Research and survey methods Introduction to Research Islamic University College of Nursing.
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Transcript of Research and survey methods Introduction to Research Islamic University College of Nursing.
Research and survey methods
Introduction to Research
Islamic University College of Nursing
Health Research:
Definition: The application of a scientific and
systematic inquiry or investigation to validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge that directly or indirectly influence practices.
To explain or help understand health issues, questions, or problems.
Definition: cont…
“A careful investigation or inquiry
specially through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge.”
Definition: cont… Systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.
A movement from the known to the unknown.
Research is an academic activity
Research comprises defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating
data; making deductions and reaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.
Goal:
To explain or help
understand health issues,
questions, or problems.
Purpose of Research
1. Description: How prevalent is the phenomenon? What are the characteristics of the phenomenon? 2. Exploration: What factors are related to phenomenon? 3. Explanation: Why does the phenomenon exist? 4. Prediction: If phenomenon X occurs, well phenomenon Y
follow? 5. Control: Can the occurrence of the phenomenon be
controlled?
Research: Six ways we can know something:
Tradition. Expert opinion (authority). Trial and error. Acquisition from other disciplines. Personal experience. Intuition. Logical reasoning
Inductive: reasoning from the specific to general. Deductive: reasoning from the general to specific.
Research.
Research Tradition
Doing things as they have always been done Limitations
Often based on customs & beliefs. Have not been evaluated or tested.
Experts or authorities Relying on the expertise or authority of
others Limitations
Experts can be wrong. Experts can disagree among themselves.
Research Personal experience
Relying on one’s knowledge of their prior experiences.
Limitations: How one is affected by an event depends
on who one is. Intuition
Relying on your “gut” feeling Limitations:
Difficulty verifying results.
Research Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from the specific to the generalThis approach involves starting with a research
question, gathering data and analyzing it answer the questions
Limitations In order to be certain of a conclusion one must
observe all examples. All examples can be observed only in very limited
situations where there are few members of the group. Example: nurse observe specific behavior of hospitalized child
and conclude that child's separation of parents is stressful events.
Research Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from the general to the specificThis approach involves starting with a
theoretical framework, formulating hypotheses, gathering data and analyzing it to test the hypotheses.
Limitations: You must begin with true premises in order to arrive
at true conclusions. Only organizes what is already known. Example: assume that separation anxiety occur in hospitalized
child, then we might predict that the child in hospital who his parents not room in would manifest symptoms of stress.
Deductive vs Inductive
Inductive
Deductive
Inductive/deductive reasoning
It is important to recognize
whether the form of an argument
is inductive or deductive,
because each requires different
types of support.
Research Research
Systematically studying problems using a scientific and disciplined inquiry approach.
Limitations Difficulty removing errors related to the
complexity of human behavior in varying contexts.
Difficulty controlling researcher bias.
Research Research provides the most
unbiased and verifiable understanding.
Some decisions require such evidence, others do not.
The scientific problem solving approachand research process
1. Identify phenomena2. Problem & purpose
identification3. Methodology Design Sample Measurement4. Data collection5. Outcome &
disseminating findings.
1. Assessment Data collection2. Diagnosis3. Planning Goal identification Planned intervention4. Implementation5. Evaluation modification
Limitations of Research
Moral or Ethical Issues.
Measurement Problems.
Human complexity.
General Limitations.
Functions of Research
Basic Research: Conducted to develop, test, or refine
theory.
Applied Research: Conducted to examine the usefulness of
theory in solving practical problems.
Functions of Research Evaluation Research:
Conducted to assess the value or worth of
a specific practice in terms of the values
operating at a specific site Is “X” program accomplishing what is was
supposed to accomplish.
Types of research
Quantitative Research: Results of quantitative research are
numbers. Utilizes statistical techniques that can
be used to analyze the numbers (data) and draw conclusions.
Statistically tests a specific hypothesis.
Types of research Qualitative Research:
Involves analysis of data derived from words (e.g., surveys and questionnaires).
Investigates naturally occurring phenomena without trying to manipulate them.
Phenomena are studied as a whole (holistic)
rather than focusing on narrow aspects.
Quantitative Designs Purposes:
Describe current conditions. Investigate relationships. Study causes and effects.
Four major designs: Descriptive/survey. Correlational. Causal comparative. Experimental.
Quantitative Designs Descriptive/survey
Purpose – to describe current conditions. Characteristics
Use of large samples. Use of tests, questionnaires, and surveys Focused on information related to preferences, attitudes, practices, concerns, or interests.
Statistical analysis of numerical data.
Quantitative Designs Correlational
Purpose – to ascertain the extent to which two or more variables are statistically related.
Characteristics Measurement with a correlation
coefficient Use of instruments to measure variables Focused on the direction and nature of
the relationship.
Quantitative Designs Causal-comparative
Purpose – to explore relationships among variables that cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher.
Characteristics Selection of subjects from at least two
groups in which the cause (i.e., the independent variable) has already occurred
Statistical comparisons of the effect (i.e., the dependent variable) using at least two groups
Potential problems Inferring cause and effect relationships
Quantitative Designs Experimental
Purpose – to establish cause and effect relationships between variables.
Characteristics: Strict procedures for selecting subjects and
assigning them to groups. Manipulation of the causal variable. Control of extraneous variables. Statistical analysis of numerical data.
Experimental Des. (continued)
Potential problems Inability of researcher to adequately
control extraneous variables. Use of complicated research designs. Complex statistical analyses of data.
Qualitative Designs Purpose – provide field focused,
interpretative, detailed descriptions and interpretations of participants and their settings
Four designs Action research Historical research Ethnography Grounded theory Phenomenological
Qualitative Designs Action research
Purposes To improve practice or understand issues
Characteristics
Four basic steps – identify a problem, collect data, analyze data, and take action to resolve the problem
Qualitative Designs Historical research
Purpose – to gain insight into past events, issues, of personalities to better understand the current situation
Characteristics Focus on specific individuals, social issues,
events, or policies Documents is the primary sources of data Data is already available and is presented
and interpreted Data is examined carefully for truthfulness
Qualitative Designs Ethnography
Purpose – to obtain an understanding of the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture
Characteristics The study is conducted in the natural
setting for a lengthy period of time Participants are observed in naturally
occurring activities
Qualitative Designs Grounded theory
Purpose – to derive theory from the analysis of identified patterns, themes emerging from data
Characteristics Respect for participant’s beliefs and views Qualitative data collection using analytic
strategies Inductively reasoned synthesis of data through
the use of constant comparison analysis
Qualitative Designs Phenomenological- Purpose
To describe experience as they are lived. Explores the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue.
Characteristics
-The only reliable source of information is persons- The individual must willing to express inner feelings- Data are collected through a variety of means
Quantitative Vs QualitativeQuantitative Vs Qualitative
Quantitative Qualitative Objective. Subjective. Soft science. Hard science. Focus: concise & narrow. Complex and broad. Tests theory. Develops theory. Reduction, control. Discovery,
description, shared interpretation.
Basic element of analysis is numbers. Basic element of analysis is
words/ideas. Hypotheses. Research questions. Reasoning is logistic & deductive. Reasoning is dialectic
& inductive.
Quantitative Vs QualitativeQuantitative Vs Qualitative
Establishes relationships Describes meaning and discoveryand causation Uses instruments Uses communication and observe. Strive for generalization Strives for uniqueness Designs: Designs:descriptive, correlation, phenomenological, grounded quasi-experimental & experimental. theory, ethnographic, historical, philosophical.Sample size: Vary Sample size is not a concern;
seeks "information rich" sample