Research Article Ag/AgCl Loaded Bi WO Composite: A...

Research ArticleAgAgCl Loaded Bi2WO6 Composite A Plasmonic Z-SchemeVisible Light-Responsive Photocatalyst

Xiangchao Meng and Zisheng Zhang

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur Private Ottawa ON Canada K1N 6N5

Correspondence should be addressed to Zisheng Zhang zzhanguottawaca

Received 16 November 2015 Accepted 24 February 2016

Academic Editor Ying Dai

Copyright copy 2016 X Meng and Z Zhang This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Hierarchical flower-like Bi2WO6was successfully synthesized by facile hydrothermal method at low pH And AgAgCl was loaded

by photoreduction on its surface As-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by various techniques Bi2WO6was successfully

synthesized at a size of 2-3 120583mDepositingAgAgCl did not destroy the crystal structure and bothAg+ andmetallic Ag0 were foundThe band gap of the composite was 257 eV which indicates that visible light could be the activating irradiation In the photocatalyticactivity test the composite with 10wt AgAgCl boasted the highest removal efficiency (almost 100) in 45min The significantenhancement can be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect and the establishment of heterostructures betweenAgAgCl and Bi

2WO6 A possible mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation in the presence of AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6was proposed This

work sheds light on the potential applications of plasmonic metals in photocatalysis to enhance their activities

1 Introduction

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been widely appliedin the conversion of solar to chemical energy It may bedescribed as the resonant photon-induced collective oscil-lation of valence electrons when the frequency of photonsmatches the natural frequency of surface electrons oscillatingagainst the restoring force of positive nuclei [1] The wave-length of a resonant photon depends on the type of metalFor silver nanoparticles surface electrons may be activatedby ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) photons

AgAgCl was first reported by Wang et al to exhibit anexcellent photocatalytic activity due to the SPR effect [2]Thisstudy shed light on the potential implementation of AgAgClfor the photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutants To dateresearchers have designed composites by depositing AgAgClon photocatalysts such as AgAgCl-TiO

2[3 4] andAgAgCl-

BiOX (X=Cl Br) [5] aiming to enhance their performancesMeanwhile numerous novel photocatalytic materials havealso been reported Among these materials Bi

2WO6 with a

band gap of 270 eV has been found to exhibit a high visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity with regard to the degra-dation of organic contaminants [6]This is due to the valence

band of bismuth-based photocatalysts consisting of not onlyO 2p orbits but also Bi 6s orbits It has been confirmed thatmoderately well-dispersed orbits are able to accelerate themobilities of photogenerated carriers and narrower band gap[7] However one of themain problems surrounding Bi

2WO6

implemented in the degradation of organic pollutants inwastewater is the high recombination rate of photogeneratedcarriersOne of themost effective approaches to deal with thisissue is to establish heterostructures such as BiOBr-Bi

2WO6

[8 9] WO3Bi2WO6[10 11] and Bi

2O3Bi2WO6[10] At

present there is still no published work establishing theAgAgCl-Bi

2WO6heterostructure applied in the degradation

of organic pollutantsBased on the above analysis depositing AgAgCl on

Bi2WO6should enhance its photocatalytic activity due to

the SPR effect and the heterostructure The depositingmethod (the photoreduction method) can be implementedas reported [12] In this work a facile method of preparing anAgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite was developed As-synthesized

photocatalysts were investigated in terms of their crystalstructures morphologies optical properties and visible-light-induced photocatalytic activities with regard to thedegradation of the organic contaminant Rhodamine B (RhB)

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of PhotoenergyVolume 2016 Article ID 4054351 11 pageshttpdxdoiorg10115520164054351

2 International Journal of Photoenergy

Apossiblemechanismof the photocatalytic oxidation processin the presence of the AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite was also

explored and proposedThe enhanced photocatalytic activitymay be regarded as solid evidence of the potential applicationof AgAgCl in photocatalytic oxidation processes

2 Experimental

21 Preparation of Bi2WO6and AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6Compos-

ites All of the reagents were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Company were of analytical purities and wereused as received Bi

2WO6was synthesized by a hydrother-

mal method In a typical process 09702 g Bi(NO3)3sdot5H2O

were dissolved in 20mL acetic acid termed solution Awhich was magnetically stirred for 10min Next 03298 gNa2WO4sdot2H2O were dissolved in 40mL distilled deionized

water (DDW) termed solution B Solution B was addeddropwise into solution A and stirredmagnetically for 30minThe suspension was then transferred to a 100mL Teflon-linedstainless steel autoclave (approximately 60 of its maximumvolume) and heated at 180∘C for 20 h After the autoclavewas allowed to cool to room temperature the precipitate wasseparated by centrifugation and washed once with ethanoland then twice with DDW The precipitate was then dried at60∘C for 12 h

The AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composite was prepared by the

photoreduction method Typically 032 g Bi2WO6were dis-

persed in 40mL DDW and sonicated for 30min Next 024 gNaCl (excess amount) was added to the suspension whichwas termed solution C Meanwhile 00421 g AgNO

3were

added to 20mL DDW termed solution D Solution D wasadded dropwise to solution C with vigorous stirring for30min Products were separated by centrifugation and dis-persed in 40mL DDW and then illuminated under a 300Whalogen tungsten projector lamp (Ushio) for 30min Finalproducts were separated via centrifugation washed twicewith DDW and dried at 60∘C for 12 h The sample was thencollected and labelled as AgAgCl (10 wt)-Bi

2WO6 Simi-

larly AgAgCl (1 wt)-Bi2WO6 AgAgCl (2 wt)-Bi

2WO6

AgAgCl (4wt)-Bi2WO6 AgAgCl (8 wt)-Bi

2WO6 and

AgAgCl (20wt)-Bi2WO6were also prepared

22 Characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis wasperformed using a Rigaku Ultima IV Diffractometer withCuK120572 radiation (120582 = 015418 nm) at 40 kV and 44mASurface elements and the chemical states of samples weretested using a XSAM-800 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscope(XPS) A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM JEOL JSM-7500F) using energy dispersive X-ray spec-troscopy (EDS) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEMJEM-2100F) were applied to explore the morphologies ofsamples Acceleration voltages of the SEM and TEM were300 kV and 200 kV respectively The Thermo Evolution300 spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of thephotocatalysts

23 Photocatalytic Activity Test The target organic pol-lutant was Rhodamine B (RhB) The characteristic peak

in UV-Vis spectroscopy of RhB is found at a wavelengthof 554 nm which was used to calculate its concentrationbased on the Beer-Lambert law A 500mL beaker with acooling jacket maintaining the system at 20∘C served asthe photocatalytic reactor The visible-light source was a300W halogen tungsten projector lamp (Ushio) with a cut-off (Kenko Zeta transmittancegt 90) to filter out irradiationwith a wavelength below 400 nm The distance between theirradiation source and the top of the beaker was 10 cm andthe irradiation intensity was measured by a quantum meter(Biospherical QSL-2100 400 nm lt 120582 lt 700 nm) to be 11 times10minus2 Einsteinsmminus2 sminus1 In each batch 100mL fresh solutionwith a concentration of RhB at 10mgL (10 ppm) was addedto the reactor and mixed with as-prepared photocatalysts inthe absence of light for 30min to ensure that adsorption-desorption equilibrium was achieved The quantity of photo-catalyst added was 05 gL After mixing the light was turnedon to begin the photocatalytic process An aliquot of 1mLsuspension was taken every 3min for 45min and tested usingaGenysys 10-UV spectrophotometer (Geneq Inc) To explorethe roles of radical species EDTA-2Na and 2-Butanol withconcentrations of 001molL were added to the reactor

To study the degradation of phenol 100mL phenol solu-tion with a concentration of 10mgL (ppm) was mixed withan AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite Samples taken during the

photocatalytic processwere tested usingUV-Vis spectroscopywith the peak absorption at a wavelength of 270 nm Otherprocedures used the same process as that of the degradationof RhB

To recycle the photocatalysts photocatalysts were sepa-rated by centrifugation between experiments and then usedin the following experiment without a wash The final usedproducts were separated via centrifugation and dried at 60∘Cfor 12 h Products were collected and tested using XRD tomeasure their crystal stabilities

3 Results and Discussions

31 XRD and XPS The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns ofas-prepared AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composites and pure Bi

2WO6

and AgAgCl are shown in Figure 1 The diffraction peaks ofpure Bi

2WO6agreed well with the orthorhombic structure

(space group Pbca (61) PDF card number 00-039-0256)[13] Specifically peaks at 2120579 = 283∘ 327∘ 471∘ 558∘and 5854∘ were assigned to the (131) (060)(200)(002)(260)(202) (191)(331)(133) and (262) planes of Bi

2WO6

respectively Samples with deposit amounts of AgAgCl largerthan and including 4wt showed characteristic peaks of Agand AgCl As for the small amount of Ag0 the peak wasweak In Figure 2 the XRD pattern of AgAgCl (10 wt)-Bi2WO6was enlarged and each species in the composite

was identified Excluding peaks from Bi2WO6 peaks at 2120579 =

278∘ (Figure 2(a)) 322∘ 462∘ 548∘ and 575∘ (Figure 2(c))were found indicating the existence of AgCl (cubic structurespace group Fm-3m (225) PDF card number 00-006-0480)Meanwhile the peak at 2120579= 382∘ (Figure 2(b)) was attributedto the (111) crystal plane of Ag (PDF card number 01-087-0719)The lattice parameters of Bi

2WO6are 119886 = 54513 A 119887 =

164192 A and 119888 = 54587 A In regard to these parameters

International Journal of Photoenergy 3

Table 1 Lattice parameters of Bi2WO6and AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composites

Amount of AgAgCl (wt) 119886 119887 119888

0 (pure Bi2WO6) 54513 (plusmn0) 164192 (plusmn0) 54587 (plusmn0)

1 54381 (minus02) 164363 (+01) 54434 (minus03)2 54274 (minus04) 164413 (+01) 54490 (minus02)4 54378 (minus02) 164205 (+001) 54445 (minus03)8 54381 (minus02) 164392 (+01) 54534 (minus01)10 54399 (minus02) 164473 (+02) 54561 (minus005)20 54361 (minus03) 164432 (+01) 54600 (+002)

30 20 40 50 60 70

Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

20 30 40 50 60 70 2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg)

AgAgCl

(131

)

(060

)(200

)(002

)

(260

)(202

)

(191

)(331

)(133

)

(262

)

(111

)

(111

)

(200

)(200

)

(220

)

(220

)

(311

)

(222

)

(400)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

20wt

10wt

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

8wt

4wt

2wt

1wt

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Figure 1 XRD patterns of as-prepared samples pure Bi2WO6

AgAgCl and AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composites

shown in Table 1 negligible differences between them wereobserved This indicates that loading of AgAgCl may notdestroy the main structure of Bi

2WO6and merely laid upon

its surface as opposed to covalently anchoring to its lattice[14]

The elemental compositions and chemical states ofAgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composites were determined by X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy In Figure 3(a) survey spectraand high-resolution scans of typical orbits in AgAgCl(10 wt)-Bi

2WO6are illustrated Specifically in the survey

spectra all elements of the composite (Bi W O Ag andCl) were demonstrated The spectra were calibrated using C1s the binding energy of which was 2846 eV As for high-resolution XPS spectra in Figure 3(b) two strong peakscentered at 16450 eV and 15919 eV indicate that the valenceof Bi in the composite was +2 [15] Furthermore binding

energies of 3757 eV and 3541 eV for W 4f52

and W 4f72

respectively were found in Figure 3(c) whichwere confirmedW in the composite with valence of +6 [15 16] The largestpeak in Figure 3(d) could be separated into 3 smaller peakswhich are corresponding well with O in the composite withforms of Bi

2WO6at 53028 eV ndashOH at 53128 eV and H

2O at

53196 eV The existence of a negligible fraction of hydroxylanion and H

2O in the composite may be attributed to the

reaction of atmospheric water with the oxide surface andthe chemisorbed water vapor on top of the oxide surface[17] Silver peaks at 37339 eV and 36730 eV in Figure 3(e)were ascribed to binding energies of Ag 3d

32and Ag 3d

52

respectively in the presence of Ag+ in AgCl [18] Smallerpeaks located at 37439 eV and 36832 eV for binding energiesof Ag 3d

32and Ag 3d

52were assigned to that of metallic Ag0

[18] This may suggest that metallic Ag0 can be found in thecomposite

32 SEM EDS and TEM Morphologies of as-prepared sam-ples were measured by SEM and TEM the results of whichare shown in Figure 4 Bi

2WO6synthesized by the hydrother-

mal method described in this work exhibited a nanoplate-built hierarchical flower-like structure (Figure 4(a)) Similarstructures were also reported in the literatures [19 20] Apotential mechanism for the formation of this superstructureis shown in Scheme 1 The scheme shows that an irregularstructure is formed through self-aggregation at the first stepAs for the lowpH (lt1) Bi

2O2

2+ andWO4

2minus ions are generatedin solution and may be nucleated onto protuberances onthe surface of solid spheresThis dissolution-recrystallizationprocess is called Ostwald ripening The plate-like structure isowed to the intrinsic anisotropic growth habits of Bi

2WO6

[21] According to the Gibbs-Thomson law larger particlesgrow at the cost of small particles as for the energy differ-ence in solubility Flower-like superstructures eventually self-organize after sufficient duration of hydrothermal treatmentThe size of each hierarchicalmicrosphere was around 2-3 120583mAgAgCl growing on the surface of Bi

2WO6is shown in

Figure 4(b) Smaller plate-like AgCl could be observed asrandomly loaded on its surface and metallic silver (Ag0) wasnot observed However Ag0 was shown to be present in thecomposite based on TEM imaging results (Figure 4(c)) Inthe inset of Figure 4(c) nanoparticles with a size of no morethan 5 nmcould possibly be identified asmetallic silver (Ag0)Furthermore EDS was performed on the composite and isillustrated in Figure 5 Characteristic peaks of all elements


Self-aggregation Ostwald ripening Self-organization

Scheme 1 Potential mechanism of forming the hierarchical flower-like superstructure of Bi2WO6

27 28 29 30 53 54 55 56 57 58378 380 382 384 386 388

30 20 40 50 60 70

AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg)

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDFAg (PDF 01-087-0719) AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Figure 2 XRD pattern of AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi2WO6

in the composite were found which further confirms thesuccessful synthesis of AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6in this work

33 UV-Vis Diffused Reflectance Spectra (DRS) The opticalabsorbent properties of the AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite

were measured using UV-Vis diffused reflectance spec-troscopy Spectra of pure Bi

2WO6 AgAgCl and AgAgCl

(10 wt)-Bi2WO6are illustrated in Figure 6(a) After loading

AgAgCl onto Bi2WO6 the absorbent ability of the photocat-

alyst in the visible-light range was enhanced This is mainlydue to the plasmon resonance of photoreduced silver (Ag0)fromAgCl [2] which could also be evidence for the existenceof Ag0 in the composite To further explore the band gap (119864

119892)

of samples the classical Tauc equation (1) was employed asfollows

120572119864photon = 119870 (119864photon minus 119864119892)1198992

119864photon = ℎ](1)

where 120572 ℎ ] and 119870 are the absorption coefficient thePlanck constant the irradiation frequency and the constantfor semiconductors (usually equal to 1) respectively Theconstant 119899 depends on the type of band gap where 119899 = 1is for direct transition and 119899 = 4 is for indirect transitionThe band gap of the as-prepared Bi

2WO6in this work is

characteristic of a direct transition (Figure 7) so 119899 is equal


O 1s

Ag 3dC 1s

Cl 2p W 4f

Bi 4fIn

tens

ity (a

u)

02004006008001000

Binding energy (eV)

(a)

15919 eV

16450 eV

Bi 4f72

Bi 4f52

Bi 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

168 166 164 162 160 158 156 154170

Binding energy (eV)

(b)

3757 eV W 4f52

3541 eVW 4f72

W 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

38 36 34 3240

Binding energy (eV)

(c)

O 1s53028 eV

O 1s (W-O amp Bi-O)

O 1s (minusOH)53128 eV

O 1s (H2O)53196 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

528530532534

Binding energy (eV)

(d)

Ag 3d

3d52

3d32

36730 eV

37339 eV

37439 eV 36832 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

376 374 372 370 368 366 364378

Binding energy (eV)

(e)

19946 eV Cl 2p12

Cl 2p32Cl 2p

19783 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200202 196198

Binding energy (eV)

(f)

Figure 3 XPS spectra of AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi2WO6composite (a) survey spectra and high-resolution orbits scan of (b) Bi 4f (c) W 4f (d)

O 1s (e) Ag 3d and (f) Cl 2p


1120583m

(a)

1120583m

(b)

Ag010nm

20nm

AgAgCl

Bi2WO6

(c)

Figure 4 SEM images of pure Bi2WO6(a) and AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi

2WO6composite (b) and TEM images of AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi

2WO6

composite (c)

Cl

ClCl

C

O

W

W

Bi Bi

Inte

nsity

(au

)

AgAg

1 2 3 4 50

Energy (keV)

Figure 5 EDS of AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi2WO6composite

to 4 By plotting (120572119864photon)12 versus 119864photon as illustrated

in Figure 6(b) the intercept at the horizontal axis is theband gap value This indicates that AgAgCl in compositesnarrowed the band gap from 270 eV to 257 eV comparedto pure Bi

2WO6 which could widen the edge wavelength

of incidence from 4593 nm to 4825 nm This indicates that

AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composites could be effectively activated

under visible-light irradiation

34 Photocatalytic Activity Test under Visible Light Photo-catalytic activities of as-prepared samples were tested bydegrading RhB (10mgL) All of the screening test resultsare plotted in Figure 8 The removal efficiencies for pureBi2WO6and AgAgCl were 388 and 653 in 45min

respectively By increasing the loading amount of AgAgCl inthe composites from 1wt to 10wt removal efficiencies ofthe composites were increased up to 100 after 45min undervisible light This enhancement effect may be attributed tothe establishment of a heterojunction between AgAgCl andBi2WO6[3 14 23] However further increasing the amount

of AgAgCl in the composites deteriorates the photocatalyticdegradation performances This may be interpreted as largernanoparticles which are loaded onto Bi

2WO6possibly weak-

ening the anchoring forces between them and destroying theheterostructure

Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic analysis was applied toRhB degradation in the presence of as-prepared photocata-lysts Trials performed with diluted concentrations of RhB(119888119900lt 10minus3molL) showed that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood


Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)

Figure 6 (a) UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectra and (b) (120572119864photon)12-119864photon curves of as-prepared pure Bi


(10wt)-Bi2WO6

G Z T Y S X U Rminus10

minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)

Figure 7 Band gap of Bi2WO6(simulated by Quantum Espresso

[22])

model could be simplified to a pseudo-first-order reactionmodel [24] expressed as follows

ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)

where 119905 119888119900 and 119888 are the time the initial concentration and

concentration at each specific reaction time 119905 of RhB 119896119903is

the reaction rate constant 119870 is the adsorption coefficient ofthe pollutant on the photocatalyst and 1198961015840 is pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics constant used as the parameter toevaluate the performances of as-prepared photocatalysts indegrading pollutants A plot of ln(119888

119900119888) as a function 119905 is

found in Figure 9 where the slope of the line of best fit is

1wt2wt4wt8wt

10wt20wtBi2WO6AgAgCl

39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o

Figure 8 Photocatalytic degradation of RhB (10mgL) undervisible light with as-prepared pure Bi

2WO6 AgAgCl andAgAgCl-

Bi2WO6composites

the pseudo-first-order kinetics constant the results of whichare summarized in Table 2 The excellent linearity of eachline of best fit indicates that the photocatalytic degradationof RhB under visible-light irradiation in the presence ofAgAgCl-Bi

2WO6follows first-order kinetics The process

carried out with pure Bi2WO6as the photocatalyst exhibited


Table 2 Pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants for various processes

Bi2WO6

1 wt 2wt 4wt 8wt 10wt 20wt AgAgClPseudo-first-order119896 (10minus2minminus1) 1047 2733 3371 3930 4576 5688 4508 20371198772 09999 09961 09989 09979 09989 09993 09987 09939

Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(

Figure 9 Photocatalytic kinetics of each process

the lowest reaction constant while loading of AgAgCl ontoBi2WO6increased the constant up to 54 times compared

to that of pure Bi2WO6at 10 wt AgAgCl These results

confirm that the presence of AgAgCl in the compositessignificantly increases photocatalytic activity with regard tothe degradation of organic pollutants

The stepwise mechanism for the degradation of RhB wasobserved by taking UV-Vis spectra which are illustrated inFigure 10 In the inset table the positions of characteristicpeaks for each intermediate species are summarized [25] Itcan be concluded that twoprocesses of RhBdegradation existnamely deethylation and destruction of the aromatic ring Inthe deethylation process RhB is decomposed into NNN1015840-Triethyl-Rhodamine (TER) NN1015840-Diethyl-Rhodamine(DER) N-Ethyl-Rhodamine (MER) and Rhodamine theUV-Vis characteristic peaks of which are located at wave-lengths of 539 nm 522 nm 510 nm and 498 nm respectivelyIn the first 33min peak positions blue-shifted from 554 nmto 498 nm indicating that RhB degraded into RhodamineAfter that peak positions stabilized at 498 nm and graduallyreduced in intensity This may be attributed to the degrada-tion of Rhodamine into smaller species such asH

2OandCO

2

The photocatalytic activity with respect to the degra-dation of the colourless organic compound phenol wasinvestigated and is illustrated in Figure 11 These resultsaimed to confirm the increased photocatalytic activity in the

0min3min6min9min12min15min18min21min


Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine

NNN998400-Triethyl-Rhodamine (TER)

NN998400-Diethyl-Rhodamine (DER)N-Ethyl-Rhodamine (MER)

554

539

522

510

498

Figure 10 UV-Vis spectra of solutions taken during the photocat-alytic process in the presence of AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi

2WO6(inset

table shows characteristic wavelength for each intermediate speciesin water [25])

presence of the AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composite under visible

light attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effectinstead of photosensitization of the dye (RhB in this work)[26] The composite performed well in the degradation ofphenol (approximately 30 of phenol was converted in45min) which was a better performance than that exhibitedby pure Bi

2WO6(only about 5 of phenol was converted

in 45min) This confirmed that the enhancement effect ofloading AgAgCl onto Bi

2WO6exists under visible-light

irradiation

35 Roles of Radical Species Holes (h+) and free radicalsespecially ∙OH are regarded as the main oxidative species inphotocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants [27] In thisstudy EDTA-2Na and 2-Butanol were chosen as the hole andhydroxyl radical scavengers respectively [28] When holeswere quenched only 15 of RhB was removed (Figure 12)Comparatively there was little influence when 2-Butanolwas added to quench hydroxyl radicals This suggests thatthe hydroxyl radical is not the main oxidative species in


Phenol ( 6)RhB (Phenol (Bi2WO6)

30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o

Bi2WOAgAgCl-6)Bi2WOAgAgCl-

Figure 11 Degradation of phenol (10mgL) by using AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composite

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o

EDTA-2Na (001molL)2-Butanol (001molL)

3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Figure 12 Photocatalytic activity in presence of AgAgCl-Bi2WO6

and quenchers

the degradation of RhB and that holes govern the photocat-alytic process Similar results were also reported in the liter-ature [9 29] This phenomenon may be explained knowingthat the standard redox potential of Bi

2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)

(+159 eV) is much more negative than that of ∙OHndashOH(+230 eV) [9 29] This suggests that ldquononselectiverdquo ∙OHcould not be produced in this photocatalytic oxidationprocess

36 Reusability Reusability is a significant parameterused to evaluate photocatalysts implemented in practical

(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10

Figure 13 Removal efficiencies for 4 runs of 45min

Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)

Figure 14 XRD patterns of AgAgCl (10wt)-Bi2WO6before and

after 4 runs

applications As-prepared composites were investigatedby taking 4 runs where RhB was degraded Removalefficiencies after 45min were plotted in Figure 13 After 4runs the removal efficiency decreased slightly from 978to 915 but this relatively high removal efficiency stillimplies the high stability of the AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite

Furthermore used photocatalysts were observed by XRD thepatterns of which are shown in Figure 14 Lattice parametersof Bi2WO6after four runs were 119886 = 54577 A 119887 = 163970 A

and 119888 = 54505 A All the characteristic peaks of Bi2WO6

were found with high intensities indicating that the maincrystal structure of Bi

2WO6was stable and was not destroyed

during the recycle However the characteristic peaks of AgClwere observed with reduced intensities On the other handintensities of other peaks especially the peak at 2120579 = 382∘


AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+

Hole (h+)Electron (eminus)

Figure 15 Schematic of possible mechanism of degrading RhB in the presence of AgAgCl-Bi2WO6

(Figure 14(b)) for metallic Ag0 became stronger This maybe attributed to the reduction of AgCl to metallic Ag0 inthe photocatalytic process under visible-light irradiation asphotogenerated electrons are produced and easily react withAg+ This may be an explanation for the decreased removalefficiency of RhB Another possible explanation is that theintermediate species of RhB were adsorbed on the compositeand refractory to be degraded

37 Proposed Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation Theband structure of the AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite is illus-

trated in Figure 15 The proposed mechanism of using thecomposite to degrade RhB could be summarized as follows(1) Bi2WO6with a band gap of 270 eV is activated by visible-

light irradiation generating electrons and holes (2) Ag0nanoparticles induced by surface plasmon resonance undervisible light could produce electrons and leave holes on thevalence band [1] and electrons could rapidly transfer toBi2WO6or AgCl (3) RhB could be activated by photons

(photosensitization) and generate electrons which couldtransfer to the conduction band of either Bi

2WO6or AgCl

and (4) Clminus could be oxidized into a ∙Cl radical which issupposed to oxidize organic pollutants Holes on the valenceband of Bi

2WO6would transfer to that of AgCl and the

separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holeswould improve [30] Meanwhile electrons induced by thesurface plasmon resonance and photosensitization effectswould be beneficial to produce more oxidative species Theintegrated effect results in an enhanced photocatalytic activityto degrade organic pollutants

4 Conclusion

An AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composite was successfully synthe-

sized using a hydrothermal and photoreduced method Itsmorphology was hierarchical and flower-like with a size of

2-3 120583m As-prepared photocatalysts were performed withincreased photocatalytic activities and high stabilities whendegrading RhB under visible-light irradiation The 10wtAgAgCl sample exhibited the best performance A mecha-nism of photocatalytic oxidation was proposed and it wasdeduced that the enhancement effect is mainly due to theestablishment of a heterostructure as well as the surface plas-mon resonance and photosensitization effects This work isevidence for the potential application of plasmonic metals inphotocatalytic oxidation processes with enhancement effects

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests

Acknowledgments

Xiangchao Meng was financially supported by the ChinaScholarship Council (CSC) This work was financially sup-ported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering ResearchCouncil of Canada (NSERC)

References

[1] S Linic P Christopher and D B Ingram ldquoPlasmonic-metalnanostructures for efficient conversion of solar to chemicalenergyrdquo Nature Materials vol 10 no 12 pp 911ndash921 2011

[2] P Wang B Huang X Qin et al ldquoAgAgCl a highly efficientand stable photocatalyst active under visible lightrdquo AngewandteChemiemdashInternational Edition vol 47 no 41 pp 7931ndash79332008

[3] J Yu G Dai and B Huang ldquoFabrication and characterizationof visible-light-driven plasmonic photocatalyst AgAgClTiO

2

nanotube arraysrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol 113no 37 pp 16394ndash16401 2009

[4] J Zhou Y Cheng and J Yu ldquoPreparation and characterizationof visible-light-driven plasmonic photocatalyst AgAgClTiO

2


nanocomposite thin filmsrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Pho-tobiology A Chemistry vol 223 no 2-3 pp 82ndash87 2011

[5] L Ye J Liu C Gong L Tian T Peng and L Zan ldquoTwodifferent roles of metallic Ag on AgAgXBiOX (X=Cl Br)visible light photocatalysts surface plasmon resonance and Z-Scheme bridgerdquoACS Catalysis vol 2 no 8 pp 1677ndash1683 2012

[6] H Fu C Pan W Yao and Y Zhu ldquoVisible-light-induceddegradation of rhodamine B by nanosized Bi

2WO6rdquoThe Journal

of Physical Chemistry B vol 109 no 47 pp 22432ndash22439 2005[7] H An Y Du T Wang C Wang W Hao and J Zhang

ldquoPhotocatalytic properties of BiOX (X=Cl Br and I)rdquo RareMetals vol 27 no 3 pp 243ndash250 2008

[8] X Meng and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis analysis and testingof BiOBr-Bi

2WO6photocatalytic heterojunction semiconduc-

torsrdquo International Journal of Photoenergy vol 2015 Article ID630476 12 pages 2015

[9] X Meng and Z Zhang ldquoFacile synthesis of BiOBrBi2WO6

heterojunction semiconductors with high visible-light-drivenphotocatalytic activityrdquo Journal of Photochemistry and Photobi-ology A Chemistry vol 310 pp 33ndash44 2015

[10] X Li R Huang Y Hu et al ldquoA templated method to Bi2WO6

hollow microspheres and their conversion to double-shellBi2O3Bi2WO6hollow microspheres with improved photocat-

alytic performancerdquo Inorganic Chemistry vol 51 no 11 pp6245ndash6250 2012

[11] M-S Gui W-D Zhang Y-Q Chang and Y-X Yu ldquoOne-step hydrothermal preparation strategy for nanostructuredWO3Bi2WO6heterojunction with high visible light photocat-

alytic activityrdquo Chemical Engineering Journal vol 197 pp 283ndash288 2012

[12] L C Courrol F R de Oliveira Silva and L Gomes ldquoAsimple method to synthesize silver nanoparticles by photo-reductionrdquo Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engi-neering Aspects vol 305 no 1ndash3 pp 54ndash57 2007

[13] K S Knight ldquoThe crystal structure of russellite a re-determination using neutron powder diffraction of syntheticBi2WO6rdquoMineralogicalMagazine vol 56 no 384 pp 399ndash409

1992[14] Y Xu H Xu H Li J Xia C Liu and L Liu ldquoEnhanced

photocatalytic activity of new photocatalyst AgAgClZnOrdquoJournal of Alloys and Compounds vol 509 no 7 pp 3286ndash32922011

[15] G H He G L He A J Li et al ldquoSynthesis and visible lightphotocatalytic behavior ofWO

3(core)Bi

2WO6(shell)rdquo Journal

of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical vol 385 pp 106ndash111 2014[16] M Ge Y Li L Liu Z Zhou and W Chen ldquoBi

2O3minusBi2WO6

compositemicrospheres hydrothermal synthesis and photocat-alytic performancesrdquo The Journal of Physical Chemistry C vol115 no 13 pp 5220ndash5225 2011

[17] J Wielant T Hauffman O Blajiev R Hausbrand and HTerryn ldquoInfluence of the iron oxide acid-base properties on thechemisorption of model epoxy compounds studied by XPSrdquoJournal of Physical Chemistry C vol 111 no 35 pp 13177ndash131842007

[18] J Gamage McEvoy W Cui and Z Zhang ldquoSynthesis andcharacterization of AgAgCl-activated carbon composites forenhanced visible light photocatalysisrdquo Applied Catalysis BEnvironmental vol 144 pp 702ndash712 2014

[19] L Zhang W Wang Z Chen L Zhou H Xu and W ZhuldquoFabrication of flower-like Bi

2WO6superstructures as high

performance visible-light driven photocatalystsrdquo Journal ofMaterials Chemistry vol 17 no 24 pp 2526ndash2532 2007

[20] J Wu F Duan Y Zheng and Y Xie ldquoSynthesis of Bi2WO6

nanoplate-built hierarchical nest-like structures with visible-light-induced photocatalytic activityrdquo The Journal of PhysicalChemistry C vol 111 no 34 pp 12866ndash12871 2007

[21] L Zhang and Y Zhu ldquoA review of controllable synthesis andenhancement of performances of bismuth tungstate visible-light-driven photocatalystsrdquo Catalysis Science and Technologyvol 2 no 4 pp 694ndash706 2012

[22] P Giannozzi S Baroni N Bonini et al ldquoQUANTUMESPRESSO a modular and open-source software project forquantum simulations of materialsrdquo Journal of Physics Con-densed Matter vol 21 no 39 Article ID 395502 2009

[23] W Xiong Q Zhao X Li and D Zhang ldquoOne-step synthesis offlower-like AgAgClBiOCl composite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activityrdquo Catalysis Communications vol 16no 1 pp 229ndash233 2011

[24] J-M Herrmann ldquoHeterogeneous photocatalysis fundamentalsand applications to the removal of various types of aqueouspollutantsrdquo Catalysis Today vol 53 no 1 pp 115ndash129 1999

[25] T Watanabe T Takizawa and K Honda ldquoPhotocataly-sis through excitation of adsorbates 1 Highly efficient N-deethylation of rhodamine B adsorbed to cadmium sulfiderdquoTheJournal of Physical Chemistry vol 81 no 19 pp 1845ndash1851 1977

[26] T Wu G Liu J Zhao H Hidaka and N Serpone ldquoPhotoas-sisted degradation of dye pollutants V Self-photosensitizedoxidative transformation of rhodamine B under visible lightirradiation in aqueous TiO

2dispersionsrdquoThe Journal of Physical

Chemistry B vol 102 no 30 pp 5845ndash5851 1998[27] M R Hoffmann S T Martin W Choi and D W Bahnemann

ldquoEnvironmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysisrdquoChemical Reviews vol 95 no 1 pp 69ndash96 1995

[28] T Xu L Zhang H Cheng and Y Zhu ldquoSignificantly enhancedphotocatalytic performance of ZnO via graphene hybridizationand the mechanism studyrdquo Applied Catalysis B Environmentalvol 101 no 3-4 pp 382ndash387 2011

[29] Y Zhang N Zhang Z-R Tang and Y-J Xu ldquoIdentification ofBi2WO6as a highly selective visible-light photocatalyst toward

oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone in waterrdquo ChemicalScience vol 4 no 4 pp 1820ndash1824 2013

[30] E T Yu J O McCaldin and T C McGill ldquoBand offsets insemiconductor heterojunctionsrdquo in Solid State Physics E Henryand T David Eds pp 1ndash146 Academic Press 1992

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2014

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


Chromatography Research International


Applied ChemistryJournal of



Theoretical ChemistryJournal of


Journal of

Spectroscopy

Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


Journal of


Quantum Chemistry


Organic Chemistry International

ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of



CatalystsJournal of


Apossiblemechanismof the photocatalytic oxidation processin the presence of the AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite was also

explored and proposedThe enhanced photocatalytic activitymay be regarded as solid evidence of the potential applicationof AgAgCl in photocatalytic oxidation processes

2 Experimental

21 Preparation of Bi2WO6and AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6Compos-

ites All of the reagents were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Company were of analytical purities and wereused as received Bi

2WO6was synthesized by a hydrother-

mal method In a typical process 09702 g Bi(NO3)3sdot5H2O

were dissolved in 20mL acetic acid termed solution Awhich was magnetically stirred for 10min Next 03298 gNa2WO4sdot2H2O were dissolved in 40mL distilled deionized

water (DDW) termed solution B Solution B was addeddropwise into solution A and stirredmagnetically for 30minThe suspension was then transferred to a 100mL Teflon-linedstainless steel autoclave (approximately 60 of its maximumvolume) and heated at 180∘C for 20 h After the autoclavewas allowed to cool to room temperature the precipitate wasseparated by centrifugation and washed once with ethanoland then twice with DDW The precipitate was then dried at60∘C for 12 h

The AgAgCl-Bi2WO6composite was prepared by the

photoreduction method Typically 032 g Bi2WO6were dis-

persed in 40mL DDW and sonicated for 30min Next 024 gNaCl (excess amount) was added to the suspension whichwas termed solution C Meanwhile 00421 g AgNO

3were

added to 20mL DDW termed solution D Solution D wasadded dropwise to solution C with vigorous stirring for30min Products were separated by centrifugation and dis-persed in 40mL DDW and then illuminated under a 300Whalogen tungsten projector lamp (Ushio) for 30min Finalproducts were separated via centrifugation washed twicewith DDW and dried at 60∘C for 12 h The sample was thencollected and labelled as AgAgCl (10 wt)-Bi

2WO6 Simi-

larly AgAgCl (1 wt)-Bi2WO6 AgAgCl (2 wt)-Bi

2WO6

AgAgCl (4wt)-Bi2WO6 AgAgCl (8 wt)-Bi

2WO6 and

AgAgCl (20wt)-Bi2WO6were also prepared

22 Characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis wasperformed using a Rigaku Ultima IV Diffractometer withCuK120572 radiation (120582 = 015418 nm) at 40 kV and 44mASurface elements and the chemical states of samples weretested using a XSAM-800 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscope(XPS) A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM JEOL JSM-7500F) using energy dispersive X-ray spec-troscopy (EDS) and transmission electronmicroscopy (TEMJEM-2100F) were applied to explore the morphologies ofsamples Acceleration voltages of the SEM and TEM were300 kV and 200 kV respectively The Thermo Evolution300 spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of thephotocatalysts

23 Photocatalytic Activity Test The target organic pol-lutant was Rhodamine B (RhB) The characteristic peak

in UV-Vis spectroscopy of RhB is found at a wavelengthof 554 nm which was used to calculate its concentrationbased on the Beer-Lambert law A 500mL beaker with acooling jacket maintaining the system at 20∘C served asthe photocatalytic reactor The visible-light source was a300W halogen tungsten projector lamp (Ushio) with a cut-off (Kenko Zeta transmittancegt 90) to filter out irradiationwith a wavelength below 400 nm The distance between theirradiation source and the top of the beaker was 10 cm andthe irradiation intensity was measured by a quantum meter(Biospherical QSL-2100 400 nm lt 120582 lt 700 nm) to be 11 times10minus2 Einsteinsmminus2 sminus1 In each batch 100mL fresh solutionwith a concentration of RhB at 10mgL (10 ppm) was addedto the reactor and mixed with as-prepared photocatalysts inthe absence of light for 30min to ensure that adsorption-desorption equilibrium was achieved The quantity of photo-catalyst added was 05 gL After mixing the light was turnedon to begin the photocatalytic process An aliquot of 1mLsuspension was taken every 3min for 45min and tested usingaGenysys 10-UV spectrophotometer (Geneq Inc) To explorethe roles of radical species EDTA-2Na and 2-Butanol withconcentrations of 001molL were added to the reactor

To study the degradation of phenol 100mL phenol solu-tion with a concentration of 10mgL (ppm) was mixed withan AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composite Samples taken during the

photocatalytic processwere tested usingUV-Vis spectroscopywith the peak absorption at a wavelength of 270 nm Otherprocedures used the same process as that of the degradationof RhB

To recycle the photocatalysts photocatalysts were sepa-rated by centrifugation between experiments and then usedin the following experiment without a wash The final usedproducts were separated via centrifugation and dried at 60∘Cfor 12 h Products were collected and tested using XRD tomeasure their crystal stabilities

3 Results and Discussions

31 XRD and XPS The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns ofas-prepared AgAgCl-Bi

2WO6composites and pure Bi

2WO6

and AgAgCl are shown in Figure 1 The diffraction peaks ofpure Bi

2WO6agreed well with the orthorhombic structure

(space group Pbca (61) PDF card number 00-039-0256)[13] Specifically peaks at 2120579 = 283∘ 327∘ 471∘ 558∘and 5854∘ were assigned to the (131) (060)(200)(002)(260)(202) (191)(331)(133) and (262) planes of Bi

2WO6

respectively Samples with deposit amounts of AgAgCl largerthan and including 4wt showed characteristic peaks of Agand AgCl As for the small amount of Ag0 the peak wasweak In Figure 2 the XRD pattern of AgAgCl (10 wt)-Bi2WO6was enlarged and each species in the composite

was identified Excluding peaks from Bi2WO6 peaks at 2120579 =

278∘ (Figure 2(a)) 322∘ 462∘ 548∘ and 575∘ (Figure 2(c))were found indicating the existence of AgCl (cubic structurespace group Fm-3m (225) PDF card number 00-006-0480)Meanwhile the peak at 2120579= 382∘ (Figure 2(b)) was attributedto the (111) crystal plane of Ag (PDF card number 01-087-0719)The lattice parameters of Bi

2WO6are 119886 = 54513 A 119887 =

164192 A and 119888 = 54587 A In regard to these parameters



2WO6composites




30 20 40 50 60 70

Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

20 30 40 50 60 70 2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg)

AgAgCl

(131

)

(060

)(200

)(002

)

(260

)(202

)

(191

)(331

)(133

)

(262

)

(111

)

(111

)

(200

)(200

)

(220

)

(220

)

(311

)

(222

)

(400)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

20wt

10wt

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

8wt

4wt

2wt

1wt

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF












and W 4f72



2O at




32and Ag 3d

52


32and Ag 3d






2O2

2+ andWO4


2WO6


2WO6is shown in





27 28 29 30 53 54 55 56 57 58378 380 382 384 386 388

30 20 40 50 60 70

AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg)

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

Inte

nsity

(au

)


00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF



2WO6in this work


2WO6composite






119892)



119864photon = ℎ](1)


2WO6in this work is



O 1s

Ag 3dC 1s

Cl 2p W 4f

Bi 4fIn

tens

ity (a

u)

02004006008001000

Binding energy (eV)

(a)

15919 eV

16450 eV

Bi 4f72

Bi 4f52

Bi 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

168 166 164 162 160 158 156 154170

Binding energy (eV)

(b)

3757 eV W 4f52

3541 eVW 4f72

W 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

38 36 34 3240

Binding energy (eV)

(c)

O 1s53028 eV

O 1s (W-O amp Bi-O)


O 1s (H2O)53196 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

528530532534

Binding energy (eV)

(d)

Ag 3d

3d52

3d32

36730 eV

37339 eV

37439 eV 36832 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

376 374 372 370 368 366 364378

Binding energy (eV)

(e)

19946 eV Cl 2p12

Cl 2p32Cl 2p

19783 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200202 196198

Binding energy (eV)

(f)




1120583m

(a)

1120583m

(b)

Ag010nm

20nm

AgAgCl

Bi2WO6

(c)



2WO6

composite (c)

Cl

ClCl

C

O

W

W

Bi Bi

Inte

nsity

(au

)

AgAg

1 2 3 4 50

Energy (keV)











2WO6possibly weak-




Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)



(10wt)-Bi2WO6


minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)


[22])


ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)




119900119888) as a function 119905 is


1wt2wt4wt8wt


39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o



Bi2WO6composites






Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



2WO6composites




30 20 40 50 60 70

Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

20 30 40 50 60 70 2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg)

AgAgCl

(131

)

(060

)(200

)(002

)

(260

)(202

)

(191

)(331

)(133

)

(262

)

(111

)

(111

)

(200

)(200

)

(220

)

(220

)

(311

)

(222

)

(400)

Inte

nsity

(au

)

20wt

10wt

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

8wt

4wt

2wt

1wt

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF












and W 4f72



2O at




32and Ag 3d

52


32and Ag 3d






2O2

2+ andWO4


2WO6


2WO6is shown in





27 28 29 30 53 54 55 56 57 58378 380 382 384 386 388

30 20 40 50 60 70

AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg)

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

Inte

nsity

(au

)


00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF



2WO6in this work


2WO6composite






119892)



119864photon = ℎ](1)


2WO6in this work is



O 1s

Ag 3dC 1s

Cl 2p W 4f

Bi 4fIn

tens

ity (a

u)

02004006008001000

Binding energy (eV)

(a)

15919 eV

16450 eV

Bi 4f72

Bi 4f52

Bi 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

168 166 164 162 160 158 156 154170

Binding energy (eV)

(b)

3757 eV W 4f52

3541 eVW 4f72

W 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

38 36 34 3240

Binding energy (eV)

(c)

O 1s53028 eV

O 1s (W-O amp Bi-O)


O 1s (H2O)53196 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

528530532534

Binding energy (eV)

(d)

Ag 3d

3d52

3d32

36730 eV

37339 eV

37439 eV 36832 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

376 374 372 370 368 366 364378

Binding energy (eV)

(e)

19946 eV Cl 2p12

Cl 2p32Cl 2p

19783 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200202 196198

Binding energy (eV)

(f)




1120583m

(a)

1120583m

(b)

Ag010nm

20nm

AgAgCl

Bi2WO6

(c)



2WO6

composite (c)

Cl

ClCl

C

O

W

W

Bi Bi

Inte

nsity

(au

)

AgAg

1 2 3 4 50

Energy (keV)











2WO6possibly weak-




Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)



(10wt)-Bi2WO6


minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)


[22])


ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)




119900119888) as a function 119905 is


1wt2wt4wt8wt


39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o



Bi2WO6composites






Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of




27 28 29 30 53 54 55 56 57 58378 380 382 384 386 388

30 20 40 50 60 70

AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

2120579 (deg)

2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg) 2120579 (deg)

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

Inte

nsity

(au

)


00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF



2WO6in this work


2WO6composite






119892)



119864photon = ℎ](1)


2WO6in this work is



O 1s

Ag 3dC 1s

Cl 2p W 4f

Bi 4fIn

tens

ity (a

u)

02004006008001000

Binding energy (eV)

(a)

15919 eV

16450 eV

Bi 4f72

Bi 4f52

Bi 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

168 166 164 162 160 158 156 154170

Binding energy (eV)

(b)

3757 eV W 4f52

3541 eVW 4f72

W 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

38 36 34 3240

Binding energy (eV)

(c)

O 1s53028 eV

O 1s (W-O amp Bi-O)


O 1s (H2O)53196 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

528530532534

Binding energy (eV)

(d)

Ag 3d

3d52

3d32

36730 eV

37339 eV

37439 eV 36832 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

376 374 372 370 368 366 364378

Binding energy (eV)

(e)

19946 eV Cl 2p12

Cl 2p32Cl 2p

19783 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200202 196198

Binding energy (eV)

(f)




1120583m

(a)

1120583m

(b)

Ag010nm

20nm

AgAgCl

Bi2WO6

(c)



2WO6

composite (c)

Cl

ClCl

C

O

W

W

Bi Bi

Inte

nsity

(au

)

AgAg

1 2 3 4 50

Energy (keV)











2WO6possibly weak-




Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)



(10wt)-Bi2WO6


minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)


[22])


ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)




119900119888) as a function 119905 is


1wt2wt4wt8wt


39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o



Bi2WO6composites






Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


O 1s

Ag 3dC 1s

Cl 2p W 4f

Bi 4fIn

tens

ity (a

u)

02004006008001000

Binding energy (eV)

(a)

15919 eV

16450 eV

Bi 4f72

Bi 4f52

Bi 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

168 166 164 162 160 158 156 154170

Binding energy (eV)

(b)

3757 eV W 4f52

3541 eVW 4f72

W 4f

Inte

nsity

(au

)

38 36 34 3240

Binding energy (eV)

(c)

O 1s53028 eV

O 1s (W-O amp Bi-O)


O 1s (H2O)53196 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

528530532534

Binding energy (eV)

(d)

Ag 3d

3d52

3d32

36730 eV

37339 eV

37439 eV 36832 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

376 374 372 370 368 366 364378

Binding energy (eV)

(e)

19946 eV Cl 2p12

Cl 2p32Cl 2p

19783 eV

Inte

nsity

(au

)

200202 196198

Binding energy (eV)

(f)




1120583m

(a)

1120583m

(b)

Ag010nm

20nm

AgAgCl

Bi2WO6

(c)



2WO6

composite (c)

Cl

ClCl

C

O

W

W

Bi Bi

Inte

nsity

(au

)

AgAg

1 2 3 4 50

Energy (keV)











2WO6possibly weak-




Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)



(10wt)-Bi2WO6


minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)


[22])


ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)




119900119888) as a function 119905 is


1wt2wt4wt8wt


39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o



Bi2WO6composites






Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


1120583m

(a)

1120583m

(b)

Ag010nm

20nm

AgAgCl

Bi2WO6

(c)



2WO6

composite (c)

Cl

ClCl

C

O

W

W

Bi Bi

Inte

nsity

(au

)

AgAg

1 2 3 4 50

Energy (keV)











2WO6possibly weak-




Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)



(10wt)-Bi2WO6


minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)


[22])


ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)




119900119888) as a function 119905 is


1wt2wt4wt8wt


39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o



Bi2WO6composites






Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-AgAgCl

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

500400 600300 550350 450

Wavelength (nm)

(a)

Bi2WO6

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-

(120572timesE

phot

on)12

30 35 402520

Ephoton (eV)

(b)



(10wt)-Bi2WO6


minus5

0

5

Band

ener

gy (e

V)


[22])


ln(119888119900

119888) = 119896119903times 119870 times 119905 = 119896

1015840119905 (2)




119900119888) as a function 119905 is


1wt2wt4wt8wt


39363330 42 4521 24 271512963 180

Time (min)

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

cc o



Bi2WO6composites






Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



Bi2WO6


Bi2WO6

1wt2wt4wt

8wt10wt20wtAgAgCl

3 6 90 18 2112 15

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

c oc

)ln

(






2OandCO

2




Dye 120582max (nm)

00

02

04

06

08

10

12

14

16

Abso

rban

ce (a

u)

600400 500 700300 450 650350 550

Wavelength (nm)

Rhodamine B

Rhodamine



554

539

522

510

498


2WO6(inset







irradiation




30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of



30 45150

Time (min)

00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o



00

02

04

06

08

10

cc o


3 6 90 15 18 21 24 2712 33 36 39 42 4530

Time (min)

Bi2WO6AgAgCl-


and quenchers


2O4BiO+(BiVBiIII)



(cominusc)c

o

978 953924 915

1 2 3 400

02

04

06

08

10


Ag (PDF 01-087-0719)AgCl (PDF 00-006-0480)

00-039-0256)Bi2WO6 (PDF

Before

After

Inte

nsity

(au

)

310 320 330 340

378 380 382 384 386 388

20 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030

2120579 (deg)

(a)

(b)


after 4 runs


2WO6composite







AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of


AgCl

VBVB

CBCB

RhB

h

h

h

RhB

Oxidative species

Degradationproducts

AgRhB + O2

minus

O2

RhBlowastlowast

RhBlowast CO2 + H2O

Bi2WO6

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

05

00

minus05

minus10

minus15

Pote

ntia

l ver

sus N

HE

(eV

) eminus

h+

h+









2WO6or AgCl




4 Conclusion




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References




2



2























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of























3(core)Bi



2O3minusBi2WO6































Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of










Journal of

Chemistry


Advances in

Physical Chemistry



Journal of

Volume 2014














Journal of

Spectroscopy



Journal of


Quantum Chemistry






CatalystsJournal of

Research Article Ag/AgCl Loaded Bi WO Composite: A...

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Transcript of Research Article Ag/AgCl Loaded Bi WO Composite: A...