Hindawi Publishing CorporationThe Scientific World JournalVolume 2013 Article ID 849716 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013849716

Research ArticleLevels of Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in SurfaceWaters of Konya Closed Basin Turkey

Mehmet Emin Aydin Senar Ozcan Fatma Beduk and Ali Tor

Department of Environmental Engineering Necmettin Erbakan University 42060 Konya Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Fatma Beduk fabedukkonyaedutr

Received 28 December 2012 Accepted 17 January 2013

Academic Editors S Bhattacharya N Fontanals and J-F Liu

Copyright copy 2013 Mehmet Emin Aydin et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including 120572- 120573- 120574- and 120575-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) heptachlorheptachlor epoxide dieldrin aldrin endrin endrin aldehyde endrin ketone endosulfan I endosulfan II endosulfan sulfate pp1015840-DDE pp1015840-DDD pp1015840-DDTmethoxychlor chlordane I chlordane II and heavymetals such as As Cr Cu FeMn andNi in surfacewater samples from the Konya closed basin were determined to evaluate the level of contamination Among all HCH isomers 120573-HCH is the main isomer with a concentration range of 0015ndash0065 120583gL DDE DDD and DDT were almost determined in allsamples in which DDE isomer had the highest concentration ranged from not detected to 0037120583gL In all studied OCPs aldrinshowed the highest concentration at 0220120583gL The concentrations of heavy metals in water samples were observed with orderMnltCultNiltAsltCrlt Fe In some samples As Fe and Cr concentrations exceeded the drinking water quality recommendedby EU US EPA WHO and Turkish Regulation while Cu Ni and Mn concentrations are below the guideline values The levels ofboth OCPs and heavy metals were also compared with other previously published data

1 Introduction

Heavy metals occur naturally in soils and rocks enteringthe biogeochemical cycle Anthropogenic releases includingindustrial and domestic effluents urban storm water runofflandfill leachate atmospheric sources coal-burning powerplants nonferrousmetal smelteries iron and steel plants anddumping of sewage sludge can give rise to higher concentra-tions of the metals relative to the normal background values[1ndash3] Heavy metals that enter aquatic system are ultimatelydeposited in suspended particulate matter and sedimentsthat can be a long-term source of contamination [4] Excessof some essential metals can damage human health andnonessential metals can be toxic at even very low concentra-tions [5 6]

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used fordecades in control of agricultural pests Although most ofOCPswere banned inmany developed countries somedevel-oping countries are still applying them for agricultural andpublic health purposes due to their low cost [7] They accu-mulate in the environment owing to their persistence and

lipophilic properties [8 9] High levels of OCPs are stillbeing detected in various environmental media especially inseafood [10]

Konya watershed is a closed basin and has 452 billionm3 water capacity Konya closed basin has semiarid climateand limited water sources Water shortage is faced becauseof increasing water demand due to the increasing populationand expansion of the agricultural and industrial productionUncontrolled drilled bore-holes for irrigation purposes andwater abstraction intensified water shortage Determinationof the quality of existing limited water sources in Konyaclosed basin and identifying pollutant sources is of greatimportance Most of the scientific efforts on the basin werecarried out for extensive exploitation of groundwater thatcauses sinkhole development On the other hand a moni-toring of the organic and inorganic contamination of watersources of the basin is lacking Detection and quantificationof a low contamination of OCPs and heavy metals in watershave become vital due to the toxicity of these contaminantsto living organisms and humans [11] Adverse effects ofthese contaminants on human health make it necessary to

2 The Scientific World Journal

DSi IV BOLGE MUDURLUGUGOREV SAHASI

1 05 10 20

(km)

Figure 1 Map of the study area and sampling points (1) Ibrala stream (2) Kirkgozler spring (3) Basarakavak stream (4) Meram stream (5)Mamasin dam (6) Bagbasi dam derivation tunnel inlet (7) Bozkir stream (8) AfsarIlicapinar stream (9) Altinapa dam)

determine the concentration of these elements in watersources Therefore the objectives of this study are to inves-tigate the levels of heavy metal (As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni)andOCPs including120572-120573- 120574- and 120575-hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) heptachlor heptachlor epoxide dieldrin aldrinendrin endrin aldehyde endrin ketone endosulfan I endo-sulfan II endosulfan sulfate p p1015840-DDE p p1015840-DDD p p1015840-DDTmethoxychlor chlordane I and chlordane II in selectedsurface waters that can be drinking water sources in Konyaclosed basin in order to provide a sufficient data for develop-ing realistic risk reduction measures

2 Experimental

21 Reagents and Solvents All chemicals used were of ana-lytical grade The mixed standard of OCPs including 120572-120573- 120574- and 120575-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) heptachlorheptachlor epoxide dieldrin aldrin endrin endrin aldehydeendrin ketone endosulfan I endosulfan II endosulfan sulfatep p1-DDE p p1-DDD p p1-DDT methoxychlor chlordaneI and chlordane II was obtained from Accustandard Co(NewHaven CT USA) Standard stock solutions of 10mgLwere prepared in methanol for each organic group

Acetone n-hexane and dichloromethane were of resi-due grade (Merck Germany) Anhydrous sodium sulphatewas obtained from Merck Germany Metal standard stock

solutions including As Cu Cr Fe Mn andNi were also fromMerck All solutions were stored in the dark at 4∘C

22 Study Site Konya closed basin is the largest closed basinof Turkey There are many streams lakes and wetland areasThe water sources of Konya closed basin are only rainfallAfter completing the circulation fromunderground and fromsurface in the basin the water reaches to Salt Lake Due to itslarge grassy steppes biological diversity and wetlands SaltLake is one of the 200 most important ecological regionsin the world [12] Konya closed basin especially in recentyears faced several negative effects Lack of rainfall andwater sources climate change and drought development ofindustry and untreated domestic and industrial wastewaterdischarges nonefficient water consumption for agriculturalpurposes drainage water from agriculture drop in ground-water level solid waste disposal problem are main sources ofthese effects

In this work 9 monitoring stations were selected forinvestigation of OCPs and heavy metal pollution within thebasin All sampling locations are marked on the site map ofthe study area (Figure 1)

23 Analytical Methods The sampling preservation trans-portation and analysis of the water samples were performed

The Scientific World Journal 3

following standard methods All samples were collected freeof air bubbles in 1 L glass containers and they were storedin the dark at 4∘C Water samples collected from samplingpoints were analyzed for heavy metals (As Cu Cr FeMn and Ni) and OCPs Concentrations of heavy metals inwater samples were determined by using Inductively Cou-pled PlasmaMass Spectrometry (ICPMS Perkin Elmer)following standard guidelines and procedures [13] Analyticalcurves were drawn using eight points The calibration curvesgave a high level of linearity for all studied heavy metals withcorrelation coefficients ranging between 09983 and 09999TheLODvalueswere found to be in the lowppb level rangingfrom 00047 to 02210120583gL

In order to determine trace levels of OCPs an extractionand preconcentration step is necessary LLE procedure wasadopted from US EPA Method 3510C [14] Water sample(200mL) was placed in a 250mL separatory funnel Theextraction was carried out three times with 20mL ofdichloromethane The extracts were combined and driedwith anhydrous sodium sulfate The resulting extract wasconcentrated to 1mL using rotary evaporator (Buchi B-160Vocabox Flawil 1 Switzerland) and gentle nitrogen streamand transferred into the vialThen gas chromatographymassspectrometer (GCMS) analysis was performed as describedin Section 24 The limits of detection (LODs) based ona signal-to-noise ratio (SN) of 3 [15] for OCPs were inthe range of 0005ndash0052120583gL for OCPs The calibrationtechniques for OCPs are the external standard multipointcalibration using at least five concentration levels For spikingconcentration ofOCPs at levels of 01120583gL 1 120583gL and 5 120583gLthe recovery rates after extraction and concentration proce-dures were in the range of 85ndash102 with relative standarddeviation lt5

24 Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GCMS) Con-ditions The determination of OCPs was carried out by gaschromatograph (GC Agilent 6890N Agilent TechnologiesPalo Alto CA USA) equipped with mass-selective detector(MS Agilent 5973 Agilent Technologies Foster City CAUSA) The features and operating conditions of GCMSsystem were as follows GC equipped with programmedtemperature vaporizing (PTV) injector DB-5MS 5 phenyl-methylsiloxane fused silica capillary column (30m length025m id and 025 120583m film thickness) and helium (purity99999) as carrier gas at constant flow-rate of 19mLminThe injection volume was 2 120583L and PTV was operated insplitless mode Injections were performed by an Agilent 7683B Series automatic injector (Agilent Technologies Palo AltoCA USA) PTV program was as follows 80∘C 12∘Cs to350∘C and hold at 350 ∘C for 2min The temperature of theion source and MS transfer line were maintained at 170∘Cand 280∘C respectively The oven program for OCPs was thesame as reported by Ozcan [16] MS detector was operated inselected ion monitoring (SIM) mode

3 Results and Discussion

31 Levels of OCP Residues in Water Samples The concen-tration ranges of OCPs residues and total concentrations

Table 1 The levels of OCPs residues in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

OCPs March 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum Minimumndashmaximum

120572-HCH 0005ndash0010 ndndash0005120573-HCH 0005ndash0020 ndndash0005120574-HCH 0005ndash0010 ndndash0005120575-HCH ndndash0015 ndndash0010sumHCHs 0015ndash0065 ndndash0025pp1015840-DDE ndndash0037 ndndash0010pp1015840-DDD ndndash0005 ndpp1015840-DDT ndndash0005 ndsumDDTs ndndash0047 ndndash0010Heptachlor ndndash0005 ndHeptachlor epoxide ndndash0025 0005ndash0015Aldrin 0055ndash0220 0005ndash0040Chlordane-I ndndash0005 ndChlordane-II nd ndndash0010Endosulfan-I 0005ndash0025 ndndash0005Endosulfan-II 0095ndash0165 0005ndash0080Endosulfan sulfate ndndash0015 ndDieldrin ndndash0015 ndndash0010Endrin 0005ndash0015 0005ndash0010Endrin aldehyde 0015ndash0035 ndndash0005Endrin ketone ndndash0010 ndndash0010Methoxychlor nd ndnd not detected

of HCHs (sumHCHs) and DDTs (sumDDTs) in surface watersamples are presented in Table 1 All HCH isomers weredetermined in water samples from Konya closed basin ForMarch 2012 and August 2012 the concentrations of sumHCHswere in the range (0015ndash0065)120583gL and (not detected-0025)120583gL respectively In addition the levels of each HCHisomer determined in the samples taken from March 2012were higher than those taken fromAugust 2012 For samplingperiod March 2012 of all HCH isomers investigated 120573-HCHwas the dominant substance determined with a range of0005ndash0020120583gL Qu et al [17] reported that the commercialHCH consists of a mixture of HCH isomers including 65ndash70 of 120572-HCH 7ndash10 of 120573-HCH 14-15 120574-HCH and 10of 120575-HCH and other constituents Because 120572-HCH is instablein the environment it is easy tometabolized into120573-HCH [17]Thus 120573-HCH is the main isomer determined in most watersamples

Comparison of HCH levels in the water samples of thisstudy with surface water samples from different region inTurkey the range of sumHCHs (0015ndash0065 and not detected-0025 120583gL for each sampling period) was less than thosefound water sample from Kucuk Menderes River (0101ndash0559 120583gL) [18] In another study of Turgut and Fomin [19]the concentration of 120575-HCH was 2065120583gL which is morethan levels of 120575-HCH determined in our study

In the case of DDT isomers DDE DDD and DDT weredetermined in all water samples Among these isomers DDE

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 The levels of heavy metals in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

Heavy metalsMarch 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum(median)

Minimumndashmaximum(median)

As ndndash1477 (311) 132ndash9111 (473)Cu ndndash789 (185) 060ndash563 (110)Cr ndndash549 (314) 1337ndash4094 (1973)Ni ndndash1546 (248) 124ndash638 (230)

Fe ndndash1273 (266) 14889ndash29660(16553)

Mn ndndash3922 (119) 004ndash843 (029)nd not detected

was detected with the highest concentration range betweennot detected to 0037 120583gL This result is most probably theresult of banning the use of DDT in Turkey The rangeof sumDDTsrsquo levels in this study was considerably lower incomparison to another river and water reservoir in Turkey[19ndash21] and in Bay of Ohuira Mexico [22]

The level of heptachlor in the samples taken from March2012 was in the range from not detected to 0005 120583gL andit was not determined in the samples from August 2012 Theconcentration of heptachlor in this study was more than thesample (59 pg L) of Lake Baikal Siberia which is reportedby Kuckllck et al [23]

The concentration range of aldrin in all samples takenfrom March (0055ndash0220120583gL) and August 2012 (0005ndash0040 120583gL) wasmore than those fromdieldrin (not detected-0015 120583gL and not detected-0010 120583gL forMarch andAugust2012 resp) According to Blus et al [24] aldrin is rapidlybroken down to dieldrin Based on this result it can beconcluded that fresh input of aldrin in the Konya closed basinstill occurs

Among the endosulfans the highest concentration rangebelongs to endosulfan-II (0095ndash0165 120583gL and 0005ndash0080 120583gL for March and August 2012 resp) This result wasagainst the results which is reported by Osuna-Flores andRiva [22] that the endosulfan-I had the highest concentration(0010ndash1260120583gL) in surface water samples from Bay ofOhuria Mexico Turgut [18] also reported that endosulfansulfate had the highest concentrationwith the range of 0028ndash0123120583gL in the samples of KucukMenderes River in Turkey

The endrin concentration in this study ranged from 0005to 0015 120583gL Other endrin metabolites (endrin aldehydeand endrin ketone) were also determined in samples ofMarch and August 2012 (Table 1) The level of endrin wascomparablewith that reported for thewater samples ofKucukMenderes River [18] and it was less than those in the riverand water reservoir in Goksu Delta with a maximummedianconcentration of 21120583gL [20]

32 Levels of Heavy Metals in Water Samples The results onthe levels of heavy metals in surface waters in Konya closedbasin are shown in Table 2 In March 2012 among the heavy

Table 3 Limit values for heavy metals for drinking water qualityand protection of freshwater aquatic life 120583gL

Heavy metals TRWHC WHO USEPA EUAs 10 10 10 10Cr 50 50 10 50Cu 50 50 10 50Fe 200 300 300 200Mn 50 500 50 50Ni 20 mdash mdash 20Zn mdash mdash 5000 mdash

metals Cr had the least concentration range (not detected-549 median 314120583gL) While the results for samples ofAugust 2012 showed thatCuhad the least concentration range(060ndash563 median 110 120583gL) It is seen in Table 2 that theorder of the median level of heavy metals in water samplesfrom March and August 2012 was Mn lt Cu lt Ni lt As ltCr lt Fe

The limit values of heavy metals for drinking water qual-ity recommended by EU [31] US EPA [32] WHO [33] andTurkish Regulation [34] and for the protection of freshwateraquatic life [35] are presented in Table 3 A comparison forthe maximum concentrations of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni insurface waters of the Konya closed basin with those in otherrivers is also presented in Table 4

The concentrations of As in some water samples (27 ofall samples) exceeded themaximumpermitted concentrationfor drinking water quality guidelines This poses a threat tohuman health because of high carcinogenic effect of As [36]Similarly Fe concentration of 22 of all samples were higherthan the guideline values The concentration of Cr was lowerthan the limits values except for US EPA limit Cu Ni andMn had concentrations that are below the guideline valuesHigh level of Fe may be a source of high As concentration inthe samples Reduction of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) andrelease of its sorbed As load to solution which is the mostcommon mechanism that pollutes water [37]

4 Conclusion

The results from this study provide important data for theliterature because it is the first study that report the levelsof OCPs and heavy metals of surface water in Konya closedbasin (Turkey) The results showed the most of studiedOCPs were determined in water samples In general theconcentrations of OCPs were mostly comparable or less thandata in the literature Among the heavy metals As andFe were of concentrations that are higher than EU WHOUS EPA and Turkish regulation limits for drinking waterHowever Cu Ni and Mn had lower concentrations thanregulation limits Arsenic is a threat to human health withits high carcinogenic effect Chronic effects on humans maybe caused by prolonged consumption of water with even verylow concentrationsThehigh level of Fewas observed inwatersources which is a possible source of As enrichment in thestudy area It is concluded that a risk determination about

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 4 The maximum concentration of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni in water samples from other rivers in the literature

Location Maximum concentration 120583gLAs Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Reference

Khoshk River Iran mdash 550 60 mdash 540 200 [25]San Petro River Mexico 160 212 200 1800 4620 300 [26]Sakarya River Turkey mdash 228 4362 mdash mdash 4977 [27]Axios River Greece 109 42 137 mdash mdash 82 [28]Odra River Poland 81 127 546 1861 353 272 [29]Vardar River Macedonia mdash mdash 98 1904 249 mdash [30]Samples in Konya closed basin 9111 4094 789 1273 3922 1546 This study

the occurrence and source of As and Fe is needed for thewhole basin and realistic risk reduction measures must bedeveloped

References

[1] D Cicchella B de Vivo A Lima S Albanese R A R McGilland R R Parrish ldquoHeavy metal pollution and Pb isotopes inurban soils of Napoli Italyrdquo Geochemistry vol 8 no 1 pp 103ndash112 2008

[2] S Wu S Zhou and X Li ldquoDetermining the anthropogeniccontribution of heavy metal accumulations around a typicalindustrial town Xushe Chinardquo Journal of Geochemical Explo-ration vol 110 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2011

[3] G Zarazua P Avila-Perez S Tejeda I Barcelo-Quintal andT Martınez ldquoAnalysis of total and dissolved heavy metals insurface water of a Mexican polluted river by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometryrdquo Spectrochimica Acta B vol 61no 10-11 pp 1180ndash1184 2006

[4] W Luo Y Lu T Wang et al ldquoEcological risk assessment ofarsenic and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northernBohai and Yellow Seas ChinardquoAMBIO A Journal of the HumanEnvironment vol 39 pp 367ndash375 2010

[5] P Guo Y Gong CWang X Liu and J Liu ldquoArsenic speciationand effect of arsenate inhibition in a Microcystis aeruginosaculture medium under different phosphate regimesrdquo Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry vol 30 no 8 pp 1754ndash17592011

[6] B Debelius J M Forja and L M Lubian ldquoToxicity of coppernickel and zinc to Synechococcus populations from the Strait ofGibraltarrdquo Journal of Marine Systems vol 88 no 1 pp 113ndash1192011

[7] H Iwata S Tanabe N Sakai A Nishimura and R TatsukawaldquoGeographical distribution of persistent organochlorines inair water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and theirimplications for global redistribution from lower latitudesrdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 85 no 1 pp 15ndash33 1994

[8] K L Foster M L Mallory L Hill and J M Blais ldquoPCBand organochlorine pesticides in northern fulmars (fulmarus-glacialis) from a high arctic colony chemical exposure fate andtransfer to predatorsrdquo Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryvol 30 pp 2055ndash2064 2011

[9] W Chen M Jing J Bu et al ldquoOrganochlorine pesticides in thesurface water and sediments from the Peacock River DrainageBasin in Xinjiang China a study of an arid zone in CentralAsiardquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 177 no1ndash4 pp 1ndash21 2011

[10] H S Wang Y G Zhao Y B Man C K C Wong and MH Wong ldquoOral bioaccessibility and human risk assessment oforganochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via fish consumption usingan in vitro gastrointestinal modelrdquo Food Chemistry vol 127 no4 pp 1673ndash1679 2011

[11] S S Koprucu K Koprucu M S Ural U Ispir and M PalaldquoAcute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon andits effects on behavior and some hematological parametersof fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L)rdquo PesticideBiochemistry and Physiology vol 86 no 2 pp 99ndash105 2006

[12] WWF-Turkey Project Final Report of Turkeyrsquos Last WorldWildlife Fund 2010

[13] APHA AWWA and WEF Standard Methods For the Exam-ination of Water and waste Water American Public HealthAssociation Washington DC USA 20th edition 1998

[14] US EPA ldquoMethod 3510C Separatory Funnel Liquid-LiquidExtractionrdquo SW846 CH 421 1996

[15] A Tor and M E Aydin ldquoApplication of liquid-phase microex-traction to the analysis of trihalomethanes in waterrdquo AnalyticaChimica Acta vol 575 no 1 pp 138ndash143 2006

[16] S Ozcan ldquoViable and rapid determination of organochlorinepesticides in waterrdquo CleanmdashSoil Air Water vol 38 no 5-6 pp457ndash465 2010

[17] W Qu R P S Suri X Bi G Sheng and J Fu ldquoExposure ofyoung mothers and newborns to organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) inGuangzhou Chinardquo Science of the Total Environmentvol 408 no 16 pp 3133ndash3138 2010

[18] C Turgut ldquoThe contamination with organochlorine pesticidesand heavy metals in surface water in Kucuk Menderes River inTurkey 2000ndash2002rdquo Environment International vol 29 no 1pp 29ndash32 2003

[19] C Turgut and A Fomin ldquoResidues of selected pesticides in theKucuk Menderes river in Turkeyrdquo Zeitschrift fur PflKrankh undPflschutz vol 18 pp 1053ndash1057 2002

[20] Z Ayas N Barlas and D Kolankaya ldquoDetermination oforganochlorine pesticide residues in various environments andorganisms in Goksu Delta Turkeyrdquo Aquatic Toxicology vol 39no 2 pp 171ndash181 1997

[21] N E Barlas ldquoDetermination of organochlorine pesticide res-idues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper SakaryaBasin Turkiyerdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 62 pp 278ndash285

[22] I Osuna-Flores and M C Riva ldquoOrganochlorine pesticideresidue concentrations in shrimps sediments and surfacewaterfrom bay of Ohuira Topolobampo Sinaloa Mexicordquo Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 68 no 4 pp532ndash539 2002

6 The Scientific World Journal

[23] J R Kuckllck T F Bldleman L LMcConnell M DWalla andG P Ivanov ldquoOrganochlorines in the water and biota of LakeBaikal Siberiardquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 28no 1 pp 31ndash37 1994

[24] L J Blus C J Henny T E Kaiser and R A Grove ldquoEffectsof wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchardsrdquoTransactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference vol 48 pp 159ndash174 1983

[25] S Salati and F Moore ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concentra-tion in the Khoshk River water and sediment Shiraz SouthwestIranrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 164 no 1ndash4 pp 677ndash689 2010

[26] R L Gutierrez H Rubio-Arias R Quintana J A Ortega andM Gutierrez ldquoHeavy metals in water of the San Pedro River inChihuahua Mexico and its potential health riskrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health vol 5 no2 pp 91ndash98 2008

[27] M S Dundar and H Altundag ldquoInvestigation of heavy metalcontaminations in the lower Sakarya riverwater and sedimentsrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp177ndash181 2007

[28] A P Karageorgis N P Nikolaidis H Karamanos and NSkoulikidis ldquoWater and sediment quality assessment of theAxios River and its coastal environmentrdquo Continental ShelfResearch vol 23 no 17ndash19 pp 1929ndash1944 2003

[29] E Adamiec and E Helios-Rybicka ldquoDistribution of pollutantsin the odra river system part IV Heavy metal distribution inwater of the upper and middle Odra river 1998ndash2000rdquo PolishJournal of Environmental Studies vol 11 no 6 pp 669ndash6732002

[30] Z Levkov and S Krstic ldquoUse of algae for monitoring of heavymetals in the River Vardar MacedoniardquoMediterranean MarineScience vol 3 pp 99ndash112 2002

[31] EC ldquoThe quality of water intended to human consumptionDirective 199883ECrdquo Official Journal L33005121998 Euro-pean Community 1998

[32] USEPA National RecommendedWater Quality Criteria UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency Office ofWater Officeof Science and Technology 2006

[33] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2004

[34] TRWHC Regulations of Waters for Human Consumption25730 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Turkish OfficialGazette 2005

[35] USEPA ldquoNational primary drinking water regulationsrdquo EPA816-F-09-004 United States Environmental Protection Agency2009

[36] IARC Arsenic and Arseniccompounds (Group 1) IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans1987

[37] P Ravenscroft J MMcArthur and B A Hoque ldquoGeochemicaland palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwaterby arsenicrdquo in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV W RChappell C O Abernathy and R L Calderon Eds pp 53ndash77Elsevier Oxford UK 2001

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CatalystsJournal of

2 The Scientific World Journal

DSi IV BOLGE MUDURLUGUGOREV SAHASI

1 05 10 20

(km)

Figure 1 Map of the study area and sampling points (1) Ibrala stream (2) Kirkgozler spring (3) Basarakavak stream (4) Meram stream (5)Mamasin dam (6) Bagbasi dam derivation tunnel inlet (7) Bozkir stream (8) AfsarIlicapinar stream (9) Altinapa dam)

determine the concentration of these elements in watersources Therefore the objectives of this study are to inves-tigate the levels of heavy metal (As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni)andOCPs including120572-120573- 120574- and 120575-hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) heptachlor heptachlor epoxide dieldrin aldrinendrin endrin aldehyde endrin ketone endosulfan I endo-sulfan II endosulfan sulfate p p1015840-DDE p p1015840-DDD p p1015840-DDTmethoxychlor chlordane I and chlordane II in selectedsurface waters that can be drinking water sources in Konyaclosed basin in order to provide a sufficient data for develop-ing realistic risk reduction measures

2 Experimental

21 Reagents and Solvents All chemicals used were of ana-lytical grade The mixed standard of OCPs including 120572-120573- 120574- and 120575-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) heptachlorheptachlor epoxide dieldrin aldrin endrin endrin aldehydeendrin ketone endosulfan I endosulfan II endosulfan sulfatep p1-DDE p p1-DDD p p1-DDT methoxychlor chlordaneI and chlordane II was obtained from Accustandard Co(NewHaven CT USA) Standard stock solutions of 10mgLwere prepared in methanol for each organic group

Acetone n-hexane and dichloromethane were of resi-due grade (Merck Germany) Anhydrous sodium sulphatewas obtained from Merck Germany Metal standard stock

solutions including As Cu Cr Fe Mn andNi were also fromMerck All solutions were stored in the dark at 4∘C

22 Study Site Konya closed basin is the largest closed basinof Turkey There are many streams lakes and wetland areasThe water sources of Konya closed basin are only rainfallAfter completing the circulation fromunderground and fromsurface in the basin the water reaches to Salt Lake Due to itslarge grassy steppes biological diversity and wetlands SaltLake is one of the 200 most important ecological regionsin the world [12] Konya closed basin especially in recentyears faced several negative effects Lack of rainfall andwater sources climate change and drought development ofindustry and untreated domestic and industrial wastewaterdischarges nonefficient water consumption for agriculturalpurposes drainage water from agriculture drop in ground-water level solid waste disposal problem are main sources ofthese effects

In this work 9 monitoring stations were selected forinvestigation of OCPs and heavy metal pollution within thebasin All sampling locations are marked on the site map ofthe study area (Figure 1)

23 Analytical Methods The sampling preservation trans-portation and analysis of the water samples were performed

The Scientific World Journal 3

following standard methods All samples were collected freeof air bubbles in 1 L glass containers and they were storedin the dark at 4∘C Water samples collected from samplingpoints were analyzed for heavy metals (As Cu Cr FeMn and Ni) and OCPs Concentrations of heavy metals inwater samples were determined by using Inductively Cou-pled PlasmaMass Spectrometry (ICPMS Perkin Elmer)following standard guidelines and procedures [13] Analyticalcurves were drawn using eight points The calibration curvesgave a high level of linearity for all studied heavy metals withcorrelation coefficients ranging between 09983 and 09999TheLODvalueswere found to be in the lowppb level rangingfrom 00047 to 02210120583gL

In order to determine trace levels of OCPs an extractionand preconcentration step is necessary LLE procedure wasadopted from US EPA Method 3510C [14] Water sample(200mL) was placed in a 250mL separatory funnel Theextraction was carried out three times with 20mL ofdichloromethane The extracts were combined and driedwith anhydrous sodium sulfate The resulting extract wasconcentrated to 1mL using rotary evaporator (Buchi B-160Vocabox Flawil 1 Switzerland) and gentle nitrogen streamand transferred into the vialThen gas chromatographymassspectrometer (GCMS) analysis was performed as describedin Section 24 The limits of detection (LODs) based ona signal-to-noise ratio (SN) of 3 [15] for OCPs were inthe range of 0005ndash0052120583gL for OCPs The calibrationtechniques for OCPs are the external standard multipointcalibration using at least five concentration levels For spikingconcentration ofOCPs at levels of 01120583gL 1 120583gL and 5 120583gLthe recovery rates after extraction and concentration proce-dures were in the range of 85ndash102 with relative standarddeviation lt5

24 Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GCMS) Con-ditions The determination of OCPs was carried out by gaschromatograph (GC Agilent 6890N Agilent TechnologiesPalo Alto CA USA) equipped with mass-selective detector(MS Agilent 5973 Agilent Technologies Foster City CAUSA) The features and operating conditions of GCMSsystem were as follows GC equipped with programmedtemperature vaporizing (PTV) injector DB-5MS 5 phenyl-methylsiloxane fused silica capillary column (30m length025m id and 025 120583m film thickness) and helium (purity99999) as carrier gas at constant flow-rate of 19mLminThe injection volume was 2 120583L and PTV was operated insplitless mode Injections were performed by an Agilent 7683B Series automatic injector (Agilent Technologies Palo AltoCA USA) PTV program was as follows 80∘C 12∘Cs to350∘C and hold at 350 ∘C for 2min The temperature of theion source and MS transfer line were maintained at 170∘Cand 280∘C respectively The oven program for OCPs was thesame as reported by Ozcan [16] MS detector was operated inselected ion monitoring (SIM) mode

3 Results and Discussion

31 Levels of OCP Residues in Water Samples The concen-tration ranges of OCPs residues and total concentrations

Table 1 The levels of OCPs residues in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

OCPs March 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum Minimumndashmaximum

120572-HCH 0005ndash0010 ndndash0005120573-HCH 0005ndash0020 ndndash0005120574-HCH 0005ndash0010 ndndash0005120575-HCH ndndash0015 ndndash0010sumHCHs 0015ndash0065 ndndash0025pp1015840-DDE ndndash0037 ndndash0010pp1015840-DDD ndndash0005 ndpp1015840-DDT ndndash0005 ndsumDDTs ndndash0047 ndndash0010Heptachlor ndndash0005 ndHeptachlor epoxide ndndash0025 0005ndash0015Aldrin 0055ndash0220 0005ndash0040Chlordane-I ndndash0005 ndChlordane-II nd ndndash0010Endosulfan-I 0005ndash0025 ndndash0005Endosulfan-II 0095ndash0165 0005ndash0080Endosulfan sulfate ndndash0015 ndDieldrin ndndash0015 ndndash0010Endrin 0005ndash0015 0005ndash0010Endrin aldehyde 0015ndash0035 ndndash0005Endrin ketone ndndash0010 ndndash0010Methoxychlor nd ndnd not detected

of HCHs (sumHCHs) and DDTs (sumDDTs) in surface watersamples are presented in Table 1 All HCH isomers weredetermined in water samples from Konya closed basin ForMarch 2012 and August 2012 the concentrations of sumHCHswere in the range (0015ndash0065)120583gL and (not detected-0025)120583gL respectively In addition the levels of each HCHisomer determined in the samples taken from March 2012were higher than those taken fromAugust 2012 For samplingperiod March 2012 of all HCH isomers investigated 120573-HCHwas the dominant substance determined with a range of0005ndash0020120583gL Qu et al [17] reported that the commercialHCH consists of a mixture of HCH isomers including 65ndash70 of 120572-HCH 7ndash10 of 120573-HCH 14-15 120574-HCH and 10of 120575-HCH and other constituents Because 120572-HCH is instablein the environment it is easy tometabolized into120573-HCH [17]Thus 120573-HCH is the main isomer determined in most watersamples

Comparison of HCH levels in the water samples of thisstudy with surface water samples from different region inTurkey the range of sumHCHs (0015ndash0065 and not detected-0025 120583gL for each sampling period) was less than thosefound water sample from Kucuk Menderes River (0101ndash0559 120583gL) [18] In another study of Turgut and Fomin [19]the concentration of 120575-HCH was 2065120583gL which is morethan levels of 120575-HCH determined in our study

In the case of DDT isomers DDE DDD and DDT weredetermined in all water samples Among these isomers DDE

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 The levels of heavy metals in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

Heavy metalsMarch 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum(median)

Minimumndashmaximum(median)

As ndndash1477 (311) 132ndash9111 (473)Cu ndndash789 (185) 060ndash563 (110)Cr ndndash549 (314) 1337ndash4094 (1973)Ni ndndash1546 (248) 124ndash638 (230)

Fe ndndash1273 (266) 14889ndash29660(16553)

Mn ndndash3922 (119) 004ndash843 (029)nd not detected

was detected with the highest concentration range betweennot detected to 0037 120583gL This result is most probably theresult of banning the use of DDT in Turkey The rangeof sumDDTsrsquo levels in this study was considerably lower incomparison to another river and water reservoir in Turkey[19ndash21] and in Bay of Ohuira Mexico [22]

The level of heptachlor in the samples taken from March2012 was in the range from not detected to 0005 120583gL andit was not determined in the samples from August 2012 Theconcentration of heptachlor in this study was more than thesample (59 pg L) of Lake Baikal Siberia which is reportedby Kuckllck et al [23]

The concentration range of aldrin in all samples takenfrom March (0055ndash0220120583gL) and August 2012 (0005ndash0040 120583gL) wasmore than those fromdieldrin (not detected-0015 120583gL and not detected-0010 120583gL forMarch andAugust2012 resp) According to Blus et al [24] aldrin is rapidlybroken down to dieldrin Based on this result it can beconcluded that fresh input of aldrin in the Konya closed basinstill occurs

Among the endosulfans the highest concentration rangebelongs to endosulfan-II (0095ndash0165 120583gL and 0005ndash0080 120583gL for March and August 2012 resp) This result wasagainst the results which is reported by Osuna-Flores andRiva [22] that the endosulfan-I had the highest concentration(0010ndash1260120583gL) in surface water samples from Bay ofOhuria Mexico Turgut [18] also reported that endosulfansulfate had the highest concentrationwith the range of 0028ndash0123120583gL in the samples of KucukMenderes River in Turkey

The endrin concentration in this study ranged from 0005to 0015 120583gL Other endrin metabolites (endrin aldehydeand endrin ketone) were also determined in samples ofMarch and August 2012 (Table 1) The level of endrin wascomparablewith that reported for thewater samples ofKucukMenderes River [18] and it was less than those in the riverand water reservoir in Goksu Delta with a maximummedianconcentration of 21120583gL [20]

32 Levels of Heavy Metals in Water Samples The results onthe levels of heavy metals in surface waters in Konya closedbasin are shown in Table 2 In March 2012 among the heavy

Table 3 Limit values for heavy metals for drinking water qualityand protection of freshwater aquatic life 120583gL

Heavy metals TRWHC WHO USEPA EUAs 10 10 10 10Cr 50 50 10 50Cu 50 50 10 50Fe 200 300 300 200Mn 50 500 50 50Ni 20 mdash mdash 20Zn mdash mdash 5000 mdash

metals Cr had the least concentration range (not detected-549 median 314120583gL) While the results for samples ofAugust 2012 showed thatCuhad the least concentration range(060ndash563 median 110 120583gL) It is seen in Table 2 that theorder of the median level of heavy metals in water samplesfrom March and August 2012 was Mn lt Cu lt Ni lt As ltCr lt Fe

The limit values of heavy metals for drinking water qual-ity recommended by EU [31] US EPA [32] WHO [33] andTurkish Regulation [34] and for the protection of freshwateraquatic life [35] are presented in Table 3 A comparison forthe maximum concentrations of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni insurface waters of the Konya closed basin with those in otherrivers is also presented in Table 4

The concentrations of As in some water samples (27 ofall samples) exceeded themaximumpermitted concentrationfor drinking water quality guidelines This poses a threat tohuman health because of high carcinogenic effect of As [36]Similarly Fe concentration of 22 of all samples were higherthan the guideline values The concentration of Cr was lowerthan the limits values except for US EPA limit Cu Ni andMn had concentrations that are below the guideline valuesHigh level of Fe may be a source of high As concentration inthe samples Reduction of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) andrelease of its sorbed As load to solution which is the mostcommon mechanism that pollutes water [37]

4 Conclusion

The results from this study provide important data for theliterature because it is the first study that report the levelsof OCPs and heavy metals of surface water in Konya closedbasin (Turkey) The results showed the most of studiedOCPs were determined in water samples In general theconcentrations of OCPs were mostly comparable or less thandata in the literature Among the heavy metals As andFe were of concentrations that are higher than EU WHOUS EPA and Turkish regulation limits for drinking waterHowever Cu Ni and Mn had lower concentrations thanregulation limits Arsenic is a threat to human health withits high carcinogenic effect Chronic effects on humans maybe caused by prolonged consumption of water with even verylow concentrationsThehigh level of Fewas observed inwatersources which is a possible source of As enrichment in thestudy area It is concluded that a risk determination about

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 4 The maximum concentration of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni in water samples from other rivers in the literature

Location Maximum concentration 120583gLAs Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Reference

Khoshk River Iran mdash 550 60 mdash 540 200 [25]San Petro River Mexico 160 212 200 1800 4620 300 [26]Sakarya River Turkey mdash 228 4362 mdash mdash 4977 [27]Axios River Greece 109 42 137 mdash mdash 82 [28]Odra River Poland 81 127 546 1861 353 272 [29]Vardar River Macedonia mdash mdash 98 1904 249 mdash [30]Samples in Konya closed basin 9111 4094 789 1273 3922 1546 This study

the occurrence and source of As and Fe is needed for thewhole basin and realistic risk reduction measures must bedeveloped

References

[1] D Cicchella B de Vivo A Lima S Albanese R A R McGilland R R Parrish ldquoHeavy metal pollution and Pb isotopes inurban soils of Napoli Italyrdquo Geochemistry vol 8 no 1 pp 103ndash112 2008

[2] S Wu S Zhou and X Li ldquoDetermining the anthropogeniccontribution of heavy metal accumulations around a typicalindustrial town Xushe Chinardquo Journal of Geochemical Explo-ration vol 110 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2011

[3] G Zarazua P Avila-Perez S Tejeda I Barcelo-Quintal andT Martınez ldquoAnalysis of total and dissolved heavy metals insurface water of a Mexican polluted river by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometryrdquo Spectrochimica Acta B vol 61no 10-11 pp 1180ndash1184 2006

[4] W Luo Y Lu T Wang et al ldquoEcological risk assessment ofarsenic and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northernBohai and Yellow Seas ChinardquoAMBIO A Journal of the HumanEnvironment vol 39 pp 367ndash375 2010

[5] P Guo Y Gong CWang X Liu and J Liu ldquoArsenic speciationand effect of arsenate inhibition in a Microcystis aeruginosaculture medium under different phosphate regimesrdquo Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry vol 30 no 8 pp 1754ndash17592011

[6] B Debelius J M Forja and L M Lubian ldquoToxicity of coppernickel and zinc to Synechococcus populations from the Strait ofGibraltarrdquo Journal of Marine Systems vol 88 no 1 pp 113ndash1192011

[7] H Iwata S Tanabe N Sakai A Nishimura and R TatsukawaldquoGeographical distribution of persistent organochlorines inair water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and theirimplications for global redistribution from lower latitudesrdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 85 no 1 pp 15ndash33 1994

[8] K L Foster M L Mallory L Hill and J M Blais ldquoPCBand organochlorine pesticides in northern fulmars (fulmarus-glacialis) from a high arctic colony chemical exposure fate andtransfer to predatorsrdquo Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryvol 30 pp 2055ndash2064 2011

[9] W Chen M Jing J Bu et al ldquoOrganochlorine pesticides in thesurface water and sediments from the Peacock River DrainageBasin in Xinjiang China a study of an arid zone in CentralAsiardquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 177 no1ndash4 pp 1ndash21 2011

[10] H S Wang Y G Zhao Y B Man C K C Wong and MH Wong ldquoOral bioaccessibility and human risk assessment oforganochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via fish consumption usingan in vitro gastrointestinal modelrdquo Food Chemistry vol 127 no4 pp 1673ndash1679 2011

[11] S S Koprucu K Koprucu M S Ural U Ispir and M PalaldquoAcute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon andits effects on behavior and some hematological parametersof fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L)rdquo PesticideBiochemistry and Physiology vol 86 no 2 pp 99ndash105 2006

[12] WWF-Turkey Project Final Report of Turkeyrsquos Last WorldWildlife Fund 2010

[13] APHA AWWA and WEF Standard Methods For the Exam-ination of Water and waste Water American Public HealthAssociation Washington DC USA 20th edition 1998

[14] US EPA ldquoMethod 3510C Separatory Funnel Liquid-LiquidExtractionrdquo SW846 CH 421 1996

[15] A Tor and M E Aydin ldquoApplication of liquid-phase microex-traction to the analysis of trihalomethanes in waterrdquo AnalyticaChimica Acta vol 575 no 1 pp 138ndash143 2006

[16] S Ozcan ldquoViable and rapid determination of organochlorinepesticides in waterrdquo CleanmdashSoil Air Water vol 38 no 5-6 pp457ndash465 2010

[17] W Qu R P S Suri X Bi G Sheng and J Fu ldquoExposure ofyoung mothers and newborns to organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) inGuangzhou Chinardquo Science of the Total Environmentvol 408 no 16 pp 3133ndash3138 2010

[18] C Turgut ldquoThe contamination with organochlorine pesticidesand heavy metals in surface water in Kucuk Menderes River inTurkey 2000ndash2002rdquo Environment International vol 29 no 1pp 29ndash32 2003

[19] C Turgut and A Fomin ldquoResidues of selected pesticides in theKucuk Menderes river in Turkeyrdquo Zeitschrift fur PflKrankh undPflschutz vol 18 pp 1053ndash1057 2002

[20] Z Ayas N Barlas and D Kolankaya ldquoDetermination oforganochlorine pesticide residues in various environments andorganisms in Goksu Delta Turkeyrdquo Aquatic Toxicology vol 39no 2 pp 171ndash181 1997

[21] N E Barlas ldquoDetermination of organochlorine pesticide res-idues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper SakaryaBasin Turkiyerdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 62 pp 278ndash285

[22] I Osuna-Flores and M C Riva ldquoOrganochlorine pesticideresidue concentrations in shrimps sediments and surfacewaterfrom bay of Ohuira Topolobampo Sinaloa Mexicordquo Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 68 no 4 pp532ndash539 2002

6 The Scientific World Journal

[23] J R Kuckllck T F Bldleman L LMcConnell M DWalla andG P Ivanov ldquoOrganochlorines in the water and biota of LakeBaikal Siberiardquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 28no 1 pp 31ndash37 1994

[24] L J Blus C J Henny T E Kaiser and R A Grove ldquoEffectsof wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchardsrdquoTransactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference vol 48 pp 159ndash174 1983

[25] S Salati and F Moore ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concentra-tion in the Khoshk River water and sediment Shiraz SouthwestIranrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 164 no 1ndash4 pp 677ndash689 2010

[26] R L Gutierrez H Rubio-Arias R Quintana J A Ortega andM Gutierrez ldquoHeavy metals in water of the San Pedro River inChihuahua Mexico and its potential health riskrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health vol 5 no2 pp 91ndash98 2008

[27] M S Dundar and H Altundag ldquoInvestigation of heavy metalcontaminations in the lower Sakarya riverwater and sedimentsrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp177ndash181 2007

[28] A P Karageorgis N P Nikolaidis H Karamanos and NSkoulikidis ldquoWater and sediment quality assessment of theAxios River and its coastal environmentrdquo Continental ShelfResearch vol 23 no 17ndash19 pp 1929ndash1944 2003

[29] E Adamiec and E Helios-Rybicka ldquoDistribution of pollutantsin the odra river system part IV Heavy metal distribution inwater of the upper and middle Odra river 1998ndash2000rdquo PolishJournal of Environmental Studies vol 11 no 6 pp 669ndash6732002

[30] Z Levkov and S Krstic ldquoUse of algae for monitoring of heavymetals in the River Vardar MacedoniardquoMediterranean MarineScience vol 3 pp 99ndash112 2002

[31] EC ldquoThe quality of water intended to human consumptionDirective 199883ECrdquo Official Journal L33005121998 Euro-pean Community 1998

[32] USEPA National RecommendedWater Quality Criteria UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency Office ofWater Officeof Science and Technology 2006

[33] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2004

[34] TRWHC Regulations of Waters for Human Consumption25730 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Turkish OfficialGazette 2005

[35] USEPA ldquoNational primary drinking water regulationsrdquo EPA816-F-09-004 United States Environmental Protection Agency2009

[36] IARC Arsenic and Arseniccompounds (Group 1) IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans1987

[37] P Ravenscroft J MMcArthur and B A Hoque ldquoGeochemicaland palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwaterby arsenicrdquo in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV W RChappell C O Abernathy and R L Calderon Eds pp 53ndash77Elsevier Oxford UK 2001

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

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Journal of

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Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

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Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

The Scientific World Journal 3

following standard methods All samples were collected freeof air bubbles in 1 L glass containers and they were storedin the dark at 4∘C Water samples collected from samplingpoints were analyzed for heavy metals (As Cu Cr FeMn and Ni) and OCPs Concentrations of heavy metals inwater samples were determined by using Inductively Cou-pled PlasmaMass Spectrometry (ICPMS Perkin Elmer)following standard guidelines and procedures [13] Analyticalcurves were drawn using eight points The calibration curvesgave a high level of linearity for all studied heavy metals withcorrelation coefficients ranging between 09983 and 09999TheLODvalueswere found to be in the lowppb level rangingfrom 00047 to 02210120583gL

In order to determine trace levels of OCPs an extractionand preconcentration step is necessary LLE procedure wasadopted from US EPA Method 3510C [14] Water sample(200mL) was placed in a 250mL separatory funnel Theextraction was carried out three times with 20mL ofdichloromethane The extracts were combined and driedwith anhydrous sodium sulfate The resulting extract wasconcentrated to 1mL using rotary evaporator (Buchi B-160Vocabox Flawil 1 Switzerland) and gentle nitrogen streamand transferred into the vialThen gas chromatographymassspectrometer (GCMS) analysis was performed as describedin Section 24 The limits of detection (LODs) based ona signal-to-noise ratio (SN) of 3 [15] for OCPs were inthe range of 0005ndash0052120583gL for OCPs The calibrationtechniques for OCPs are the external standard multipointcalibration using at least five concentration levels For spikingconcentration ofOCPs at levels of 01120583gL 1 120583gL and 5 120583gLthe recovery rates after extraction and concentration proce-dures were in the range of 85ndash102 with relative standarddeviation lt5

24 Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GCMS) Con-ditions The determination of OCPs was carried out by gaschromatograph (GC Agilent 6890N Agilent TechnologiesPalo Alto CA USA) equipped with mass-selective detector(MS Agilent 5973 Agilent Technologies Foster City CAUSA) The features and operating conditions of GCMSsystem were as follows GC equipped with programmedtemperature vaporizing (PTV) injector DB-5MS 5 phenyl-methylsiloxane fused silica capillary column (30m length025m id and 025 120583m film thickness) and helium (purity99999) as carrier gas at constant flow-rate of 19mLminThe injection volume was 2 120583L and PTV was operated insplitless mode Injections were performed by an Agilent 7683B Series automatic injector (Agilent Technologies Palo AltoCA USA) PTV program was as follows 80∘C 12∘Cs to350∘C and hold at 350 ∘C for 2min The temperature of theion source and MS transfer line were maintained at 170∘Cand 280∘C respectively The oven program for OCPs was thesame as reported by Ozcan [16] MS detector was operated inselected ion monitoring (SIM) mode

3 Results and Discussion

31 Levels of OCP Residues in Water Samples The concen-tration ranges of OCPs residues and total concentrations

Table 1 The levels of OCPs residues in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

OCPs March 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum Minimumndashmaximum

120572-HCH 0005ndash0010 ndndash0005120573-HCH 0005ndash0020 ndndash0005120574-HCH 0005ndash0010 ndndash0005120575-HCH ndndash0015 ndndash0010sumHCHs 0015ndash0065 ndndash0025pp1015840-DDE ndndash0037 ndndash0010pp1015840-DDD ndndash0005 ndpp1015840-DDT ndndash0005 ndsumDDTs ndndash0047 ndndash0010Heptachlor ndndash0005 ndHeptachlor epoxide ndndash0025 0005ndash0015Aldrin 0055ndash0220 0005ndash0040Chlordane-I ndndash0005 ndChlordane-II nd ndndash0010Endosulfan-I 0005ndash0025 ndndash0005Endosulfan-II 0095ndash0165 0005ndash0080Endosulfan sulfate ndndash0015 ndDieldrin ndndash0015 ndndash0010Endrin 0005ndash0015 0005ndash0010Endrin aldehyde 0015ndash0035 ndndash0005Endrin ketone ndndash0010 ndndash0010Methoxychlor nd ndnd not detected

of HCHs (sumHCHs) and DDTs (sumDDTs) in surface watersamples are presented in Table 1 All HCH isomers weredetermined in water samples from Konya closed basin ForMarch 2012 and August 2012 the concentrations of sumHCHswere in the range (0015ndash0065)120583gL and (not detected-0025)120583gL respectively In addition the levels of each HCHisomer determined in the samples taken from March 2012were higher than those taken fromAugust 2012 For samplingperiod March 2012 of all HCH isomers investigated 120573-HCHwas the dominant substance determined with a range of0005ndash0020120583gL Qu et al [17] reported that the commercialHCH consists of a mixture of HCH isomers including 65ndash70 of 120572-HCH 7ndash10 of 120573-HCH 14-15 120574-HCH and 10of 120575-HCH and other constituents Because 120572-HCH is instablein the environment it is easy tometabolized into120573-HCH [17]Thus 120573-HCH is the main isomer determined in most watersamples

Comparison of HCH levels in the water samples of thisstudy with surface water samples from different region inTurkey the range of sumHCHs (0015ndash0065 and not detected-0025 120583gL for each sampling period) was less than thosefound water sample from Kucuk Menderes River (0101ndash0559 120583gL) [18] In another study of Turgut and Fomin [19]the concentration of 120575-HCH was 2065120583gL which is morethan levels of 120575-HCH determined in our study

In the case of DDT isomers DDE DDD and DDT weredetermined in all water samples Among these isomers DDE

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 The levels of heavy metals in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

Heavy metalsMarch 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum(median)

Minimumndashmaximum(median)

As ndndash1477 (311) 132ndash9111 (473)Cu ndndash789 (185) 060ndash563 (110)Cr ndndash549 (314) 1337ndash4094 (1973)Ni ndndash1546 (248) 124ndash638 (230)

Fe ndndash1273 (266) 14889ndash29660(16553)

Mn ndndash3922 (119) 004ndash843 (029)nd not detected

was detected with the highest concentration range betweennot detected to 0037 120583gL This result is most probably theresult of banning the use of DDT in Turkey The rangeof sumDDTsrsquo levels in this study was considerably lower incomparison to another river and water reservoir in Turkey[19ndash21] and in Bay of Ohuira Mexico [22]

The level of heptachlor in the samples taken from March2012 was in the range from not detected to 0005 120583gL andit was not determined in the samples from August 2012 Theconcentration of heptachlor in this study was more than thesample (59 pg L) of Lake Baikal Siberia which is reportedby Kuckllck et al [23]

The concentration range of aldrin in all samples takenfrom March (0055ndash0220120583gL) and August 2012 (0005ndash0040 120583gL) wasmore than those fromdieldrin (not detected-0015 120583gL and not detected-0010 120583gL forMarch andAugust2012 resp) According to Blus et al [24] aldrin is rapidlybroken down to dieldrin Based on this result it can beconcluded that fresh input of aldrin in the Konya closed basinstill occurs

Among the endosulfans the highest concentration rangebelongs to endosulfan-II (0095ndash0165 120583gL and 0005ndash0080 120583gL for March and August 2012 resp) This result wasagainst the results which is reported by Osuna-Flores andRiva [22] that the endosulfan-I had the highest concentration(0010ndash1260120583gL) in surface water samples from Bay ofOhuria Mexico Turgut [18] also reported that endosulfansulfate had the highest concentrationwith the range of 0028ndash0123120583gL in the samples of KucukMenderes River in Turkey

The endrin concentration in this study ranged from 0005to 0015 120583gL Other endrin metabolites (endrin aldehydeand endrin ketone) were also determined in samples ofMarch and August 2012 (Table 1) The level of endrin wascomparablewith that reported for thewater samples ofKucukMenderes River [18] and it was less than those in the riverand water reservoir in Goksu Delta with a maximummedianconcentration of 21120583gL [20]

32 Levels of Heavy Metals in Water Samples The results onthe levels of heavy metals in surface waters in Konya closedbasin are shown in Table 2 In March 2012 among the heavy

Table 3 Limit values for heavy metals for drinking water qualityand protection of freshwater aquatic life 120583gL

Heavy metals TRWHC WHO USEPA EUAs 10 10 10 10Cr 50 50 10 50Cu 50 50 10 50Fe 200 300 300 200Mn 50 500 50 50Ni 20 mdash mdash 20Zn mdash mdash 5000 mdash

metals Cr had the least concentration range (not detected-549 median 314120583gL) While the results for samples ofAugust 2012 showed thatCuhad the least concentration range(060ndash563 median 110 120583gL) It is seen in Table 2 that theorder of the median level of heavy metals in water samplesfrom March and August 2012 was Mn lt Cu lt Ni lt As ltCr lt Fe

The limit values of heavy metals for drinking water qual-ity recommended by EU [31] US EPA [32] WHO [33] andTurkish Regulation [34] and for the protection of freshwateraquatic life [35] are presented in Table 3 A comparison forthe maximum concentrations of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni insurface waters of the Konya closed basin with those in otherrivers is also presented in Table 4

The concentrations of As in some water samples (27 ofall samples) exceeded themaximumpermitted concentrationfor drinking water quality guidelines This poses a threat tohuman health because of high carcinogenic effect of As [36]Similarly Fe concentration of 22 of all samples were higherthan the guideline values The concentration of Cr was lowerthan the limits values except for US EPA limit Cu Ni andMn had concentrations that are below the guideline valuesHigh level of Fe may be a source of high As concentration inthe samples Reduction of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) andrelease of its sorbed As load to solution which is the mostcommon mechanism that pollutes water [37]

4 Conclusion

The results from this study provide important data for theliterature because it is the first study that report the levelsof OCPs and heavy metals of surface water in Konya closedbasin (Turkey) The results showed the most of studiedOCPs were determined in water samples In general theconcentrations of OCPs were mostly comparable or less thandata in the literature Among the heavy metals As andFe were of concentrations that are higher than EU WHOUS EPA and Turkish regulation limits for drinking waterHowever Cu Ni and Mn had lower concentrations thanregulation limits Arsenic is a threat to human health withits high carcinogenic effect Chronic effects on humans maybe caused by prolonged consumption of water with even verylow concentrationsThehigh level of Fewas observed inwatersources which is a possible source of As enrichment in thestudy area It is concluded that a risk determination about

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 4 The maximum concentration of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni in water samples from other rivers in the literature

Location Maximum concentration 120583gLAs Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Reference

Khoshk River Iran mdash 550 60 mdash 540 200 [25]San Petro River Mexico 160 212 200 1800 4620 300 [26]Sakarya River Turkey mdash 228 4362 mdash mdash 4977 [27]Axios River Greece 109 42 137 mdash mdash 82 [28]Odra River Poland 81 127 546 1861 353 272 [29]Vardar River Macedonia mdash mdash 98 1904 249 mdash [30]Samples in Konya closed basin 9111 4094 789 1273 3922 1546 This study

the occurrence and source of As and Fe is needed for thewhole basin and realistic risk reduction measures must bedeveloped

References

[1] D Cicchella B de Vivo A Lima S Albanese R A R McGilland R R Parrish ldquoHeavy metal pollution and Pb isotopes inurban soils of Napoli Italyrdquo Geochemistry vol 8 no 1 pp 103ndash112 2008

[2] S Wu S Zhou and X Li ldquoDetermining the anthropogeniccontribution of heavy metal accumulations around a typicalindustrial town Xushe Chinardquo Journal of Geochemical Explo-ration vol 110 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2011

[3] G Zarazua P Avila-Perez S Tejeda I Barcelo-Quintal andT Martınez ldquoAnalysis of total and dissolved heavy metals insurface water of a Mexican polluted river by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometryrdquo Spectrochimica Acta B vol 61no 10-11 pp 1180ndash1184 2006

[4] W Luo Y Lu T Wang et al ldquoEcological risk assessment ofarsenic and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northernBohai and Yellow Seas ChinardquoAMBIO A Journal of the HumanEnvironment vol 39 pp 367ndash375 2010

[5] P Guo Y Gong CWang X Liu and J Liu ldquoArsenic speciationand effect of arsenate inhibition in a Microcystis aeruginosaculture medium under different phosphate regimesrdquo Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry vol 30 no 8 pp 1754ndash17592011

[6] B Debelius J M Forja and L M Lubian ldquoToxicity of coppernickel and zinc to Synechococcus populations from the Strait ofGibraltarrdquo Journal of Marine Systems vol 88 no 1 pp 113ndash1192011

[7] H Iwata S Tanabe N Sakai A Nishimura and R TatsukawaldquoGeographical distribution of persistent organochlorines inair water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and theirimplications for global redistribution from lower latitudesrdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 85 no 1 pp 15ndash33 1994

[8] K L Foster M L Mallory L Hill and J M Blais ldquoPCBand organochlorine pesticides in northern fulmars (fulmarus-glacialis) from a high arctic colony chemical exposure fate andtransfer to predatorsrdquo Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryvol 30 pp 2055ndash2064 2011

[9] W Chen M Jing J Bu et al ldquoOrganochlorine pesticides in thesurface water and sediments from the Peacock River DrainageBasin in Xinjiang China a study of an arid zone in CentralAsiardquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 177 no1ndash4 pp 1ndash21 2011

[10] H S Wang Y G Zhao Y B Man C K C Wong and MH Wong ldquoOral bioaccessibility and human risk assessment oforganochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via fish consumption usingan in vitro gastrointestinal modelrdquo Food Chemistry vol 127 no4 pp 1673ndash1679 2011

[11] S S Koprucu K Koprucu M S Ural U Ispir and M PalaldquoAcute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon andits effects on behavior and some hematological parametersof fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L)rdquo PesticideBiochemistry and Physiology vol 86 no 2 pp 99ndash105 2006

[12] WWF-Turkey Project Final Report of Turkeyrsquos Last WorldWildlife Fund 2010

[13] APHA AWWA and WEF Standard Methods For the Exam-ination of Water and waste Water American Public HealthAssociation Washington DC USA 20th edition 1998

[14] US EPA ldquoMethod 3510C Separatory Funnel Liquid-LiquidExtractionrdquo SW846 CH 421 1996

[15] A Tor and M E Aydin ldquoApplication of liquid-phase microex-traction to the analysis of trihalomethanes in waterrdquo AnalyticaChimica Acta vol 575 no 1 pp 138ndash143 2006

[16] S Ozcan ldquoViable and rapid determination of organochlorinepesticides in waterrdquo CleanmdashSoil Air Water vol 38 no 5-6 pp457ndash465 2010

[17] W Qu R P S Suri X Bi G Sheng and J Fu ldquoExposure ofyoung mothers and newborns to organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) inGuangzhou Chinardquo Science of the Total Environmentvol 408 no 16 pp 3133ndash3138 2010

[18] C Turgut ldquoThe contamination with organochlorine pesticidesand heavy metals in surface water in Kucuk Menderes River inTurkey 2000ndash2002rdquo Environment International vol 29 no 1pp 29ndash32 2003

[19] C Turgut and A Fomin ldquoResidues of selected pesticides in theKucuk Menderes river in Turkeyrdquo Zeitschrift fur PflKrankh undPflschutz vol 18 pp 1053ndash1057 2002

[20] Z Ayas N Barlas and D Kolankaya ldquoDetermination oforganochlorine pesticide residues in various environments andorganisms in Goksu Delta Turkeyrdquo Aquatic Toxicology vol 39no 2 pp 171ndash181 1997

[21] N E Barlas ldquoDetermination of organochlorine pesticide res-idues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper SakaryaBasin Turkiyerdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 62 pp 278ndash285

[22] I Osuna-Flores and M C Riva ldquoOrganochlorine pesticideresidue concentrations in shrimps sediments and surfacewaterfrom bay of Ohuira Topolobampo Sinaloa Mexicordquo Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 68 no 4 pp532ndash539 2002

6 The Scientific World Journal

[23] J R Kuckllck T F Bldleman L LMcConnell M DWalla andG P Ivanov ldquoOrganochlorines in the water and biota of LakeBaikal Siberiardquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 28no 1 pp 31ndash37 1994

[24] L J Blus C J Henny T E Kaiser and R A Grove ldquoEffectsof wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchardsrdquoTransactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference vol 48 pp 159ndash174 1983

[25] S Salati and F Moore ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concentra-tion in the Khoshk River water and sediment Shiraz SouthwestIranrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 164 no 1ndash4 pp 677ndash689 2010

[26] R L Gutierrez H Rubio-Arias R Quintana J A Ortega andM Gutierrez ldquoHeavy metals in water of the San Pedro River inChihuahua Mexico and its potential health riskrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health vol 5 no2 pp 91ndash98 2008

[27] M S Dundar and H Altundag ldquoInvestigation of heavy metalcontaminations in the lower Sakarya riverwater and sedimentsrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp177ndash181 2007

[28] A P Karageorgis N P Nikolaidis H Karamanos and NSkoulikidis ldquoWater and sediment quality assessment of theAxios River and its coastal environmentrdquo Continental ShelfResearch vol 23 no 17ndash19 pp 1929ndash1944 2003

[29] E Adamiec and E Helios-Rybicka ldquoDistribution of pollutantsin the odra river system part IV Heavy metal distribution inwater of the upper and middle Odra river 1998ndash2000rdquo PolishJournal of Environmental Studies vol 11 no 6 pp 669ndash6732002

[30] Z Levkov and S Krstic ldquoUse of algae for monitoring of heavymetals in the River Vardar MacedoniardquoMediterranean MarineScience vol 3 pp 99ndash112 2002

[31] EC ldquoThe quality of water intended to human consumptionDirective 199883ECrdquo Official Journal L33005121998 Euro-pean Community 1998

[32] USEPA National RecommendedWater Quality Criteria UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency Office ofWater Officeof Science and Technology 2006

[33] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2004

[34] TRWHC Regulations of Waters for Human Consumption25730 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Turkish OfficialGazette 2005

[35] USEPA ldquoNational primary drinking water regulationsrdquo EPA816-F-09-004 United States Environmental Protection Agency2009

[36] IARC Arsenic and Arseniccompounds (Group 1) IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans1987

[37] P Ravenscroft J MMcArthur and B A Hoque ldquoGeochemicaland palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwaterby arsenicrdquo in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV W RChappell C O Abernathy and R L Calderon Eds pp 53ndash77Elsevier Oxford UK 2001

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

4 The Scientific World Journal

Table 2 The levels of heavy metals in surface water samples inMarch 2012 and August 2012 (120583gL)

Heavy metalsMarch 2012 August 2012Minimumndashmaximum(median)

Minimumndashmaximum(median)

As ndndash1477 (311) 132ndash9111 (473)Cu ndndash789 (185) 060ndash563 (110)Cr ndndash549 (314) 1337ndash4094 (1973)Ni ndndash1546 (248) 124ndash638 (230)

Fe ndndash1273 (266) 14889ndash29660(16553)

Mn ndndash3922 (119) 004ndash843 (029)nd not detected

was detected with the highest concentration range betweennot detected to 0037 120583gL This result is most probably theresult of banning the use of DDT in Turkey The rangeof sumDDTsrsquo levels in this study was considerably lower incomparison to another river and water reservoir in Turkey[19ndash21] and in Bay of Ohuira Mexico [22]

The level of heptachlor in the samples taken from March2012 was in the range from not detected to 0005 120583gL andit was not determined in the samples from August 2012 Theconcentration of heptachlor in this study was more than thesample (59 pg L) of Lake Baikal Siberia which is reportedby Kuckllck et al [23]

The concentration range of aldrin in all samples takenfrom March (0055ndash0220120583gL) and August 2012 (0005ndash0040 120583gL) wasmore than those fromdieldrin (not detected-0015 120583gL and not detected-0010 120583gL forMarch andAugust2012 resp) According to Blus et al [24] aldrin is rapidlybroken down to dieldrin Based on this result it can beconcluded that fresh input of aldrin in the Konya closed basinstill occurs

Among the endosulfans the highest concentration rangebelongs to endosulfan-II (0095ndash0165 120583gL and 0005ndash0080 120583gL for March and August 2012 resp) This result wasagainst the results which is reported by Osuna-Flores andRiva [22] that the endosulfan-I had the highest concentration(0010ndash1260120583gL) in surface water samples from Bay ofOhuria Mexico Turgut [18] also reported that endosulfansulfate had the highest concentrationwith the range of 0028ndash0123120583gL in the samples of KucukMenderes River in Turkey

The endrin concentration in this study ranged from 0005to 0015 120583gL Other endrin metabolites (endrin aldehydeand endrin ketone) were also determined in samples ofMarch and August 2012 (Table 1) The level of endrin wascomparablewith that reported for thewater samples ofKucukMenderes River [18] and it was less than those in the riverand water reservoir in Goksu Delta with a maximummedianconcentration of 21120583gL [20]

32 Levels of Heavy Metals in Water Samples The results onthe levels of heavy metals in surface waters in Konya closedbasin are shown in Table 2 In March 2012 among the heavy

Table 3 Limit values for heavy metals for drinking water qualityand protection of freshwater aquatic life 120583gL

Heavy metals TRWHC WHO USEPA EUAs 10 10 10 10Cr 50 50 10 50Cu 50 50 10 50Fe 200 300 300 200Mn 50 500 50 50Ni 20 mdash mdash 20Zn mdash mdash 5000 mdash

metals Cr had the least concentration range (not detected-549 median 314120583gL) While the results for samples ofAugust 2012 showed thatCuhad the least concentration range(060ndash563 median 110 120583gL) It is seen in Table 2 that theorder of the median level of heavy metals in water samplesfrom March and August 2012 was Mn lt Cu lt Ni lt As ltCr lt Fe

The limit values of heavy metals for drinking water qual-ity recommended by EU [31] US EPA [32] WHO [33] andTurkish Regulation [34] and for the protection of freshwateraquatic life [35] are presented in Table 3 A comparison forthe maximum concentrations of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni insurface waters of the Konya closed basin with those in otherrivers is also presented in Table 4

The concentrations of As in some water samples (27 ofall samples) exceeded themaximumpermitted concentrationfor drinking water quality guidelines This poses a threat tohuman health because of high carcinogenic effect of As [36]Similarly Fe concentration of 22 of all samples were higherthan the guideline values The concentration of Cr was lowerthan the limits values except for US EPA limit Cu Ni andMn had concentrations that are below the guideline valuesHigh level of Fe may be a source of high As concentration inthe samples Reduction of iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) andrelease of its sorbed As load to solution which is the mostcommon mechanism that pollutes water [37]

4 Conclusion

The results from this study provide important data for theliterature because it is the first study that report the levelsof OCPs and heavy metals of surface water in Konya closedbasin (Turkey) The results showed the most of studiedOCPs were determined in water samples In general theconcentrations of OCPs were mostly comparable or less thandata in the literature Among the heavy metals As andFe were of concentrations that are higher than EU WHOUS EPA and Turkish regulation limits for drinking waterHowever Cu Ni and Mn had lower concentrations thanregulation limits Arsenic is a threat to human health withits high carcinogenic effect Chronic effects on humans maybe caused by prolonged consumption of water with even verylow concentrationsThehigh level of Fewas observed inwatersources which is a possible source of As enrichment in thestudy area It is concluded that a risk determination about

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 4 The maximum concentration of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni in water samples from other rivers in the literature

Location Maximum concentration 120583gLAs Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Reference

Khoshk River Iran mdash 550 60 mdash 540 200 [25]San Petro River Mexico 160 212 200 1800 4620 300 [26]Sakarya River Turkey mdash 228 4362 mdash mdash 4977 [27]Axios River Greece 109 42 137 mdash mdash 82 [28]Odra River Poland 81 127 546 1861 353 272 [29]Vardar River Macedonia mdash mdash 98 1904 249 mdash [30]Samples in Konya closed basin 9111 4094 789 1273 3922 1546 This study

the occurrence and source of As and Fe is needed for thewhole basin and realistic risk reduction measures must bedeveloped

References

[1] D Cicchella B de Vivo A Lima S Albanese R A R McGilland R R Parrish ldquoHeavy metal pollution and Pb isotopes inurban soils of Napoli Italyrdquo Geochemistry vol 8 no 1 pp 103ndash112 2008

[2] S Wu S Zhou and X Li ldquoDetermining the anthropogeniccontribution of heavy metal accumulations around a typicalindustrial town Xushe Chinardquo Journal of Geochemical Explo-ration vol 110 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2011

[3] G Zarazua P Avila-Perez S Tejeda I Barcelo-Quintal andT Martınez ldquoAnalysis of total and dissolved heavy metals insurface water of a Mexican polluted river by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometryrdquo Spectrochimica Acta B vol 61no 10-11 pp 1180ndash1184 2006

[4] W Luo Y Lu T Wang et al ldquoEcological risk assessment ofarsenic and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northernBohai and Yellow Seas ChinardquoAMBIO A Journal of the HumanEnvironment vol 39 pp 367ndash375 2010

[5] P Guo Y Gong CWang X Liu and J Liu ldquoArsenic speciationand effect of arsenate inhibition in a Microcystis aeruginosaculture medium under different phosphate regimesrdquo Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry vol 30 no 8 pp 1754ndash17592011

[6] B Debelius J M Forja and L M Lubian ldquoToxicity of coppernickel and zinc to Synechococcus populations from the Strait ofGibraltarrdquo Journal of Marine Systems vol 88 no 1 pp 113ndash1192011

[7] H Iwata S Tanabe N Sakai A Nishimura and R TatsukawaldquoGeographical distribution of persistent organochlorines inair water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and theirimplications for global redistribution from lower latitudesrdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 85 no 1 pp 15ndash33 1994

[8] K L Foster M L Mallory L Hill and J M Blais ldquoPCBand organochlorine pesticides in northern fulmars (fulmarus-glacialis) from a high arctic colony chemical exposure fate andtransfer to predatorsrdquo Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryvol 30 pp 2055ndash2064 2011

[9] W Chen M Jing J Bu et al ldquoOrganochlorine pesticides in thesurface water and sediments from the Peacock River DrainageBasin in Xinjiang China a study of an arid zone in CentralAsiardquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 177 no1ndash4 pp 1ndash21 2011

[10] H S Wang Y G Zhao Y B Man C K C Wong and MH Wong ldquoOral bioaccessibility and human risk assessment oforganochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via fish consumption usingan in vitro gastrointestinal modelrdquo Food Chemistry vol 127 no4 pp 1673ndash1679 2011

[11] S S Koprucu K Koprucu M S Ural U Ispir and M PalaldquoAcute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon andits effects on behavior and some hematological parametersof fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L)rdquo PesticideBiochemistry and Physiology vol 86 no 2 pp 99ndash105 2006

[12] WWF-Turkey Project Final Report of Turkeyrsquos Last WorldWildlife Fund 2010

[13] APHA AWWA and WEF Standard Methods For the Exam-ination of Water and waste Water American Public HealthAssociation Washington DC USA 20th edition 1998

[14] US EPA ldquoMethod 3510C Separatory Funnel Liquid-LiquidExtractionrdquo SW846 CH 421 1996

[15] A Tor and M E Aydin ldquoApplication of liquid-phase microex-traction to the analysis of trihalomethanes in waterrdquo AnalyticaChimica Acta vol 575 no 1 pp 138ndash143 2006

[16] S Ozcan ldquoViable and rapid determination of organochlorinepesticides in waterrdquo CleanmdashSoil Air Water vol 38 no 5-6 pp457ndash465 2010

[17] W Qu R P S Suri X Bi G Sheng and J Fu ldquoExposure ofyoung mothers and newborns to organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) inGuangzhou Chinardquo Science of the Total Environmentvol 408 no 16 pp 3133ndash3138 2010

[18] C Turgut ldquoThe contamination with organochlorine pesticidesand heavy metals in surface water in Kucuk Menderes River inTurkey 2000ndash2002rdquo Environment International vol 29 no 1pp 29ndash32 2003

[19] C Turgut and A Fomin ldquoResidues of selected pesticides in theKucuk Menderes river in Turkeyrdquo Zeitschrift fur PflKrankh undPflschutz vol 18 pp 1053ndash1057 2002

[20] Z Ayas N Barlas and D Kolankaya ldquoDetermination oforganochlorine pesticide residues in various environments andorganisms in Goksu Delta Turkeyrdquo Aquatic Toxicology vol 39no 2 pp 171ndash181 1997

[21] N E Barlas ldquoDetermination of organochlorine pesticide res-idues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper SakaryaBasin Turkiyerdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 62 pp 278ndash285

[22] I Osuna-Flores and M C Riva ldquoOrganochlorine pesticideresidue concentrations in shrimps sediments and surfacewaterfrom bay of Ohuira Topolobampo Sinaloa Mexicordquo Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 68 no 4 pp532ndash539 2002

6 The Scientific World Journal

[23] J R Kuckllck T F Bldleman L LMcConnell M DWalla andG P Ivanov ldquoOrganochlorines in the water and biota of LakeBaikal Siberiardquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 28no 1 pp 31ndash37 1994

[24] L J Blus C J Henny T E Kaiser and R A Grove ldquoEffectsof wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchardsrdquoTransactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference vol 48 pp 159ndash174 1983

[25] S Salati and F Moore ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concentra-tion in the Khoshk River water and sediment Shiraz SouthwestIranrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 164 no 1ndash4 pp 677ndash689 2010

[26] R L Gutierrez H Rubio-Arias R Quintana J A Ortega andM Gutierrez ldquoHeavy metals in water of the San Pedro River inChihuahua Mexico and its potential health riskrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health vol 5 no2 pp 91ndash98 2008

[27] M S Dundar and H Altundag ldquoInvestigation of heavy metalcontaminations in the lower Sakarya riverwater and sedimentsrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp177ndash181 2007

[28] A P Karageorgis N P Nikolaidis H Karamanos and NSkoulikidis ldquoWater and sediment quality assessment of theAxios River and its coastal environmentrdquo Continental ShelfResearch vol 23 no 17ndash19 pp 1929ndash1944 2003

[29] E Adamiec and E Helios-Rybicka ldquoDistribution of pollutantsin the odra river system part IV Heavy metal distribution inwater of the upper and middle Odra river 1998ndash2000rdquo PolishJournal of Environmental Studies vol 11 no 6 pp 669ndash6732002

[30] Z Levkov and S Krstic ldquoUse of algae for monitoring of heavymetals in the River Vardar MacedoniardquoMediterranean MarineScience vol 3 pp 99ndash112 2002

[31] EC ldquoThe quality of water intended to human consumptionDirective 199883ECrdquo Official Journal L33005121998 Euro-pean Community 1998

[32] USEPA National RecommendedWater Quality Criteria UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency Office ofWater Officeof Science and Technology 2006

[33] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2004

[34] TRWHC Regulations of Waters for Human Consumption25730 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Turkish OfficialGazette 2005

[35] USEPA ldquoNational primary drinking water regulationsrdquo EPA816-F-09-004 United States Environmental Protection Agency2009

[36] IARC Arsenic and Arseniccompounds (Group 1) IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans1987

[37] P Ravenscroft J MMcArthur and B A Hoque ldquoGeochemicaland palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwaterby arsenicrdquo in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV W RChappell C O Abernathy and R L Calderon Eds pp 53ndash77Elsevier Oxford UK 2001

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

The Scientific World Journal 5

Table 4 The maximum concentration of As Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni in water samples from other rivers in the literature

Location Maximum concentration 120583gLAs Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Reference

Khoshk River Iran mdash 550 60 mdash 540 200 [25]San Petro River Mexico 160 212 200 1800 4620 300 [26]Sakarya River Turkey mdash 228 4362 mdash mdash 4977 [27]Axios River Greece 109 42 137 mdash mdash 82 [28]Odra River Poland 81 127 546 1861 353 272 [29]Vardar River Macedonia mdash mdash 98 1904 249 mdash [30]Samples in Konya closed basin 9111 4094 789 1273 3922 1546 This study

the occurrence and source of As and Fe is needed for thewhole basin and realistic risk reduction measures must bedeveloped

References

[1] D Cicchella B de Vivo A Lima S Albanese R A R McGilland R R Parrish ldquoHeavy metal pollution and Pb isotopes inurban soils of Napoli Italyrdquo Geochemistry vol 8 no 1 pp 103ndash112 2008

[2] S Wu S Zhou and X Li ldquoDetermining the anthropogeniccontribution of heavy metal accumulations around a typicalindustrial town Xushe Chinardquo Journal of Geochemical Explo-ration vol 110 no 2 pp 92ndash97 2011

[3] G Zarazua P Avila-Perez S Tejeda I Barcelo-Quintal andT Martınez ldquoAnalysis of total and dissolved heavy metals insurface water of a Mexican polluted river by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometryrdquo Spectrochimica Acta B vol 61no 10-11 pp 1180ndash1184 2006

[4] W Luo Y Lu T Wang et al ldquoEcological risk assessment ofarsenic and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northernBohai and Yellow Seas ChinardquoAMBIO A Journal of the HumanEnvironment vol 39 pp 367ndash375 2010

[5] P Guo Y Gong CWang X Liu and J Liu ldquoArsenic speciationand effect of arsenate inhibition in a Microcystis aeruginosaculture medium under different phosphate regimesrdquo Environ-mental Toxicology and Chemistry vol 30 no 8 pp 1754ndash17592011

[6] B Debelius J M Forja and L M Lubian ldquoToxicity of coppernickel and zinc to Synechococcus populations from the Strait ofGibraltarrdquo Journal of Marine Systems vol 88 no 1 pp 113ndash1192011

[7] H Iwata S Tanabe N Sakai A Nishimura and R TatsukawaldquoGeographical distribution of persistent organochlorines inair water and sediments from Asia and Oceania and theirimplications for global redistribution from lower latitudesrdquoEnvironmental Pollution vol 85 no 1 pp 15ndash33 1994

[8] K L Foster M L Mallory L Hill and J M Blais ldquoPCBand organochlorine pesticides in northern fulmars (fulmarus-glacialis) from a high arctic colony chemical exposure fate andtransfer to predatorsrdquo Environmental Toxicology and Chemistryvol 30 pp 2055ndash2064 2011

[9] W Chen M Jing J Bu et al ldquoOrganochlorine pesticides in thesurface water and sediments from the Peacock River DrainageBasin in Xinjiang China a study of an arid zone in CentralAsiardquo Environmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 177 no1ndash4 pp 1ndash21 2011

[10] H S Wang Y G Zhao Y B Man C K C Wong and MH Wong ldquoOral bioaccessibility and human risk assessment oforganochlorine pesticides (OCPs) via fish consumption usingan in vitro gastrointestinal modelrdquo Food Chemistry vol 127 no4 pp 1673ndash1679 2011

[11] S S Koprucu K Koprucu M S Ural U Ispir and M PalaldquoAcute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon andits effects on behavior and some hematological parametersof fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L)rdquo PesticideBiochemistry and Physiology vol 86 no 2 pp 99ndash105 2006

[12] WWF-Turkey Project Final Report of Turkeyrsquos Last WorldWildlife Fund 2010

[13] APHA AWWA and WEF Standard Methods For the Exam-ination of Water and waste Water American Public HealthAssociation Washington DC USA 20th edition 1998

[14] US EPA ldquoMethod 3510C Separatory Funnel Liquid-LiquidExtractionrdquo SW846 CH 421 1996

[15] A Tor and M E Aydin ldquoApplication of liquid-phase microex-traction to the analysis of trihalomethanes in waterrdquo AnalyticaChimica Acta vol 575 no 1 pp 138ndash143 2006

[16] S Ozcan ldquoViable and rapid determination of organochlorinepesticides in waterrdquo CleanmdashSoil Air Water vol 38 no 5-6 pp457ndash465 2010

[17] W Qu R P S Suri X Bi G Sheng and J Fu ldquoExposure ofyoung mothers and newborns to organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) inGuangzhou Chinardquo Science of the Total Environmentvol 408 no 16 pp 3133ndash3138 2010

[18] C Turgut ldquoThe contamination with organochlorine pesticidesand heavy metals in surface water in Kucuk Menderes River inTurkey 2000ndash2002rdquo Environment International vol 29 no 1pp 29ndash32 2003

[19] C Turgut and A Fomin ldquoResidues of selected pesticides in theKucuk Menderes river in Turkeyrdquo Zeitschrift fur PflKrankh undPflschutz vol 18 pp 1053ndash1057 2002

[20] Z Ayas N Barlas and D Kolankaya ldquoDetermination oforganochlorine pesticide residues in various environments andorganisms in Goksu Delta Turkeyrdquo Aquatic Toxicology vol 39no 2 pp 171ndash181 1997

[21] N E Barlas ldquoDetermination of organochlorine pesticide res-idues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper SakaryaBasin Turkiyerdquo Bulletin of Environmental Contamination andToxicology vol 62 pp 278ndash285

[22] I Osuna-Flores and M C Riva ldquoOrganochlorine pesticideresidue concentrations in shrimps sediments and surfacewaterfrom bay of Ohuira Topolobampo Sinaloa Mexicordquo Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology vol 68 no 4 pp532ndash539 2002

6 The Scientific World Journal

[23] J R Kuckllck T F Bldleman L LMcConnell M DWalla andG P Ivanov ldquoOrganochlorines in the water and biota of LakeBaikal Siberiardquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 28no 1 pp 31ndash37 1994

[24] L J Blus C J Henny T E Kaiser and R A Grove ldquoEffectsof wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchardsrdquoTransactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference vol 48 pp 159ndash174 1983

[25] S Salati and F Moore ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concentra-tion in the Khoshk River water and sediment Shiraz SouthwestIranrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 164 no 1ndash4 pp 677ndash689 2010

[26] R L Gutierrez H Rubio-Arias R Quintana J A Ortega andM Gutierrez ldquoHeavy metals in water of the San Pedro River inChihuahua Mexico and its potential health riskrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health vol 5 no2 pp 91ndash98 2008

[27] M S Dundar and H Altundag ldquoInvestigation of heavy metalcontaminations in the lower Sakarya riverwater and sedimentsrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp177ndash181 2007

[28] A P Karageorgis N P Nikolaidis H Karamanos and NSkoulikidis ldquoWater and sediment quality assessment of theAxios River and its coastal environmentrdquo Continental ShelfResearch vol 23 no 17ndash19 pp 1929ndash1944 2003

[29] E Adamiec and E Helios-Rybicka ldquoDistribution of pollutantsin the odra river system part IV Heavy metal distribution inwater of the upper and middle Odra river 1998ndash2000rdquo PolishJournal of Environmental Studies vol 11 no 6 pp 669ndash6732002

[30] Z Levkov and S Krstic ldquoUse of algae for monitoring of heavymetals in the River Vardar MacedoniardquoMediterranean MarineScience vol 3 pp 99ndash112 2002

[31] EC ldquoThe quality of water intended to human consumptionDirective 199883ECrdquo Official Journal L33005121998 Euro-pean Community 1998

[32] USEPA National RecommendedWater Quality Criteria UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency Office ofWater Officeof Science and Technology 2006

[33] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2004

[34] TRWHC Regulations of Waters for Human Consumption25730 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Turkish OfficialGazette 2005

[35] USEPA ldquoNational primary drinking water regulationsrdquo EPA816-F-09-004 United States Environmental Protection Agency2009

[36] IARC Arsenic and Arseniccompounds (Group 1) IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans1987

[37] P Ravenscroft J MMcArthur and B A Hoque ldquoGeochemicaland palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwaterby arsenicrdquo in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV W RChappell C O Abernathy and R L Calderon Eds pp 53ndash77Elsevier Oxford UK 2001

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

6 The Scientific World Journal

[23] J R Kuckllck T F Bldleman L LMcConnell M DWalla andG P Ivanov ldquoOrganochlorines in the water and biota of LakeBaikal Siberiardquo Environmental Science and Technology vol 28no 1 pp 31ndash37 1994

[24] L J Blus C J Henny T E Kaiser and R A Grove ldquoEffectsof wildlife from use of endrin in Washington state orchardsrdquoTransactions of the North American Wildlife and NaturalResources Conference vol 48 pp 159ndash174 1983

[25] S Salati and F Moore ldquoAssessment of heavy metal concentra-tion in the Khoshk River water and sediment Shiraz SouthwestIranrdquo EnvironmentalMonitoring and Assessment vol 164 no 1ndash4 pp 677ndash689 2010

[26] R L Gutierrez H Rubio-Arias R Quintana J A Ortega andM Gutierrez ldquoHeavy metals in water of the San Pedro River inChihuahua Mexico and its potential health riskrdquo InternationalJournal of Environmental Research and Public Health vol 5 no2 pp 91ndash98 2008

[27] M S Dundar and H Altundag ldquoInvestigation of heavy metalcontaminations in the lower Sakarya riverwater and sedimentsrdquoEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment vol 128 no 1ndash3 pp177ndash181 2007

[28] A P Karageorgis N P Nikolaidis H Karamanos and NSkoulikidis ldquoWater and sediment quality assessment of theAxios River and its coastal environmentrdquo Continental ShelfResearch vol 23 no 17ndash19 pp 1929ndash1944 2003

[29] E Adamiec and E Helios-Rybicka ldquoDistribution of pollutantsin the odra river system part IV Heavy metal distribution inwater of the upper and middle Odra river 1998ndash2000rdquo PolishJournal of Environmental Studies vol 11 no 6 pp 669ndash6732002

[30] Z Levkov and S Krstic ldquoUse of algae for monitoring of heavymetals in the River Vardar MacedoniardquoMediterranean MarineScience vol 3 pp 99ndash112 2002

[31] EC ldquoThe quality of water intended to human consumptionDirective 199883ECrdquo Official Journal L33005121998 Euro-pean Community 1998

[32] USEPA National RecommendedWater Quality Criteria UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency Office ofWater Officeof Science and Technology 2006

[33] WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality World HealthOrganization Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2004

[34] TRWHC Regulations of Waters for Human Consumption25730 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Turkish OfficialGazette 2005

[35] USEPA ldquoNational primary drinking water regulationsrdquo EPA816-F-09-004 United States Environmental Protection Agency2009

[36] IARC Arsenic and Arseniccompounds (Group 1) IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans1987

[37] P Ravenscroft J MMcArthur and B A Hoque ldquoGeochemicaland palaeohydrological controls on pollution of groundwaterby arsenicrdquo in Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects IV W RChappell C O Abernathy and R L Calderon Eds pp 53ndash77Elsevier Oxford UK 2001

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Applied ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Theoretical ChemistryJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Quantum Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CatalystsJournal of