Research Methods Ch2 - Slide 1
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The Science of Psychology
# 7 What Makes Psychology a Science?
# 8 Three Principles of Scientific Endeavor
# 9 Scientific Method in Psychology
# 10 The Experimental Method
# 11 Copy Figure 2.3 "Steps in Conducting an Experiment"
# 12 Descriptive Research Methods
# 13 Copy Table 2.1 "Examples of Descriptive Research Methods" p. 42
# 14 What Ethical Principles Guide Psychology Research?
# 15 read & answer p. 53 "Should Non-Human Animals Be Used in Research?"
# 16 get Chapter 02 Test Review Sheet off teacher's website and complete
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# 7 What Makes Psychology a Science?
Psychologists use scientific principles, methods, and procedures to be able to predict how people will behave.
Decade of BEHAVIOR: 2000-2010
Overt Behaviors -- include walking, gesturing, talking, even emotional reactions like laughing or crying. Must be easily observable.
empiricism-- knowledge achieved through careful observation
theory-- collection of interrelated ideas and observations that help explain and predict behavior or mental processes.
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#8 Three Principles of Scientific Endeavor
Objectivity
Systematic Observation
Replicability
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Objectivity
Evaluating research and theory on their own merits without personal bias
Did the referee do a good job?
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Systematic Observation
carefully setting up how data will be collected
How do you evaluate a book?
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Replicability
must be able to confirm findings through repeated observations
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# 9 Scientific Method in Psychology
Situation
State the Problem
Develop a Hypothesis
Design a Study
Collect & Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions & Report Results
TRY AN EXAMPLE
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# 9 Scientific Method in Psychology
Situation
State the Problem
Develop a Hypothesis
Design a Study
Collect & Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions & Report Results
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# 10 The Experimental Method
EXPERIMENT procedure in which researchers systematically manipulate and observe elements of a situation (variables) in order to test a hypothesis and establish CAUSE & EFFECT
independent variabledependent variable sample
random assignmentoperational definition participants
experimental group control group
Try an Example
TERMS
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# 10 The Experimental Method
Match up the term with the example next to it that best matches up with it. Assume we are conducting an experiment on the effects of drinking alcohol and playing Guitar Hero.
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# 12 Descriptive Research Methods
Major Types
surveys
case studies
naturalistic observation
ex post facto studies
correlational studies
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surveys
gather large amounts of information quickly
InterviewsWritten questionnairesTelephone callsComputer surveys
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case studies
intensive observation & analysis of one person
uniqueness of individualhard to generalize to othersWhat if participant dies?
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naturalistic observation
goal is to watch behavior as it occurs in real world
people change when they know they are being watched
must blend into background to be successful
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ex post facto studies
allows researchers to describe differences among groups of individuals
genderageethnicityetc.could all be used in this type of researchLimitation is that is does NOT show the causes of any differences
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correlational studies
used to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables
one goes up; the other goes up = positiveone goes up; the other goes down = negative
Type Example
Positive Correlation
height and shoe size
Negative Correlation
Golf skill and Golf score
limitation = just b/c 2 variables are correlated doesn't mean one causes the other
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# 14 What Ethical Principles Guide Psychology Research?
Ethicsrules about proper conduct used in research
APA -- (American Psychological Assoc.) is the group that sets guidelines
Informed Consentmust get participants permissionIt must also be with full information including all risks that might be involved and that they can stop at any time.
Debriefingafter experiment, people must be told all about the study
can deception be used?Generally NO, but sometimes information is withheld if it will bias the person's
response.