngulube, P. (Ed.). National Aarchives 75@30: 75 years of archiving excellence at the National Archives of Zimbabwe, Harare, National Archives of Zimbabwe, pp.112-124.

Nakanduungile, C., Shilongo, G. & Heino, T. (2012). Use of electronic resources in searching for health information at Oshakati Campus. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.57-75) Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Namhila, E.N, Sinikara, K. & Iivonen, M. (2012). Improving human resource capacity: international partnership of university libraries. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.17-37). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Nurminen, H. & Ashilungu, M. (2012). Marketing the collection services in two different university libraries. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.145-161). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Sisättö, O., Mäki, K., Heikkilä, T. & Katjavivi, J. (2012). University presses and university libraries as publishers: new models and benefits. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.57-75) Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Syvälahti, K. & Katjihingua, M. (2012). The Information seeking behaviour of law students at the University of Namibia. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.100-119). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

Toivonen, L. & Ndinoshiho, J. (2012). Strategic competency management in university libraries. In: Iivonen, M., Ndinoshiho, J., Helminen, J. & Sisättö, O., (Eds.), Empowering people: collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries (pp.38-56). Tampere: University of Tampere Press.

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Conference papers/proceedings

Iilonga, S. (2012). Social network analysis of faculty librarians at the University of Namibia Library. In: A. Du Toit (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Conference on Knowledge Management (pp.74-83). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg

Namhila, E.N., Niskala, R. (2012). Libraries supporting National Development Goals in Namibia. Paper presented at the IFLA World Library and Information Congress, 11-17 August 2012, Helsinki, Finland. Retrieved from: http://conference.ifla.org/past/ifla78/203-namhila-en.pdf

Namhila, E.N. (2012). Uncovering hidden historical narratives of village women in Namibia. Paper presented at the IFLA Women Information and Libraries Satellite Conference 8th-10th August 2012. Tampere, Finland.

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, ACHIEVEMENTS AND MILESTONES

During the year under review, a key milestone was the publication of the book entitled “Empowering People: Collaboration between Finnish and Namibian University Libraries”. This book represents an important outcome of the human resources capacity building cooperation, which the UNAM Library implemented with two Finnish Libraries of the University of Helsinki and the University of Tampere. In this book, a total of 15 UNAM Library staff members co-authored peer-reviewed chapters with their Finnish counterparts. Most of the chapters published were evidence-based research about the information needs of researchers and students as well as of library practice in the UNAM Library. Library implemented its first ever LibQUAL+ survey, an international research instrument that libraries use to solicit, track, understand, and act upon users' opinions of service quality. The results from this survey will provide further insights into the service areas that need improvement, and will help the Library to benchmark the quality of its services against other University Libraries in the world that use this particular instrument. CONCLUSION

In fulfillment of the University strategic objectives, the Library will continue to prioritize research support services to its users, and to create and maintain enabling environment that will promote cutting-edge research. Equally the Library will capitalize on the current research gains amongst its staff and continue to encourage research and publication as a key function of librarians. In doing so, our librarians will gain a better understanding of research processes that will be translated into better internal processes and eventually into improved services for the University community. UNAM Library research activities will influence national development goals pertaining to the development of the library and information sector in the country. The year under review marked an important step in stimulating the Library staff to make a contribution to the University scholarly communication and research output. The Management of the Library will strive to afford its staff members opportunities to sharpen their research skills. In turn this will not only put

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them in a better position to provide innovative research support services but also to become reputable researchers in their own right.

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