Research Article Microwave Studies of Environmental...

Research ArticleMicrowave Studies of Environmental Friendly Ferroelectrics

S N Mathad1 and Vijaya Puri2

1 Department of Engineering Physics KLE Institute of Technology Hubli 580030 India2Thick andThin Film Device Laboratory Department of Physics Shivaji University Kolhapur 416004 India

Correspondence should be addressed to S N Mathad physicssiddugmailcom

Received 19 May 2014 Revised 2 September 2014 Accepted 8 September 2014 Published 30 October 2014

Academic Editor George Kyriacou

Copyright copy 2014 S N Mathad and V Puri This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The structural and microwave studies of lead-free barium niobates ceramics prepared by the high temperatures solid state reactiontechnique are reportedThe structural parameters such as the lattice constants average crystallite size (D) texture coefficients (TC)dislocation density andmicrostrain have been determined using X-ray diffraction data Surfacemorphological studies were carriedout using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique The strong absorption bands at sim816 cmminus1 641 cmminus1 and 482 cmminus1 areassociated with the coupling mode between NbndashO stretching modes observed in FTIR studiesThe electromagnetic transmittanceabsorption studies of barium niobates in the X band frequency range frequencies using waveguide reflectometer technique arereported

1 Introduction

Lead-free materials are of interest as new candidates to inter-change the widely used lead-based ceramics owing to theirpollution free environmental friendly character throughoutthe preparation process Materials that can absorb micro-waves will eliminate electromagnetic radiation pollutionWide unfolding applications of electromagnetic absorbershave affected engineers to explore relating to optimumdesignwithout their algorithms [1] Ferroelectrics especially com-plex oxides with perovskite structure are inherently multi-functional materials with spontaneous polarization Thedielectric electric acoustic mechanical temperature mag-netic and optical properties of these materials are used in awide number of electronic applications Components basedon ferroelectric phase have a wide range of commercial appli-cations like memory cells sensors actuators and so forthFerroelectrics in paraelectric phase have even greater poten-tial for microwave applications Perovskites are excellentdielectrics characterized by extraordinarily high dielectricpermittivity that rely on the ferroelectric technology formicrowave applications are creating their way to the indus-try and commercial applications like wireless sensor net-works safety and security systems automotive medical

environmental food monitoring radio tags and so forth [2]Good dielectrics and electric field dependent permittivitymake the parametric phase ferroelectrics attractive for thedevelopment of a wide range of tunable microwave devicesfor applications in agile microwave systems The materialsrsquoproperty from engineerrsquos perspective device and system (cir-cuit) applications of the ferroelectrics plays very importantrole [2] Recent dramatic changes in microelectronics and inparticular wireless communications technologies have madethe importance of materials with the unusual combinationof high dielectric constant less dielectric loss and low tem-perature dependence of dielectric constant of great interestRelaxor ferroelectrics exhibit a high-dielectric constant overa wide temperature range around the ferroelectric phasetransition Ferroelectric Sr

119909

Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6

(025 le 119909 le 075)with the TTB (tetragonal tungsten bronze) structure hasattracted a great deal of attention and is being investigatedas a potential material for pyroelectric electro-optic andphotorefractive devices [3 4] Recently it was reported thatthe hexagonal phase of BaNb

2

O6

transforms above 1200∘C tothe orthorhombic structure [5] These microwave dielectricscan be synthesized by several roots syntheses like chemicalmethods the coprecipitation sol-gel and hydrothermal andcolloid emulsion techniques [5ndash9]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Scholarly Research NoticesVolume 2014 Article ID 683986 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014683986

2 International Scholarly Research Notices

Table 1 Lattice parameter volume and crystallite size of BaNb2O6

Sample Lattice parameters Volume(A)3119886 (A) 119887 (A) 119888 (A)

Barium niobate 1234 1234 389 59235

Thepurpose of this studywas to prepare BaNb2

O6

ceram-ics using simple low cost solid state technique from simpleinorganic materials A detailed significant investigation ofthe structural microstructural and mechanical properties ofbariumniobate has been reported Electromagnetic transmit-tance and absorption of samples in the X band frequencyrange frequencies using waveguide reflectometer techniqueare reported

2 Materials and Methods

AR grade chemicals of high purity barium carbonate (BaCO3

(9995)) and niobiumpenta-oxide (Nb2

O5

(99999)) wereused as starting materials This powder was again mixed instoichiometric proportion and ground for 4 hours in acetonemedium to obtain the desired compound This mixturewas initially sintered at 1200∘C for 10 hrs and further at1000∘C for 24 hours in a muffle furnace (given by (2)) Theflowchart of barium niobate (BaNb

2

O6

) ceramic is shown inFigure 1

BaCO3

+Nb2

O5

997888rarr BaNb2

O6

+ CO2

uarr (1)

The phase analysis was confirmed by X-ray diffraction usingCr-K120572

radiations (Philips Diffract meter PW 3710) Thestructural parameters such as the lattice constants averagecrystallite size and texture coefficients have been determinedusing X-ray diffraction data This powder was pressed intopellets in a hydraulic press at 10 toncm2 for 10 minutesThe surface morphology was studied using scanning elec-tron microscope (SEM JEOL-JSM 6360) Transmission ofmicrowaves due to bulk sample was measured point bypoint using transmissionreflection method with rectangularwaveguide consisting of the X band generator isolatorattenuator directional coupler and RF detector

21 XRD Analysis X-ray diffraction technique is a powerfultool to analyze the crystalline nature of the materials If thematerial to be investigated is crystalline well defined peakswill be observed X-ray diffractogram of barium niobate 2120579values from 20∘ to 90∘ is shown in Figure 2 The bariumniobate has tetragonal structure with lattice parameters 119886 =119887 = 1234 A and 119888 = 389 A (Table 1) Nanocrystalline (parti-cle size) characteristics of the samples depend on the broad-ening of the XRD lines Average particle size of the calcinedpowder was 375 nm determined using Debye-Scherer for-mula [10]

119863 =

119870 sdot 120582

120573 sdot cos 120579 (2)

where119870 is Scherrer constant (119870 = 09) 120579 is Braggrsquos angle and120573 is full-width half maxima (FWHM) in radians

The defects distort the regular atomic array of a perfectcrystal Dislocations are 1D crystalline defects marking theboundary between slipped and unslipped regions of materialThe amount of defects in the as-deposited film is assessed bydislocation density (120588

119863

) The term lattice microstrain (120576) ismore frequently used in materials engineering It is definedas the deformation of an object divided by its effective-lengthThe dislocation density (120588

119863

) and microstrain (120576) werecalculated as [11]

Dislocation density (120588119863

) =

1

119863

2

(3)

120576 =

120573 cos 1205794

(4)

The Williamson-Hall equation is used to calculate the strain(120576) and particle size of the sample graphically given by [11 12]

120573 cos 120579 = 09120582119863

+ 4120576 sin 120579 (5)

where 120576 is the lattice microstrain D is the grain size (in A) 120582is the wavelength of the radiation (in A) 120579 is the Bragg angleand 120573 is full-width half maxima (FWHM) of a XRD peak indegree

Using a linear extrapolation fit to Williamson-Hall anal-ysis plot (shown in Figure 3) the intercept gives the particlesize (119863) and the slope represents the strain (120576) Microstrain(120576) crystallite size (nm) and dislocation density (119863) aretabulated in Table 2

22 Texture Analysis Texture is perceived in almost allengineered materials which can have a great influence onproperties of materials Diffraction patterns from samplescontaining a random orientation of crystallites have pre-dictable relative peak intensities Texture frequently repre-sents a pole figure in which a defined axis (crystallographic)fromeach of a representative number of crystallites ismappedin a stereographic projection Texture is the distribution ofcrystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample inmaterials science Quantitative data concerning the prefer-ential crystal orientation can be obtained from the texturecoefficient (TC) [13]

TC (ℎ119896119897) =119868 (ℎ119896119897) 119868

0

(ℎ119896119897)

(1119873)sum

119873

(119868 (ℎ119896119897) 119868

0

(ℎ119896119897))

(6)

If the crystallographic orientations are fully random thenthe sample has no texture If the orientations are not randombut have some preferred orientation then the samples havea weak moderate or strong texture As TC(hkl) increasesthe preferential growth of the crystallites in the directionperpendicular to the hkl plane is greater (Table 3) From thetexture analysis preferential grain growth which is observedat (210) plane is more dominant (TC = 2977) and thatobserved at (311) plane is weak

International Scholarly Research Notices 3

Mixed in stoichiometric proportion and ground for 4 hours

Barium niobates

+

BaCO3 Nb2O3

a = b = 12343A and c = 3889ATetragonal structure

with beach stone likemorphology

Sintered at 1200∘C for 10hrs

Further at 1000∘C for 24hours in a muffle furnace

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the synthesis flowchart of barium niobate (BaNb2

O6

) ceramic

Table 2 Microstrain (120576) dislocation density (120588119863

) and crystallite size of BaNb2O6

Dislocation density Strain Crystallite size (nm)From (4) FromW-H graph From (2) From graph

709 times 1016 007859 0140 372 1575

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Inte

nsity

(au

)

(720

)(530

)(210

)

(400

)(3

11)

2120579

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Figure 2 The X-ray diffraction patterns of Barium niobate

23 Surface Morphology Themorphology of barium niobate(BaNb

2

O6

) is like typical pebble (beach stone) structure(shown in Figure 4) The image shows homogenous grainsdistributed over the entire volume of the samples and showsgood crystallizationThe average grain size varies in the rangeof 2ndash4120583m It is clear from the micrographs that the grainsare densely packed in the sintered sample However a certaindegree of porosity is still observedThe shape and distributionof grains in the microstructure exhibit the polycrystallinenature of the sample The grain size of the sample (obtainedfrom SEM) is larger than of the crystallite size obtained from

0

01

02

03

04

05 1 15 2 25

Series 1Linear (series 1)

y = 0140x + 0012

R2 = 0750

120573cos120579

4 sin120579

Figure 3 TheWilliamson-Hall analysis for Barium niobate

Table 3 Texture coefficient for significant (ℎ119896119897) planes of BaNb2O6

Texture coefficient for significant (ℎ119896119897) planesℎ119896119897 TC(ℎ119896119897)210 2977400 1386311 0097530 0187720 0354

Scherrerrsquos equation Thus a single grain can be composed ofseveral crystallites [14]The advantages of solid-state reactionare simplicity and low cost but the disadvantages are that the


Figure 4 Scanning electron micrographs of barium niobate

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Tran

smitt

ance

vibr

atio

ns

Wavenumber (cmminus1)

3470

cmminus1

2940

cmminus1

1646

cmminus1

816

cmminus1

482

cmminus1

641

cmminus1

Nbndash

O st

retc

hing

OndashH

stre

tchi

ng

Figure 5 Room temperature FTIR of BaNb2

O6

spectra

high calcining temperature results in very large grain sizesconfirmed by SEM images

24 FTIR Spectral Study The infrared spectral analysis iseffectively used to understand the chemical bonding andit provides information about molecular structure of thesynthesized compound The characteristic absorption peaksin the range from 400 to 4000 cmminus1 are shown in Figure 5Using Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer Fourier transforminfrared (FTIR) spectra of sample (in pellet form mixedwith KBr) were recorded in the range 400ndash4000 cmminus1The sharp absorption peaks at sim3470 cmminus1 indicating thepresence of hydroxide group (OHminus) result from surface-adsorbed atmosphere (like moisture and humidity) [15]Peaks around sim1646 cmminus1 and 1755 cmminus1 may be attributedto OndashH bending vibrations The strong absorption bands atsim816 cmminus1 641 cmminus1 and 482 cmminus1 are associated with thecoupling mode between NbndashO stretching modes [16]

25Microwave Studies The insertion loss (transmission) andabsorption loss of barium niobate sample were measuredby the rectangular waveguide reflectometer setup shown inFigure 6 The microwaves were incident on the device undertest (DUT) in the frequency range 8GHz to 12GHz (Xband) The waveguide reflectometer setup consists of Gunnoscillator isolator attenuator two 3 dB directional couplersconnected in reverse directions sample holder for deviceunder test (DUT) and the diode detector The system wascalibrated by measuring the output with and without theDUT [4 17]

The variation of insertion loss and absorption loss ofbarium niobate is a function of frequency in the X band(8ndash12GHz) which exhibits trivial wavy like nature shown inFigure 7 The frequency dependent variations are observedin microwave absorbance and transmittance The averageabsorbance is relatively more compared to transmittanceAt 98GHz frequency dip absorbance (minus53 dB) may be themotion of active ferroelectric Nb5+ harr Nb4+ also because thefrequency of the hopping ions could not follow the appliedfield frequency and it lags behind

Absorption is the heat loss under the action betweenelectric dipole or magnetic dipole in material and the elec-tromagnetic field Low absorption loss in a large band offrequencies indicates potential for microwave applications[17] These barium niobates may be used to function assensors actuators detectors filters resonators and so forththrough special layout arrangements

3 Conclusions

Lead-free ferroelectric barium niobate that has been synthe-sized by the solid state reaction method was investigatedIt absolutely was shown by X-ray diffraction that the spacetemperature shows tetragonal structure lattice parameters119886 = 119887 = 12343 A and 119888 = 3889 A and average parti-cle size was 375 nm with preferred (210) textured orien-tation Pebble (beach stone) like morphology with grainsize varied within the range of 2ndash4 120583m confirmed by SEMThe robust absorption bands at sim816 cmminus1 641 cmminus1 and


Detector for reflection

Detector for transmission

DUTMatch

Attenuator OscillatorIsolator

Barium niobatespellets

Gunn oscillator Bulk material

Transmittance

Reflectance

Absorbance

Microwaves

Wave length

Direction of propagationMag

netic

Elec

tric

27040LENGWMF

field

(E)

field

(H)

HE H

E

H

E

Figure 6 Schematic block diagram of microwave experimental setup (for transmission and reflection)


08 9 10 11 12

Abso

rptio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus20

minus40

minus60

0008 9 10 11 12

Inse

rtio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus2000

minus4000

Figure 7 Absorption loss and insertion loss of barium niobate

482 cmminus1 are related to the coupling mode between NbndashO stretching modes Microwave studies (absorbance andreflectance) depict periodical behaviour which can be usedto perform like sensors actuators detectors and filters

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

References

[1] S Chamaani S A Mirtaheri M Teshnehlab M A Shoore-hdeli and V Seydi ldquoModified multi-objective particle swarmoptimization for electromagnetic absorber designrdquo Progress inElectromagnetics Research vol 79 pp 353ndash366 2008

[2] S Gevorgian Ferroelectrics in Microwave Devices Circuits andSystems Springer New York NY USA 2009

[3] R R Neurgaonkar andW K Cory ldquoProgress in photorefractivetungsten bronze crystalsrdquo Journal of the Optical Society ofAmerica B Optical Physics vol 3 no 2 pp 274ndash282 1986

[4] S N Mathad R N Jadhav R P Pawar and V Puri ldquoElec-tromagnetic behavior of lead free ferroelectrics at microwavefrequenciesrdquo Advanced Science Engineering and Medicine vol5 no 8 pp 789ndash795 2013

[5] O Yamaguchi K Shimizu and K Matsui ldquoCrystallization ofhexagonal BaNb

2

O6

rdquo Journal of the American Ceramic Societyvol 68 no 7 pp 173ndash175 1985

[6] D W Kim J R Kim S H Yoon K S Hong and C KKim ldquoMicrowave dielectric properties of low-fired Ba

5

Nb4

O15

rdquoJournal of theAmericanCeramic Society vol 85 no 11 pp 2759ndash2762 2002

[7] S P Gaikwad V Samuel R Pasricha and V Ravi ldquoA lowtemperature route to prepare BaNb

2

O6

rdquo Materials Letters vol58 no 29 pp 3700ndash3702 2004

[8] J Xue D Wan S-E Lee and J Wang ldquoMechanochemicalsynthesis of lead zirconate titanate from mixed oxidesrdquo Journalof the American Ceramic Society vol 82 no 7 pp 1687ndash16921999

[9] G-H Chen and B Qi ldquoBarium niobate formation frommechanically activated BaCO

3

-Nb2

O5

mixturesrdquo Journal ofAlloys and Compounds vol 425 no 1-2 pp 395ndash398 2006

[10] S N Mathad and V Puri ldquoStructural and dielectric propertiesof Sr119909

Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6

ferroelectric ceramicsrdquo Archives of PhysicsResearch vol 3 no 2 pp 106ndash115 2012

[11] S N Mathad R N Jadhav N D Patil and V Puri ldquoStructuraland mechanical properties of Sr+2-doped bismuth manganitethick filmsrdquo International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis vol 22 pp 177ndash181 2013

[12] M Mazhdi and P H Khani ldquoStructural characterization ofZnO and ZnOMn nanoparticles prepared by reverse micellemethodrdquo International Journal of Nano Dimension vol 2 no4 pp 233ndash240 2012

[13] S N Mathad R N Jadhav and V Puri ldquoRaman studies ofRod-like Bismuth strontium manganitesrdquo European Journal ofApplied Engineering amp Scientific Research vol 1 no 3 pp 67ndash72 2012

[14] S Allen and E ThomasThe Structure of Materials John Wileyamp Sons New York NY USA 1999

[15] S N Mathad R N Jadhav and R P P V Puri ldquoStudies onrod shaped bismuth strontium manganite ceramicsrdquo Science ofAdvanced Materials vol 4 no 12 pp 1276ndash1281 2012

[16] T V Mathew and S Kuriakose ldquoSynthesis and characterizationof sodiumndashlithium niobate ceramic structures and their com-posites with biopolymersrdquo Journal of Advanced Ceramics vol 2no 1 pp 11ndash20 2013

[17] R N Jadhav and V Puri ldquoMicrowave absorption conductivityand complex pemittivity of fritless Ni

(1minus119909)

Cu119909

Mn2O4(0 le 119909 ge1) ceramic thick film effect of copperrdquo Progress In Electro-magnetics Research C vol 8 pp 149ndash160 2009

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


Table 1 Lattice parameter volume and crystallite size of BaNb2O6

Sample Lattice parameters Volume(A)3119886 (A) 119887 (A) 119888 (A)

Barium niobate 1234 1234 389 59235

Thepurpose of this studywas to prepare BaNb2

O6

ceram-ics using simple low cost solid state technique from simpleinorganic materials A detailed significant investigation ofthe structural microstructural and mechanical properties ofbariumniobate has been reported Electromagnetic transmit-tance and absorption of samples in the X band frequencyrange frequencies using waveguide reflectometer techniqueare reported

2 Materials and Methods

AR grade chemicals of high purity barium carbonate (BaCO3

(9995)) and niobiumpenta-oxide (Nb2

O5

(99999)) wereused as starting materials This powder was again mixed instoichiometric proportion and ground for 4 hours in acetonemedium to obtain the desired compound This mixturewas initially sintered at 1200∘C for 10 hrs and further at1000∘C for 24 hours in a muffle furnace (given by (2)) Theflowchart of barium niobate (BaNb

2

O6

) ceramic is shown inFigure 1

BaCO3

+Nb2

O5

997888rarr BaNb2

O6

+ CO2

uarr (1)

The phase analysis was confirmed by X-ray diffraction usingCr-K120572

radiations (Philips Diffract meter PW 3710) Thestructural parameters such as the lattice constants averagecrystallite size and texture coefficients have been determinedusing X-ray diffraction data This powder was pressed intopellets in a hydraulic press at 10 toncm2 for 10 minutesThe surface morphology was studied using scanning elec-tron microscope (SEM JEOL-JSM 6360) Transmission ofmicrowaves due to bulk sample was measured point bypoint using transmissionreflection method with rectangularwaveguide consisting of the X band generator isolatorattenuator directional coupler and RF detector

21 XRD Analysis X-ray diffraction technique is a powerfultool to analyze the crystalline nature of the materials If thematerial to be investigated is crystalline well defined peakswill be observed X-ray diffractogram of barium niobate 2120579values from 20∘ to 90∘ is shown in Figure 2 The bariumniobate has tetragonal structure with lattice parameters 119886 =119887 = 1234 A and 119888 = 389 A (Table 1) Nanocrystalline (parti-cle size) characteristics of the samples depend on the broad-ening of the XRD lines Average particle size of the calcinedpowder was 375 nm determined using Debye-Scherer for-mula [10]

119863 =

119870 sdot 120582

120573 sdot cos 120579 (2)

where119870 is Scherrer constant (119870 = 09) 120579 is Braggrsquos angle and120573 is full-width half maxima (FWHM) in radians

The defects distort the regular atomic array of a perfectcrystal Dislocations are 1D crystalline defects marking theboundary between slipped and unslipped regions of materialThe amount of defects in the as-deposited film is assessed bydislocation density (120588

119863

) The term lattice microstrain (120576) ismore frequently used in materials engineering It is definedas the deformation of an object divided by its effective-lengthThe dislocation density (120588

119863

) and microstrain (120576) werecalculated as [11]

Dislocation density (120588119863

) =

1

119863

2

(3)

120576 =

120573 cos 1205794

(4)

The Williamson-Hall equation is used to calculate the strain(120576) and particle size of the sample graphically given by [11 12]

120573 cos 120579 = 09120582119863

+ 4120576 sin 120579 (5)

where 120576 is the lattice microstrain D is the grain size (in A) 120582is the wavelength of the radiation (in A) 120579 is the Bragg angleand 120573 is full-width half maxima (FWHM) of a XRD peak indegree

Using a linear extrapolation fit to Williamson-Hall anal-ysis plot (shown in Figure 3) the intercept gives the particlesize (119863) and the slope represents the strain (120576) Microstrain(120576) crystallite size (nm) and dislocation density (119863) aretabulated in Table 2

22 Texture Analysis Texture is perceived in almost allengineered materials which can have a great influence onproperties of materials Diffraction patterns from samplescontaining a random orientation of crystallites have pre-dictable relative peak intensities Texture frequently repre-sents a pole figure in which a defined axis (crystallographic)fromeach of a representative number of crystallites ismappedin a stereographic projection Texture is the distribution ofcrystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample inmaterials science Quantitative data concerning the prefer-ential crystal orientation can be obtained from the texturecoefficient (TC) [13]

TC (ℎ119896119897) =119868 (ℎ119896119897) 119868

0

(ℎ119896119897)

(1119873)sum

119873

(119868 (ℎ119896119897) 119868

0

(ℎ119896119897))

(6)

If the crystallographic orientations are fully random thenthe sample has no texture If the orientations are not randombut have some preferred orientation then the samples havea weak moderate or strong texture As TC(hkl) increasesthe preferential growth of the crystallites in the directionperpendicular to the hkl plane is greater (Table 3) From thetexture analysis preferential grain growth which is observedat (210) plane is more dominant (TC = 2977) and thatobserved at (311) plane is weak



Barium niobates

+

BaCO3 Nb2O3






O6

) ceramic




709 times 1016 007859 0140 372 1575

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Inte

nsity

(au

)

(720

)(530

)(210

)

(400

)(3

11)

2120579

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90



2

O6


0

01

02

03

04

05 1 15 2 25


y = 0140x + 0012

R2 = 0750

120573cos120579

4 sin120579







4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Tran

smitt

ance

vibr

atio

ns


3470

cmminus1

2940

cmminus1

1646

cmminus1

816

cmminus1

482

cmminus1

641

cmminus1

Nbndash

O st

retc

hing

OndashH

stre

tchi

ng


O6

spectra






3 Conclusions





DUTMatch




Transmittance

Reflectance

Absorbance

Microwaves

Wave length


netic

Elec

tric

27040LENGWMF

field

(E)

field

(H)

HE H

E

H

E



08 9 10 11 12

Abso

rptio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus20

minus40

minus60

0008 9 10 11 12

Inse

rtio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus2000

minus4000





References






2

O6



5

Nb4

O15



2

O6




3

-Nb2

O5



Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6









(1minus119909)

Cu119909









CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials





Barium niobates

+

BaCO3 Nb2O3






O6

) ceramic




709 times 1016 007859 0140 372 1575

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Inte

nsity

(au

)

(720

)(530

)(210

)

(400

)(3

11)

2120579

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90



2

O6


0

01

02

03

04

05 1 15 2 25


y = 0140x + 0012

R2 = 0750

120573cos120579

4 sin120579







4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Tran

smitt

ance

vibr

atio

ns


3470

cmminus1

2940

cmminus1

1646

cmminus1

816

cmminus1

482

cmminus1

641

cmminus1

Nbndash

O st

retc

hing

OndashH

stre

tchi

ng


O6

spectra






3 Conclusions





DUTMatch




Transmittance

Reflectance

Absorbance

Microwaves

Wave length


netic

Elec

tric

27040LENGWMF

field

(E)

field

(H)

HE H

E

H

E



08 9 10 11 12

Abso

rptio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus20

minus40

minus60

0008 9 10 11 12

Inse

rtio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus2000

minus4000





References






2

O6



5

Nb4

O15



2

O6




3

-Nb2

O5



Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6









(1minus119909)

Cu119909









CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials





4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

Tran

smitt

ance

vibr

atio

ns


3470

cmminus1

2940

cmminus1

1646

cmminus1

816

cmminus1

482

cmminus1

641

cmminus1

Nbndash

O st

retc

hing

OndashH

stre

tchi

ng


O6

spectra






3 Conclusions





DUTMatch




Transmittance

Reflectance

Absorbance

Microwaves

Wave length


netic

Elec

tric

27040LENGWMF

field

(E)

field

(H)

HE H

E

H

E



08 9 10 11 12

Abso

rptio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus20

minus40

minus60

0008 9 10 11 12

Inse

rtio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus2000

minus4000





References






2

O6



5

Nb4

O15



2

O6




3

-Nb2

O5



Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6









(1minus119909)

Cu119909









CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials






DUTMatch




Transmittance

Reflectance

Absorbance

Microwaves

Wave length


netic

Elec

tric

27040LENGWMF

field

(E)

field

(H)

HE H

E

H

E



08 9 10 11 12

Abso

rptio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus20

minus40

minus60

0008 9 10 11 12

Inse

rtio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus2000

minus4000





References






2

O6



5

Nb4

O15



2

O6




3

-Nb2

O5



Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6









(1minus119909)

Cu119909









CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




08 9 10 11 12

Abso

rptio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus20

minus40

minus60

0008 9 10 11 12

Inse

rtio

n lo

ss (d

B)

Frequency (GHz)

minus2000

minus4000





References






2

O6



5

Nb4

O15



2

O6




3

-Nb2

O5



Ba1minus119909

Nb2

O6









(1minus119909)

Cu119909









CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



Research Article Microwave Studies of Environmental...

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