Research methods module 2 msf

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14MBA23

Research Methods – Module 2

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14MBA23 – Research Methods

Syllabus: Types of Business Research Design: Exploratory and Conclusive Research Design Exploratory Research: Meaning, purpose, methods –secondary resource analysis, comprehensive case methods, expert opinion survey, focus group discussions. Conclusive research Design - Descriptive Research - Meaning, Types – cross sectional studies and longitudinal studies. – Experimental research design – Meaning and classification of experimental designs- Pre experimental design, Quasi-experimental design, True experimental design, statistical experimental design. Observation Research – Meaning – Uses – Participation and Non-participation – Evaluation – Conducting an Observation study – Data collection

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The research design is a plan of action indicating the specific steps that are necessary to provide answers to those questions, test the hypothesis and thereby achieve the research purpose that helps choose among the decision alternatives to solve the management problems or capitalize on the market opportunity.

Kerlinger defines, "Research Design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to the research questions and to control variance".

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14MBA23 – Research MethodsFeatures of Research Design:1. Plan of Action ('Blue Print') 2. Provide answers to those questions, (A

structure or a plan, strategy of investigation)3. Test the Hypothesis,4. Purpose that helps among the alternatives to

solve the management problems or capitalize the market opportunity.

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Qualities of a good Research Design:1. Research Design must be based solving the problem (The

objective of the solving problem – Objective based),

2. Research Design must be reliable (Reliablity means the answers must not be biased, if the same question is repeatedly asked the respondent must give the same answer)

3. Research Design must follow a valid instrument/ technique expected to measure. (A valid measuring scale)

4. Research design need to select the respondents which can represent a large population's thoughts (Generalization)

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Characteristics of a good Research Design:1. Must be simple and easily understandable by the

respondent,

2. Must be economical, incure less expenses, in brief, Cost Effective.,

3. Must use techniques which are reliable, during Analysis and intrepretation,

4. Must rely on techniques which are workable for the given research,

5. Must be possible to measure or considered from various dimensions,

6. Must be able to give accurate results (Accuracy).

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Why Research Design is important?

1. A research design is the 'Blue Print' of the study.

2. A research design of a study defines the study type (may be descriptive, co-relational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytical and so on) and its sub-type (may be descriptive-longitudinal case study, research question, hypothesis, independent and dependent variables, experimental designs) and if applicable, data collection methods and statistical analysis plan.

3. Research design is the frame work that has been created to seek answers to research questions.

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14MBA23 – Research MethodsBasic or Fundamental Questions by Social researchers in Reseach Design, in research:

1. What is going on? (Descriptive Research)

2. Why is it going on? (Explanatory Research)

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PARTS IN RESEARCH DESIGN: 1. Sampling design (Method of selecting items to be observed)

2. Observation design (Relates to the conditions for observation to be created)

3. Statistical Design (Concerned with how the data collected to be analyzed)

4. Operational Design (Techniques by which the procedure satisfies the sampling)

(You can add, Mailing (Post or email) Design, Telephonic, SMS Group focus and so on)

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CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN:1. Dependent and Independent Variables,

2. Extraneous Variables,

3. Control,

4. Confounded Relationship,

5. Research Hypothesis,

6. Experimental and Non-Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research,

7. Experimental and Control Groups,

8. Treatments,

9. Experiment, and

10. Experimental Units.

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1. Dependent and Independent Variables:1. What is a variable?The magnitude that varies is known as a variable.2. What are the basic concepts of dependable

and independable variables in Reseach Design?

Concepts of dependable and independable variables in Research Design can be Quantitative or Qualitative.

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1. Dependent and Independent VariablesThe Quanlitative Variables are measurable and

is represented in numbers, for instance Age, Height, Weight, Income and so on (in numbers), while the Qualitative Variables are expressed in terms of expression and are not strictiest terms to measure, but quality the presence or absence of the attribute considered.

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1. Dependent and Independent Variables:The Quantitative Variable can be, a. Continious Variable (Also known as

Endogeneous Variable) are those which appear in fractions or decimals like a year can be expressed in years and months, similarly a peron's age can be in years and months, also days. (Ex: 32.6 feets, 400 years and 1 month)

b. Non-Continious Variable are those which are qualified as a whole number and are not in decimals, they are the integer values. (Ex: 33 feet, 400 years old etc). In statistical terms is also called as Discrete Variables.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods1. Dependent and Independent Variables:Common Example for Continious and Non

Continious Variables:

Age of students in a class is a 'Continious Variable', while number of students in a class is a 'Non-Continious Variable'.

The age of the students is a continious variable as the average will appear in decimals, while number of students is non-continious variable as they are fixed whole number and will not change.

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1. Dependent and Independent Variables:Common Example for Continious and Non

Continious Variables:

Age of students in a class is a 'Continious Variable', while number of students in a class is a 'Non-Continious Variable'.

Independent Variable or Explanatory Variable or Exogeneous Variables are the variables which cause change in the dependable variables, while the Depedent Variables or Endogeneous variables are variables which depend on variables change on other variables.

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1. Dependent and Independent Variables:Example for Dependent Variable and

Independent Variable,"Demand is a dependable variable as it is

determined by various independent variables like the Price of the product, Income and the Price of the substitutes".

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2. Extraneous Variables:a. The second concept in research design is Extraneous

Variables,

b. These are Independent Variables,

c. These are variables which are not directly related to the purpose of study.

Example: If a reseasher wants to test the performance and self concept of a child, where if the later is an independent variable then the former is a dependent variable, then in this context it would also include the influence of the school performance. Here the self concept will be a Extraneous Variable.

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3. Control:a. Control is the third concept in Research

Design, where the researcher need to minimize the Extraneous Variables. The term 'Control' is used in experimental research to reflect the restraints used in experimental conditions.

4. Confounded Relationship: The relationship between the independent and interdependent variables is said to be confounded by the Extraneous Variables, when the dependent variables is not free from its effects.

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5. Research Hypothesis: Research Hypothesis is the fifth concept of

Research Design."When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship

is tested by adopting scientific methods is known as Research Hypothesis". The Research Hypothesis is the predictive statement which relates to the dependent variable and independent variable.

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6. Experimental and Non Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research:

This is the 6th concept of Research Design,

a. When a objective of the research is to test the research hypothesis is known as 'Hypothesis Testing Research'.

But it may not be possible for testing, due to the relationship between the independent and interdependent variables. Hence, when the independent variable is been manipulated it is known as 'Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research'.

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6. Experimental and Non Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research:

b. While, "if the independent variable is not been manipulated then it is known as 'Non-Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research".

Example for Experimental and Non-Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research, can be if a researcher wants to examine the family income with school attendance, here the family income is independent as it cannot be changed (Non-Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research), hence the researcher manipulates the income into two a. Parents who have regular income and b. Parents who do not have regular income, therefore he can perform his research.

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7. Experimental and Control Groups: The seventh concept of Research Design is

Experimental and Control Groups,

In a Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research,

a. When a group is exposed to a certain new or special conditions is known as 'Experimental Group'.

b. While if the group is exposed on usual conditions then it is called as 'Control Group'.

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8. Treatment: Treatment is the 8th concept in Research Design,

"Treatment refers to the difficult conditions to which the experimental and control groups are subject to test".

Example, if a test need to be done on the agricultural output in 3 different lands, then 3 different fertilizers are required exclusively for 3 different lands, where the 3 different fertilizers are the 3 different treatments.

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9. Experiment: Experiment is the 8th concept in researchdesign,

'Experiment refers to the process of verifying the truth of a statistical hypothesis relating to a given research problem'.

Experiment can be of 2 types – Absolute and Comparative.

"Absolute Experiment is the experiment, where the researcher tries to find the impact of one variable to the other is known as Absolute Experiment",

"While if the researcher compares two similar variable and wishes to compare from one another it is Comparative Experiment".

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10. Experimental Units: This is the last concept of Research Design,

"Experimental Units, are referred to the different plots, characteristics or the blocks to which different treatment is applied".

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14MBA23 – Research Methods Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9

steps in research design)Step 1: Selection and Definition of the problem:

Step 2: Sources of Data:

Step 3: Nature of Study:

Step 4: Objective of Study:

Step 5: Socio and Cultural Context: Step 6: Comporal Context:Step 7: Dimension:

Step 8: Basis of selection:

Step 9: Technique of Data Collection:

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Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9 steps in research design)

Step 1: Selection and Definition of the problem:

The Researcher need to

1. Define the problem clearly, so to what is his objective,

2. Which data is relavance for his study,

3. The researcher need to define clearly on operational terms too.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9

steps in research design)

Step 2: Sources of Data:

Second step in Research Design Process is the

a. Primary Sources of Data Collection and/ or

b. Secondary sources of data collection, relavant for his study.

Where Primary Sources are data collected directly through Observation, Discussion, Interview, Focus Group, Delphi Method, which can be usually, in a form of Questionnaire, sent by various sources, While Secondary Sources will refer to those data which is already published.

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Step 3: Nature of Study: This will include, whether it is

1. Experimental type of study,

2. Comparitive type of study, or

3. Statistical type of study.

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Step 4: Objective of Study: The objective of the study can be

a. Welfare notion or

b. Theoritical understanding or

The researcher can express the objective of his study to enable respondents to be sincere on the responses.

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Step 5: Socio and Cultural Context: The researcher can base the socio-cultural basis,

Example:- Study of the fertility rate in the economically backward areas.

Monthly Income and expense level of (2 variables) rural areas or urban areas.

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Step 6: Comporal Context:

"Comporal Context refers that the research is specific to the population and the area selected". Which can be 'based on Geographical Limit' and can be 'Applicable to specific group'.

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Step 7: Dimension:

This refers to the specific selected respondent, who can provide a valid answers. Dimension is important as research cannot be performed One by One and hence Dimension is performed.

These respondent selection process is crutial for the study as each and every respondent's views and ideas must match the collective view of a specific population. Example: A village leader's views may match with the view of the complete village.

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Step 8: Basis of selection:

The selection of respondents can be,

a. Random,

b. Stratified and Purposive,

c. Double clustered or quota sampleThis is done for arriving at a valid sample size.

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Step 9: Technique of Data Collection: Techniques can be

a. Observations, (Direct or by pre-fixed camera)

b. Interview/ Discussion, (Walk and Talk, or within walls)

c. Questionnaire,

All based on objective of study.....

As it is collected/ gathered, it can be analyzed, interpreted.

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Types of Research Design: Research Design can be as follows:1. Exploratory Research Design (Unknown study by

an idea, thought),2. Conclusive Research Design (Further and deeper

in compared to Exploratory),3. Experimental Research Design. (Pre-Experimental

Design, Quasi Experimental Design, True Experimental Design and Statistical Experimental Design)

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Types of Research Design: Research Design can be as follows:1. Exploratory Research Design: Exploratory

Research is conducted,

When the researcher does not know, how and why certain phenomenon occurs, here the hypothetical solutions or actions are explored and evaluated by the decsion maker. This is the first step in the research process.

Example: Quality of service in a Hotel/ Bank/ Airline, here being the quality of service (tangible feature) cannot be available or accessed directly.

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Types of Research Design: Research Design can be as follows:1. Exploratory Research Design: Exploratory

Research is the first step in the research process hence it is used for,

1. To define the problem more precisely,

2. To identify relevant course of action, (that is to find the most likely alternatives which can be turned into hypothesis)

3. Isolate key variables and relationships for further examinations,

4. Gain insights for developing an approach to a problem,

5. Establish Priorities for FURTHER RESEARCH.

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Types of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Design's objectives provide insights to,

a. Identify the problems or opportunities,

b. Defining the problems more precisely,

c. Gaining deeper insights to variables operating in a situations,

d. Identify relevant alternative course of action,

e. Establishing priorities regarding potential significance of the problem or opportunities,

f. Gaining additional insignts before an approach can be adopted,

g. Gaining information on the problem associated with doing conclusive research.

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Types of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Design's Purpose:a. Exploratory Research is the initial research,

b. Exploratory Research is an Idea or observation which the researcher seeks to understand further,

c. Exploratory Research is an attempt to lay the groundwork for further studies,

d. Exploratory Research comes out with 2 big forms – 1. A new topic or a 2. A new angle,

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Types of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Methods: Exploratory Research Methods can be,

a. Secondary Resources Analysis (Further study),

b. Comprehensive Case Methods (Include everything that is needed, This study started with Mental Study),

c. Expert Opinion Survey (Delphi Method, gathering Experts),

d. Focus Group Discussion (A Group of villagers, Specific Student's Group),

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Types of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Methods: a. Secondary Resources Analysis:Secondary Research Analysis can be one of the method to

expore the seondary data, which was originally presented elsewhere and involves further analysis and evaluation of the original information.

These secondary source is attempted to provide a broader introductory overview of a topic.

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14MBA23 – Research MethodsTypes of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Methods: b. Comprehensive Case Methods: The 'Case Management' originally designed as a service for

people with 'Severe and Persistent Mental Illness'. Prior to 1950s it was provided mainly in public mental hospitals and included mental health services and day-to-day supports.

These case management is attempted on the existing case management models and how to prepare case managers to provide these services.

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Types of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Methods: c. Expert Opinion Survey: The Delphi Method is a structured communication technique,

originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method, which relies on a panel of experts. The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds, where the facilator/ reseacher provides the summary of the experts from the different rounds to be measured for final judgement.

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Types of Research Design: 1. Exploratory Research Methods: d. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): This FCD is to gather together people from similar

backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest. The group of participants are guided by a moderator who introduces a topic for discussion and helps the participants in a lively and natural discussion amongst them.

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Types of Research Design: Research Design can be as follows:2. Conclusive Research Design: (2nd Type)a. Conclusive Research Design is typically more formal and

structured.,

b. Conclusive Research Design is based on large sample and market information, subjected to for quantitative analysis.

c. Conclusive Research is designed to assist the researcher or decision maker in determining, evaluating and selecting the best course of action to a given situation.

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: Conclusive Research Design is classified into 2:a. Descriptive Research andb. Causal Research (Outline explanation, also given in Module 1)

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: a. Descriptive Research: 1. The objective of the descriptive research is to

get the answers for Who, What, When, Where and How of the subject under investigation.

2. Descriptive Research is undertaken, when the researcher desires to know the characteristics of certain group, such as Age, Sex, Occupation, Income or Education.

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: a. Descriptive Research: 3. Majority of Research studeis are based on Descriptive

Research.

4. Descriptive Research deals directly with the people in the market hence extreme caution has to be exercised in developing this study,

5. Descriptive Research requires sufficient knowledge on the nature and type of statistical technique to be used.

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: a. Descriptive Research Uses:1. To describe the characteristics of people, group,

2. To estimate the %age of units in a specified population exhibiting a certain behavior,

3. To collect the demographic informations of the users,

4. To discover the relationship between the variables (Ex: Rural, Semi-Urban and Urban Population),

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: a. Descriptive Research Uses:5. To determine the degree to which the marketing

variables are associated,

6. To determine the perception (Choice Criteria) of product characteristics,

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: a. Descriptive Research is classified into 2

namely,1. Longitudinal Research and2. Cross Sectional Research (Already discussed in Module 1 – Longitudinal

and One time Research)

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Types of Research Design: 2. Conclusive Research Design: b. Causal Research: 1. Causal Research is designed to investigate the

cause and effect relationship between two or more variables.

2. Causal Research is also known as 'Independent-Interdependent Relationship or Predictive Relationship.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Experimental Research Design:Experimental Research studies generally require

testing of hypothesis for causal relationship amongst the variables.

It is based on Principles or Statistical Procedures.Basic Principles of Experimental Research

Design include,

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Types of Research Design: 3. Experimental Research Design PRINCIPLES:

a. Principle of replication: This is the Principle of Repeating the same experiment more than onces to arrive at accuracy.

In this the researcher repeats the same experiment again and again to arrive at an exact conclusion.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Experimental Research Design PRINCIPLES:

b. Principle of Randomization:

This is the Principle that provides researcher protection against the effect of extraneous factors,(Variables, which have no much effect in research) when he undertakes any experiment.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:There are two types of Experimental Research

Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design andb. Informal Experimental Research Design.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:i) Completely Randomized Design,ii) Randomized Block Design,iii) Latin Square Design, and iv) Factorial Design

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14MBA23 – Research MethodsTypes of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:

i) Completely Randomized Design:

This is based on Principle of Replication and Principle of randomization (Shall vary from experiment to experiment on repeatation and randomization).

The easiest possible experimental design, and procedure of analysis is also simple.

The basic characteristics is that the subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments.

The analysis can be One way analysis of variance and completely randomized design.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:i) Completely Randomized Design: If we have 8 patients, and need to provide Treatment A and

Treatment B, and if the patients are randomly selected for Treatment A and Treatment B, then such analysis procedure required design is called 'ONE WAY ANALYSIS VARIANCE'. Such design is possible when the experimental areas are homogeneous.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:i) Completely Randomized Design: When all possible variation due to uncontrollable

experimental factors is included under chance variation, then such design is known as 'COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN'.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:ii) Randomized Block Design: The term

'Randomized Block', is emanated (Emanate means the strong sense, derived from) from Agronomics Research (Agri-Economics, study of growing and harvesting of crops),

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:

a. Formal Experimental Research Design:

ii) Randomized Block Design: In Randomized Block Design, several variables or treatments are applied for different blocks of land to study the effects of replication (Replication means Repeating the same) on experimental effort, such as yield of different types of sugarcane by using effect variables like WATER, but also fertility of SOIL is considered Hence different blocks are randomly selected for treatment.

Similar to Agriculture, now the same is practically applied on determining the output from various machines.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:iii) Latin Square Design: This design too is emanated from Agronomic

Experimentation and is extensively used where there is a need to ELIMINATE the trend of soil fertility in two directions, that is the Rows and Columns.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:iii) Latin Square Design: One major draw back in this design is that the

treatments must be equal in both rows and columns, also when the treatment is more than 7, latin square design is hardly utilized, as it is slightly compex than an analysis for Randomized Block Design.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:a. Formal Experimental Research Design:iv) Factorial Design:"Factorial Design is the design where it allows the researcher

to evaluate the combination effect of two or more variables, when used simultaneously".

Factorial Design is more common in recent times with a view to improve rational foundation of scientific experimentation.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:b. Informal Experimental Research Design:i) Before and Without Control Design,ii) After and Only with Control Design,iii) Before and After with Control Design.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Types of Experimental Research Design:b. Informal Experimental Research Design:i) Before and Without Control Design,: This Design is a design, where 'a set of Single Test

Group is selected', and Dependent variable is measured prior to a Specific Treatment'. Subsequently Treatment is introduced and dependable variables are again measured.

Example: 'To check bacteria in a swimming pool, before and after Chlorination Treatment'.

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Types of Research Design:

3. Types of Experimental Research Design:

b. Informal Experimental Research Design:

ii) After and Only with Control Design,:

In this design, Two areas are selected – Test Area and Control Area, where Treatment is applied only to the Test Area, but 'Dependable Variable is measured in both the areas at the same time', leading to eliminate the Extrageneous Variations. The impact of this treatment is assessed by substracting the value of dependable variable in the control area from the value obtained in the test areas.

Example: Two fields of same size, is used where one with the use of fertilizer and other without fertilizer and measure the output. Common extraneous variables like Rain, Water Supply and Climate is common to both.

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3. Types of Experimental Research Design:

b. Informal Experimental Research Design:

iii) Before and After with Control Design.: This design is the combination of the first and second design.

2 Areas are selected and dependable variables are measured before the Treatment. Treatment is applied only in the test area and the dependable variables are again measured in both the test and control areas, after introduction of the treatment.

This design is superior to the first 2 design as it avoids the extrageneous variations and also the variations of non-comparability of the test area and control area.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Experimental Research Design: Types of Experimental Research Designs

include:1. Pre-Experimental Research Design,2. Quasi Experimental Design,3. True Experimental Design,4. Statistical Experimental Design.

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Types of Research Design: 3. Experimental Research Design: 1. Types of Pre-Experimental Research Designs:a. One-shot - Case Study Design,b. One-Group – Pre-Test and Post-Test Design,c. Static-Group Comparison

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3. Pre-Experimental Research Design: Types of Pre-Experimental Research Designs:

a. One-shot - Case Study Design,:

In this Case Study Design we include the following:

i) One single Group is considered,

ii) Studied at a single point of time (Specific time),

iii) Presumed some treatment can CAUSE change,

iv) No group or Comparison is employed.

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b. One-Group – Pre-Test and Post-Test Design,:

In this design it includes the following:

i) No control or Comparison is employed,

ii) Treatment is conducted before and after,

iii) And results is presumed, due to treatment.

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c. Static-Group Comparison,:

Static Group includes,

i) There are 2 groups,

ii) One Group is given treatment, while other isn't,

iii) Compare both,

iv) Differences is presumed to be the result of the treatment.

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Types of Research Design:Experimental Research Design:2. Quasi Experimental Design: (Quasi is used to

form, that is described something as being in many ways like something else, without actually being that thing)

i) Extensively used in social science and psychology,

ii) Unscientific and Unreliable, but useful method to measure social variables,

iii) There is no validity of the data,

iv) It resembles quantitative and qualitative experiments, but Lacks Group Allocation and Control.

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Experimental Research Design:

3. True Experimental Design : True Experimental Design has the following features:

i) This research is designed statistically (in numbers)

ii) This research tries to prove or disprove a hypothesis mathematically,

iii) This research has little or no arguments on its results.,

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Experimental Research Design:

3. True Experimental Design :

i) In True Experimental Design the sample is selected randomly.,

ii) There must be a viable control group (A group which is capable to serve the purpose of the researcher).,

iii) Only one group is manipulated (Viable Group).

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Types of Research Design:Experimental Research Design:4. Statistical Experimental Design:i) Statistical Experimental Design is designed on

statistical figures,ii) The researcher may or may not have control

on the vaibles present, but it has control as its experiments are concerned with statistical informations gathered for the research.

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Types of Research Design:Other Research Designs:Observational Research: Observational

Research is a field work where the reseacher studies the on-going behaviour, and identifies the strengths and weakness.

Observational Research can be Participative Observational Study or Non-Participative Study.

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Finished Module 2 (80 Slides)

Research methods module 2 msf

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Transcript of Research methods module 2 msf