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Research Methodology Sarus program

Teacher: Jenni Cochran

I. What is Research? Research refers to investigating a question or problem to find new information (either new to

you or someone else). Research helps us expand our knowledge of the world around us. It also

helps develop our analytical thinking skills.

Analytical thinking skills: the ability to think critically

A. The Research topic

Before you conduct research, you must find a research topic. A research topic is a general field

of study you wish to learn more about. Sample topics are: public health in Vietnam, Noodle

soup in Vietnam, tourism in Soc Trang province.

B. The Research Problem

Once you have a research topic, you can refine the topic to formulate a research problem. The

research problem is the subject that you investigate when doing research. You can discover the

research problem by asking research questions about your topic. For example, you are

interested in tourism in Can Tho. The next step is to ask questions based on this topic. For

instance, you ask, what do foreign tourists like to do in Can Tho? Do they enjoy the places that

they go? Can they communicate successfully?

From these questions you can refine your topic even more: Foreign tourists’ attitudes about

tourism destinations in Can Tho Province.

From this topic you can conduct a literature review to refine your topic even more. From your

literature review you find that there are a few specific places that tourists go in Can Tho. Say

you are interested in their attitudes about these places. From the literature review you can

restate your research problem: How can Can Tho more successfully accommodate foreign

tourists?

Once you have your research problem, you can make your research design. The research design

is how you will gather your research information. For instance, you decide that you will do

primary and secondary research. So your research design may consist of a more detailed

literature review, participant observation, and interviewing.

Once you have your research findings, you can make conclusions. A conclusion is your

arguments and ideas based on your research and your reasons for these arguments.

C. Review

To review, these are the steps for your research:

i. Find a research topic

ii. Research questions

iii. Initial literature review

iv. Research problem

v. Research design

vi. Conduct research

vii. Draw conclusions

viii. Write paper

Reflections

How do you feel about doing research?

What difficulties do you foresee?

What are your strengths and weaknesses in writing?

II. The Research paper

Writing the research paper is a difficult task but can be managed if you are organized,

methodical, and patient when doing research. The most important thing to remember as you’re

conducting research is to have fun while you investigate the world around you! It is easy to get

“bogged down” by all the information. If you stay on topic you will do fine!

The elements of a research paper

i. Title page

ii. Abstract

iii. Acknowledgements

iv. Table of contents

v. Introduction

vi. Findings

vii. Conclusions

viii. Appendices

ix. References

Title page – The first page of your paper that has your complete working title

Abstract – a brief summary of your research design and findings

Acknowledgements – a short section where you thank those who helped you with your

research

Table of contents – an outline of your paper with page numbers

Introduction – this is your literature review. The introduction gives a basic background to your

research problem.

Findings – what you actually found when you did you secondary and primary research

Conclusions – the original ideas that you draw from your findings

Appendices – section where you attach the outline of your research design. You would include

the interview questions, a survey (if you have one), and supplementary tables and charts.

References – section where you cite all your sources

III. Research topic How to pick a good research topic:

1. The most important criterion for picking a good research topic is that the research

topic should be something you are interested in.

2. You should be able to do secondary research on the topic. This means that there is

already some information related to the general field in books, magazines, journals, on

the internet, etc.

3. It should be specific. The more specific your problem area is, the better the paper is.

General topics will lead to very broad and unfocused papers. For example: “Popular

Food in Soc Trang” is a broad topic. Looking at one type of food, for instance, Bun Nuoc

Leo, is a way to make the project more specific. If you are unsure whether your topic is

too broad, you can always consult your teacher for advice.

Activity:

Make the following broad topics more specific:

1. Environmental problems in the Mekong Delta

2. Popular tourist areas in Soc Trang City

3. Khmer festivals in Vietnam

4. The Woman’s Union in Vietnam

5. Aquaculture in Can Tho

6. Public health in Vietnam

7. Education in Vietnam

8. Buddhism in Soc Trang

Exploring Interests Survey:

Circle the 5 topics that you are most interested in and number them 1 to 5. 1 means that you

find this subject the MOST interesting.

Environment

Women’s issues

Holidays

Culture

Food

Politics

International relations

History

Poverty issues

Religion

Art

Tourism

Business

Traditions

Technology

Public health

Development

Sports

Modernization

Entertainment

Design your own research:

A. Your Research Topic:

B. Your Research Questions:

C. Your Research Problem:

IV. Secondary Research:

Literature Review What is a literature review?

A literature review is quite literally “a review of the literature on the topic of interest.”

A literature review serves two purposes:

(1) to clarify your “problem question” or the subject of your paper before you begin

writing

(2) to provide a background to the existing ideas, research, studies, theories etc. about

the research question in your paper. Thus, a literature review provides the

“background” of the research paper.

Secondary Research

In order to write your literature review, you will need to conduct secondary research.

Secondary research – research that you did not conduct yourself, i.e. you are citing other

peoples’ research.

Questions:

What sources can you use for secondary research?

Where can you find these sources?

V. Research Ethics Ethics – what is morally right and wrong

When writing a research paper and using primary and secondary sources, the researcher must

think about what is morally right.

Ethics Questions:

Is it ethical to film someone without them knowing?

Is it ethical to observe people without them knowing?

Is it ethical to write down what people say without them knowing?

Is it ethical to use other people’s ideas in your paper if you cite them?

Is it ethical to change someone words in an interview so make your paper sound better?

Is it ethical to use an interviewee’s name in your paper without asking them first?

Is it ethical to force someone to do an interview if they don’t want to?

Is it ethical to take pictures of someone without asking first?

Is it ethical to take information off the internet without citing it?

Ethical Dilemma:

1. Pretend you interview 10 people for your research paper about “how to make Banh Pia.” But

your research notes get mixed up and you cannot recognize who said what. What should you

do?

2. Pretend you interview about “education in Vietnam.” In their interview they say something

that you really don’t agree with. What should you do?

3. Pretend you do an observation of a Bun Nuoc Leo stall for your paper. When you are

observing a seller, you see that their service is not very good. You are nervous to put this

information in your paper because you don’t want to hurt them. What should you do?

4. Pretend you found some information on the internet but you don’t know how to cite it. It

does not have a recognizable author. What should you do?

5. Pretend you are interviewing a company about how they deal with their industrial waste

from their factory. You know that are actually polluting the environment when they say that

they aren’t. What should you write?

6. Pretend you want to include names in your research but your interviewees did not agree to

give you their names. What should you do?

Plagiarism

The most common breach of ethics when writing a paper is plagiarism.

Plagiarism – using the work of someone else as your own.

Plagiarism is a common problem because people often copy work unknowingly.

Plagiarism does not just mean taking an exact quote from a text without proper citation but

also includes taking someone else’s ideas and presenting them as your own. Any time you take

information without giving credit to the source, it is considered plagiarism and it is taken very

seriously in academia.

Give some examples of Plagiarism:

How to avoid plagiarism?

1. Proper citation

- Proper citation means that you cite the work that use when you do research.

For example: if you take information from a book then in the “references

section” you must include the name of the author, the title of the book, the

date the book was published, the publishing company and the city where the

book was published.

2. Thorough note-taking

- Careful note-taking is crucial in the research process. When you jot down

notes, be sure to also clearly write the source from which you took notes

- This will make it easy to write your references section and cite your sources

appropriately, thereby preventing unintentional plagiarism.

Ways of using others’ ideas appropriately:

1. Direct quotes (taking information directly from the source without changing it)

Example: “There is a major difference between the educational styles of colleges

in the United States of America and Vietnam and this has primarily to do with the

different perceptions of the role of the student” (Jackson 1987)

2. Paraphrase sources (putting it in your own words)

Example:

(1) Jackson (1987) believes there is a divergence between the United

States of America and Vietnam in the view of the students’ roles in

the college classroom.

(2) There is a divergence in the view of the students’ roles in the college

classroom between the United States of America and Vietnam

(Jackson 1987).

Citing Sources

CHICAGO CITATION STYLE

Book

One author

1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York:

Penguin, 2006), 99–100.

2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:

Penguin, 2006.

Two or more authors

1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York:

Knopf, 2007), 52.

2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61.

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York:

Knopf, 2007.

For four or more authors, list all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first

author, followed by et al. (“and others”):

1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . . .

2. Barnes et al., Plastics . . .

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author

1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1951), 91–92.

2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.

Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

1. Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London:

Cape, 1988), 242–55.

2. García Márquez, Cholera, 33.

García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London:

Cape, 1988.

Chapter or other part of a book

1. John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of

War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.

2. Kelly, “Seeing Red,” 81–82.

Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.”

In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui,

Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)

1. Quintus Tullius Cicero. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship,” in Rome: Late

Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of

Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1986), 35.

2. Cicero, “Canvassing for the Consulship,” 35.

Cicero, Quintus Tullius. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late Republic

and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago

Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, 33–46. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The

Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

1. James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary

Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), xx–xxi.

2. Rieger, introduction, xxxiii.

Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary

Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books

consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher or

discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or

other number.

1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Austen, Pride and Prejudice.

4. Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Journal article

Article in a print journal

In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range

for the whole article.

1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009):

440.

2. Weinstein, “PlatoâRepublic,” 452–53

Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.

Article in an online journal

Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that,

when appended to http://dx.doi.org/ in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the

source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include an access date only if one is required by your

publisher or discipline.

1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social

Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010,

doi:10.1086/599247.

2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.

Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social

Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010.

doi:10.1086/599247.

Article in a newspaper or popular magazine

Newspaper and magazine articles may be cited in running text (“As Sheryl Stolberg and Robert

Pear noted in a New York Times article on February 27, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and

they are commonly omitted from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal

versions of the citations. If you consulted the article online, include a URL; include an access

date only if your publisher or discipline requires one. If no author is identified, begin the citation

with the article title.

1. Daniel Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” New Yorker, January 25, 2010, 68.

2. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care

Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, accessed February 28, 2010,

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.

3. Mendelsohn, “But Enough about Me,” 69.

4. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.”

Mendelsohn, Daniel. “But Enough about Me.” New Yorker, January 25, 2010.

Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.”

New York Times, February 27, 2010. Accessed February 28, 2010.

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html.

Book review

1. David Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner,” review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural

History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan, New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book

Review, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.

2. Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner.”

Kamp, David. “Deconstructing Dinner.” Review of The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural

History of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan. New York Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book

Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp.html.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty”

(PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).

2. Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires.”

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.”

PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.

Website

A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note (“As of

July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation

is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change,

include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.

1. “Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009,

http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

2. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19,

2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

3. “Google Privacy Policy.”

4. “Toy Safety Facts.”

Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009.

http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.

McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008.

http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

Blog entry or comment

Blog entries or comments may be cited in running text (“In a comment posted to The Becker-

Posner Blog on February 23, 2010, . . .”) instead of in a note, and they are commonly omitted

from a bibliography. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations.

There is no need to add pseud. after an apparently fictitious or informal name. (If an access date

is required, add it before the URL; see examples elsewhere in this guide.)

1. Jack, February 25, 2010 (7:03 p.m.), comment on Richard Posner, “Double Exports in Five

Years?,” The Becker-Posner Blog, February 21, 2010,

http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/2010/02/double-exports-in-five-years-

posner.html.

2. Jack, comment on Posner, “Double Exports.”

Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/beckerposner/.

Activity: Pick a book, website, and newspaper article and practice citing it.

1. Book:

2. Website:

3. Newspaper article:

VI. Primary Research The four main types of primary research are (1) interviews (2) surveys (3) observations (4) data

collection

(1) Interviews

When you ask someone questions about a topic it is called an interview. The person

being asked the question is called a research informant. There are two main types of interviews:

(a) a structured interview – when you ask someone specific questions that are predetermined

(b) unstructured interview – when you have some or none of the questions planned

beforehand.

Example 1: You are doing a study on the history of Buddhism in Soc Trang, and you

create a set of interview questions to ask some monks in Soc Trang. What kind of interview is

this?

_____________________________

Example 2: You are doing a study of the history of Bun Nuoc Leo and you go to the

market and randomly ask people there questions. What kind of interview is this?

_____________________________

How to write questions for an interview:

1. Questions should be easy to understand

2. You should use “non-yes/no questions” over “yes/no” questions. You will get

more information.

3. You should start by asking the same questions to each person

4. After you ask the same questions, you can ask more detailed questions about

the interviewees answers

Interview Etiquette

1. Before you interview someone you should always tell them that the interview is

voluntary and that they are not required to participate

2. You should tell them something about yourself and your project

3. You should never make anyone feel inferior or dumb

4. You should always be polite, courteous, and friendly

5. You should never force someone to answer a question when they don’t feel

comfortable

6. You should ALWAYS ask them for their permission to use the information in

your paper

7. You should ALWAYS ask them if it is ok to use their real names

Sample Interview

Situation: You want to do research on the topic “Student perceptions of climate

change in Vietnam”.

Sample questions:

Have you ever heard the term climate change?

If so, where have you heard it?

If not, what do you think climate change means?

What do you think causes the climate to change?

What do you think happens when the climate changes?

Do you think humans can change the climate? Why or why not?

Do you think the climate is changing? Why or why not?

Do you think climate change will affect Vietnam? Why or why not?

Is so, what can the government do about it?

Do you think climate change will affect your life? Why or why not?

If so, is there anything that you can do about it?

*Practice giving this interview to a partner

Activity: Write some interview questions

Topic: say you are interviewing other students on their perceptions of the job

market in Vietnam and how they feel about finding a job in the future.

Write ten interview questions and then give the interview to a partner:

1. How do you feel about starting to look for a job after you graduate?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

(2) Surveys – asking the same exact questions to a group of people

Class survey

Let’s take a survey of the class preferences for jobs when they graduate. What

kind of job do you most want?

Write your own survey question for the class:

___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________.

(3) Observations – when the researcher watches the actions of a subject

and takes notes. The researcher may be totally concealed or not at all,

depending on the study.

Example: If you wanted to study the quality of customer service at Bun Nuoc Leo

stands you could go sit at a stall and observe the customers and take notes.

Observation Ethics:

1. Don’t film or take pictures of anyone without their approval

2. Don’t hide when you watch someone. Stay in the open.

3. Don’t do anything to “cause a scene”

4. Just act natural

5. Be courteous when observing (i.e. don’t stare obviously and directly at

someone for long periods of time)

6. Be inconspicuous about taking notes

7. Don’t tell someone outright that you will be observing them (unless you find it

necessary) because it may change their behavior

8. If someone asks you what you are doing, you cannot lie. You must tell them

that you are doing an observation for a research assignment

9. If someone asks to see your notes, you should show them

10. If someone asks you to stop watching them, you should stop

11. Always be friendly, polite and respectful

Quantitative Data Collection: collection of quantitative information

Quantitative information refers to numbers. Instead of collecting verbal answers,

you collect a number value.

Example 1: Say you want to measure the changing level of salinity in a shrimp

aquaculture pond throughout the dry season. At the beginning of the dry season

you collect information and at the end of the dry season you collect information.

You collect numeric values that represent the salinity level.

Example 2: Say you want to study if there is any change in the number of traffic

accidents in Soc Trang city. You ask the city officials for the data and add up the

amount of accidents over a three year period to see if there has been any change.

Analyzing the Data

Most researchers use tables or graphs to see if there is any significant trend.

Significant trend - anything that is interesting or that has changed

Table:

Graph:

VII. Analysis of Findings After you have done your primary and secondary research and before you begin to write the

paper, you must analyze your “findings”. Findings refer to the information you have received

based on the research that you have done on the research topic. In your findings section you

should answer your research question. What new answers did you find? Focus on your most

important points. This is your chance to share the new information that you have found. You

will synthesize your new findings with the research that has already been done on the topic.

After you analyze, or think in more depth about your research, you should produce some

original ideas. These original ideas form the basis of your paper.

Sample questions to ask yourself:

What did you find when you did your research?

Does anything interesting stick out to you?

What patterns or trends did you find?

What is the main finding of the research?

What is the most interesting point?

Was your hypothesis correct?

Do you understand more about your research problem question?

Do any new problems arise?

NOTE: Your research paper is NOT simply a summary of other peoples’ work. From your

primary and secondary research you should form your OWN ideas which will be the most

interesting and informative part of your paper.

Thesis statement

From your original ideas you will develop a thesis statement. The thesis statement is an

essential part of your paper. It is the sentence where you describe the central question, topic

and findings included in your paper. It is essentially a brief outline of the content of your

paper.

Example: Illness and disease are commonly used as synonyms in colloquial language but in my

personal interviews with 30 patients and their families at New York Hospital I have found that

illness more commonly refers to the patient’s experience of sickness, where as disease refers to

how the doctors medically classify sickness, but in these diverging conceptualizations about

sickness common ground must be found in order to have more successful treatment of the

patient.

Where is the literature review?

Where is the research design?

Where is the research findings?

Where is the analysis and conclusion?

NOTE: as you can see, the thesis statement is a “roadmap” or “outline” of the paper. It

concisely includes the essential elements of the paper.

Review:

What are the elements of the research paper?

VIII. Putting it all together Once you have analyzed your findings you may begin to write your paper.

Stages of writing:

1. Outlines

2. First draft

3. Revisions

4. Reverse outlines

Outline – This is the first step when writing. There are many different ways to

create an outline. An outline is a “map” of the elements of the paper. It

commonly includes all the sections of the paper.

First draft – Your first attempt at writing the paper.

Revisions – Your corrections to the first draft. Also known as “second draft”,

“third draft” etc.

Reverse outline – After you have written your paper, it is helpful to make an

outline of your main points to see if they match those of your original outline. This

step is encouraged but not necessary.