Research and Development (R&D) on Renewable Energy in ASEAN · Research and Development (R&D) on...

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Research and Development (R&D) on Renewable Energy in ASEAN

Research and Development (R&D) on

Renewable Energy in ASEAN

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ISBN 978-979-8978-51-7

Published by :ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)Deutsche Geselschaft for Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

ACE Building, 6th floorComplex Directorate General of ElectricityJl. HR Rasuna Said kav. 7-8 Jakarta, IndonesiaTel: (62-21) 527 8027 | Fax: (62-21) 529 6382

www.agep.aseanenergy.orgwww.facebook.com/sustainableenergyforasean

July 2019

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Research and Development (R&D) on

Renewable Energy in ASEAN

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ACCESS Accelerating Energy Storage for Singapore

ACE ASEAN Centre for Energy

ADB Asian Development Bank

AEDP Alternative Energy Development Plan

AEDS ASEAN Energy Database System

AEO ASEAN Energy Outlook

AGEP ASEAN-German Energy Programme

AMS ASEAN Member State/s

APAEC ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation

APASTI ASEAN Plan of Action on Science, Technology, and Innovation

ARDA Agricultural Research Development Agency

AREC Affiliated Renewable Energy Centres

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BCA Building Construction Authority

BERD Bureau of Energy Development

BERS Bureau of Energy Research and Study

BETT Bureau of Energy Technology Transfer

BMBF Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research

BMZ Das Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung

(German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development)

BIPV Building Integrated Photovoltaics

BND Brunei Dollar

BNERI Brunei National Energy Research Institute

BPPT Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology

BRC Brunei Research Council

CAMES Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences

CBRDF Capacity-Building and R&D Fund

CMU Chiang Mai University

COMPETENCE Comprehensive Programme to Enhance Technology, Engineering and

Science Education

COMSTATS Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South

COMSTE Congressional Commission on Science and Technology and Engineering

LIST OF ACRONYMS

LIST OF ACRONYMS

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

CSPS Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies

DECC Da Nang Energy Conservation and Technology Consultant Centre

DEDE Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency

DNI Direct Normal Irradiation

DoE Department of Environment Cambodia

DOE Department of Energy

DOST Department of Science and Technology

DRD Department for Rural Development

EAC Electricity Authority of Cambodia

EBTKE New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Directorate General

ECC-HCM Energy Conversation Centre in Ho Chi Minh City

EDB Economic Development Board

EDEC Energy Development Centre

EDGE Exploiting Distributed Generation

EE&C Energy Efficiency & Conservation

EERF Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund

EGAT Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand

EMA Energy Market Authority

ENCON Energy Conservation Promotion

EPC Energy Planning Committee

EPG Energy Policy Group

EPPO Energy Policy and Planning Office

EPU Electric Power University

ERAV Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam

ESCO Energy Service Company

ESDM Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Indonesia

ESG Enterprise Singapore

ESS Energy Storage System

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FiT Feed-in-Tariff

FRGS Fundamental Research Grant Scheme

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GE General Electric

GFZ GeoForschungsZentrum (German Research Centre for Geosciences)

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GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German International

Cooperation)

GRC Geothermal Research Centre

GreenID Green Innovation and Development Centre

GW Gigawatt

GWh Gigawatt-hour

HDB Housing Development Board

HUST Hanoi University of Science and Technology

ICS Improved Cooking Stoves

IEVN Vietnam Institute of Energy

IFC International Finance Corporation

IHL Institutes of Higher Learning

IMCCC Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change

IPI Intellectual Property Intermediary

IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

IREP Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion

ITB Institut Teknologi Bandung

ITC Institute of Technology Cambodia

ITMA Institute of Advanced Technology

JAMA Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

JICA Japan’s International Cooperation Agency

KMUTT King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi

Kopertis Private University Coordinator

ktoe kilotonne of Oil Equivalent

kWh Kilowatt-hour

LBN Lentera Bumi Nusantara

LCOE Levelised Cost of Electricity

LIPI Indonesian Institute of Science

LPNK Non-ministry Coordinator

LPPM Community Services and the Research Foundation of ITB

LRGS Long-Term Research Grant Scheme

LTA Land Transport Authority

MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries

MESTECC Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change

LIST OF ACRONYMS

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MEM Ministry of Energy and Mines

MEMI Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry

MFC Microbial Fuel Cell

MIDA Malaysian Industrial Development Authority

MMIERDC Metropolitan Manila Industry and Energy Research & Development Consortium

MoALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation

MoE Ministry of Education

MoEE Ministry of Electricity & Energy

MoF Ministry of Finance

MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade

MoST Ministry of Science and Technology

MPA Marine Port Authority

MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker

MREC Mindanao Renewable Energy R&D Centre

MRTHE Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education

MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

MSS Meteorological Service Singapore

MTI Ministry of Trade & Industry

MW Megawatt

MWp Megawatt-peak

MyLAB Malaysia Laboratories for Academia-Business Collaboration

NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action

NAM CSSTC Non-Aligned Movement for South-South Technical Cooperation

NATIF National Technology Innovation Fund

NBP National Bio-digester Programme

NBP 2006 National Biofuel Policy 2006

NCSTP National Council for Science & Technology Policy

NDC Nationally Determined Contribution

NDP 10 Brunei’s 10th National Development Plan

NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation

NEP National Electrification Plan

NEP 14 National Energy Policy of Indonesia

NEPC National Energy Planning Council

LIST OF ACRONYMS

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NERI NUS Environment Research Institute

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NIA National Innovation Agency

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NREP National Renewable Energy Program

NRF National Research Foundation

NSTDA National Science and Technology Development Agency

NTU Nanyang Technological University

NUOL National University of Laos

NUS National University of Singapore

NZEB Nearly Zero-Energy Building

ODA Official Development Assistance

OHEC Office of Higher Education Commission

PEA Provincial Electricity Authority

PEARL Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

PGE Pertamina Geothermal Energy

PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (State Electricity Company, Indonesia)

POME Palm Oil Mill Effluent

PPEBT Centre of New and Renewable Energy Development ITB

PSE Pusat Studi Energi (Centre of Energy Study)

PTSEIK Centre of Energy Resources Technology and Chemical Industry

Puspiptek National Science and Technology Park

PV Photovoltaic

R&D Research & Development

RD&C Research, Development, and Commercialisation

RD&D Research, Development, and Deployment

RE Renewable Energy

RE-SSN Renewable Energy Sub-sector Network

REDS Renewable Energy Development Strategy

REF Rural Electrification Fund

REIDS Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator–Singapore

REMB Renewable Energy Management Bureau

REMI Renewable Energy and New Material Institute

LIST OF ACRONYMS

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RI Research Institutes

RIEC Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council

SATREPS Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development

SCORE Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy

SEAS Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore

SEETP Sembcorp-EMA Energy Technology Partnership

SERI Solar Energy Research Institute

SERIS Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore

SGD Singapore Dollar

SHS Solar Home System

SIT Singapore Institute of Technology

SNV Netherlands Development Organisation

STI Science, Technology, and Innovation

SUTD Singapore University of Technology and Design

TIEB Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint

TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad

TPES Total Primary Energy Supply

TRGS Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme

TSB Tenaga Suria Brunei

UBD University Brunei Darussalam

UKM Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

UM Universiti Malaya

UMPES University Malaya Power and Energy Systems

UNITEN Universiti Tenaga Nasional

UGM Universitas Gadjah Mada

UI Universitas Indonesia

UIL University-Industry Linkage

UN United Nations

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation

UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia

USD United States Dollar

USM Universiti Sains Malaysia

UTB University of Technology Brunei

LIST OF ACRONYMS

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

UTM Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

VND Vietnam Dong

WIPO World Intellectual Property Organisation

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LIST OF ACRONYMS 5

FOREWORD 13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE 15

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 16

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 17

CAMBODIA 23

INDONESIA 29

LAO PDR 37

MALAYSIA 44

MYANMAR 57

PHILIPPINES 62

SINGAPORE 72

THAILAND 83

VIETNAM 95

ASEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 104

CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS (NATIONAL LEVEL) A 107

IMPLICATIONS FOR ASEAN 109

REFERENCES 111

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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FOREWORDIn line with the rapid growth of ten ASEAN Member States (AMS), the energy demand of the region is projected to continuously increase. Fulfilling this demand does not only require tremendous investment but also efforts to sustain the environment, the social, and the economic conditions. Realising this challenge, through the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016-2025, AMS have set an aspirational target to increase the share of renewable energy (RE)--as a clean way to meet the energy demand—to 23% in total primary energy supply (TPES) by 2025, almost doubling the current share.

RE is a fast-growing field. With new technologies and rigorous research & development (R&D) efforts, deploying RE system with lower cost and higher efficiency is now possible, which allows RE technologies to compete with conventional energy. With the increasing focus of RE in the region, interest in R&D on RE has also increased. More experts in various institutions are conducting R&D on RE to meet the diverse needs in different AMS.

To support the APAEC 2016-2025’s goals, the ASEAN-German Energy Programme (AGEP), a jointly implemented project by the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), conducted a study titled Research and Development (R&D) on Renewable Energy in ASEAN. This study maps the progress of existing RE R&D activities in ASEAN, which covers policies, stakeholders, and notable RE R&D activities, particularly in bioenergy, solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower technologies.

The study reveals the connection between the ASEAN Member States (AMS) RE development targets and the R&D efforts in the region. It also recommends the supporting instruments needed to assist the R&D efforts in ASEAN. This study is also intended as the first activity to initiate a regional collaboration on RE R&D for AMS in the form of R&D nodal network. The study identified several relevant research areas such as biofuel production technology, energy storage system, solar PV material testing, and smart grid system testing. The study shows that it is possible to accelerate RE and solve its challenges in the region through collaborative R&D activities.

Additionally, this study was developed through cooperation and inputs from the ASEAN Renewable Energy Sub-sector Network. ACE and GIZ hope that this study can provide all stakeholders with a useful reference in understanding the progress and challenges facing the RE R&D efforts in ASEAN, as well as welcome potential R&D collaboration in the future.

Maria José Poddey Christopher G. Zamora

Principal Advisor, GIZ Acting Executive Director, ACE

FOREWORD


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This study was developed under the ASEAN-German Energy Programme (AGEP)--a jointly implemented project by ACE and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)--and the ASEAN Renewable Energy Sub-sector Network (RE-SSN), under the supervision of Mr. Christopher G. Zamora and Ms. Maria-Jose Poddey. The development of this study is led by Mr. Sandy Fajrian, with the technical consultancy provided by Energy Research Institute @Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), especially Dr. Narasimalu Srikanth, Lim Jia Liang, Dr. Rupali Khanna, and Mahesh Kumar. The study’s content also received technical reviews from Septia Buntara Supendi, Dr. Tharinya Supasa, Rizky Fauzianto, Melati Wulandari, Muhammad Shidiq, Badariah Yosiyana, and Yudiandra Yuwono. The final study is edited by Nanda F. Moenandar.

A regional FGD was held on 5-6 December 2018 in Singapore, attended by RE-SSN’s representatives and relevant stakeholders to gather inputs on key challenges and opportunities for RE R&D cooperation in ASEAN, and also to verify preliminary findings and analysis prepared by the ACE and ERI@N.

The completion of the study was made possible through the cooperation and support of the RE-SSN Focal Points and other stakeholders from relevant ministries, institutions, and universities that have provided information. We would like to thank everyone involved, in particular those named below: RE-SSN Focal Points and networks; Mr. Abdul Matiin Hj Muhd Kasim from the Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry of Brunei Darussalam; Mr. Toch Sovanna and Mr. Chiphong Sarasy from the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Cambodia; Mr. Harris from the Directorate General of New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation of Indonesia; Mr. Chantho Milattanapheng and Mr. Boualom Saysanavong from the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Lao PDR; Ms. Azah Ahmad from the Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia; Dr. Win Myint from the Ministry of Electricity and Energy of Myanmar; Ms. Mylene C. Capongcol and Ms. Marissa P. Cerezo from the Renewable Energy Management Bureau, the Philippine Department of Energy; Ms. Vanessa Koh and Ms. Cheryl Leem from the Energy Market Authority, Singapore; Mr. Wanchai Bunluesinth from the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency of Thailand; and Mr. Nguyen Ninh Hai from the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) of Vietnam. We would also like to thank the FGD participants; Dr. Ahmad Agus Setiawan, Dr. Amir Hisham Hashim, Mr. Aung Thet Paing, Mr. Edward Neri, Dr. Eko Adhi Setiawan, Ms. Erees Queen B. Macabebe, Ph.D., Mr. Ha Dang Son, Dr. Hoy-Yen Chan, Mr. Htun Naing Aung, Mr. Lim Tze Yong, Mr. Min Lwin Thein, Mr. Nilesh Jadhav, Mr. Pasomsouk Korakanh, Mr. Patpinit Usah, Mr. Phan Ngoc Tuyen, Mr. Soeung Vandoeun, Mr. Stephen Tay, Ms. Thida Kheav, Mr. Trinh Quoc Cong, Mr. Vithayaphone Phiouon, Mr. Yann Grynberg, and Mr. Yaowateera Achawangkul, Ph.D.

ACE - AGEP team : Purnaning Tuwuh Triwigati and Lisa Tjandra.

ACE – APAEC team : Dynta Trishana Munardy

ACE - Policy Research and Analytics team : Beni Suryadi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region is an economic zone of around 629 million people with a regional gross domestic product of USD 2.7 trillion (2017) growing at an average annual rate of 5.3 per cent. The ASEAN economy was the fifth largest in the world and the fifth largest in Asia in 2017. In addition, it had the world’s third largest population, with more than half under the age of 30. The demand for energy is immense due to the economic drive in the region, and by 2040 it is expected to reach more than 2.3 times its 2015 level (the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook, ASEAN Centre for Energy 2017).

To address the challenges of meeting such high energy demand, as well as ensuring sustainable energy growth and mitigating climate change, the ASEAN Member States (AMS) have been following a deliberate policy of diversifying and using indigenous energy sources efficiently at the national level. Renewable energy (RE) plays a key role in delivering a sustainable energy future. It enhances energy security, decreases dependence on imported fuels and contributes to climate change mitigation. Furthermore, there is significant potential for the use of RE in the region.

In recent years, many AMS have stepped up their efforts to develop national RE programmes by setting renewable targets, and have put into place regulatory frameworks and policies to support the deployment of RE systems. To this end, the AMS have developed and implemented several RE initiatives, including wind power, solar PV, biofuels, as well as promoting open trade, facilitation and cooperation in the RE sector.

In addition, in order to reach the RE targets set under ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) in 2025, the costs of electricity generated from the various forms of RE must be competitive with the costs of electricity generated from conventional fuels. The study, Levelised Costs of Electricity (LCOE) for Selected Renewable Energy Technologies in ASEAN Member States II, shows that only biomass and hydropower offer competitive costs compared to conventional energy generation in the AMS. As the costs of solar PV were on a steeply declining trend from 2007 to 2017, it could be a promising option for competing with conventional energy technologies after a few years of development. The results of this study indicated that capital costs have major influences on the LCOE for RE, and that the equipment costs account for about 60 per cent. Hence, reducing RE hardware costs as well as increasing their efficiency are highly impactful on LCOE reduction, especially for solar and wind power. Therefore, R&D in RE technologies is needed to decrease these equipment costs, and thereby lower the RE levelised costs to reach grid parity in the AMS.

Over the past few years, there has been an increased focus on R&D in RE technologies and policies. To understand the role of R&D in fulfilling energy demand through RE, mapping R&D is necessary. The ASEAN-German Energy Programme (AGEP), jointly implemented by the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), is developing a comprehensive assessment of the status of the R&D Network in ASEAN, focusing on research institutions, as well available resources in terms of institutions, budgets and constraints. This study aims to support the APAEC Strategic Action Plan and empower the ASEAN R&D network in RE.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE


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This study presents the RE R&D efforts of each of the ten (10) ASEAN Member States (AMS).The scope of this report includes the RE R&D landscape, as well as the past, present, and planned R&D for solar, bioenergy, hydroelectricity, wind energy, and geothermal technology, based on the available information from each Member State.

The structure of each chapter is as follows:

• Current Situation of Renewable Energy, summarises the energy landscape, particularly the RE, including the energy mix and general direction for RE targets.

• RE R&D Policies explains the energy policies, notably the policies for R&D. The connections between the energy and R&D policies are explained so far as possible.

• Stakeholder Mapping attempts to map the institutions that are involved in RE R&D. The stakeholders are categorised based on their role, with the typical categories being government, universities, and the private sector, though these may differ according to the country.

• RE R&D Technologies includes two types of content: the number and share of RE publications in the country; and paragraphs explaining noteworthy RE R&D activities for each RE technology available in the different Member States.

• Innovation and Patents provides patents identified in each AMS that are related to RE, in order to gauge the country’s activeness in R&D.

• RE R&D Funding identifies the availability of the funding that can be accessed by R&D institutions, explaining the source of funding, eligible institutions, general topics, and other descriptions.

Various methodologies were conducted to collect the data and information, such as desktop studies, questionnaires and direct communications with the ASEAN Renewable Energy Sub-sector Network (RE-SSN). Data relating to the energy mix, energy policies, and stakeholders were partly available from ACE’s internal Database and the ASEAN Energy Database System (AEDS). Information on research activities, policies, funding and stakeholders were gathered from various sources such as government and university websites, news clippings, and official documents and reports. Academic publications were also collected from an indexed database named “Web of Science”, ensuring standardised data for all of the AMS. The patents data were incorporated from the country’s own patent database, Patent Scope, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and US patent office (uspto.gov). Publication and patents information spanned 2008 to 2018.

After the data was collected and compiled, a focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted to validate the draft result, point out the gaps and provide additional information. The FGD participants consisted of representatives from government and academic institutions. The discussions also gave recommendations on the challenges faced in improving the R&D scenarios of the countries. The result of the FGD were combined with the available information from the research findings.

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

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BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYBrunei Darussalam is the smallest country in the ASEAN region with a population of 421,300 within an area of 5,765 km² (Dept. of Economic Planning & Development, 2017). It has a vast amount of oil and gas reserves which are used heavily for export as well as domestic consumption. The oil and gas sector has consistently contributed an approximate 50 per cent share to Brunei Darussalam’s gross domestic product (GDP). In 2016, the total primary energy supply (TPES) was dominated by natural gas (84 per cent) and oil (16 per cent) (Figure 1).

Total: 4311 ktoe

Figure 1. Brunei Darussalam’s TPES (ACE Database)

Oil15.91%

Natural Gas84.09%

In an effort to diversify the economy and secure long-term energy supplies so that the country can become less dependent on fossil fuels, Brunei Darussalam released the Brunei Energy White Paper 2014, a policy paper offering strategies for the energy sector. In terms of RE, Brunei Darussalam intends to attain at least 10 per cent RE in its total installed capacity for power generation by 2035. The installed electric power capacity in 2016 was 923 MW, almost entirely natural gas (98.6 per cent), with oil (1.3 per cent) and solar power accounting for the rest. The plans for RE technologies include solar, wind, and waste-to-energy. National targets are being set for each of these and will improve R&D development in Brunei Darussalam (Energy Department Prime Minister’s Office Brunei Darussalam, 2014).

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2. RE R&D POLICIESIn their 10th National Development Plan, the Department of Economic Planning and Development placed emphasis on knowledge and innovation and pledged an increase in the R&D budget to promote research via government funding, private-public partnerships, and international collaborations. However, while regulatory instruments such as feed-in-tariffs, net metering, and a RE certificate system are under planning, the government has yet to implement other RE laws/programmes with fiscal incentives.

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

3.1 Government

The Ministry of Energy, Manpower and Industry (MEMI) is the Ministry responsible for energy policy. It determines the direction and steers energy stakeholders to be coherent with Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Figure 2). The Science and Technology unit is under the Ministry. It exploits technologies to meet the goals of Wawasan Brunei 2035 (Vision Brunei 2035) goals.

Other important government organisations that directly impacted R&D in Brunei are the Ministry of Development and Brunei Research Council (BRC). The key role of the Ministry of Development is to formulate and encourage R&D policy. The BRC was created by the Department of Economic Planning and Development in order to manage and administer BND 200 million funds allocated under Brunei’s 10th National Development Plan (NDP 10). The key functions of the BRC are to formulate policies for research, monitor and regulate research activities, and encourage collaborations and help in deploying the innovations.

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

Figure 2. Brunei Darussalam’s Stakeholders Mapping

Brunei Research Council

Energy White Paper 2014

Wawasan Brunei 2035

RE-related Policies

Ministry of Development Ministry of Energy, Manpower & Industry

Universities/Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL)

Research Institutes Private Companies

BRC FundR&D Policy

Formulate & encourage

For eligible R&D projects

Science & Technology Unit

Research Performers

Collaborate for funding


Manage & administer

RE Policy Government Agency R&D Performer R&D Funding

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3.2 Research Institutes

The Brunei National Energy Research Institute Order of 2011 called for the establishment of the Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI). The Institute focuses on energy studies that support the Wawasan Brunei 2035 vision. In the field of RE, the Institute’s focus is solar energy. The ambition is to make BNERI a centre of excellence for energy in Brunei Darussalam employing at least 10 to 15 researchers by 2020. BNERI’s research includes mapping hydropower, solar and wind energy, and a technical study on the 1.2 MW Tenaga Suria Brunei Project.

Other than the BNERI, there is the Centre for Strategic and Policy Studies (CSPS), which is a government-funded corporate body set up to undertake independent and objective policy research and analysis on strategic issues concerning Brunei Darussalam, especially those outlined in Brunei’s long-term development plan (Vision 2035). The CSPS conducted a study on the potential of several RE technologies to be integrated within the energy mix of Brunei Darussalam, postulating that solar power is the most promising and feasible source of RE for the nation.

3.3 Universities

The University Brunei Darussalam (UBD) and the University of Technology Brunei (UTB) are two notable universities in Brunei Darussalam that are working on RE R&D. Both are conducting individual as well as collaborative research in this field, but especially the UBD.

The UBD has a research centre called the Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences (CAMES) which focuses on scientific research ranging from RE technologies to RE implementing systems. It has also had some collaborations relating to RE technology development with various bodies such as universities from the UK to China, and also private companies such as IBM, in which it has collaborated through research collaboration called the UBD|IBM Centre. The UBD|IBM Centre was launched in 2011and provided the UBD with high-performance computing facilities used for various projects including RE. This collaboration has produced several publications and has patented RE technologies.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIES As for the number of research publications, Brunei Darussalam has 26 publications identified from the Web of Science database between 2008 and 2018. The publications identified pertain only to bioenergy, solar, and wind because the country has no hydropower or geothermal resources. Most of the publications are for biomass and solar, as shown in Figure 3.

4.1 Solar

According to ACE’s ASEAN Renewable Energy Development Report, the region’s average annual solar energy potential is between 400 to 500 W/m2 per square meter. This potential led Brunei to develop several solar PV initiatives.

One of the successful solar PV projects is the Tenaga Suria Brunei (TSB) 1.2 MWp Photovoltaic Power Generation Demonstration Project in Seria, carried out jointly between the Brunei government and Mitsubishi Corporation. The project evaluated the regional characteristics of the solar cells and the commercial viability for generating power with the aim of promulgating solar power generating projects in the region.

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

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Figure 3. Brunei Darussalam’s Publications

The Brunei National Energy Research Institute (BNERI) has been doing research on solar energy, focussing on production, financing, and commercialisation of solar energy in Brunei. Eleven projects have been undertaken by the University of Brunei Darussalam focussing on solar cells, perovskites, solar mapping and other related areas.

The UBD|IBM Centre, in one of its projects, investigated the possibilities of using RE from photo-voltaic sources for residential areas. It was also involved in community level energy projects in the Sukang, Belait district to provide clean energy and adopt clean technologies (including energy management systems) to lower the carbon footprint.

4.2 Bioenergy

The Energy White Paper estimated that around 10 to 15 MW could be developed from the country’s production of municipal solid waste. Thirteen relate to the bioenergy sector, specifically deriving energy from various sources. One study compared pyrolysis for liquid oil from different biomass solid wastes. Another publication conducted tests for certain types of resource, such as such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste, Acacia, fermentable sugar juice, microalgae, oil palm shell, wood samples, and Imperata cylindrica (Perennials grasses).

Brunei has been involved in collaborative initiatives such as the Non-Aligned Movement for South-South Technical Cooperation (NAM CSSTC), which was jointly formed by Brunei and the Indonesian Government. In 2016, the NAM CSSTC held an international training programme on bioenergy development.

4.3 Wind

Research has been carried out in Brunei concerning the optimisation of wind turbine hardware design. For example, UBD-IBM Centre has managed several projects relating to wind energy, such as a technology for micro-siting wind farms relative to three-dimensional wakes. Amongst the other relevant research, another area the Centre has worked on is modelling the intermittency of RE sources and the stability issues of power grids from variable RE integrated on a large scale.

5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSBrunei has filed six patents, of which five were filed by the University of Brunei Darussalam and one by a private entity (Solar Energy patent in 2017). The identified registered patents are for solar PV, wind, and bioenergy technologies, as shown in Figure 4.

Wind, 3,

12%

Solar, 10, 38% Biomas, 13,

50%

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

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6. RE R&D FUNDINGThe main source of R&D funding is the fund administered by the Brunei Research Council (BRC): BND 200 million (USD 146.33 million). This fund encourages research projects related to science, technology, and innovation (STI), in particular projects with high commercial value that have high potential to be translated into commercial output. The fund’s objective aligns with the BRC’s goal to support national development efforts towards realising Wawasan Brunei 2035 and beyond. The various forms of RE are categorised under the energy sector, one of the priority research clusters. However, it is not explicitly mentioned what percentage of these funds are allocated to energy, and consequently RE R&D.

The types of funding are categorised into three schemes: 1) applied research, 2) industrial research, and 3) R&D commercialisation support. Each of the categories has different types and procedures with respect to eligibility, funding limit, and method of distribution. Details about each fund are provided in Table 1 below.

7. KEY HIGHLIGHTSBrunei is aiming for sustainable growth in the energy sector through systematic and concerted efforts by all stakeholders with an increased role for RE in the overall energy production and consumption picture. Most of

Applied Research Funding Industrial Research Funding

R&D Commercialisation Support

Description For scientific knowledge that is conducted to develop new products and services that have high commercial potential.

A 50:50 cost-sharing grant that funds R&D activities directed at producing new products, technologies and/or services, or to improving existing products, technologies and/or services in industrial sectors for the purposes of commercialisation.

To assist in commercialisation of R&D outputs and revenue- generating activities from these outputs in the form of monetary support and providing access to services that may assist in commercialisation.

Eligibility Brunei-based Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs):

a) Brunei-based Research Institutes (RIs)

b) Foreign companies / institutes of higher learning (IHLs) / research institutes (RIs) in joint-ventures or

Private and government entities based in Brunei Darussalam intending to commercialise their R&D outputs, which may include:

Figure 4. Patents of Brunei Darussalam

0

1

2012 2013 2015 2016 2017

Solar Bioenergy Wind

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

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Applied Research Funding Industrial Research Funding

R&D Commercialisation Support

b) Government sector (subject to collaboration with IHLs or RIs)

c) Non-profit organisations (subject to collaboration with IHLs or RIs)

partnership with any of the following local entities based in Brunei Darussalam:

(i) Local companies registered as Sendirian Berhad

(ii) Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs)

(iii) Research Institutions

(iv) Government agencies

(v) Cooperatives

(vi)Non-profit Organisations

a) Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs)

b) Research Institutions (RIs)

c) Government Agencies

d) Businesses registered in Brunei Darussalam, including:

(i) Corporations

(ii) Cooperatives

(iii) Micro, Small and Medium

Enterprises (MSMEs)

(iv) Other enterprises

(v) Non-profit Organisations

Funding Limit & Distribution

Maximum BND 300,000.00 per project (100% from the BRC Fund)

Maximum BND 2,000,000.00 contribution per project from the BRC Fund, 50:50 Co-matching Grant (50% of financial resources or in-kind contribution from grantee(s))

Maximum BND 10,000.00 per project (100% from BRC Fund)

Table 1. Brunei Research Council Funding (Brunei Research Council (BRC), 2018)

the research areas identified are for solar and bioenergy, in line with the potential and focus mentioned in the White Paper.

Some collaboration has occurred between the university and private sectors, such as the UBD|IBM Centre, which has produced several publications and patents. However, aside from the collaboration on bioenergy (NAM CSSTC), no major R&D collaboration on a regional scale has been identified. The BRC, the R&D fund within Brunei Darussalam, does not specify the share for RE. If more collaboration and resources such as funds are available, they would help increase the innovation and commercialisation of RE technologies in Brunei Darussalam.

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CAMBODIA

1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYCambodia has one of the highest percentages (77 per cent) of population living in rural areas (World Bank, 2017). The primary energy supply of 6,276 Ktoe consists of electricity (2 per cent), coal (17 per cent), oil (38.5 per cent), and bioenergy (44 per cent) as shown in Figure 5. However, Cambodia currently has a low installed RE capacity. In 2017, the total installed capacity was 1,889 MW, of which 52 per cent came from large-scale hydro, 4 per cent from solar and biomass, 29 per cent from coal, and the rest from oil. In addition, Cambodia’s power generation in 2017 depended mainly on coal (3,569 GWh, 53 per cent), large- scale hydro power (2,711 GWh, 40 per cent), oil (391 GWh, 6 per cent), and solar and biomass (56.5 GWh, 1 per cent).

The Cambodia Renewable Energy Report 2016 shows that a diverse mix of renewable sources could meet nearly all of Cambodia’s electricity demand by 2050. According to the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook, Cambodia’s RE target is based solely on increasing its hydroelectricity capacity to 2,241 MW by 2018.

Considering that there are still many people without any access to electricity living in rural areas, the diversification of power sources is essential. Therefore, robust RE policy design, coupled with strategic investing would be highly beneficial for the country’s RE development and to increase electrification in general.

Total: 6036 ktoe

Figure 5. Cambodia’s TPES (ACE Database)

Oil38.49%

Electricity2.10%

Bioenergy42.69%

Coal-Bituminous16.72%

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2. RE R&D POLICIESThe direction of RE R&D in Cambodia is determined by the National Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2030 and the National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018. For example, the latter calls for the Ministry of Mines and Energy to develop RE with a focus on bioenergy to increase the use of energy-saving stoves and reduce the use of traditional biomass such as fuel, firewood, and charcoal. On the other hand, according to the National Climate Change Committee (2013), Cambodia’s National Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014 - 2030 aims to promote the use of RE technologies to mitigate carbon emissions. Globally, Cambodia pledged and agreed on a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to undertake voluntary and conditional actions to achieve the CO2 emission targets and to increase the forest cover to 60 per cent of the national land area by 2010.

Moreover, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is assisting the government in developing their R&D policies as part of the regional flagship programme “Comprehensive Programme to Enhance Technology, Engineering and Science Education” (COMPETENCE) in Asia. The support work of the United Nations (UN), along with inputs from relevant stakeholders has culminated in Cambodia’s draft National Policy on Science, Technology, and Innovation. It outlines four strategies; 1) human resources development, 2) encouraging infrastructure and institutional development, 3) encouraging research, and 4) establishing a Ministry for Science, Technology, and Innovation.

On the other hand, the objectives of the national policy on electrification initiatives are to provide access to reliable and safe electricity services with insignificant impacts on the environment and at an affordable price for rural communities, and to indirectly encourage the growth of RE and therefore RE R&D by creating an enabling environment.

Also within the policy, there are several direct initiatives for RE such as 1) encourage the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of electricity using RE technologies, through tariffs, which are in conformity with the Electricity Authority of Cambodia (EAC)’s regulation; and 2) promote RE electricity systems at least cost for rural communities, through research and pilot development. Furthermore, under the Environment and Natural Resources Code, the Cambodian Government, in collaboration with the EAC has adopted regulations on the general conditions for connecting solar PV generating sources to the national power grid. This code sets out specific incentives, regulations, and technical guidelines relating, for example, to feed-in-tariff systems and tax reduction.

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING3.1 Government

The National Climate Change Strategic Plan 2014-2030 and National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 outline the role of the Ministry of Mines and Energy and the Ministry of Education as the key stakeholders in RE R&D. The Ministry of Mines and Energy supports and creates laws, policies, technical guidelines, and manuals on the energy sector (Figure 6) while the Ministry of Education promotes the transfer of suitable low-carbon technologies.

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Figure 6. Cambodia Stakeholder Mapping

3.2 Universities

There are several institutes involved in research pertaining to environmental issues and development in Cambodia. For example, the Department of Environment (DoE) in the Cambodia Development Research Institute focuses primarily on climate change and its impacts on the population. In 2017-18, the DoE made strides towards achieving its strategic research goals. Its participatory action research and policy dialogues made significant contributions towards strengthening local capacities for sustainable natural resources management, climate resilience and disaster reduction as well as building the research skills and knowledge of counterparts in government and civil society organisations.

Another institute is the Institute of Technology Cambodia (ITC) which focuses mainly on climate change, solar energy, and RE for rural applications. It has a Research and Innovation Centre with various fields of research including RE, energy conversion systems, energy efficiency, and natural resource management, among others. They organise “Scientific Days” where national and international scientists, researchers, entrepreneurs and government officials, experienced in the engineering fields, share and disseminate their ideas relating to technology development in Cambodia and try to strengthen the research collaboration between ITC and various different partners.

The ITC formed a University-Industry Linkage (UIL), which is an office under the R&D and Cooperation units. It acts as a centre of academic services for the private sector in business and industry, government institutions, NGOs and international organisations, universities, and other professional organisations that are connecting research with business and professional needs in the different fields of engineering. It also acts as the promoter of the national, regional and international collaboration of the ITC. The UIL aims to bring together the

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universities and socio-economic partners at various levels, -- national, regional, and international,-- in order to collaborate in education, research, and the transfer of technologies. It also aims to promote university-industry knowledge and technology transfer at the national level as well as for local technology development.

3.3 Private Sector

There are few players involved in importing and installing solar projects in Cambodia. Some examples of companies who have been installing solar energy systems in Cambodia are Kamworks, Sunseap International, Comin Khmere (a subsidiary of Cominasia), IFEC and Global Purity Power. Several system pilot developments, finance mechanism pilots, and RE grid integration projects have been initiated by the private sector. One notable RE achievement in Cambodia is a 10-megawatt solar farm developed by Total Cambodge in Svey Rieng province’s Bavet city. This solar farm is listed as Cambodia’s first solar power plant. It has a 20-year power purchase agreement and sells energy to the national grid.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIES For Cambodia there are 30 academic research publications relating to RE technologies identified from the Web of Science database between 2008 and 2018 (Figure 7). However, one thing to note is that most of the publications were done by foreign academicians. Bioenergy is the most researched, while solar is the second.

Figure 7. Cambodia’s RE Publications

4.1 Solar

Cambodia is considered to have high solar energy potential, estimated to be at least 8,074 MW according to the ADB (2015). This study also revealed that significant parts of the country have average direct normal irradiation (DNI) levels in excess of 5 kWh per square meter per day due to the 6-9 hours of sunshine. Despite these favourable conditions for solar energy development, the installed capacity in Cambodia for solar photovoltaics remains at around 10 MW.

There has been investment in solar R&D in the form of pilot or demonstration stage technology deployment. Currently, the country’s solar power is driven mainly by donor projects. With the assistance of the World Bank, several projects have been implemented utilising the government’s Rural Electrification Fund (REF). A goal was set to install 30W and 50W solar home systems (SHS) for 12,000 households in rural areas where the national grid is not anticipated be extended for another 5 to 10 years (Poch, K. (2013), ‘Renewable Energy Development in Cambodia: Status, Prospects and Policies’). The subsidised projects allow beneficiary households to repay the cost of system installation to the REF in instalments of up to four years. These projects create an enabling environment for further analysis of solar PV development in Cambodia.

Hydroelectricity, 2, 6%

Bioenergy, 17, 53%

Solar, 12, 38%

Wind, 1, 3%

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4.2 Wind

Cambodia has average wind speeds of 5m/s (ACE, ASEAN Renewable Energy Development). Few projects have been piloted in the north-eastern and south-western provinces. A wind turbine has been installed in Sihanoukville Autonomous Port. This pilot project aims to demonstrate that wind power could be an effective energy source in Cambodia as well as in the region. Similar to the solar PV situation, such initiatives are enabling further development for wind power.

4.3 Bioenergy

The report prepared by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) on “the Assistance Project for the Establishment of an Energy Master Plan” identified significant biomass energy resources from a variety of agricultural residues such as rice husk, acacia, cassava, and coconut (Ministry of Mines and Energy, Cambodia and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2016). Rice husks from about 22 per cent of the total rice milled in the country are available for power generation and can fulfil more than 30 per cent of the country’s electricity needs. With Cambodia aiming to reduce the use of traditional biomass, more initiatives should be deployed in this field.

Several small-scale biogas projects have been deployed in Cambodia, though they are still in the pilot and demonstration stages. A joint development programme between Cambodia’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) and the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), with financial support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ National Bio-digester Programme (NBP), is aimed at establishing a market-oriented biogas sector in Cambodia. The implementation of the NBP began with the construction of the first digester in 2006. Apart from the system deployment piloting, capacity-building in the form of on-the-job-training is provided to local staff to transfer knowledge, strengthen their capabilities, and ultimately ease the adoption of technologies.

5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSNo patents were filed by Cambodian entities related to RE technologies. As policies and frameworks relating to RE in Cambodia are currently in the early development phase, these publications could be utilised as baselines to encourage and facilitate the advancement of RE R&D.

6. RE R&D FUNDINGIn 2015 the overall R&D expenditure of Cambodia was 0.12 per cent of GDP, and there is no allocation of dedicated funds from this R&D expenditure towards RE technology development. There is a Capacity-Building and R&D Fund (CBRDF) in Cambodia, but the focus is on the telecommunications sector. There are energy-related funds in Cambodia that could be directly connected to RE. However, they are not directed specifically towards R&D. For example, funding opportunities or investments come from organisations such as the World Bank, SNV World, JICA, and a few private firms that are currently being deployed for technology system piloting. To further encourage the growth of RE in Cambodia, more financial resources need to be administered for RE R&D by the government.

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7. KEY HIGHLIGHTSThere is not yet any specific target for RE development in Cambodia. While there is also no specific funding for RE R&D, other sources of funding such as the Rural Electricity Development Fund are targeted for RE electricity generation. On the other hand, the private sector and universities or institutes are driving the country’s development towards higher RE implementation with several successful initiatives. Pilot projects, innovation hubs, and system pilot development are being deployed by various stakeholders. In order to accelerate RE development in Cambodia and to encourage stakeholders further, having an energy outlook along with RE

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INDONESIA

1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYIndonesia is the largest country in the ASEAN in terms of area, population, and GDP. Consequently, it consumes large amounts of electricity, accounting for around two-fifths of the region’s energy consumption. While dependence on domestic coal and imported petroleum products has increased, Indonesia has been making efforts to add more renewables to its energy mix.

Total: 225095 ktoe

Figure 8. Indonesia’s TPES (2017) 1

1 Adapted from the Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia (2018).

Oil35.28%

Natural Gas17.37%

Coal24.69%

Biomass18.58%

Geothermal1.23%

Hydropower2.84%

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Indonesia’s TPES is shown in Figure 8. Biomass accounts for most of the TPES at 18.58 per cent, while hydropower contributes 2.84 per cent and geothermal 1.23 per cent. The only RE sources which have contributed significantly are geothermal and hydropower. However, it should be noted that most biomass consumption occurs using traditional burning methods, and efforts are being made by the government to diversify into other forms of RE, especially wind, solar, waste, micro and mini hydro plants.

In 2017, Indonesia’s installed power capacity was 60,790 MW (49.5 per cent) coal followed by natural gas (28 per cent), oil (10 per cent), large-scale hydro (9 per cent), geothermal (3 per cent) and RE (solar, wind, bioenergy) (0.5 per cent).

According to the National Energy Policy of Indonesia, Government Regulation (No. 79/2014), also known as NEP 14, the government has set a target of a 23 per cent share of RE in the primary energy mix by 2025, which is around 92.2 Mtoe and consists of 69.2 Mtoe for electricity and 23 Mtoe for non-electricity use. By 2030, this share is to rise to 31 per cent. Indonesia also has an ambitious target of achieving 35000 MW of additional power capacity by 2019 as compared to 2014.

2. RE R&D POLICIESThe Energy Law (Law No. 30/2007) is the basis for national energy resources management and governance of Indonesia, and highlights energy security as a key issue for Indonesia. It aims to develop domestic resources including natural gas, biofuels, and geothermal resources, while reducing their dependence on foreign oil resources. It also considers the environment with provisions for the promotion of RE and energy efficiency.

Based on the Energy Law, the latest version of Indonesia’s National Energy Policy was formed in 2014 (NEP 14), setting out the ambition to have RE account for 23 per cent of the energy mix by 2025 and 31% by 2030.

This policy implies the need to enhance energy technology activities through research, development, and application to support the national energy industry. Mention is made of the roles of the government and businesses to fund the R&D activities up to the commercial stage. This policy replaces the original NEP of Indonesia, which is the Presidential Regulation on National Energy Policy (No. 5/2006). Aside from the NEP 14, there are also targets for specific technologies such as biofuel-mixing for transportation fuels.

The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MRTHE) of Indonesia is responsible for formulating R&D policies and frameworks in Indonesia. The MRTHE developed the Master Plan of National Research 2017 – 2045 (RIRN 2017 – 2045), a document which attempts to bridge the gap between R&D activities and national agendas. R&D indicators such as the number of researchers, publications, and funding are included in this document. It identifies Indonesia’s ten research priority areas, with new RE being one of them. One of the themes for the energy sector is the development of RE power generation, with the technologies being geothermal, micro-hydro and marine, and bioenergy (biomass, biogas, & biofuel). This document put out scenarios for government funding of the R&D sector between 2017 and 2019. In all of the scenarios, the proposed allocation for the energy sector is 10 per cent of the total R&D funding.

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3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPING 3.1 Government

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) is the ministry that is responsible for administering government affairs, including policy formulation and supervision of various stakeholders in the field of energy for Indonesia. It supports the RE sector through the Directorate General (DG) of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (EBTKE). The DG formulates and implements policies to develop RE in the country, and also constructs infrastructure development for RE (Figure 9).

The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MRTHE) plays a central role in R&D by bridging and managing public and state universities, the Private University Coordinator (Koordinasi Perguruan Tinggi Swasta/Kopertis), and other non-ministry government agencies (Lembaga Pemerintah Nonkementerian/LPNK) such as the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi/BPPT) and the Indonesian Institute of Science (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia/LIPI). The Ministry has programmes to help various research organisations conduct R&D, and also translate their research into commercialised ideas. It also regularly cooperates with external organisations for the same goal. The National Research Council of Indonesia advises the Indonesian government, particularly the MRTHE on their research and science strategies. The council provides information on laws and decrees in R&D, and publishes recommendations on certain issues, and announces meetings, events, new publications and more.

Figure 9. Indonesia’s Stakeholder Mapping

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Figure 10. Indonesia’s RE Publications


LIPI is the government’s research institution that conducts R&D and specialises in several sectors, including RE. It has cooperated with various stakeholders in R&D, including national universities, government institutions, state-owned and private companies, and also international scientific organisations. The BPPT carries out assessments and technology applications in various fields, including energy. The agency also facilitates connections between two or more parties to utilise technology. It makes technological resources available for industries, educational institutions, and the public. It also conducts technology feasibility studies.

3.3 Universities

Indonesia has numerous universities, with three of the most well-known being Universitas Indonesia (UI), Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). All three have their own RE research centre, with common activities and interests in solar power, geothermal, micro-hydro, wind, and bioenergy.

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), established in 1920, is the oldest technology-oriented university in Indonesia with various faculties of engineering and science. It has a Centre of New and Renewable Energy Development (PPEBT ITB), an organisation below Community Services and the Research Foundation (LPPM ITB). It has a specialised graduate degree for geothermal energy.

UI is one of the Republic of Indonesia’s major universities. It is home to the Tropical Renewable Energy Research Centre which has four research clusters: Solar and Geothermal Energy Poly-generation Systems, Smart Grid and PV Systems, Biological Energy Conversion, Nanostructured Energy Materials, Fluid and Thermodynamics, and Energy Storage Technology. Some of the Centre’s research includes 4th generation dye sensitised solar cells, lithium batteries for RE utilisation, rice husk downdraft gasifiers and floating solar photovoltaics.

Another prominent university in Indonesia is the UGM. It has been actively participating in the development of RE by having its Pusat Studi Energi (PSE) leading the CDSR, a USAID-funded multi-disciplinary R&D collaboration with the UI, ITB, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Universitas Negeri Gorontalo (UNG), Universitas Bangka Belitung (UBB), Universitas Muhammadiyah Gorontalo, and University of Colorado Boulder (UCB) with a particular focus on decentralised tropical RE technology. The UGM also has expertise in geothermal power, having run a dedicated Geothermal Research Centre since 1995.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIESApproximately 442 publications from the Web of Science database spanning 2008 to 2018 are related to RE R&D (Figure 10). Of these, the largest number of research publications relate to bioenergy (55 per cent), followed by solar (31 per cent), geothermal (13 per cent) and wind (1 per cent).

4.1 Geothermal

Indonesia has great potential for geothermal energy as it has large resources from its numerous

Geothermal, 56, 13%

Bioenergy, 245, 55% Solar, 137,

31%

Wind, 4, 1%

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volcanoes. Aside from national players, there is interest from international experts to conduct R&D in geothermal and to exploit the vast potential through collaboration with national entities.

The Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) has a specialised master’s degree on geothermal energy. It covers both the exploration and exploitation of geothermal resources. Since 1990, the ITB has had numerous collaborations on geothermal projects, most of them with Pertamina. Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), under its Faculty of Engineering, has a Geothermal Research Centre (GRC) that covers multiple areas of specialty for geothermal energy, including exploration geoscience, production, and engineering.

Indonesia has ongoing collaborations with Germany in geothermal R&D. The collaboration started in 2010 within the project “Sustainability Concepts for Exploitation of Geothermal Reservoirs in Indonesia”. Since then, the German and Indonesian project partners have worked together in the fields of reservoir exploration and reservoir engineering, mainly through Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) German Research Centre for Geosciences, with Indonesia’s MRTHE, BPPT, and Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE). This collaboration has established a capacity-building programme in the form of a PhD programme in Germany. Aside from that, a 500-kW binary pilot geothermal plant was constructed in Lahendong/Tomohon, North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, and commissioned in 2017. In 2019, the ownership of this plant was transferred from Germany to Indonesia. This prototype is the first of its kind in Indonesia and could become a model for other wet steam reserves found in Sumatra and the Sulawesi islands. It enables the use of wet geothermal steam and also the discarded hot water for electricity generation optimisation.

4.2 Bioenergy

Bioenergy represents the largest component of all the projects identified. The projects are mainly related to the characterising of materials used for bioenergy, so as to identify the catalysts needed for bioenergy utilisation and to research on biomass and biofuels production from different plant sources, etc.

The Netherlands, through the NL Agency Sustainable Biomass Programmes and NL Agency International EVD, support entrepreneurs deploying sustainable bioenergy projects. The activities of several research institutions that work on biodiesel technology development supported by the NL Agency are aquatic biomass for global sustainable energy ¬production - Maris Projects B.V. (supported by Netherlands Programmes for Sustainable Biomass (NL Agency). In this project, palm wastewater is converted into aquatic biomass (algae). There was also a pilot bioethanol project from sweet sorghum done by the SINTESA Group (supported by NL Agency): four high yielding sweet sorghum varieties were grown as feedstock for bioethanol processing in a 50 Ha pilot.

BPPT, under the Centre of Energy Resources Technology and Chemical Industry (PTSEIK) has several programmes related to technological innovations in bioenergy production, which are intended for biofuel and power generation. Some of the research is on Pure Plant Oil (PPO) and green petroleum technology, bio-crude oil technology, hythane from biomass, and production technology of biodiesel with non-catalytic process. Since 2016, there has also been a pilot project on biogas power generation which uses Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as the feedstock in PKS Terantam.

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4.3 Solar

Indonesia has a strong interest in solar PV technologies, particularly for rural, off-grid applications to increase the national electrification rate and replace diesel-fuel electricity generators. Indonesia has numerous solar PV installations in the form of Solar Home Systems (SHS) as well as larger-scale solar plants, but R&D activities are still actively continuing to try to improve on the existing technologies.

One of the related topics is smart grids. Two key projects are the Pilot Plant Smart Micro-grid Sumba for rural electrification and the smart grid for Smart City in Indonesia’s National Science and Technology Park (Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi/Puspiptek), Serpong. The goal for the Sumba project is to utilise batteries as the compensator and buffer of PV output fluctuations, replacing a diesel generator. This project is done through collaboration between BPPT, PLN, and Kyudenco of Japan. Kyudenco provided the Energy Management System (EMS) technology for the smart grid. The Puspiptek (smart city) project aims to examine the application of the technology to improve the security of the critical load supply on a strong and stable grid. This activity began with a pilot of a 10-kW rooftop PV project installed in 2017.

The CDSR organisation, led by PSE UGM with its seven affiliates, is working on several research topics related to solar PV, namely, the development of the prototype of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) for a Nearly Zero-Energy Building (NZEB) in a tropical urban area. It also attempts to develop a hybrid, photovoltaics-and-bioenergy-based decentralised energy system for a tropical rural and an urban area, as well as to determine the sustainability model.

4.4 Hydropower

In 2011, the Indonesian government formulated a hydropower development master plan in collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The counterpart agencies of the Study were the MEMR (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources) and PLN. The Director of the Electricity Programme Supervision (DGE of MEMR), and Deputy Directors for New and Renewable Energy and Systems Planning (Director of Planning and Technology, PLN) were the core counterparts. The aims of the study were to examine the existing power sector plan and ensure that it was consistent with the latest power demand forecast and transmission line plan; examine the role of hydropower in each region/river/system; prioritise candidate sites for hydropower development; and establish a concrete investment programme. A pre-feasibility level study was planned for two selected prospective plans, taking into account the Official Development Assistance (ODA) financing. Knowledge transfers and capacity-building were conducted through the joint implementation of the study.

Collaborative efforts have been taken up by Indonesian firms and international organisations. One example is a project in southeast Sulawesi which became the first hydropower project in Indonesia to apply the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol. The International Hydropower Association is coordinating the independent assessment process.

4.5 Wind Energy

Indonesia has 9.3 GW of onshore wind potential, of which 85 per cent is on Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and Nusa Tenggara. Indonesia’s first wind farm was opened in July 2018 in Sidrap, South Sulawesi. The 75MW of wind turbines provide electricity for 70,000 households, and the 100-hectare project is currently the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.

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A private company formed from a community movement named Lentera Bumi Nusantara (LBN) is conducting R&D for the design and material for parts of off-grid, micro-scale wind turbines, such as its blades, controllers, and generators. It has constructed 500W-capacity wind turbines in several regions of Indonesia, such as Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara since 2012.

5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSEleven patents were filed in Indonesia from 2008 to 2018. Of these, three are in bioenergy, and the rest are in other non-power generation categories (Figure 11).

6. RE R&D FUNDINGIn Indonesia, the funding for R&D from the government’s budget is distributed mainly through the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (MRTHE). The priority areas and themes are based on the RIRN and PRN, with several top-down approaches by the MRTHE to give more directions on the R&D output, such as following the flagship topic of LPNK (BPPT/ LIPI). Based on the particular phase of R&D (initial, prototype, implementation), the scheme is categorised as the Acceptance of National Innovation System Research Incentive (Insentif Riset Sistem Inovasi Nasional/Insinas), Industrial Technology Development Programme (Program Pengembangan Teknologi Industri/PPTI), and Industrial Innovation Programme (Pendanaan Inovasi Industri) (Table 2).

Other funds are also identified, supporting RE R&D in Indonesia through research grants funded by external bodies such as the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) from Japan, and the NEWTON Fund from the UK.

Figure 11. Indonesia’s Renewable Energy Patents

0

1

2

3

2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Bioenergy Others

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Insinas PPTI Industrial Innovation Programme

Description Initial stage research funding to strengthen the National Innovation System. consisting of basic, applied, and development research aimed at increasing publications, IP, and synergy of Indonesia’s R&D sector.

A programme to increase the relevance and productivity of R&D to fulfil the technology needs of the industry.

Handled by the DG of Innovation Strengthening of the MRTHE, this funding is used to assist the implementation of technology produced from national R&D efforts so that it can be used in the industry.

Eligibility a) Individual who has been nominated by a private or government institution.

b) Collaborative between 2 or more universities, industries, and/or government research institutions.

c) Consortium between 3 or more institutions, which must have at least one from academia, business, and government.

Industry or research institution that conducts R&D, has business that is in line with the topic proposed. Institutions/consortiums who can directly apply the technology are preferred.

Research institutions which already have prototypes, must collaborate with the industry that can apply the prototype technology as its core business.

Funding Limit & Distribution

There is no specific guideline mentioning a limit on funding. However, previous recipients have received funding in the range of IDR 100-900 million.

Table 2. MRTHE Funding

7. KEY HIGHLIGHTS Indonesia has targeted 23 per cent RE usage by 2025, and various stakeholders and policy instruments have been involved in R&D activities to achieve this target. R&D policies from the MRTHE acknowledge the importance of RE by regularly making it a research focus in the RIRN 2017-2045, as well as the related policies and funding. The funding schemes, which are available for basic research to industry implementation, have good potential to enhance innovation and commercialisation if the project is aligned with the needs of achieving the RE target.

For every RE technology, there have been various collaboration efforts identified, mainly with international organisations and national universities/research institutes. While Indonesia’s research output in terms of publication numbers is good, there is room for improvement in terms of patent registration. Not surprisingly, compared to other AMS, Indonesia has shown more interest in geothermal energy because of the vast potential it has, apart from the off-grid RE implementations and experimentation that it has done over the years in remote areas.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYThe strong economic growth in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) over the last six years was of course accompanied by an increase in energy consumption by all sectors. Hence, the Lao PDR has started to establish energy policies to promote energy efficiency, RE, and an optimum energy mix to maintain energy security.

The TPES in Lao PDR in 2017 is portrayed in Figure 12. Currently, the primary energy source in is coal (45 per cent), followed by hydropower (22 per cent), biomass (20 per cent), and oil (13 per cent). As for the power sector that year, 73 per cent of the total installed capacity was large-scale hydro, followed by coal 26.5 per cent, and renewables (solar and biomass) 1 per cent.

LAO PDR

Total: 6019 ktoe

Figure 12. Lao PDR’s TPES (ACE Database)

With respect to RE, the country is meeting most of its electricity needs through hydropower. By 2017, 5172 MW of this capacity had been developed and was operational for both domestic consumption and export. Solar power has the potential to play a major role in providing off-grid electric power to remote rural areas. Around 13,000 households, mostly in remote areas, have been supplied with solar home systems. However, traditional biomass is still being heavily utilised at the household level, as more than 80 per cent of the population still relies on biomass energy, especially for cooking.

Hydropower 22.01%

Oil 13.02%

Coal45.03%

Biomass19.94%

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Keeping in mind the current situation of the country, the Lao PDR is trying to formulate a comprehensive policy for the development of other potential RE sources such as wind, biofuels, and small hydro. In October 2011, the government of Lao PDR launched the Renewable Energy Development Strategy (REDS) as the main policy framework for the development of RE in the country. Lao PDR intends to increase biofuel production and consumption, grow biofuel crops, and market bioener¬gy. Through REDS, Lao PDR is aiming to reach the previously mentioned target of increasing the share of RE in the country’s total energy consumption to 30 per cent by 2025. Several R&D initiatives on are included in the REDS.

2. RE R&D POLICIESTo specifically promote R&D relating to RE, several initiatives are being supported in the REDS:

• Allocating budgets within the government and coordinate with stakeholders to undertake studies and demonstrations, such as production and quality analysis, research on how to increase RE technology, as well as RE resources.

• Preparing resources and building capacity for RE management, at both the macro and micro levels, towards commercialisation.

• Transferring of knowledge and lessons learned about RE to the people.

• Building general public awareness about renewable energy to help people and stakeholders recognise the importance of RE and participate in its development.

Along with the REDS, the Lao PDR government also promotes RE R&D through the National Science and Technology Policy of Lao PDR. The aims of this are to allocate 4-5 per cent of GDP per year for Science & Technology development and to build up a knowledgeable labour force. Renewable energies such as solar energy, wind energy, and bioenergy were identified as target areas for development under this plan.

Several policy initiatives for hydropower, biofuels, grid integration, and sustainable energy applications are currently underway with different levels of progress. These existing and forthcoming policies will indirectly enhance the RE R&D scene as it grows. There are other national strategies and plans pertaining to RE. One of most notable initiatives is the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) on Rural Development through Electrification with Renewable Energies. The overall target of the NAMA is to provide access to electricity to 90 per cent of households by 2020. This NAMA covers one type of technical intervention – the establishment of mini grids, especially hydro and solar, to provide electricity.

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPINGSeveral stakeholders have been participating in RE development in the Lao PDR. The government plays the key role and has many departments working in energy sector development and management while the private sector/industry creates the demand for RE itself. Universities, research institutes, and NGOs work most directly with the R&D initiatives. The connections between these stakeholders are shown in Figure 13.

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Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry

Renewable Energy

Development & Strategy

(2011 – 2025)

Ministry of Energy & Mines Ministry of Science & Technology

Universities/Institutes of

Higher Learning (IHL)Research Institutes Private Companies

Renewable Energy Policy

Renewable Energy & New Minerals Institute

Research Performers

RE Policy Government Agency R&D Performer

Figure 13. Lao PDR Stakeholder Mapping

3.1 GOVERNMENT In managing energy-related activities in the Lao PDR, the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) is the main stakeholder. The MEM is responsible for energy policies and overall strategic guidance, as well as management of sector development. It has been actively involved in various renewable energy activities, particularly in the development of solar energy, micro hydropower, bioenergy, and biofuels. The main roles of the MEM in RE R&D revolve mostly around carrying out demonstration projects and connecting the Lao PDR with foreign funds to develop RE. The MEM is known to actively explore financing schemes and awareness creation opportunities for RE research.

The key stakeholders in RE R&D in the Lao PDR are the government ministries which are working at the strategic level. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) has set up a few institutes to conduct and implement R&D in RE such as the Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion (IREP), along with the Renewable Energy and New Material Institute (REMI). The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has developed several pilot family-sized biogas digester projects.

3.2 Research institutes

Besides the government, other organisations and institutions, such as universities, research institutes, non-profit organisations, etc have also been involved in RE R&D, most notably IREP and REMI.

The IREP and REMI focus on RE development through R&D and deployment. IREP implements the sustainable

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energy and energy efficiency programmes in the country. It is equivalent to a department and is mainly responsible for promoting RE and conservation by implementing the Renewable Energy Policy and Strategy prepared in 2011. In support of RE, the IREP is tasked with developing small-scale hydro, biodiesel, and biogas projects, and with preparing a manual on RE production and use. In support of rural electrification, the Institute formulates and implements a rural electrification master plan. In support of energy efficiency and conservation (EEC), the IREP formulates regulations, guidelines, and a user’s manual on EEC. Its conservation targets include developing more efficient cooking stoves and implementing a mechanism project on EEC.

On the other hand, the REMI is expected to play an important role in the RE sector because three key functions of the Institute are critical for the sustainable development of RE projects in the country:1) conducting R&D in RE technologies; 2) identifying suitable RE technologies that could be adopted locally; and 3) disseminating R&D findings and science and technology relating to the energy sector within the country. The REMI is vital in conducting R&D in renewable energy technologies that are suitable for local conditions and requirements.

3.3 Universities

The National University of Laos (NUOL), and Laos Institute of Renewable Energy are two universities involved in RE R&D in the Lao PDR. The NUOL offers subjects related to RE in the Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Science as part of its Bachelor degree programmes. In addition, the NUOL with cooperation from international organisations, has developed a technical handbook on solar technology and conducts solar radiation assessments. Apart from the NUOL, no other institution offers specialised courses on RE at either the degree, diploma, or lower level.

3.4 Industry

A few firms are also involved in RE R& D. The key firms are: Sunlabob, Lao State Fuel Company, Kolao company, Sunlabob Renewable Energy Co. Ltd, Luangprabang Teak Tree Import-Export Co, Ltd (Kao Oil Tree Protection Promotion Plant and Development Project) and the Bio-diesel Company. As the private sector is creating more demand for RE, R&D initiatives are indirectly affected and receive more incentives to be developed.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIESBased on the publications search shown in Figure 14, only nine publications were identified in the Lao PDR, for solar and bioenergy.

Figure 14. Lao PDR’s RE Publications

4.1 Hydropower

As hydropower generates most of the electricity in the Lao PDR, The NUOL is known for its R&D in hydroelectricity technologies. The university’s latest notable research is: pico vs micro hydro-based optimised sizing of a centralised AC coupled hybrid source for Lao PDR’s villages, and the design and optimisation of Z-Converters for micro-hydro power systems. Another notable product from the university is a model to implement hydropower in the mountainous regions of Lao PDR.

Biofuel,6, 57%

Solar, 3, 43%

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4.2 Solar

With an average of 200–300 sunlight days per year, the potential capacity of solar energy in the Lao PDR per day is estimated at around 4.5–5.0 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per square meter. Specifically, the government has constructed a RE roadmap specifically for solar PV which includes initiatives to carry out 1) identification of villages suitable for mini or isolated grids; 2) programme preparation, including the drawing of up of frameworks, business models, capacity-building, and project pilots; and 3) preparation of feasibility studies.

On the private sector side, Sunlabob, a 100 per cent Lao PDR-owned company is engaged in training and demonstrations of solar PV. Sunlabob also provides its expertise in rural electrification to governments, multilateral development agencies, multinational companies, NGOs and private individuals throughout Southeast Asia, India, Africa and the Pacific. Furthermore, the company also actively engages the general public to raise awareness about energy efficiency issues and apply energy efficiency standards in the Lao PDR.

On the other hand, projects funded by the NEDO of Japan are aiming to demonstrate and research the performance of a small-scale pumping system using photovoltaic technology in the Nga district, and a hybrid small-scale power generation in Phongsaly province of the Lao PDR.

However, only limited progress has been made in the grid-connected solar sector, with only one existing rooftop solar PV system (of 236 kW capacity) installed at Wattay airport. The country does not have any manufacturing facility to produce RE technology equipment / applications.

4.3 Wind Power

The Lao Government has signed an MOU with Impact Energy Asia Limited for conducting wind resource assessment in the Lao PDR. It has carried out feasibility studies at two sites at Nong and Xonbuly districts of Savannakhet Province. The roadmap for 2025 has taken up the following tasks for the development of wind energy: 1) identification of sites for demonstration; 2) preparation of pre-feasibility studies for demonstration; 3) development of wind IPPs; and 4) Target development of 50 MW by 2025. No publications on wind power have been identified.

4.4 Biomass

Biomass energy in Lao PDR is used mainly for cooking as well as for small-scale rural industrial production (e.g., alcohol production and tobacco processing). The estimated potential from biogas and solid waste resources is around 313 MW and 216 MW, respectively. The Lao PDR is developing a national programme on biomass development for 2025 with the following steps; 1) feasibility studies, business models, incentives and the preparation, implementation and monitoring of plans for upscaling household biogas/biomass systems; 2) resource assessment to estimate potentials and identify sites for medium- and large-scale systems; and 3) market assessment and technical studies for improved cooking stoves (ICS) using biomass.

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5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSNo patents have been filed by entities in the Lao PDR related to any kind of renewable energy.

6. RE R&D FUNDINGThe Lao PDR’s Renewable Energy Development and Strategy (2011 – 2025) states that the Government will establish a Renewable Energy (REN) fund as a sub-account to the existing RE fund to harmonise the support for renewable energies. The funds’ relevance to RE R&D is in resource assessment, research, development, demonstration activities, and project preparatory studies.

The REN fund will be used for: 1) financial assistance for the development of RE, and the biofuel industry and markets in the Lao PDR; 2) removal of financing barriers as well as resource assessment; research, development, and demonstration activities, and project preparatory studies, etc.; and 3) fund capacity-building activities, promotional activities, dissemination of knowledge on effective RE use, etc.

The Fund will be sourced from government budgets, donor countries, international financial organisations, NGOs, investments from social organisations, and domestic and foreign investors as shown in Figure 15.

A government steering committee is to be created and fund usage is to be jointly determined with the MEM which acts as the Secretariat. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) defines the financial environment in the country and assists in raising funds for RE development.

Government

Domestic &Foreign Investors

NGOsSocial

Organisations

InvestorsInternational

Organisations,Donor Countries

Sources ofRenewable

Energy Fund

Figure 15. Sources of Renewable Energy Funds in Lao PDR2

2 Adapted from the World Bank GEF Project: Laos Rural Electrification Phase II Project.

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7. KEY HIGHLIGHTSThe Lao PDR is currently relying on hydroelectricity to meet most of the country’s energy demands. A target of 30 per cent RE in total energy consumption has been set for 2025. To support RE development, the government launched the REDS in October 2011, highlighting the possibilities for R&D, technical studies, and pilot projects. Roadmaps have been prepared for biogas, biomass, solar, wind, bioethanol, and hydropower. The MoST and MEM are leading the country’s RE policies development and implementation alongside several other national initiatives such as the NAMA, which is related to reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing RE utilisation. Several institutes, such as the IREP and REMI along with NUOL are actively pursuing further RE development. From various experts, ten research papers on RE fields have been published. With many stakeholders working towards achieving the national target, a more detailed R&D pathway and projection would help accelerate and coordinate RE development in the Lao PDR.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYMalaysia is among the fastest growing economies in the region. Its energy consumption undoubtedly reflects this and it is therefore vital for the country to focus on securing its energy needs through cost-effective means as well as through a diversified fuel supply portfolio.

MALAYSIA

Figure 16. Malaysia’s TPES 2017 (ACE Database)

In 2017, oil and natural gas were the main forms of energy s consumed in Malaysia, with estimated shares of 32 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively. In terms of renewables, hydropower has the largest share with 6.78 per cent. The government is trying hard to increase the shares of RE, particularly solar PV, biomass, biogas, and hydro. In 2017, the installed power capacity was 34,273 MW, of which natural gas accounted for 43 per cent and coal accounted for 31 per cent. Hydropower, oil, biomass, solar and others accounted for 19 per cent, 4 per cent, 2 per cent and 1.2 per cent, respectively.

According to the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook, Malaysia’s installed capacity of RE will be 2080 MW by 2020. This is in line with the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016 – 2020). The projected energy mix under the

Total: 91767 ktoe

Solar0.10%

Oil

32.09%

Natural Gas37.25%

Coal22.49%

Bioenergy1.25%

Hydropower6.78%

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11th Malaysia Plan is 53 per cent coal, 29 per cent gas, 15 per cent large-scale hydro, and 3 per cent RE. However, with the change in government administration in 2018, Malaysia has revised and put forth a new and ambitious RE target of 20 per cent in its capacity mix in 2025, from the baseline of 2 per cent in 2017, without taking into account the capacity of large-scale hydro power plants (Figure 16).

2. RE R&D POLICIESWith the government’s aspiration to further develop and deploy RE in the electricity system, a detailed implementation plan to enable such a transition is being developed by the newly minted Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC). The development of the new transition plan will take into account existing RE-related policies such as the National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan, the Renewable Energy Act 2011, the Green Technology Policy, and the Green Technology Master Plan. The new implementation plan will continue to promote and enhance the use of indigenous RE sources (RES) in the electricity supply to diversify its existing fuel mix and gradually enable fuel supply independence. The new implementation plan will also seek to increase the share of RE in the national electricity mix, which in turn will support the expansion of a local RE manufacturing sector. It is also expected that the upscaling of RE in Malaysia, besides creating a conducive business environment for RE business, will also build up local competencies and capacities and attract skilled workers in the sector which will initiate a long-term R&D programme.

As for RE R&D in Malaysia, the National Science Technology and Innovation Policy is among the many cross-cutting policies which addresses the R&D spectrum of RE development. This policy focuses on ensuring that R&D is being incorporated as a vital part of each economic sector to ensure sustainable and continuous growth, and has identified RE as among the priority areas. Emphasis is put on local commercialisation and the establishment of networks between various stakeholders, including the private sector and international organisations. This policy envisages gross R&D expenditure to be at least 1.5 per cent of GDP. With the abundance of crude palm oil stock within the country, it is natural that the R&D in Malaysia focuses very much on bioenergy research. However, with the government’s commitment to achieve 20 per cent RE capacity in the electricity supply by 2025, the R&D focus for RE in Malaysia is expected to gradually realign with industrial interests and needs for RE technology and resources besides the current focus in bioenergy.

Be that as it may, the R&D for bioenergy, especially for biofuels, will still be taking a front seat in RE-related R&D because the government has put in place resource-specific policies such as the National Biofuel Policy (NBP 2006), which fundamentally underpins the development of the Malaysia biodiesel industry. The said policy entails among others, five strategic thrusts, namely the development of biofuels for transport, biofuels for industry, biofuel technologies, biofuels for export, and biofuels for a cleaner environment.

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPINGThere has been active participation by the government, universities, research institutes and private sector (Figure 17). Some public-private/private-private collaborations in RE R&D have also been carried out.

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Figure 17. Malaysia’s Stakeholders

3.1 Government

At the government level, there are four main bodies responsible for RE R&D activities in Malaysia:

• The Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) is a government agency which governs and determines the development of RE in Malaysia, and has a one-stop information centre for all things related to R&D in Malaysia, including in the field of RE. The one-stop information centre, among other offices, provides information such as the list of projects that are being undertaken, available grants, research statistics, etc. The MESTECC also provides and coordinates the allocation of R&D and commercialisation funds.

• The Ministry of Higher Education is responsible for the management of the institutes of higher learning, including the allocation of research funding to eligible academic researchers.

• The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), under the purview of the Ministry of Primary Industries, is a government agency responsible for research, development and commercialisation (RD&C) plus promotion of palm-based biofuels and palm biodiesel in Malaysia. It has carried out extensive R&D on biodiesel from palm oil since 1982, and various other forms of RE from oil palm biomass since 2002.

3.2 Universities

In Malaysia, five universities, namely Universiti Malaya (UM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) are known as the research universities. As the name suggests, a research university is one in which its academic staff are continuously engaged in research. This concept is central to the operations of such universities and should in theory,

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pervade every level of operations. For example, undergraduate students at a research university will be exposed not just to information in textbooks, but also the latest research findings of a faculty member, who is also a lecturer for a particular course. The funding for such universities is intensively solicited and routed for research purposes.

UM, Malaysia’s oldest university, is situated on a 922-acre (373.12 hectare) campus in the southwest of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. The university hosts two prominent RE R&D research centres.

• The University Malaya Power and Energy Systems (UMPES) Research Group was established in early 2010 and focuses primarily on research related to the integration and maximising of the use of RE Resources in power system networks. The objective of this group is to contribute to the development of new theories and algorithms to improve power system planning and operation through the exploration of fundamental and advanced knowledge in the area of power systems and mathematics. Their projects include “Studying the Real Time Energy Efficiency in the Distribution Network Using State Estimation” and an “Impact Study of Solar Energy Penetration on the National Power Grid and Its Solutions”.

• The research at the Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (PEARL) focuses mainly on investigation, modelling, simulation, design, and development of the Power Electronics and Motor Drives Interfaces and their control over a wide range of applications including wind energy conversion systems, solar energy conversion systems (such as grid-integration of RE sources and Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) under partial shading), transportation electrification systems, and hybrid energy systems. Their projects include a high-efficient single-phase grid-tied transformerless PV inverter with low current leakage, a three-phase shunt hybrid active power filter based on modified synchronous reference frame theory, etc.

USM was established as the second university in the country in 1969. (It was formerly known as Universiti Pulau Pinang). In 1971, USM moved from its temporary premises at the Malayan Teachers’ Training College, Bukit Gelugor, to the present 416.6-hectare site at Minden, approximately 9.7 km from Georgetown. It has a centre for education and training in RE, energy efficiency and green technology.

• Within the School of Chemical Engineering, there is a sustainable energy research cluster. The centre’s expertise includes catalysis, bioconversion, reaction engineering, electrochemical conversions, process control and integration, computational fluids dynamics, safety engineering and a few others.

• Within the School of Mechanical Engineering, the biomass energy and energy efficient system research cluster conducts research on 1) biomass treatment (characterising biomass use, pyrolysis of biomass, waste plastics, torrefaction of biomass, and liquid bio-fuels); 2) gasifiers (downdraft gasification power plant, fluidised bed gasifier, cyclone gasifier, internal circulating fluidised bed gasifier, suction/induce/stratified gasifier, modelling of gasification processes in downdraft and fluidised bed gasifiers, enhancing the quality of producer gas, combustion characteristics of producer gas, tar removal from producer gas, and conversion of CO2); 3) energy systems (engine performance using producer gas, combustion characteristics of diesel engines using producer gas, micro-gas turbines fuelled by producer gas from biomass gasification, stirling engine, SOFC for power generation using producer gas from biomass gasifier, hot air production, and thermoelectric generators); and 4) energy efficient systems (refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, evaporative cooling, stirling cooling, desiccant cooling, vapour absorption systems, thermoelectric cooling, internal combustion engines, alternative fuels, and bio-fuel utilisation).

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UPM, a leading research university in Malaysia, is located in Serdang, next to Malaysia’s administrative capital city, Putrajaya. As a world-renowned centre of learning and research, UPM has attracted students and staff from around the world, making it a well-respected global entity. The Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA) of UPM focuses on these research areas for RE; machine development, instrumentation, energy generation, and means of energy storage that are environmentally friendly. For the development of solar energy systems, its instrumentation covers solar tracking devices, modification of stirling engines, water drainage systems, solar mirrors and solar bowls. Wind farms require a generation system, energy distribution and energy storage facilities. Research is also carried out on gasifiers and the purification of synthesis gas for generation of electrical energy direct from oil palm biomass, and the generation of gases from biomass and some aspects of biomass energy generation.

The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), at the UKM was established on 1 July 2005. It was formed to address the immediate issue of fossil fuel consumption and the concomitant environmental pollution and global warming. Malaysia’s fossil fuel resources are rapidly depleting, resulting in steadily increasing prices. The Institute focuses on solar photovoltaics, advanced solar thermal technology, wind and marine energy technology, low energy architecture, RE resource assessment and energy management, and economic policies. It also supervises the Green Technology Clean Park, a test bed for solar photovoltaic technology.

The UTM is a leading innovation-driven entrepreneurial research university specialising in engineering, science and technology. The UTM is the biggest postgraduate research university in technology and has established a reputation for innovative education and cutting-edge research, with a vision towards the development of creative human capital and advancement of technological innovations. The Centre for Electrical Energy Systems is responsible for RE research, notably photovoltaics and micro-grids as well as the impact of soiling and vegetation on photovoltaic systems’ performance and reliability, modified perturbed and observed (P&O) MPPT for photovoltaic applications, production of biodiesel from microalgae, etc.

3.3 Private Stakeholders

The SIRIM SDN BHD is a premier industrial and technology research company in Malaysia owned and managed by the Ministry of Finance. It offers its research and services to companies who are seeking to develop and implement RE. Specifically, SIRIM focuses on developing RE technologies and applications relating to solar, wind, biomass and hydro energy. They provide process engineering consultancy services for cleaner production and good manufacturing practices (GMP) in line with RE goals and energy efficiency targets. They also provide services for the mandatory and voluntary reporting of greenhouse gas emissions.

The SIRIM is responsible for the MYREMap Database (Renewable Energy Resources Map of Malaysia) which was developed through various stakeholders’ engagement and collaboration (including with the MPOB). It is the nation’s first web-based platform which compiled the nine major RE resources into an interactive map. It is able to provide information from the perspective of spatial distribution as well as estimation of the amount of resources available at a particular site. MyREmap can be used for desktop studies and produce reports which aid in decision-making.

The Tenaga Nasional Berhard Research is the research arm of the national utility, TNB. Their research covers solar resource assessment, PV performance and reliability, wind resource assessment and grid integration of RE sources. Grid integration refers to grid interconnection studies, computer modelling and simulation, coordinated control of RE, and virtual power plants.

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3.4 Collaborations

SIRIM-Fraunhofer Programme

SIRIM has been mandated by the Government to increase technology penetration and upgrade the Malaysian SMEs with the aim of boosting the industrial productivity. As such, SIRIM, with the collaboration of the Fraunhofer Institute, a prominent technology institute in Germany and the largest applied research organisation in Europe, has developed several initiatives under the SIRIM Innovation Model, which is a step to reinforce the relationship between SIRIM and SMEs in an effort to establish a successful SME innovation ecosystem.

Palmeres Consortium

ECN is leading a consortium of Dutch enterprises with a mission to develop sustainable solutions for Malaysian palm oil residues. The Palmares consortium was launched late December 2016. The Palmares consortium consists of six enterprises: Royal Dahlman, DMT Environmental Technology, Energy Transformers, Blackwood Technology, Witteveen+Bos and Paque .

Palmares was created as a PIB (Partners for International Business), a Dutch governmental programme which promotes efforts of and cooperation between Dutch enterprises and institutions abroad. The Dutch government facilitates contacts between Dutch partners and, in this case, the Malaysian government and enterprises. The partnerships are intended to be Business-to-Business (B2B), but also knowledge-to-knowledge (K2K) and government-to-government (G2G).

Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy

The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) is one of five economic development corridors created by the Federal Government of Malaysia as part of its ambitious plan to stimulate investment-led growth in traditionally rural areas.

It provides large amounts of inexpensive, clean, and safe RE via hydroelectricity. This is the key competitive advantage for energy-incentive industries like aluminium, steel, fertilisers and cement, and has proved to be an overseas investment magnet.

University of Nottingham

The Centre for Renewable Energy was established to provide technical support and research infrastructure in the fields of solar energy, wind energy, sea wave and tidal, and biomass. The Centre collaborates extensively with universities from China and the United States. These universities include but are not limited to the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, etc. Industrial collaborators include Sahz Holdings Sdn. Bhd., Panasonic Research & Development Sdn. Bhd, Intel Corporation, etc.

COMSTATS & UKM

A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS) and the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) for cooperation in the field of RE. Under the agreement, the COMSATS and UKM have agreed to undertake joint work for developing various RE options, strategic planning and policymaking for optimising the use of fossil

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fuels, as well as energy conservation and environmental protection. These objectives would be achieved through joint research projects between the UKM and relevant affiliated international institutions of COMSATS including exchange of scientific, technical and other relevant information through mutually agreed channels; exchange of scientists, engineers, technicians and experts; organisation of joint events; and transfer of technology.

SERI & Various Organisations

The MoU/MoA/LoI work with First Solar Jinko, Sunpower, Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore @NUS (SERIS), Celcom, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), SIRIM, San Miguel, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USIM), Green Building Index (GBI), Terreal, Fraunhofer Solar Energy Research Institure, and Wawasan Open University .

The SERIS has also developed a seaweed dryer with the SIRIM and the Sabah Fishermen Association. It consists of a V-Groove solar air collector, blower, auxiliary-heater, and drying chamber. The solar system is typified as ‘batch’ and the solar collector is of a back-pass V-groove.

Malakoff – Concord

Malakoff Corp Bhd has signed a joint development agreement with Concord Alliance Sdn Bhd to develop biogas-based power generation projects. Both parties have agreed to conduct feasibility studies for the purpose of evaluating the viability of the projects for development. The collaboration is intended to harness the biogas generated from the Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to generate electricity which will avoid releasing POME into the atmosphere.

ENGIE & Sime Darby

French Group ENGIE, a global energy player, and Sime Darby, a Malaysia-based diversified multinational corporation, announced that they will co-develop business opportunities in solar energy and high-end, state-of-the-art integrated facilities management services. The ENGIE Group and Sime Darby will offer high-end and state-of-the-art integrated facilities management services to manage critical operations such as airports, hospitals and universities, as well as luxury retail developments and hotels. The companies will also partner to provide reliable low-cost solar PV energy, thus contributing to Malaysia’s ambition to become greener, more energy efficient and less carbon-intensive.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIES The Web of Science database indicated that numerous research projects were undertaken between 2008 and 2018, especially in solar, bioenergy, and wind energy, as shown in Figure 18. There was a total of 857 research publications. This is, one of the largest numbers among the AMS and indicates Malaysia’s prominence in conducting RE-related R&D.

4.1 Bioenergy

Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil in the world after Indonesia. In 2018, the country produced 19.52 Mt of crude palm oil. The biodiesel industry in Malaysia has at least 13 years’ (2005 – 2018) of progress and development. Its first milestone was in 2005, with the construction of a palm biodiesel plant using

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Figure 18. Malaysia’s RE Publications

technology developed by the MPOB. The biodiesel produced by MPOB meets international biodiesel specifications, namely ASTM D6751 and EN 14214, as well as the aforementioned Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) (approval use on its vehicles up to a concentration of B20 (20 per cent palm biodiesel blended with 80 per cent fossil diesel).

The total production of biodiesel in 2018 was 1,089,964 tonnes, equivalent to 1.26 billion litres. The Malaysian Government has been making efforts to promote production and use of biodiesel made from palm oil so as to lessen the dependence

on crude oil imports, stabilise palm oil prices, and increase the export of biofuels. Since the National Biofuel Policy was launched in March 2006, Malaysia has progressed from a biodiesel blend of B5 diesel (5 per cent of palm biodiesel blended with 95 per cent of fossil diesel) to a B7 (7 per cent palm biodiesel blended with 93 per cent of fossil diesel) blend in December 2014. B10 (10 per cent palm biodiesel blended with 90 per cent fossil diesel) implementation in the transportation sector was made mandatorily in February 2019 as well as a B7 implementation programme for the industrial sector which is to start 1 July 2019. However, if palm oil prices rise, biodiesel will become less competitive, and its production will drop. The government is keenly promoting the export of biodiesel.

The MPOB’s biodiesel technology has been further improved to produce winter-grade palm biodiesel and accommodate high fatty acid oils and low-grade palm oil such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), used for cooking oil, sludge palm oil, etc. To date, 12 commercial biodiesel plants have been built using MPOB’s technology for markets in South Korea, Colombia, and Thailand. The rest is sold locally.

In addition, various technologies converting oil palm biomass into second generation biofuels have been developed, e.g. biomass-to-solid (pellets and briquettes), biomass-to-liquid (bio-oil, bioethanol, synthetic diesel) and biomass-to-gas (syngas, biogas). In particular, a highly efficient methane fermentation system was established by the MPOB and commercialised in treating POME to produce biogas for electricity production. Capturing and utilising biogas as a source of RE has been commercially exploited by the palm oil industry for both environmental and economic benefits. To further promote and diversify the use of biogas, biogas is upgraded to produce high quality gaseous fuel, i.e., bio-compressed natural gas (Bio-CNG). The first commercial 400 m3 hr-1 Bio-CNG plant was successfully demonstrated by the MPOB in collaboration with Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd (FPISB) and Sime Darby Offshore Engineering Sdn Bhd (SDOE) at Felda Sg Tengi Palm Oil Mill. A partial mapping exercise of palm oil mills and TNB’s substations has also been developed by the MPOB-TNB.

The Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research (MIPO) was also created by the Government as a platform for university-industry-government cooperation to improve competitiveness and sustainability in the country’s palm oil industry and beyond. The platform supports and promotes university-industry linkages and cross-disciplinary collaboration to develop innovative solutions for the palm oil industry through research, education, and training. The programme focuses on four themes: food innovation and security, social and

Solar, 361, 42%

Wind, 182, 21%

,7 ,yticirtceleordyH1%

Geothermal, 4, 1%

Bioenergy, 303, 35%

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environment sustainability, waste-to-wealth, and palm oil production and derivatives. The waste-to-wealth cluster focuses on the fractionalisation of palm biomass for the production of biodiesels.

Researchers at the University of Nottingham Malaysia, in collaboration with Malaysian industry partners, have built a unique integrated zero-waste management system for palm oil mills. Called an Integrated Recovery and Regeneration System (REGEN), the pilot plant integrates various technologies which convert all solid biomass waste and POME into valuable products and bioenergy. In tandem with the biomass processing technology, the project has also been investigating the recycling of POME. This raw effluent is a serious pollutant that requires effective treatment to meet government discharge limits before being released into the waterways.

Bioenergy is one of the largest R&D developments in Malaysia that focuses on the palm oil industry which includes biomass, biofuel, and biogas. To support the R&D, the Malaysian Government has established several cooperation projects between the public, private, and university sectors.

4.2 Hydropower

In 2016, the total installed hydropower capacity was 6094 MW while generation was 17.93 TWh. To support hydropower development, the Malaysian Government established the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) programme in 2009. It was designed to take advantage of the state’s vast natural resources and diversify its economy by providing reliable, low-cost electricity to its growing manufacturing base. The SCORE programme is looking to capitalise on the 51 potential hydropower sites that the government has identified which could provide an estimated 20 GW of capacity.

Small-scale hydropower projects, which the Malaysian regulations classify as run-of-river schemes up to 30 MW of installed capacity, are also contributing to the country’s electricity supply, especially in rural areas. Their development has been incentivised by a feed-in-tariff (FiT) scheme adopted in 2011, which allows small generators to sell electricity to the national utility through the grid.

In Malaysia, small hydropower refers to run-of-river schemes up to 30 MW in capacity. Small hydropower usually is broken down into three sizes: full scale, mini, and micro. Mini-hydro schemes contribute to national grid supplies, typically in the range of 500 kW to 10 MW. Micro- hydro schemes usually range from 5 kW to 500 kW, do not supply the national grid and produce just enough power to provide domestic lighting to a group of houses through charging a battery. In short, the R&D is focused on mini-hydro development. Pumped storage is the cutting-edge technology that Malaysia is working on.

4.3 Solar Energy

The Government, through the Economic Transformation Programme, aims to achieve 1,250 MW of solar power capacity to be connected to the grid by 2020. The Malaysian government has earnestly supported solar policies through the feed-in-tariff, RE Auction, and large-scale solar programmes. These programmes increase the return on investment in solar technologies and hence spur project deployment, development and research in the area.

The Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) at UKM is a significant contributor of solar related research in the country. The research in the field of solar PV systems and advanced solar cells consists of various types of solar cells, including first generation crystalline silicon, thin films such as CIGS, CZTS, CdTe, and organics-

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based solar cell materials. The SERI also has laboratories and equipment facilities for solar cell/device fabrication including the Advanced Silicon Solar Cells Laboratory, Advanced Thin Film Solar Cells Laboratory, and Advanced Organics Solar Cells Laboratory. The research is funded by local and international sources from the Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Cradle, and Saudi Arabia National Research Fund.

The Institute has established a Green Energy Technology Park. Technologies such as photovoltaic thermal solar collectors (PVT), grid-connected PV systems, solar panel MPPT, and hybrid systems are being tested.

Senslar, developed by the Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) is a floating solar platform developed by university students and was awarded the James Dyson Award in 2018. It features an improved automated design with 8-watt solar cells. It was proven that this concept can harvest 60 to 80 per cent more energy than a static module. The group has built a small model of four Senslar platforms with each platform housing a two-watt solar cell, together forming an eight-watt Senslar system. This small system can basically power up a LED light.

The UKM has developed technology to move up the value chain and produce solar silicon wafers via a non-toxic process. The silicon wafer manufacturing process can be divided into two stages, namely, pulling single crystal ingots and slicing and polishing the silicon wafers.

The research themes in Malaysia include photovoltaics, modelling, application, characterisation, optimisation, sensitised solar cells, perovskites, software, and catalysts. The presence of perovskites, which is generally thought to be a more advanced form of solar cells, is indicative of Malaysia’s robust solar energy research.

R&D on solar PV is the main research activity within the country. The top contributors to the solar PV R&D are the SERI of UKM and UNITEN.

4.4 Wind Energy

The SERI of the UKM conducts studies on efficiency testing and wind turbine performance. The components that are tested are wind blades, specifically the inclination angle, so as to increase the wind velocity available for conversion to energy.

The Malaysian government is currently assessing the country’s onshore wind energy potential in order to determine the possibility of including wind energy in its FiT scheme. However, wind energy development in this low-energy location is not as straightforward as it would seem. Many previous wind studies in Malaysia have relied on poor data and simplistic or inadequate methodologies, resulting in grossly inaccurate estimates of wind potential (Lip-Wah Ho, 2016). Wind energy development also suffers from the heavy subsidies given to the fossil fuels. The FiT system which has been implemented for other forms of RE, such as biofuels and solar energy, has not yet been implemented for wind energy.

The research themes pertaining to wind energy mainly relate to turbine application, characterisation and software research. The research mostly follows the nature of the research produced by the SERI of the UKM which involves investigations into the ideal tilt angle, software optimisation to maximise energy efficiency and characterisation of possible wind sites for wind energy deployment.

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5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSAs described in the previous chapter, numerous patents have been filed in Malaysia covering various RE technologies. In total, 126 patents have been filed since 2008. The highest are in solar energy (89), followed by bioenergy (26), wind energy (10) and hydropower (1) (Figure 19).

Figure 19. Malaysia’s Renewable Energy Patents

6. RE R&D FUNDINGThere are five research grants made available by the Ministry of Higher Education. They are the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), the Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme (TRGS), the Prototype Development Research Grant Scheme (PRGS), the Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) and the Malaysia Laboratories for Academia-Business Collaboration (MyLAB) as indicated in Table 3.

Fund Description

FRGS Focuses on the creation of new knowledge, covering seven themes: pure and applied science, technology and engineering, health and clinical sciences, social sciences, literary and literary arts, heritage, and natural heritage, information and communication technology. The grant is made available for Malaysians. The criteria for the grant is its value-add to national and global quality of life. The research period is three years.

TRGS Focuses on creating new knowledge. It is different from the FRGS in that it focuses on trans-disciplinary research. A maximum of 1.5 million ringgit is given per project.

PRGS This fund was created to bridge the gap between research and deployment. It is open to Malaysians and is to be used for proof of concept, assessment, up-scaling, pre-clinical testing, and field testing. These prototypes should add value to the national and global quality of life and to new knowledge.

0

5

10

15

20

25

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Wind Solar Bioenergy Hydro

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Fund Description

LRGS The LRGS is a fundamental investigation involving more extensive scope, and long periods of time requiring high commitment. The LRGS can produce new ideas which are strategic and extend knowledge. The themes involved are global warming, infectious diseases, tropical diseases, energy and water security, food security, advanced development and added value, information and communication technology and community welfare. The grant is open to the academic staff of IPTA and IPTS with the following conditions: the project must involve multiple institutions with at least three institutions and be multidisciplinary. The research period is three to five years.

MyLAB This programme aims to commercialise academic research products in line with the demands of technology growth and local innovation as well as the transfer of knowledge. The fund targets: nanotechnology, biotechnology, aerospace, automotive and transport technology, oil and gas, RE, health care, green technology, food sufficiency, and social science and society. The research group must involve industry and other partners.

Fund Description

Science Fund This fund is a grant provided by the Government to carry out R&D projects that can contribute to the discovery of new ideas and the advancement of knowledge in applied sciences. The focus is on high impact and innovative research.

Techno Fund This fund is for the development of technologies up to the pre-commercialisation stage. It is used for the acquisition of local and foreign technologies, the scaling up of laboratory prototypes and the conduct of necessary trials. Each project is given a maximum of 3 million ringgit and the project should not last more than 30 months.

In addition, the Science Fund and Techno Fund are administered by MESTECC. The details of both funds are given in Table 4.

Table 3. Malaysia’s Funding Sources (a)

Table 4. Malaysia’s Funding Sources (b)

These funds are aimed at funding R&D at the university level, and for R&D collaborations, and research conducted by the government and private R&D institutes. In addition to the aforementioned funds, there are also incentives to encourage investment in R&D which is governed under the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA). The incentives provided include tax exemptions, grants, soft loans, and others.

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7. KEY HIGHLIGHTS Malaysia is aiming for 20 per cent RE by 2025 according to the 2019 Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, and Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC) Initiatives document. The country has six years to achieve this target and the Ministry is planning initiatives such as large-scale solar programme 3, implementing non-solar RE projects, etc. Combined with the amount of funding that is going into R&D and a commitment by the government to increase this to 2 per cent of GDP, the funding needs should be met. Wind energy, however, could use more support from the government in the form of investments or subsidies, to drive its development.

There is also government infrastructure to support RE R&D activities. For example, the Green Technology Corporation was created to support the promotion of clean technology and is also responsible for the management of the clean technology fund. The huge amount and scope of research into solar and bioenergy also lend promise to the RE landscape, although currently there is a lack of dedicated RE R&D funding.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYAs one of the developing AMS, Myanmar has one of the lowest electrification rates in Asia, at about 38.0 per cent in FY 2016-2017, according to the MOEE. As a result, as one of its priority areas, Myanmar has developed a National Electrification Plan (NEP) which aims to provide universal (100 per cent) electricity access by 2030 (Figure 20).

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Figure 20. Myanmar’s TPES (ACE Database)

Myanmar’s TPES consists mostly of biomass (41 per cent) and oil and gas products (53 per cent). The rest is hydropower (5 per cent) and coal (1.44 per cent). The total installed power capacity as of mid-2017 was 4,928 MW with 2,841 MW (57.6 per cent) from hydropower, 1,967 MW (40.0 per cent) from gas and 120 MW (2.4 per cent) from coal.

The Myanmar Energy Master Plan Draft envisions a 15 to 20 per cent share of RE in total installed capacity by 2020. Myanmar has at least 4,000 MW of wind, and several thousands of megawatts of solar PV potential. As of yet, RE, other than hydroelectricity projects, has not been adopted in a significant way in Myanmar.

Total: 19744 ktoe

Oil 33.25%

Coal1.44%

Hydropower4.85%

Biomass40.94%

Natural Gas19.52%

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2. RE R&D POLICIESIt is a key priority of the Myanmar government to have universal access to electricity for its population by 2030 through the NEP. Although it has no formal RE target, a previous draft of National RE Policy and Planning targets used in AEO5 suggest that hydro is targeted to account for most of the energy mix (38 per cent), with 9 per cent consisting of other RE resources by 2030-2031. The precise breakdown of the renewable resources is not specified. As with the RE target, there is also no identified RE R&D policy for Myanmar.

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPINGThe government is playing the key role in the RE sector. Private players and universities have very limited and undefined roles, as pictured in Figure 21 below.

Figure 21. Myanmar’s Renewable Energy Stakeholder Mapping

3.1 Government

The Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MoEE) is entrusted to draft the policy framework and handle both electrification and energy matters, including foreign investments. It was originally two different ministries until the merger in 2016.

The Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST), before its dissolution was mandated to provide education on RE and to explore RE technologies which have not reached viability. Upon its dissolution, these tasks went to the Ministry of Education (MoE), who is now responsible for RE R&D for the country. Under MoE’s Department

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of Research and Innovation, there is the Renewable Energy and Electronic Technology Research Centre which conducts research on RE.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation (MoALI) has as its main mission the improvement of the rural population’s living conditions. But it is also involved in the energy sector with its Department for Rural Development (DRD). It has been tasked with increasing the electrification rate in rural areas through the harnessing of RE resources.

3.2 Universities

The government has already planned to start RE training, certification and information. It has established a curriculum RE for university courses and post-graduate certificates. The universities identified in Myanmar are Mandalay Technological University, Yangon Technological University, and the University of Yangon.

The University of Yangon’s physics department has a material science lab for research. The mechanical engineering department has RE degrees and performs research/joint projects on RE R&D. The main focus is wind energy. The department implemented a small laboratory for wind research. Researchers are also looking into providing rural Myanmar with electricity via small-sized wind turbines.

Overall, there is currently very little RE R&D taking place in Myanmar. Most of the RE R&D is being done by external experts evaluating potential RE resources for Myanmar.

3.3 Private Sector/non-government organisations

Installations are most often commissioned by international partners/donors. Non-government organisations (NGOs) mostly have private partners for implementation. Private communities/villages also have to rely on private enterprises to install their privately funded local projects.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIESThere are a total of 21 publications, with equal shares devoted to bioenergy and solar. Most of the topics relate to electrification in rural areas (Figure 22).

Figure 22. Myanmar’s RE Publications

4.1 Solar energy

According to the ACE database, Myanmar has solar radiation levels reaching 5kWh/ m2 per day on average. The development of solar energy is still the beginning stages, conducted by national and international institutions. The MoEE is conducting a preliminary investigation to construct solar power plants with foreign direct investment in Minbu, Magway Region, as well as in Wundwin and Nabuaing, Mandalay Region.

NEDO of Japan, MoST, and the Physics Department at Yangon Technological University collaborated on a project to power solar villages. In addition, the

Wind, 1, 5%

,01 ,ygreneoiB48%

Solar, 10, 47%

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NEDO and Ministry of Electrical Energy Myanmar have a solar energy research demonstration project.

Also, MoST in coordination with the Mandalay Technological University has successfully tested 3 kW solar PV installations at six sites (i.e., 18 kW) but there has been no large-scale deployment of solar PV in the country. Moreover, there is one hybrid project that characterised a solar-diesel-battery hybrid system for off-grid rural electrification by Mandalay Technological University. It evaluated the usefulness of such technology for Myanmar, and the long-term plan includes 50MW of solar to be developed.

4.2 Wind energy

One publication assessing the economic feasibility of wind energy sites in Myanmar for off-grid, small scale wind farms in remote areas was identified from the Web of Science database.

Feasibility studies have already been conducted for the construction of wind-powered electricity generating plants in 30 sites in the east and west of the country (Ministry of Electrical Power, 2015).

4.3 Bioenergy

The potential annual yield of wood fuel is 19.12 million cubic tonnes, and 18.56 million acres of land could generate residues, by-products, or direct feedstock for biomass energy. No evidence of R&D is found in this field. An enabling framework needs to be put in place for financing, implementation and maintenance of projects.

Five biofuel plants have been constructed by various agencies between 2003 and 2010, with a total annual production of 19.5 million gallons. No further technology developments have been reported in biofuels.

4.4 Geothermal, tidal, and waste energy

There is a total of 93 potential locations for commercial geothermal-generated electricity throughout the country. Around 43 of these sites are being assessed and tested. Geothermal energy has been noted in the draft National Energy Plan as an option with “considerable potential for commercial development in Myanmar.” Although the feasibility of generating electric power using geothermal resources has not been fully explored, it is currently under investigation and 200 MW of geothermal power has been included in the power development plan.

For tidal energy, there are no studies to assess its potential in Myanmar despite a coastal line of 2,832 km. The first tidal power plant (3 kW) was installed in 2007 in Kanbalar Village, providing electricity to about 220 households.

For waste-to-energy, there is potential to develop waste-to-energy projects, together amounting to at least 20 MW of waste-to-energy installed capacity, in urban areas.

5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSNo patents have been filed relating to any kind of RE by entities in Myanmar.

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6. RE R&D FUNDINGMost of the projects have been funded by donor assistance. No concrete research fund was identified for Myanmar. International bodies like the World Bank, GIZ, International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) have been supporting the power sector projects.

7. KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF RE R&DRE R&D in Myanmar has yet to take off. The number of publications is low, no patents were identified, and no R&D funds have been dedicated to RE. Also, from the mapping of stakeholders it is not clear how the different stakeholders can connect to better guide the research goal so as to achieve Myanmar’s energy targets. From the publications that have been mostly carried out by international institutions, it can be implied that Myanmar can learn lessons and increase the role of RE R&D stakeholders by building collaborations with established R&D institutions.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYOf the installed power capacity in 2016, 56.9 per cent was generated from oil and coal, 14.1 per cent was from biomass, 17.9 per cent was from geothermal, 3.8 per cent was from hydro, 6.1 per cent was from natural gas, 0.9 per cent was from biofuels and 0.3 per cent was from solar and wind combined as shown in Figure 23. The Department of Energy 2040 report shows that dependence on coal is to increase to almost 30 per cent and the shares of geothermal and biomass will go down to merely 8.5 per cent and 8.9 per cent, respectively.

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Figure 23. The Philippines’ Primary Energy Supply3

2016 ActualTotal Energy: 53.2 mtoe

The objective of the government is to increase the capacity of RE to 20,000 MW by 2040. It has committed to raising the contribution of renewables to 50 per cent of its total electricity generating capacity by 2030. However, the contribution of fossil fuels will not decrease in the energy mix, implying that the production of fossil fuels will receive the same emphasis as renewable forms of energy.

Biomass14.1%

Geothermal 17.9%

Natural Gas

6.1%

Hydro 3.8%

Solar / Wind 0.3%

Biofuels 0.9%

Coal22%

Oil34.9%

3Adapted from the Philippine Department of Energy.

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2. RE R&D POLICIESThe Philippines government had passed four laws that seek to improve the state of RE so as to achieve the national target. These are the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (RA 9136); the Biofuel Act of 2006 (RA 9367); the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513); and the Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729). It has also stated that while promoting RE, issues like technology development and financing are also to be addressed. It pledges financial support and outlines plans for RE R&D in the country. The Philippines Department of Energy (DOE) has devised the Philippines Energy Plan 2017-2040 which puts emphasis on RE for a cleaner future. The strategic moves include promoting a low carbon future, implementing technological roadmaps, strengthening the collaboration between government departments working on energy, and fostering alliances with international partners for technological development. In order to accelerate RE development, the government has planned several activities such as conducting R&D in the efficiency of RE technologies, implementing pilot projects for RE technologies, and enhancing technical capacities building on RE. Specific R&D initiatives are shown in Table 5.

The government of the Philippines launched its National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) in 2008. The NREP outlines the policy framework enshrined in Republic Act 9513 and sets out indicative interim targets for the delivery of RE from 2011 to 2030. The NREP lays down the foundation for developing the country’s RE resources, stimulating investments in the RE sector, developing technologies, and providing the impetus for national and local RE planning that will help identify the most feasible and least-cost RE development options.

On the other hand, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) manages several other RE R&D related initiatives. Along with other government agencies, the DOST are formulating the National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP) 2002-2020. Under Philippine STI Programs and Policy Interventions towards SDGs, a Harmonized National R&D Agenda (2017-2022) has been formulated within the NSTP which includes, building technologies for Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Solutions. The DOST is also responsible for managing the “Filliipinnovation” programme which created a RE roadmap to solve existing and future challenges.

Promote and Enhance the RE R&D Agenda

1. Strengthening the management and operation of Affiliated Renewable Energy Centres (ARECs)

2. Continuing with RE technology R&D studies

3. Identifying the viability of new technologies

4. Constructing ocean pilot/demo energy projects

5. Implementing, monitoring and evaluating pilot/demo projects for new RE technologies

Table 5. The Philippines’ Renewable Energy R&D Agenda

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3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPINGBesides the government, many universities have also been participating in various wind and solar projects. A few firms have also been carrying out technology development in RE (Figure 24)

.

3.1 Government

The Renewable Energy Act of 2008 and the Biofuels Act of 2006 set the direction of the Philippines’ RE RD&D. The former promotes the development, utilisation, and commercialisation of RE resources. It also calls for the creation of a renewable energy trust fund for RE R&D.

At the ministry level, the Department of Energy (DOE) identifies alternative fuels and technologies for application nation-wide. With the signing of the Republic Act 9513, a Renewable Energy Management Bureau (REMB) was established under the DOE.¬ This bureau is mandated to effectively implement the provisions of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 and also manages the various R&D activities with regards to RE , together with the various ARECs in the country.

Moreover, The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) provides guidance and organisation of scientific and technological activities in the Philippines. Policies, programmes, and projects related to science and technology also fall under their purview. Another government entity, the National Research Council of the Philippines promotes basic and problem-related research in science and multidisciplinary fields. They

Figure 24. The Philippines’ Stakeholder Mapping

National Research Council of the Philippines

RE-related Policies

Department of Science & Technology

Universities/Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL)Research Institutes Private Companies

R&D FundsR&D Policy



One-stop R&D information centre

Research Performers

Collaborate for funding Collaborate for funding

Manage & administer

Department of Energy

Renewable Energy Act 2008

Biofuels Act 2006

National Renewable Energy Policy

Energy Plan 2017 - 2040

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allocate research funding for basic research, thesis/dissertations, and provide policy advice to the Philippine government. Proposals have to be aligned with priority areas identified by the NRCP, DOST and/or the Philippine government. Under the DOST, one of the research areas is the energy, utilities and system technology development division.

The Congressional Commission on Science and Technology and Engineering (COMSTE) was created by the joint resolution of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives to review and assess the state of the country’s competitiveness in science and technology, and the engineering R&D sector (Congress of the Philippines, 2007). The Commission is mandated to undertake a national review and assessment taking into consideration: a) improvement of the system to implement the legislation on science and technology; b) provision of the system with essential financial and infrastructural support; c) strengthening of the linkages with all concerned sectors on science and technology; and d) policies and strategies that will help the science and technology, and engineering R&D sector to attain its goals. It works very closely with the Department of Energy, Department of Science and Technology (DOST), academic institutions and other agencies that are involved in the endeavours towards energy self-reliance and sustainable development. The COMSTE, based on its function and position within the stakeholder’s network, could potentially play a crucial role in moving RE R&D forward. Ideally, the COMSTE is in a position to initiate and organise RE actions as it has a vast influence over policy-making and stakeholders management.

Several other bodies, such as the Mindanao Renewable Energy R&D Centre (MREC) and Metropolitan Manila Industry and Energy Research & Development Consortium (MMIERDC), aim to promote, inspire, and support the conduct of RE R&D. The MREC is housed at Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) and is proposed to have RE R&D facilities, specifically concentrated solar power (CSP) and offshore renewable energy (ORE) technologies which can be accessed and utilised by partner universities, organisations, and communities. Furthermore, the MMIERDC accepts R&D proposals for funding in the areas indicated at the Harmonised National R&D Agenda. It has experts from RE fields taking part in various research activities.

3.2 Academic Institutions/ Universities

In addition to the above, there are many organisations in the country that were identified as Affiliated Renewable Energy Centers (ARECs), initially called Affiliated Non-conventional Energy Centers (ANECs). These are

Affiliated Renewable Energy Centers (ARECs)

• Mariano Marcos State University Energy and Environment

• Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

• Isabela State University

• Bicol University

• Camarines Sur State Agricultural College

• Central Philippine University

• Kalinga-Apayao State College

• Central Luzon State University

• University of San Carlos

• University Extension Programme, Siliman University

• College of Agriculture, Xavier University

• University of Southeastern Philippines

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predominantly academic institutions which are involved in RE R&D projects and activities. ARECs function as an extension arm of the Department of Energy – Renewable Energy Management Bureau (REMB), serving as a link to the rural areas for the promotion of the use of new and RE technologies. Table 6 exhibits the list of the ARECs in the country.

In addition, Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) has also started a RE project. The AdDU has been granted PHP68.6 million by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for its (R&D) in RE projects. The project was approved by the Mindanao Renewable Energy R&D Centre (MREC). MREC is aimed at promoting, inspiring, and supporting the conduct of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) addressing energy policy and utilisation of RETs. They also have collaborations with the US Department of Energy and the US Department of Agriculture for knowledge-sharing and transfer.

Another university, De La Salle University, has also been entering into collaborations for hydro projects with Japan’s International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to assist the local fabricators. De La Salle University is the parent body of the Sustainable Technologies Research Group. This research group focuses on using software to optimise RE usage. The methodologies utilised by the group include (but are not limited to): Monte Carlo sets, artificial neural networks and swarm intelligence. The University has a department called The Centre for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research which serves as the research arm of the DLSU-Manila College of Engineering.

3.3 Collaborations

There have been a few research collaborations, for example in hydro power: Japan’s International Cooperation Agency (JICA) assists the local fabricators in conjunction with the De La Salle University.

As of December 2017, the Department of Energy (DOE) had awarded 869 service contracts, with installed capacity of 4,751.59 MW, as public-private partnerships to private sector entities under the Renewable Energy Law.

Affiliated Renewable Energy Centers (ARECs)

• Central Mindanao University

• Cavite State University

• Western Philippines University

• Benguet State University

• Sultan Kudarat Polytechnic State College

• Visayas State University

• University of Eastern Philippines

• Mindanao State University

Table 6. Affiliated Renewable Energy Centres in the Philippines

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Figure 25. The Philippines’ RE Publications

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIES From the Web of Science database, 114 recent publications were identified in different fields of RE technology in the Philippines from 2008 to 2018, including publications in bioenergy (53 per cent), solar (34 per cent), wind (5 per cent), geothermal (5 per cent), and hydro (3 per cent) (Figure 25).

4.1 Bioenergy

The biofuel industry was launched with active government support under the Department of Energy. The Biofuel Law was brought in and implemented in

2007 to develop and utilise indigenous renewable and sustainably-sourced clean energy sources to reduce dependence on imported oil. This act brought in the National Biofuels Programme 2013-2030 which partially focuses on the R&D of biofuel. Examples of R&D activities under this programme are 1) activities related to transportation with actual on-road testing for higher biodiesel blends and tests covering the initial 2,000 km of two new vehicle models; 2) studies in the biofuel field entitled “Establishment of a Community-Based Bioethanol Industry and Continued R&D on the Feasibility of Hydrous Bioethanol as Biofuel Blend” from Mariano Marcos State University, and “Economic Impact Study on Increasing the Biodiesel Blend to 5 Per Cent (B5)” from the University of the Philippines Foundation; and 3) pilot projects such as the “Household Electrification Project using Biomass Gasification Technology in an Off-grid Area (coconut wastes)” and “Establishment of a Biogas Demonstration Project with Hands-on Training in General Santos City”.

Apart from the government, the private sector has also shown interest in carrying out research projects in biofuels. Notable examples are the Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC), which is actively involved in the promotion of biofuels utilisation and Senbel Fine Chemicals, involved in the development of cleaner fuel substitutes, notably biodiesel.

Besides the government initiatives, the Universities are also taking initiatives/steps in bioenergy technology development. In 2018, a big bioenergy innovation centre was approved at a Philippine university. The Philippines’ Department of Trade has approved a proposal for a Bioenergy Innovation – Incubation Hub and Co-Working Space /Product Testing Centre. The new Shared Service Facility (SSF) will come under the operation and supervision of Mariano Marcos State University’s National Bioenergy Research and Innovation Centre. This facility will be able to offer services such as laboratory, consultation, training, and incubation for businesses.

The University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) started a bioenergy development programme in 2014 and actively explores partnership with other entities. One example of the programme conducted by the UPLB is a validation trial in collaboration with ethanol stakeholders, pre-commercial sweet sorghum plantations, and bioethanol processing institutions in collaboration with San Carlos Bioenergy Inc. and local government units of Northern Negros. This programme focusses on technology piloting and optimisation of biofuels production. Consequently, many research papers have been developed by the UPLB on biodiesel and bioethanol in various topics within the bioenergy sectors.

Wind, 6, 5%

,06 ,ygreneoiB53%

Geothermal, 6, 5%

Hydroelectricity, 3, 3%

Solar, 39, 34%

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Externally, national experts along with international peers produced 30 bioenergy research papers. The research themes ranged from characterisation and development of biofuels, biogas, and other products; catalysts; applications; to case studies and technical assessments. Notable international collaborations in the field of bioenergy are the introduction of the fluidised bed combustion technology through the ASEAN-Australia Economic Cooperation Programme and a wood gasification project implemented in collaboration with the Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan (MITI). These advancements on the research side will continuously support the government and private sector initiatives and an alignment of these initiatives should be devised to enhance the benefit further.

4.2 Geothermal

The Philippines is amongst the third largest producer of geothermal energy in the world, next to Indonesia and the United States. The landscape of the geothermal energy development in the country has changed in recent years due to the privatisation of the energy sector in the country. With respect to R&D, there are two notable geothermal academic research projects. One is to develop geothermal technologies to further exploit and utilise the energy while the other project involves the use of a CO2-water mixture for reinjection into a two-phase liquid dominated geothermal reservoir. There are yet to be any reported impacts of these studies. With geothermal energy able to provide a more reliable energy supply, more focus is being given to other forms of RE.

4.3 Solar

Situated just above the equator, the Philippines has great potential for solar energy applications. According to the Philippines Energy Security Plan, nationwide solar radiation has an annual potential average of 5.0 - 5.1 kWh/m2 per day. However, solar PV development in the Philippines in recent years has been limited to community demonstration and/or donor- driven projects and telecommunication applications primarily due to high upfront costs. Subsequently, there are no specific government initiatives regarding solar PV development.

In the private sector side, several initiatives in developing solar PV have been deployed. In improving the Philippines’ Renewable Energy targets, GE is committed as technology partner in providing innovative power generation solutions not only for solar but also for wind, hydro, and biogas. Not only technologies, but also innovative design plants and digital solutions are also part of the development plan. Apart from this, the Mindanao region has seen an upsurge in solar development projects with 28 projects together having a potential capacity of 427 MW. Among the top projects is the 35 MW Darong Solar Power Project. These plants are also utilised as pilot projects to encourage further development and research.

On the academic side, the Ateneo De Davao University has carried out notable research in solar energy, such as optimising the design of a grid-interactive solar-photovoltaic system specifically for their university and an experimental micro grid solar photovoltaic system. The latter project was funded by the Department of Science and Technology Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research & Development (DOST-PCIEERD).

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4.4 Hydropower

The Philippines boasts a vast hydropower potential, with more than 10 per cent of electricity requirements planned to be supplied by hydropower generation in the future. Aiming to reach that target, The National Electrification Administration (NEA), National Power Corporation (NPC), and the DOE have continuously studied hydropower potential sites and have lined them up as indicative projects. The Philippines government is also pursuing collaborations for developing better technologies in this field. For example, the DOE is pursuing a technical experts’ dispatch programme with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to assist these local fabricators.

Several studies are funded by international institutions such as: 1) a study entitled “Micro-hydropower Development Study for Unenergized Barangays” which aims to identify at least 40 micro-hydro sites for development in Regions I, II, III and the Cordillera Autonomous Region (CAR) funded by Japan; and 2) A set of studies by the United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory (US-NREL) on micro-hydro potential sites throughout the region. These studies are supported by local government units (LGUs), non-government organisations (NGOs), electric cooperatives (ECs), and the DOE’s Affiliated Renewable Energy Centers (ARECs) which have supported the study by conducting local identification projects. These multi-stakeholder collaborations and the initiatives shown by the government are needed in order to reach the Philippines’ national target.

4.5 Wind

Potential investors are gaining interest in wind energy systems in the country. According to a study done by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), over 10,000 km² of land area, equivalent to about 76,600 MW, is estimated to have good-to-excellent wind resource potential. While there is no specific focus from the government, some of the investors in wind power development include the Energy Development Corporation, with prospective areas in Nagsurot, Burgos in Ilocos Norte, and UPC Asia with potential areas located at Burgos and Pagudpud, both in Ilocos Norte.

Furthermore, the Ateneo De Davao University has developed several research projects in wind energy such as investigating the flywheel effect generated by a self-excited vertical axis wind turbine. Besides this, there are three recent academic research projects in the field of modelling, turbine technology, and wind energy implementation. These activities, similar to the condition of solar PV development, if coupled with more government initiatives could potentially accelerate the development of wind as there is vast untapped potential in the Philippines.

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5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSSeveral patents have been filed by the private sector and very few by the universities. In total, 34 patents were filed between 2008 and 2018. Of these, ten are in the field of bio energy, six are in solar energy, two relate to wind energy, and 16 fall into other RE categories (Figure 26).

Figure 26. The Philippines’ Renewable Energy Patents

6. RE R&D FUNDINGThe Philippines government’s Renewable Energy Act of 2008 aims to accelerate the exploration and development of RE sources to achieve energy self-reliance, through the adoption of sustainable energy development strategies to reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels and encourage the development and use of RE resources. Consequently, the government set up a RE trust fund to support RE R&D, deployment, and commercialisation. Recently, the Department of Energy issued guidelines for the operationalisation of the Renewable Energy Trust Fund that will be used for the research, development and promotion of RE resources.

The RE fund, according to Department Order 2018-10-0018, will be obtained from the emission fees collected from power generating companies under the Philippine Clean Air Act, 1.5 per cent of the net annual income of the Philippines Charity Sweepstakes Office, 1.5 per cent of the net annual income of the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, and 1.5 per cent of the net annual dividends remitted to the national treasury by the Philippines National Oil Company and its units. The fund is available to be used for:

1. Financing the research, development, demonstration, and promotion of widespread and productive use of RE systems both for power and non-power applications.

2. Providing funding to qualified R&D institutions engaged in RE studies undertaken jointly through public-private sector partnerships, including a provision for scholarships and fellowships for energy studies.

3. Supporting the development and operation of new RE resources to improve their competitiveness in the market, provided, that the grant thereof shall be done through a competitive and transparent manner.

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4. Conducting nationwide resource and market assessment studies for power and non-power applications of RE systems.

5. Propagating RE knowledge by accrediting, tapping, training, and providing benefits to institutions, entities, and organisations which can help widen the promotion and reach of RE benefits at the national and local level.

Besides this NCRP, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) through its arm, the Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology R&D (PCIEERD) is accepting proposals for research grant programmes that will provide funding support to graduate students and faculty members at universities in the Philippines for conducting research projects directed towards developing emerging technologies and exploring innovations, including RE development.

Moreover, the Energy and Environment Panel (under COMSTE) was granted a 100-million-peso budget by the DOST in 2009. This budget is allocated for use in establishing the Renewable Energy R&D Institute (RERDI). The goals of this Institute are to jumpstart innovative and R&D activities for energy-related small and medium enterprises (SMEs), to stimulate markets for energy and environmental goods and services, and to promote public-private partnerships. Currently, the panel is identifying and organising existing R&D activities and infrastructures related to RE in order to better determine how RERDI will be best set up, established and implemented.

In addition, the government-run Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) also encourages opportunities by taking up green financing to support RE development. To conclude, currently the government and other stakeholders in the Philippines are putting considerable efforts into establishing a RE R&D environment. With multiple funds available, the RE R&D sector will flourish if all of the stakeholders’ initiatives are well aligned.

7. KEY HIGHLIGHTSRE as a source of power generation in the Philippines has been gaining ground. The country already uses various RE resources to generate power, mostly geothermal and hydro with solar and wind beginning to have an impact, while biomass is beginning to be introduced. Geothermal energy is the most developed form of RE and the 3rd most common source of electricity in the country. There are positive trends on the R&D front as well.

Increasing interest in tapping RE technologies in the country is due to several factors including the spiralling cost of imported fossil fuels, the expected surge in power demand in both rural and urban areas resulting from increased economic activities, environmental concerns arising from the use of conventional energy sources (e.g., coal), and attempts to address the power needs of remote, off-grid and underserved communities.

A dedicated RE R&D fund has been set up by the Department of Energy, which will provide many more specific financial resources for RE R&D. Besides this, there are other bodies which are providing technical and funding support to RE R&D. Considerable research has been done into bio energy. Ocean and solar power are not much discussed at this stage. The country has realised that development of the RE industry is essential if the country is to achieve a sustainable energy plan in the long term, and it is important to not be dependent on just one source so that if one form of energy resource fails, there is another resource to rely on.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYBased on the ACE’s Database, the total primary energy supply of Singapore in 2016 is given in Figure 27. Of the total 23,797 ktoe, oil dominates with a 54 per cent share, followed by natural gas with a 40.9 per cent share. Coal accounts for a small per centage (1.8), and other renewables and biomass together account for 3.3 per cent.

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Oil54%

Natural Gas40.9%

Coal1.8%

Renewables & Biomass3.3%

According to the Energy Market Authority’s (EMA) Singapore Energy Statistics 2018, 95 per cent of Singapore’s electricity is sourced from gas. The remaining 5 per cent is sourced from coal, petroleum products and renewables. Solar energy is the most viable form of RE in Singapore. Singapore plans to deploy a 350 megawatt-peak (MWp) of solar capacity by 2020 and a 1 gigawatt-peak (GWp) beyond 2020 as a key initiative to help meet its carbon emissions reduction target under the 2015 Paris Agreement. Supporting this initiative, several R&D schemes that provide direction and funding are conducted in Singapore.

Figure 27. Singapore’s Total Primary Energy Supply (ACE Database)

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2. RE R&D POLICIESThe Energy Policy Group (EPG)4 of Singapore, an inter-ministerial group led by the Ministry of Trade and Industry, was tasked with developing the energy sector’s frameworks, policies, and strategies. This model of inter-ministerial cooperation has been used to deliver four energy policy documents, including: (1) the 2007 National Energy Policy Report; (2) National Climate Change Strategy 2012; (3) Sustainable Singapore Blueprint (2009 and 2015); and (4) Singapore’s Climate Action Plan. The documents include the RD&D for the RE sector to achieve the goals related to climate and emissions.

The 2007 National Energy Policy Report aims to carry out three main policy objectives: economic competitiveness, energy security, and environmental sustainability. Policy objectives were translated into six strategies: (i) promote competitive markets; (ii) diversify energy supplies; (iii) improve energy efficiency; (iv) build clean energy industry and invest in R&D; as well as (v) step up international cooperation and (vi) develop a whole-of-government approach.

As part of the National Climate Change Strategy 2012, the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) was established to enhance whole-of-government coordination on climate change policies. The strategy report presents Singapore’s current and future efforts to address climate change in vulnerability and adaptation, and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The Technology Roadmap Series was launched to enable R&D efforts.

The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015 edition, an update of the 2009 blueprint, outlines Singapore’s national vision and plans for the environment and future. It sets a target for solar power installation of 350 MWp by 2020 through a programme called the SolarNova Programme.

Singapore’s 2016 Climate Action Plan5 : Take Climate Action Today, for a Sustainable Future sets out four strategies to achieve emission intensity reduction and stabilisation by 2030. These include (i) improving energy efficiency; (ii) reducing carbon emissions from power generation; (iii) developing and deploying low-carbon technologies; and (iv) encouraging collective climate action among relevant stakeholders. Furthermore, since 2012 the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) and National Research Foundation (NRF) have also commissioned the “Seven Technology Roadmaps6 , which include increasing solar photovoltaic, green data centres, pathways guidance in RD&D, and deployment of technologies. The EMA also launched the Regulatory Sandbox in 2017 to encourage innovations by companies. This creates “safe spaces” where interested parties can test their energy solutions in a live environment without the usual regulatory requirements.

4Adapted from Singapore’s 2007 National Energy Policy Reporthttps://www.mti.gov.sg/-/media/MTI/Resources/Publications/National-Energy-Policy-Report/nepr-2007.pdf5Adapted from Singapore’s 2016 Climate Action Plan: Take Action Todayhttps://www.nccs.gov.sg/docs/default-source/publications/take-action-today-for-a-carbon-efficient-singapore.pdf6Adapted from National Climate Change Secretariat - Technology Roadmaps https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/technology-roadmaps

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National Research Foundation

Research, Innovation and

Enterprise (RIE) Council

Ministries* Leading Agencies

Universities/Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL)Research Institutes Private Companies

RIE 2020 Plan

R&D Policies

Formulate & receives funding to encourage


Enablers



Manage & administer

Assist and Connect

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPINGSingapore has a diverse mix of research performers, including public sector research institutions, institutes of higher learning (IHL), corporate R&D laboratories, and market enablers who translate research outputs into economic and societal impact as given in Figure 28.

3.1 Government

Several government ministries and agencies are involved in the energy sector, with different capacities and functions. The Energy Policy Group (EPG) that was created in 2006 serves as the start of energy policy coordination in Singapore. It comprises several ministries which formulate and coordinate Singapore’s energy policies and strategies with the Energy Division of the Ministry of Trade & Industry (MTI) as the lead. The EPG reviews a wide range of energy issues; energy efficiency, climate change, the energy industry, the energy R&D; and the engagement of international energy partners. These days the EPG model is used in the government sector to deliver energy policy.

The Research Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIE) Council, set up in 2006, provides the strategic direction for the national R&D efforts. The RIE advises on key research and innovation policies to drive the transformation of Singapore into a knowledge-based society, with strong capabilities in R&D; and leads the national drive to promote research, innovation and enterprise. The NRF provides the energy R&D grants with local partners for RE road-mapping. The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) implements domestic

Figure 28. Singapore’s Stakeholder Mapping

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and international climate change policies. The Energy Market Authority (EMA) oversees a competitive energy market and develops a dynamic energy sector.

Other related agencies include the Economic Development Board (EDB), Enterprise Singapore (ESG), Land Transport Authority (LTA), Marine Port Authority (MPA), Building Construction Authority (BCA), and Housing Development Board (HDB).

3.2 Universities / Research Institutes

The Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and National University of Singapore (NUS) have specialised research institutes for RE. NUS and NTU collaborate through a consortium named the Singapore Energy Centre, which has interests in low carbon electricity generation, energy materials, storage, energy and water, climate change, and energy efficiency.

The Energy Research Institute @ Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), conducts RE research in low carbon generation along with energy storage and fuel cells, renewables integration, multi-energy systems and grids, sustainable buildings, future mobility solutions, and maritime clean energy.

The Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS) at NUS is Singapore’s national institute for applied solar energy research, which conducts research, development, testing and consulting on solar energy technologies and their integration into power systems and buildings. The NUS Environment Research Institute (NERI) is an institute that aims to understand the microbial community and identify suitable species, develop ideal electrodes, increase conversion efficiency and optimise energy management.

Aside from NTU and NUS, newer universities such as the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) and the Singapore Institute of Technology (SIT) are also involved in RE, offering several courses dedicated to clean energy. The SIT, in collaboration with the SP Group since October 2017, is developing Singapore’s First Experimental Urban Micro-grid, which is to be housed in SIT’s future campus at Punggol Digital District when completed. The micro-grid will cover nine buildings, be largely energy self-sufficient and can connect and disconnect from the grid as required.

3.3 Enablers

The key link needed for capturing value from research to innovation is enablers which seek to strengthen partnerships across companies, universities, research institutes, and the government to bring ideas quickly to market, raise productivity, create jobs and grow the sector. The key to research translation is also to build a strong core of R&D translators or market enabler institutions that can forge and strengthen linkages between private-private and private-public entities to create economic returns and good professions from research and innovation.

Such organisations can be categorised into five groups based on their role:

1. Associations provide the platform for companies and stakeholders in sustainable energy to gather and exchange knowledge. One such active association in Singapore is the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS).

2. Investors who provide the funding include Green Meadows, Trirec, SG Seeds Capital, Small World, and Temasek Ecosperity.

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3. Exchangers acts as the intermediary for transfer of knowledge between researchers and implementers, in this case the role is taken by Intellectual Property Intermediary (IPI) under MTI.

4. Accelerators hasten the process of technological commercialisation. Several organisations that act as accelerators in Singapore are EF, ERI@N Accelerator, New Energy Nexus, Shell Idea Refinery, and Engie Idea Factory.

5. Connectors help start-ups connect to new and possible overseas markets. Connectors are Vertech Capital and Enrupt.

3.4 Private Stakeholders

Singapore is home to many RE companies, each with their own specialities and R&D focus. Most of the identified private sector companies are solar power manufacturers. Trina Solar, 3M, Yingli Solar, REC, Sunseap, WK Solar, Heraues, and Green Zone are some of the companies in this sector. Some identified companies in

Figure 29. Singapore’s RE Publications

wind technology are Gamesa and Vestas, while in Bioenergy are Anaergia and Alpha Biofuels.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIES Given Singapore’s small size and dense urban landscape, there are challenges to using alternative energy sources such as solar. Against this backdrop, solar is the most viable Resource, followed by wind and bioenergy (Figure 29).

4.1 Solar

Singapore started the SolarNova Programme7 in 2014. It is a whole-of-government effort led by the

EDB and HDB to accelerate the deployment of solar PV systems in Singapore by aggregating demand for solar deployment across public sector buildings and spaces to catalyse the growth of solar energy in Singapore. In addition, Singapore is investing in R&D and test-bedding to improve efficiencies and lower the costs of solar PV and related technologies. This programme is supported by agencies like the BCA, EMA, EDB, and NEA by encouraging the deployment of solar PV systems on buildings, continued investments in solar R&D, policy enhancements, and engagement efforts with various sectors.

Due to Singapore’s limited land space, most of the solar panels in the country are installed on rooftops. Floating PV is an innovation that allows solar panels to be installed on water bodies, such as reservoirs, to further increase the solar capacity. The PUB and EDB are test-bedding a floating solar PV system on Tengeh Reservoir8 which can generate up to 3.3 GWh of electricity per annum, equivalent to the average annual energy consumption of 750 HDB households. At a cost of SGD 11 million, the project will also assess the impact of solar PV deployment on reservoir evaporation, biodiversity, and water quality.

7Adapted from Singapore Housing and Development Board – SolarNova Programme. www.hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about-us/our-role/smart-and-sustainable-living/solarnova-page. 8Adapted from Singapore’s 2016 Climate Action Plan.

Solar, 150, 68%

,83 ,dniW17%

Bioenergy, 32, 15%

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Some prominent projects relating to the R&D of solar energy have been conducted in recent years. In 2016, the Renewable Energy Corporation in partnership with SERIS conducted research to enable higher production of TwinPeak, a 120-cell, high-power, multi-crystalline module over five years. A high-efficiency module with 350W power, this product will generate 1.35 times more energy than standard 60-cell modules, produced at a comparable cost and size to standard multi-crystalline modules.

EMA awarded a SGD 6.2 million grant9 in 2017 to a research consortium led by the National University of Singapore to look into improving the accuracy of solar PV output forecasts and grid management using techniques in weather prediction, remote sensing, machine learning, and grid modelling. The system will make use of the growing pool of solar irradiance data generated as more sensors are installed on the rooftops of buildings, and weather data from the dense network of sensors installed by the Meteorological Service Singapore (MSS) island wide.

In 2017, the EMA and SP Group awarded two Singapore-led consortiums to implement the city-state’s first utility-scale energy storage system (ESS)10. The CW Group and Red Dot Power received about SGD 17.8 million in grants for the initiative to build this test-bed. This will be operational for three years at two substation locations in the north and north-eastern part of Singapore, with an aggregated capacity of 4.4 MWh, equivalent to powering more than 330 four-room HDB flats for one day. Energy storage could support the deployment of intermittent generation sources like solar by reducing peak demand, and providing regulation reserves. The ESS technologies deployed, redox flow and lithium-ion batteries, will be evaluated for their performance under Singapore’s hot, and humid environment. The testbed will also help establish clear technical guidelines for ESS deployment (e.g., grid connection and safety requirements for installation).

The EMA announced four collaboration initiatives in 2018, one each with the ESG and SIT, and two with Sembcorp Energy. The focus of the EMA-ESG joint grant call was to enable local enterprises to develop solutions in deploying solar energy and optimising energy consumption. It also seeks to build up SMEs’ capabilities and intellectual properties in the energy industry, while supporting the growth and internationalisation of their businesses. The EMA also jointly introduced the Exploiting Distributed Generation (EDGE) Programme11, which is a SGD-20-million programme focusing on building capabilities in distributed energy technologies to prepare Singapore for an increasingly decentralised energy landscape. The EMA and Sembcorp’s collaboration programmes comprise the Sembcorp-EMA Energy Technology Partnership (SEETP)12 and Accelerating Energy Storage for Singapore (ACCESS). The SEETP is a programme which aims to translate and commercialise R&D solutions in areas of strategic interest in the energy sector, while ACCESS13 aims to facilitate research in the adoption of ESS in Singapore. Research-based solutions to manage intermittency include ESS, which can mitigate the fluctuations in solar PV output.

4.2 Bioenergy

The NERI is working on a research track of Green Chemistry and Sustainable Energy to study microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which convert chemical energy into electrical energy through the catalytic reactions

9Media Release “Boosting Innovations and Building a Future-ready Workforce for the Energy Sector”. 20 September 2018. 10Media Release, “Launch of Singapore’s First Utility-Scale Energy Storage System”. 23 October 2017. 11Media Release “$20 Million Research Programme to Boost Singapore’s Power Engineering Capabilities”. 30 October 2018. 12Media Release “EMA in S$10 million Partnership Renewal with Sembcorp for R&D and Manpower Development”. 30 October 2018. 13Media Release “Programme to Achieve Energy Storage Deployment in Singapore”. 30 October 2018.

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of microorganisms. This study aims to understand the microbial community and identify suitable species, develop ideal electrodes, increase electronic power conversion and optimise energy management, optimise MFC design, and develop prototype MFCs for scale-up. Other than that, the NERI also highlights research on operating condition optimisation and understanding of the environmental microbial processes in waste-to-energy conversion.

4.3 Wind

Harnessing wind energy in Singapore is difficult, given the moderate average wind speeds of about 4m/s to 5m/s and the lack of land for large-scale application of wind turbines. Most commercial wind farms require wind speeds averaging at least 6m/s, while prime wind sites require annual average wind speeds in excess of 7.5m/s. In addition, there are challenges in harnessing offshore winds due to busy maritime traffic in Singapore waters.

Despite these difficulties, Singapore has been conducting research on wind energy by building a long-span wind turbine on Semakau Island, as part of NTU’s Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator–Singapore (REIDS) initiative, in collaboration with ENGIE, a French multinational utility company. The goal is to produce energy from low wind speeds as in the case of Singapore.

5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSSingapore’s IP position on patents and publications in the renewables domain is highly skewed towards solar, accounting for more than 60 per cent of scientific output (Figure 30). A major focus of the solar energy research has been on energy materials, processes, and manufacturing. The next most popular academic subject has been wind, followed by bioenergy. Due to the inherent geographic conditions, there has been no major research carried out for geothermal or hydropower.

6. RE R&D FUNDINGThe overarching organisation that oversees RE R&D Funding is the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council (RIEC), chaired by the Prime Minister, which oversees Singapore’s long-term strategy to transform the country into a knowledge-based society, with strong capabilities in research and technology. The RIEC is supported by the NRF, which is responsible for the formulation of 5-year plans and policies to grow Singapore’s research capability and support economic growth and meet Singapore’s future national challenges. The Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) ecosystem in Singapore comprises various ministries, R&D funding bodies and R&D performers (Figure 31).

Figure 30. Singapore’s Patents and Publications [Summary]

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Figure 31. Singapore’s R&D Funding Flow

The RIE 202014 plan has specifically set aside USD 660 million for R&D and deployment initiatives related to urban solutions and sustainability. This includes competitive grant calls to catalyse applied R&D into innovative energy technologies and solutions, including research in RE. This funding will strengthen Singapore’s innovation and research capacities in the areas of solar technologies, smart grids, and energy storage systems. The NRF grants for energy R&D with local partners are up to USD 275.19 million for roadmap projects (green building, energy efficiency, and RE generation).

At present, the funding from NRF is allocated according to several key roadmaps/plans, and virtually all of these require a local research partner or performer. The grants enable the creation of a new research institute, joint grant calls for projects, establishment of a new corporate lab with large industrial partners, establishment of strategic test-beds, allocation of funds to different Singapore agencies to pursue clean energy innovation, or leverage support or form of new industry consortiums.

The funding agencies and their details are outlined in Table 7.

14From Singapore’s Research Innovation Enterprise 2020 Plan

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Table 7. Agencies, Grant Amounts and Research Focus

Organisation Description

Energy Market Authority

Rolls out grant calls to catalyse applied energy R&D. Under the RIE 2015 Energy Innovation Research Programme (EIRP), USD 45 million was given to Power Systems Competitive Research and the Test-Bedding (CRT) Funding Initiative. Another USD 34 million was given to continue efforts in this area under RIE 2020.

Economic Development Board

Distributes the Resource Efficiency Grant (Energy)15 , a replacement for the Productivity Grant for Energy Efficiency. The grant amount is given according to the amount of carbon avoided. Since January 2012 to date, it has allocated USD 369 million worth of investments.

Jurong Town Corporation

Distributed more than USD 37 million through the JTC Innovation Fund16 that was first launched in 2010. These funds have been used to set up technology proof-of-concepts and test-bedding.

Enterprise Singapore

Distributed various grant schemes17 to support small and medium enterprises.

Land Transport Authority

Distributed around USD 37 million yearly from its Land Transport Innovation Fund18 for e-mobility related research since March 2006.

Marine Port Authority of Singapore

Distributed USD 182 million for research in port solutions, data analytics, green, carbon neutral and energy management solutions through the Maritime Innovation and Technology (MINT) Fund19 since 2003.

Building Construction Authority &

Housing & Development Board

Distributed USD 110 million for fund inter-agency sustainable building efforts under the Cities of Tomorrow R&D Programme (CoT)20 , part of Urban Solutions and Sustainability (USS) domain under RIE2020.

15Adapted from Economic Development Board – Incentives and Schemeshttps://www.edb.gov.sg/en/how-we-help/incentives-and-schemes.html16Adapted from Jurong Town Corporation – JTC Innovation Fundhttps://www.jtc.gov.sg/news-and-publications/press-releases/Pages/20140603(PR1).aspx17Adapted from Enterprise Singapore - Grants https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/financial-assistance/grants/ 18Adapted from Land Transport Authority – Land Transport Innovation Fundhttps://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/industry-matters/land-transport-innovation-fund.html19News Releases and Speeches “Maritime Innovation & Technology (MINT) Fund and Maritime R&D”. 12 April 201620Adapted from Building Construction Authority - Cities of Tomorrow R&D Programmehttps://www.bca.gov.sg/ResearchInnovation/CoT.html

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Singapore has also put in place about 25 research incentives and schemes to foster the formation of multi-disciplinary teams to conduct cutting-edge research projects that are of relevance to Singapore and the region. These grants and schemes are used to inspire basic, applied and translation research projects that are selected through a rigorous merit review process based on scientific excellence. The theme of the proposed research must be aligned to national goals, support agencies’ priorities and companies/industry strategic focus areas. Singapore has an all-round funding process starting from the initial concept to the later stages of the research, and in recent years has initiated several commercialisation funding schemes to close the gap in the last mile technology adoption challenges. Singapore’s research backbone has been its cohesive funding and grant programmes. Amidst the myriad of R&D funds in Singapore, those relevant to RE R&D have been selected and listed in Table 8 below.

Organisation Description

Sustainable Solutions Competitive Research Programmes for Energy, Water, Land and Liveability, and Urban Mobility

Support cutting-edge research with potential implications for Singapore

Test-Bedding and Demonstration of Innovative Research

The Test-Bedding and Demonstration of Innovative Research funding initiative aims to use government-led demand efforts to demonstrate the feasibility of innovative technologies and to catalyse adoption by the private sector. These projects involve partnerships with local industrial partners to ensure adoption or commercialisation of the developed technology solution.

National Innovation Challenges

The National Innovation Challenge (NIC) is Singapore’s answer to large and complex problems facing the country. The NIC seeks to harness Singapore’s formidable multi-disciplinary research capabilities to develop practical, impactful solutions to national challenges in such areas as energy resilience, environmental sustainability and urban systems.

I&E Cluster Fund This scheme supports projects catering to the specific needs of each domain to help capture value through translation of research to impact. As pathways to commercialisation vary across domains, are often complex, multi-factorial and may not be addressable through generic schemes, domains can tap on the I&E Cluster Fund for a broad range of possible applications.

Resource Efficiency Grant for Energy (REG(E))

This grant supports industrial facilities in the manufacturing sector to become more energy efficient and to improve their competitiveness. The REG (E) is part of the Enhanced Industry Energy Efficiency package, with the EMA, EDB and the National Environment Agency (NEA), each rolling out initiatives to extend stronger support to companies in their drive to become more energy efficient and reduce carbon emissions. Grant support for REG (E) will correspond to the amount of carbon abatement, up to the maximum cap of 50 per cent of qualifying costs.

NEA Energy Efficiency Fund (E2F)21

This fund supports the following efforts by businesses to improve the energy efficiency of industrial facilities through resource-efficient design of new facilities and major expansions, energy assessment of existing facilities, and adoption of energy efficient equipment technologies.

Table 8. Singapore’s Research Funding for R&D

21Adapted from National Environment Agency - Energy Efficiency Fundwww.nea.gov.sg/programmes-grants/grants-and-awards/energy-efficiency-fund.

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7. KEY RE R&D HIGHLIGHTSSingapore has been investing actively in R&D relating to clean energy technologies to reduce the use of fossil fuels. The eco-system is well-funded, with several institutions doing world class research. To support the sustained research and innovation aimed at enhancing Singapore’s energy security, the government should continue to foster R&D efforts in renewables, smart grids, power utilities, and energy storage. It will need to continue its work with industry, academia and the community to find solutions to current and future energy challenges. Together, they can continue to co-create innovative solutions to build a vibrant economy with cheaper, cleaner energy with the same level of reliability.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYThailand has potential fossil fuel and renewable energy resources. However, more than half of its energy supply relies on imported energy, a proportion that is likely to increase further when its proven reserves of fossil fuels are depleted. The primary energy supply in 2017 included coal, oil, and natural gas (78 per cent), while the remaining 22 per cent was solar, wind and bioenergy as shown in Figure 32.

THAILAND

Figure 32. Thailand’s Primary Energy Supply (ACE Database)

THAILAND

Oil Products32.27%

Solar & Wind0.37%

Bioenergy20.35%

Coal10.51%

Hydropower0.31%

Natural Gas34.67%

All Others (Electricity & Heat)

3.3%

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Table 9. Thailand’s Renewable Energy Targets

Figure 33. Thailand’s Renewable Energy Strategy22

22Adapted from the 2015 Thailand Alternative Energy Development Plan.

Thailand’s power installed capacity was natural gas (23.7 GW, 55 per cent), coal (7.3 GW, 17 per cent), large-scale hydro power (3.1 GW, 7.2 per cent), biomass (2.8 GW,6.7 per cent), solar (1.4 GW, 3.3 per cent), wind (0.3 GW, 0.6 per cent), and others (4.4 GW).

Thailand has pledged to increase the share of renewables in its energy mix. This would also fulfil the goals of decarbonisation and make the country self-sufficient. According to the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook, Thailand is striving towards 30 per cent RE in total energy consumption by 2036. This target was set in Thailand’s Alternative Energy Development Plan, 2015.

The Ministry of Energy has developed the Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint (TIEB) with a focus on energy security, increasing the supply of energy, diversifying energy sources, and increasing domestic RE production. In the TIEB, the Ministry of Energy has reviewed five energy master plans spanning 2015 to 2036, ensuring that they are consistent with the national economic and social development plan. One of the five plans is the Alternative Energy Development Plan: AEDP2015, which was developed with a focus on promoting energy production using the full potential of domestic RE resources, and developing appropriate RE production for the benefit of the social and environmental dimensions of the community. The AEDP aims to have a 30 per cent share of renewables compared to the 12 per cent in 2014 as indicated in Table 9.

EnergyShare of RE (%) Final Energy

Consumption at 2036Status As of 2014 Target by 2036

Electricity : Electricity 9 15 - 20 27,789

Heat : Heat 17 30 - 35 68,413

Bio-fuels : Fuels 7 20 - 25 34,798

RE : Final Energy Consumption 12 30 131,000

2. RE R&D POLICIESThe national energy policy and planning law of Thailand are administered under the National Energy Policy Council Act, BE 2535 (1992). This Act made the National Energy Policy Council responsible for the making of Thailand’s energy policies and plans. It also established the Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) as its secretariat. The EPPO proposed RE R&D of high potential in Thailand (Figure 33).

Foundation : Commitment to the development of a low-carbon society

Goal : Target 30% Renewables in Total Energy Consumption by 2036

Facilitator : Private-ledinvestment

Facilitator : Government

funded RD&D

Strategy : Alternative EnergyDevelopment Plan

2015 - 2036

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The EPPO has come up with the Energy Efficiency Plan 2015-2036, the core of which is the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015-2036 with a commitment to the development of a low-carbon society. The main strategies of the AEDP are given in Table 10.

The key aims/strategies to promote the development of renewable energy in the years 2015 - 2036 are as follows:

• Preparation of raw materials and RE technologies in order to develop the production capability with the appropriate technology.

• Increasing RE production, utilisation and market potential to enhance RE production and consumption capability.

• Create awareness and access to knowledge about RE.

Table 10. ADEP Main Strategies

For the first strategy, the government aims to promote the development of appropriate technology for the generation and use of energy, and to develop highly efficient renewable raw materials management and utilisation models. In order to achieve this, the ADEP plans to carry out R&D in non-food crops as alternate feedstocks, such as rice, sweet rice, cellulose and algae, etc. to produce biofuels

• Continue R&D in energy storage.

• Study and develop automobile technology to use higher proportions of biofuels, i.e., develop high-quality biofuels.

• Develop RE technologies and equipment testing centres.

For the second strategy, the government needs to develop the RE energy law and rules to encourage the development of RE.

For the third strategy, the government needs to develop the high-performance RE database and connect with the relevant authorities, establish the RE learning centre for the community or region, and develop international collaborations for RE development.

Another plan, namely the National Science & Technology Master Plan 2012 – 2021 is the latest major science and technology plan in Thailand. It aims to empower society by increasing economic competitiveness, ensuring energy and environmental security, and developing science and technology, human capital and infrastructure. It has 12 target sectors, one of which is bioenergy.

3. STAKEHOLDER MAPPINGThe stakeholders include the Ministry of Energy and the related departments, universities and the private sector (Figure 34).

3.1 Government

The Department of Energy is responsible for systematic and continuous energy efficiency promotion, energy conservation regulation, energy sources provision, alternative development of integrated energy uses, and energy technology dissemination.

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Figure 34. Thailand’s Stakeholder Mapping

The National Energy Policy Council (NEPC)

Energy Policy and Panning Office (EPPO)

Energy policy and planning

Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE)

assist with the work of the NEPC

Bureau of Energy Technology

Transfer (BETT)

Bureau of Energy Development

(BERD)

Bureau of Solar Energy (BOSE)

Bureau of Energy Research and Study

(BERS)

The Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST)

The Ministry of Energy

Innovation and technology transfer in the manufacturing and service sectors

The National Science Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy and Plan 2012 - 2021

Research Institutes

Universities/ Institutes Private Sector

Collaboration with and among the private sector, academics, and research institutes

Collaboration on

R&D and funding

Collaboration on

R&D and funding

Renewable Energy and New Technology Research Programme

Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015 - 2036

Research Performers

The energy sector in Thailand is managed by the National Energy Policy Council (NEPC), established under the National Energy Policy Council Act, B.E. 2535 (1992), with the Energy Policy and Panning Office (EPPO) acting as the Secretariat. To enhance efficient energy sector management, the Energy Policy Committee (EPC) was established to assist with the work of the NEPC. The government created the EPPO as the core agency to create and administer energy policy and planning for the country’s continued sustainability. One of the key aims of the EPPO is to bring in innovation and new technologies for RE.

The Energy Development and Promotion Act 1992 specified a separate department, the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), which was assigned to oversee alternative energy and RE improvement. The powers and duties of the DEDE include:

• Research, studies and the development of alternative energy;

• The prescription of rules and standards relating to alternative energy technologies;

• The dissemination of technologies for alternative energy production, transmission and utilisation; and

• The monitoring and evaluation of alternative energy development.

There are a number of bureaus under the DEDE that are in charge of RE matters, i.e., the Bureau of Energy Technology Transfer (BETT), the Bureau of Energy Development (BERD), the Bureau of Solar Energy (BOSE) and the Bureau of Energy Research and Study (BERS). These bureaus individually and jointly perform their powers and duties.

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The BETT has the powers and duties to disseminate and transfer energy technologies, and to campaign and demonstrate energy technologies, including those related to RE.

The BERD has the powers and duties to prescribe rules, standards of energy production, processes, transmission and utilisation; to prescribe guidelines for energy acquisition and development; and to explore, design, construct and maintain energy production, processes, transmission, distribution and utilisation, including those related to RE.

The BOSE is the most RE-oriented bureau in the DEDE and in Thailand. It has the powers and duties to study, research, demonstrate and develop solar energy production, processes and utilisation technologies; to study the application of solar energy innovations that suit domestic potential and resources; and to disseminate, transfer and promote knowledge about solar energy.

The BERS has the powers and duties to study, research, demonstrate and develop energy production, processes and utilisation technologies; and to study the application of energy innovations that suit domestic potential and resources, including those related to RE. It has been assigned the tasks of:

• Studying, researching, demonstrating, developing, and promoting technologies for energy production, transformation, transmission and consumption;

• Studying and applying energy innovation in line with local potential and resources;

• Establishing guidelines or criteria for the safety of alternative energy production and consumption;

• Monitoring and assessing the energy consumption and production ratio in Thailand.

The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) is tasked with forwarding policy and strategic plans for science, technology, and innovation to create economic value and improve the quality of life. It aims to initiate, advance, drive and manage R&D in building knowledge with socio-economic implications; develop fundamental infrastructures, supportive systems and mechanisms to facilitate intelligence creation and for value enhancement in the manufacturing and social sectors though knowledge based in science, technology and innovation; and support innovation and technology transfer in the manufacturing and service sectors, including improving productivity and quality of life through science, technology and innovation services. It has come up with The National Science Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy and Plan 2012-2021. The goal is to unify STI commitments among public agencies and to strengthen the collaboration with and among the private sector, academics, and research institutes. The STI aims at development in three strategic areas: (1) society and local communities; (2) the economy; and (3) energy and the environment.

The MOST has created the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) to support research in science and technology and its application in the Thai economy. Under its strategic area, energy and environment, the NSTDA has created a Renewable Energy and New Technology Research Programme. This programme supports R&D work on technologies that are involved in creating RE that has implications for the economy. The objectives are to create energy security for the country, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce technology imports, and increase the competitive capability of the country’s RE production industries. Key operations of the plan are in Table 11.

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3.2 Universities

Many notable universities have been carrying out R&D in RE as above. Some of the key universities are:

• King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) – One of its core focuses is energy, environment, and clean technologies. They undertake research in various aspects of renewable and clean energy technologies (photovoltaic, solar thermal, hydrogen, fuel cells-molten carbonate, PEMS), energy conservation, energy storage, and energy policies.

• Chiang Mai University (CMU) - carries out research in bioenergy, hydroelectricity, wind energy, solar energy, and hybrid technology.

Other key universities carrying out research in RE fields such as bioenergy, solar energy, wind energy, and hybrid technologies are: Kasetsart University (KU), Naresuan University (NU), Chulalongkorn University (CU), KhonKaen University, and the Asian institute of Technology.

3.3 Private Sector

Many private entities are conducting R&D and deploying projects in various RE fields. As discussed in section 3, many firms have been developing technologies, mainly in biomass and solar, for example, Nortis, Gussing Clean Energy (GCE), Solventia Solar, Annex Power, Conergy, Jardine Engineering, SunEdison Energy Engineering, REC Systems, Mctric, Performed Line Products to name a few.

Applied Research for Short- and Mid-term Impacts on the Economy

• Biomass quantity increases for energy production;

• Efficiency improvement and development of the first-generation biofuel production system (ethanol + biodiesel) for sustainable use;

• Electricity production from biomass fuel/community waste;

• Biogas production efficiency improvements;

• Using heat from solar energy to produce hot water and dry agricultural products.

Applied Research for Short- and Mid-term Impacts on the Economy

1. Future biofuel and green products for engines;

2. Solar energy power generation systems;

3. Carbon-capturing and storage technology.

Table 11. Renewable Energy Research and New Technology Programme

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4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIESThailand is a country rich in RE sources namely biomass, biogas, solar electric, solar thermal and wind energy. From 1996 to 2012, the DEDE made a report in which they discussed R&D in the field of energy, including RE. According the DEDE, research on solar had the highest share, accounting for 30 per cent, followed by ethanol (22 per cent), bio-diesel (20 per cent), biomass (12 per cent), and biogas (9.5 per cent) in Figure 35.

Figure 35. Thailand’s Renewable Energy Research Share 1996-2012 (DEDE)

Figure 36. Thailand’s RE Publications

The Web of Science database found that most of the academic research was related to solar energy (40 per cent), followed by bioenergy (36 per cent), wind (23 per cent), and geothermal (1 per cent). Thailand’s total of 381 publications is relatively high in the ASEAN region (Figure 36).

4.1 Bioenergy

Biomass and biogas sources in Thailand are abundant. Wood, agricultural residues and wastes are used for heating in rural areas. Animal wastes are used to produce biogas.

In Thailand, the biomass being brought for heat and electricity generation can be divided into three groups, namely agricultural waste and agro industries; residues from processed wood industries and furniture; and biomass from fast-growing crops.

There is ongoing research related to a number of technologies that transform chemical energy in biomass into heat and electricity. From a review of research done from 1996 to 2012, there were

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Ethanol, 21.70%

Biomass, 12.30%

Biogas, 9.50%

Biodiesel, 19.80%

Solar, 29.90%

Wind, 1.40%Others, 3.20% ,ordyH

2.10%

Wind, 88, 23%

Biomass, 138, 36%

Geothermal, 5, 1%

Solar, 150, 40%

89


173 pieces of biomass research conducted by four main institutions namely, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Naresuan University, Kasetsart University, and Chulalongkorn University.

The related R&D can be divided into four groups as follows:

1. The research on the potential of materials focuses on assessing the overall potential of biomass as raw materials for electricity and heat production in a given area in Thailand;

2. The research on biomass preparation processes focuses on finding ways to improve the quality of various types of biomass to be more suitable for power and heat production;

3. Research on electricity and heat production technologies from biomass; and

4. Research on the economic and environmental impacts of biomass.

Most of the research in Thailand falls under Group 3 which focuses on improving the process of producing power and heat from biomass, including developing and improving the efficiency of technologies for producing energy from biomass, such as gasification.

There was a thematic research study on bioenergy by the Asian institute of Technology in 2010 to review the status, trends and technologies in bioenergy. Another study by the same Institute on the Economic Potential of Biomass Utilisation was conducted in 2015.

Regarding biogas, the current use of biogas technologies at the industrial level in Thailand involves both imported technologies from other countries (with systems designed by foreign experts) and technologies that are developed and improved domestically (construction and installation overseen by local entrepreneurs).

There are three main institutions that are involved in biogas research, namely Chiang Mai University (as there is a dedicated agency for biogas research within the Institution), Kasetsart University, and King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi. The R&D of biogas technologies can be divided into five groups:

• Research on the potential of raw materials focuses on the overall potential of materials which can be used to produce biogas;

• Research on material preparation processes before being transformed into biogas involves studies on pre-treatment of new materials;

• Research on biogas production technologies focuses on developing production processes and improving the efficiency of biogas production from a variety of materials;

• Research on ways to improve biogas quality;

• Research on the economic and environmental impact of biogas.

Most of the research in Thailand falls under group 3 and few in group 1 as most research involves finding new ways to improve biogas production processes and improving the efficiency of power-producing technologies from biogas.

The current research on ethanol technologies covers a variety of processes, including efficiency improvement of material farming, ethanol production processes, and the impact of using ethanol in automobiles, including

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the ways to support ethanol use. From a review of related research on biomass energy spanning 1996 to 2012, there were 305 pieces of research related to ethanol. It was found that there are three main institutions that conduct research on ethanol, namely Chulalongkorn University, KhonKaen University (which is located close to areas that grow energy crops for ethanol production, including sugar cane and cassava), and Chiang Mai University.

There are a few private sector players that are also involved in setting up biomass technologies, namely Nortis, Gussing Clean Energy (GCE). GCE has been developing biomass RE technology and even set up a demonstration plant in Thailand in 2017. The Nortis Group is also a developer for renewable power projects in Thailand.

4.2 Solar

Because of its geographical location and landscape, Thailand has a high potential for solar energy use in terms of concentration and amount of utilisation areas. Approximately 50 per cent of Thailand’s terrain is exposed to concentrated sunlight all year round. In 2017, Thailand achieved a significant milestone of 3GW of solar installations which account for 50 per cent of the 2036 target under the current 20-year roadmap (AEDP 2015).

The government has a keen interest in developing solar technology. A rapid expansion of solar technology was brought about by a government project to provide electricity with Solar Home Systems (SHS) for households in remote areas not connected to an electricity grid. Of all the solar cell technologies, crystalline silicon solar cell technology was still the most efficient when compared to thin film technology. The R&D is at the industrial level and is aimed at reducing production costs (materials and process), improving efficiency, and developing quality, durability, and longevity.

There has been research on developing solar water heating technologies. It requires development of two parts: solar collectors and hot water tanks. The Ministry of Energy launched a project in 2008 to develop this technology.

At the university level, by 2012 King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) and Naresuan University (NU) had the highest shares of research on solar technology because they have their own specific laboratories and experienced researchers. These two institutions conducted 268 pieces of research (144 by KMUTT and 124 by NU), accounting for 67 per cent of all research. Chulalongkorn University is the institution which produced the third highest number of publications, accounting for 11 per cent of all research on solar technology.

In the private sector, the most active sponsor in RE was Gunkul Engineering of Thailand, with 60 MW in pipelines, and 20 MW, or USD 55 million in financed projects. Also, there is a solar project which is a collaboration between Solarite GMBH and Thai Solar Energy Ltd in which they are developing and using the Parabolic trough technology in the Huai Kachao region to generate 8000MW/hr.

A joint venture called Natural Energy Development Company, a USD 250 million project which was a joint venture between CLP Thailand Renewables, Diamond Generating Asia, and the Electricity Generating Public Company, built the 55-megawatt photovoltaic solar plant in 2012. It was financed by the ADB.

There are many private sector local as well as foreign companies involved in solar technology development

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and deployment, namely Italy Thai, Toyothai, Leonics, ESCO, SPCG, Solventia Solar, Annex Power, Conergy, Jardine Engineering, SunEdison Energy Engineering, REC Systems, Mctric, Performed Line Products, Sonnedix Solar, Solventia Solar, Tsus Excellent Engineering, Nortis, and Conergy.

4.3 Wind

The eastern and western coasts of southern Thailand have a high potential for wind energy use. There are several agencies in Thailand, such as the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), and other agencies that have conducted research on the use of wind turbines to generate electricity. Most of the projects involve using secondary data to calculate and evaluate projects using statistical methodologies.

As there is rapid growth in the use of wind turbines, there has been a large quantity of technical research on composite materials and the future of this technology, especially relating to the design of large wind turbines with power production capacity at of the MW level. Most R&D in Thailand focuses on identifying wind energy potential using mathematical models or measuring equipment. The EGAT has a pilot wind turbine project at Laem Phrom Thep, Phuket with 150-kW Nordtank wind turbines.

In the private / international sector, there are few active players. Thailand’s first wind farm, built by Fellow Engineering Co., Ltd. is planning to construct a 360 MW wind farm operating at 90 per cent load factor. It is proposed to be located along the coastline from Pak Phanang, Nakhon Si Thammarat to Singhanakhon, Songkhla.

In 2007, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) which is an agency under the U.S. Department of Energy, set up the gearbox technology collaborative (GRC) project. It had a budget support of USD 2.5 million to find the causes of damage to the gearbox.

4.4 Hydropower

The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE) have developed 75 hydropower projects in villages, with a combined capacity of 2,500 kWe. The DEDE invests in construction and gives local communities ownership in the form of cooperatives. The DEDE is responsible for project designs, sources of funds, materials, and necessary technologies.

The majority of the equipment, such as runners, power generators, and electromechanical equipment, are developed domestically by research teams and the Department of Naval Dockyards.

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5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSThe R&D progress can be measured by the number of patents filed in each field. A total of 29 patents were identified in solar, biomass and wind (Figure 37).

Most patents were for solar energy (23), followed by biomass (5) and only one in wind energy technology. All were filed by private entities and not universities or the government sector (Figure 38).

6. RE R&D FUNDINGENCON Fund

The Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) was established by EPPO in 1992 to provide financial support for the implementation of energy conservation and promotion. It supports energy conservation activities, such as energy efficiency improvement, renewable and alternative energy development, R&D projects, human resources development, public education, and campaigns. The ENCON Fund receives a tax revenue of THB 0.07 (USD 0.002) per litre from all petroleum products, and THB 7 billion per year is collected for the ENCON fund. The ENCON Fund Committee manages the Fund, which consists of ministerial-level personnel from various ministries and departments. The Ministry of Energy manages the money and assets of the Fund and handles the procedures of fund disbursement as outlined in the ENCON Act. The ENCON Fund Committee appoints sub-committees to assist with the tasks, such as screening and evaluating projects and proposals. Each sub-committee is entitled to deliberate and approve projects with budgets not exceeding THB 10 million each (about USD 0.3 million). The sub-committee also evaluates the performance of the funded projects.

There are three major financial programmes under the ENCON Fund which are: main tax incentives, the ESCO fund, and the Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF).

• Energy Service Companies Fund (ESCO Fund) facilitates the energy efficiency and RE project investments. It encourages investments in energy efficiency and RE projects through various channels, for instance equity investments, venture capital, equipment leasing, carbon markets, technical assistance and credit

Figure 37. Thailand’s Renewable Energy Patents

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5

10

15

20

25

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guarantee facilities. The fund provides up to 50 per cent of total equity. In the case of very small projects, it will provide support through equipment leasing.

• Thailand’s Energy Efficiency Revolving Fund (EERF) was established in 2003 and is geared to stimulating energy efficiency investment in large-scale energy consuming industrial sectors. The fund was launched with THB 2 billion which was originally from the ENCON Fund. The EERF engaged the Thailand commercial banks to develop and streamline procedures for appraising and financing energy efficiency projects. It provides loans with a zero per cent interest rate and a 7-year final maturity to local commercial banks as an incentive to encourage the banks to lend to EE projects’ owners/developers and ESCO companies

Thailand Research Fund

This fund was established in 1992 under the Research Endowment Fund Act. It aims to support knowledge creation for Thailand’s progress. It supports all disciplines and all types of research: basic, applied, translational, and community research. Fifty per cent of the fund goes into basic research. Other government research funding agencies are the National Research Council of Thailand, the Office of Higher Education Commission (OHEC), National Science Technology and Innovation Policy Office (STI), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Agricultural Research Development Agency (ARDA), and Health System Research Institute (HSRI). For the purposes of dissemination and innovation development grant distribution, the National Innovation Agency (NIA) is responsible.

7. KEY HIGHLIGHTSThe government has a strong set of bodies with different ministries and different departments working together towards achieving the 30 per cent RE share in total energy consumption by 2030. Bioenergy is more focussed and has many technologies being developed by the government and private sector. Solar is also doing well and has a maximum number of patents in this field. Universities are actively participating in this cause. They have set up separate research institutes and programmes dedicated to RE. There are two major funds available for RE R&D. The number of publications identified is sizable (628) relative to the other AMS. Private sector participation is still lagging in Thailand. Incentives should be given to the private sector so as to encourage them to indulge in RE R&D.

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1. CURRENT SITUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGYThe energy economy of Vietnam has changed rapidly in the past few decades with its transformation from an agricultural economy based on traditional biomass fuels, to a modern mixed economy. This has led to increases in energy demand, averaging 4.1 per cent annual growth over the 2006 to 2015 period (Figure 38).

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Figure 38. Vietnam’s Primary Energy Supply (ACE Database)

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Wind, 0.04%

Other Biomass, 16.89%

Coal, 36.50%

Hydropower, 9.76%Natural Gas,

11.35%

All Others (Electricity & Heat), 0.07%

Oil25.39%

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Table 12. Vietnam’s Renewable Energy Targets

Vietnam is one of leading countries in coal use. It accounts for 36.5 per cent of TPES, followed by oil at 25.3 per cent, biomass at 17 per cent and natural gas at 11.3 per cent. Except for hydropower, the markets for renewable forms of energy such as wind and solar power are in the early stages of development. Although Vietnam has significant RE potential, the current development and regulative processes of RE in Vietnam are still limited compared to the actual potential. The installed power capacity in 2017 was dominated by hydropower (42.4 per cent) and coal (36.5 per cent), followed by natural gas (16.7 per cent) and oil (2.8 per cent), with the rest in biomass and others. According to the 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook, Vietnam is aiming for 21 per cent RE, (60 GW) installed capacity in 2020, 13 per cent RE (or 96 GW) in 2025, and 21 per cent RE (130 GW) in 2030. The RE development in Vietnam is facing several challenges such as a lack of project development capacity, the need for relatively large initial investments, and difficulties in accessing loans.

Vietnam is targeting a RE utilisation rate of approximately 7 per cent by 2020 and around 10 per cent by 2030 as shown in Table 12. The share of hydropower in total electricity production in 2020 will account for 96 TWh, followed by 2.5 TWh of wind, and 1.4 TWh of solar power.

2015 2020 2030 2050

RE use in production (MTOE) 25 37 62 138

Share in total primary energy (%) 31.8 31.0 32.3 44

Electricity produced from RE (TWh) 58 (35%) 101 (38%) 186 (32%) 452 (43%)

Hydro Power (TWh) 56 90 96

Pump storage (MW) 2400 8000

Biomass for power production (TOE) 0.3 (1%) 1.8 (3%) 9.0 (6.3%) 20.0 (8.1)

Biomass for heat production (TOE) 13.7 13.6 16.8 23.0

Biomass for bio energy (TOE) 0.2 0.8 6.4 19.5

Wind power (1Wh) 2.5 (1%) 16 (2.7%) 53 (5%)

Solar power (TWh) 1.4 (0.5%) 35.4 (6%) 210 (20%)

2. RE R&D POLICIESMajor energy policies set by Vietnam include the Electricity Law 2004 which regulates power planning and development investment, electricity saving, electricity markets, and the rights and obligations of organisations and individuals operating in the electricity industry and using electricity.

The Law on Energy Efficiency and Conservation 2010 stipulates the energy efficiency and conservation (EE&C) policies and measures to promote EE&C; and the rights, obligations and responsibilities of organisations, households and individuals in EE&C. This Law creates a legal framework to promote EE&C activities in all sectors of the economy through regulations, standards, incentives, and encouragement.

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The National Energy Development Strategy until 2020 with the Vision to 2050 was approved in 2007 with specific objectives of striving to ensure adequate energy supply; developing generation sources and power grids; and strengthening international cooperation in the energy sector. There is a Renewable Energy Development Strategy, which has the objectives for rural electrification and RE-grid connection development.

The strategy aims to encourage mobilisation of all resources from the society and citizens for RE development, gradually increasing the proportion of RE sources in national energy production and consumption in order to reduce dependence on fossil-based energy sources. It also seeks to contribute to ensuring energy security, mitigating climate change, protecting the environment, and ensuring sustainable socioeconomic development.

The revised National Power Development Plan for 2011 to 2020 with a Vision to 2030 (revised PDP 7) and the Renewable Energy Development Strategy together set relatively concrete directions for the development of the power sector in the coming years.

In short, even though Vietnam currently depends on fossils fuels, concrete steps have been taken towards making RE the main source to generate power in the future.

Collaborate for funding Collaborate for funding

Ministry of Science & Technology

RE-related Policies

National Council for Science & Technology Policy

Ministry of Industry & Trade

Universities/Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL)

Research Institutes Private Companies

R&D FundsR&D Policy



Electricity & Renewable Energy Authority

Research Performers

Manage & administer

Vietnam Renewable Energy Development Strategy up to 2030

with an outlook to 2050

Figure 39. Vietnam’s Stakeholder Mapping

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3.1 Government

The Vietnam Renewable Energy Development Strategy up to 2030 with an outlook to 2050 is the main renewable energy plan that determines the direction of RE RD&D in Vietnam. The plan calls for a focus on proven RE technologies.

The National Council for Science & Technology Policy (NCSTP) determines R&D policy in the government and advises the Prime Minister’s Office on R&D policy.

Three ministries are responsible for RE R&D in Vietnam: The Ministries of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Planning and Investment. The Ministry of Planning & Investment plans the investments coming into Vietnam with a focus on socio-economic development. These three ministries help align RE R&D funding with national goals.

The purview of the Ministry of Industry and Trade is to identify, develop and explore industry and trade opportunities within and outside Vietnam. One of the departments under the Ministry of Trade is the Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Development Department. This department is responsible for state-level management of RE activities. This department in its former guise was the General Directorate of Energy. It oversaw the compilation of the Vietnam Renewable Energy Development Strategy up to 2030 with an outlook to 2050.

The Ministry of Science and Technology is the national level manager of science and technology encompassing research, development, and innovation. Under this Ministry is the National Foundation for Science and Technology. It is a department that funds science and technology projects in Vietnam. They manage the budget, allocate funds and provide loans for science and technology development. Their specific aim is to create high-quality human resources in science and technology. Under the same Ministry, there is a fund available called the National Technology Innovation Fund.

The Ministry of Planning and Investment is charged with managing the planning and investment. Its main functions include development investment, and statistics, including the provision of general advice on strategies, master plans, plans for national socio-economic development and public investment; allocating budgets; and organising and directing the implementation of plans for scientific research and the application of scientific and technological advances and information technology to the domains under the Ministry’s management.

The Electricity Regulatory Authority of Vietnam (ERAV), an authority under the Ministry of Industry and Trade, is responsible for the regulation and monitoring of the electrical grid. They grant electricity licenses for national grid-connected renewable energy projects on the basis of the newly developed wind grid code, ensuring the stability of the electricity grid.

Besides this, the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology carries out basic research on natural sciences and technology, and translates these results into tangible outcomes. They also engage in educational training and foreign collaborations.

3.2 Universities

The universities conducting RE R&D are the HUST (Hanoi University of Science and Technology), University of Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh University of Technology and EPU (Electric Power University). These four leading

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universities are also building international networks and partnerships. They offer general courses on RE and possess small laboratories. The existing full RE degree is offered by the French-Vietnamese University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH).

In total, there are 20 universities in Vietnam offering courses in RE and/or research in wind power, generally run by the electrical power system institutes. The RE courses are part of bachelor or master’s degrees in environmental, energy/electrical engineering and environmental resource economics as given in Table 13.

List of Universities Offering Courses in Environmental/Renewable Energy

• EPU Electrical Power University

• HCMC University of Technology and Education

• HCMC University of Industry

• HCMC Private University of Technology

• Thai Nguyen University of Technology

• HUST Hanoi University of Science and Technology

• USTH Viet Nam-France University of Science and Technology

• Can Tho University National University of Civil Engineering

• College of Economics-Hue University

Table 13. Universities Offering Renewable Energy Courses


The Energy Development Centre (EDEC) carries out RE R&D through advising and promoting RE systems such as wind, seawater and solar energy systems in order to scale up the use of these for the generation of electricity for the grid. The objective of the work has been to increase the supply of electricity to the national grid from renewable energy sources on a commercially, environmentally and socially sustainable basis. The R&D department is teamed with experienced researchers graduated from top universities in Russia, Canada and Japan.

Another organisation, the Vietnam Institute of Energy (IEVN) has carried out research on science and technology issues, and the development and application of many scientific themes. In terms of RE R&D, they have a laboratory for testing bioenergy and solar energy.

The Energy Conversation Centre in Ho Chi Minh City (ECC-HCM) is one of the leading RE and energy efficiency organisations in Vietnam. It has undertaken programmes to transfer technology from Japanese partners to Vietnam.

The Centre for Energy and Green Growth Research is a non-profit research and consulting organisation. It serves as a nodal point for technology transfer in green technologies and RE. The Green Innovation and

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Development Centre (GreenID) is a non-profit sustainable development advocate. IT does not do R&D. It instead focuses on promoting activities by spreading awareness and building knowledge capacity.

4. RE R&D TECHNOLOGIESFrom the Web of Science database search spanning 2008 to 2018, a total of 96 publications were identified with bioenergy having the largest share (Figure 40).

4.1 Bioenergy

The government, in order to reduce dependence on fossil fuels is encouraging business opportunities and collaboration between Vietnamese and other countries like the Netherlands in these areas.

The Netherlands Enterprise Agency conducted an assessment study which revealed that the collaborations are fulfilling knowledge transfer and capacity- building. The study also reviewed the eight major feedstocks which can be used in bioenergy production, namely, bamboo, cassava, coffee, coconut, sugarcane, rice, and wood residues.

A wide range of conversion technologies is used for bioenergy production in the country. Most are still in a start-up phase, and involve pilot-scale projects at varying levels of commercialisation and deployment. There is a general need for knowledge transfer and capacity-building in all the bioenergy-related technologies, also regarding R&D.

Densification (pelleting, briquetting) technologies, as well as combustion and (co-)generation technologies are not widely available, but the country is trying to develop and bring in technologies. For this, investment in R&D and inter-country collaborations are required. Many plants have been set up to produce ethanol, including Phu Tho Bio Energy Co., Dai Tan Ethanols, Orient Bio-Fuels Co., Ethanol Daklak JSC, and Dai Viet Co.

4.2 Solar

The potential for concentrated solar energy in Vietnam is between 60 and 100 GWh per year, while for PV systems it is around 0.8 to 1.2 GWH per year. With around 1,600 to 2,700 hours of sunlight per year and an average direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 4-5 kWh/m2, the country has huge potential for solar power (Figure 41).

Figure 40. Vietnam’s RE Publications

VIETNAM

Solar, 27, 28%

Wind,19, 20%

,05 ,ygreneoiB52%

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The first feed-in-tariff (FIT) scheme for solar PV was announced by the Government of Vietnam in April 2017, and nearly half a year later the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) issued guidelines on developing grid-connected solar power projects which came into effect in October 2017. It has been encouraging citizens to produce solar power at home to meet their domestic electricity demand and contribute to the national power grid. As the solar energy sector witnesses an improvement, the list of RE projects registered by both overseas and domestic financiers in Vietnam has been growing.

Ninh Thuan province in south-central Vietnam has the highest potential for solar power generation. The region has already attracted over 140 projects. Other potential areas include Binh Thuan, Daklak, and Khanh Hoa which have attracted 100, 13, and 12 projects, respectively. The German-headquartered Conergy was selected by project owners, BIM Group and AC Energy to begin development of a solar plant in April 2018 in the Ninh Thuan province of the country.

Investors in the solar power industry in Vietnam are either domestic or foreign, but mainly private, namely: German ASEAN Power, B. Grimm Power Public Co Ltd, Trina Solar, Siemens, Schletter Group, JA Solar, Sunseap International, Nippon Sheet Glass, Ecoprogetti, Tata Power, Shapoorji Pallonji Infrastructure Capital, Gulf Energy Development, InfraCo Asia Development, and ACWA Power.

Figure 41. Vietnam’s Solar Plans23

23Adapted from the Vietnam Ministry of Trade and Industry

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Furthermore, Da Nang Energy Conservation and Technology Consultant Centre (DECC), under the city’s Department of Science and Technology, will design and install solar energy systems at Da Nang General Hospital, the Oncology Hospital, two schools and six households on a pilot basis and build a database of solar power capacity in the city as well as a policy framework for clean energy development. The EU has provided USD 447,000 for the project.

Development of the 204-MW plant with an estimated cost of VND5 trillion (USD 223 million) began in July 2018 in Ninh Thuan province. The power plant, the nation’s largest solar power plant to date, will have over 705,000 solar panels, and once operational (slated for June 2019), will produce a maximum output of approximately 450 million kWh each year.

4.3 Wind energy

Wind technology development is a promising industry in Vietnam. One of the most recent wind developments is the 340MW wind farm in Bac Lieu. This project was developed by an engineering company called Pöyry which won a contract in 2018 from Super Energy Corporation of Vietnam. Pöyry’s work includes a feasibility study, wind turbine generator supplier selection, technical review of EPC contracts, and project management and engineering design review for the wind farms. Among the six sub-projects, the 40MW wind farm facility in Ca Mau will be completed first in the second quarter of 2020, followed by the 30MW wind farm in Soc Trang Phase 1 by mid-2020 and the 142MW wind farm in Bac Lieu by the end of 2020.

In one of the most recent investments, General Electric (GE), Mainstream Renewable Power, and the Phu Cuong Group are working together on an 800-MW wind farm in Soc Trang province. The agreement worth up to USD 2 billion was signed in early June 2017. Other recent investors include US-based AES Corporations, Vietnamese firm Xuan Thien Daklak, Long Thanh Infrastructure Development and Investment Company, Japanese firm Fujiwara, and South Korea’s Solar Park Global, with investments in RE projects ranging from USD 45 million to USD 2.2 billion.

5. INNOVATIONS AND PATENTSVietnam is still developing patented innovations. To date, there has been one patent filed in the field of RE. It was registered in 2015 for a solar project which was built on the integrated solar photovoltaic system used in agriculture.

6. RE R&D FUNDINGThe government of Vietnam is mainly focussed on coal development projects. However, some RE R&D related funds are available in the country to boost RE development. The available funds is: National Technological Innovation Fund (NATIF).

This fund’s starting capital is VND 1,000 billion, and is topped up annually for the development of new products, creation of value-add for products and services, and improvement of economic competitiveness. The fund channels through preferential loans, subsidised loan interests, and loan guarantees. Grants can be applied for to carry out research, technology transfer, and innovation.

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7. KEY HIGHLIGHTSAlthough no major R&D activities have been identified in this study, Vietnam has a good potential to develop them with the availability of potential resources and interest of investment from international firms. If Vietnam can develop a framework which can lead the R&D efforts to focus on RE technologies and the applications needed to advance them, as well as dedicate funding into that area, it can hasten the development of the national RE R&D infrastructure and output.

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1. REGIONAL STAKEHOLDERSASEAN Committee on Science & Technology

This committee was established under the directives of the ASEAN Leaders and S&T Ministers in recognition of the importance of science and technology to regional economic growth. The aim is to create a knowledgeable pool of labour and to connect scientific networks across the region. Their work involves promoting research and pushing research output into commercialised products. The most recent plan is the Action Plan on Science and Technology (APASTI) 2016 - 2025. It identified non-conventional energy research as one of the priority areas. The plan mentions an ASEAN Science Fund and an ASEAN Development Fund to support the initiatives of this plan.

ASEAN University Network (AUN)

The ASEAN University Network was established to encourage research across borders. The network consists of thirty members across the ten ASEAN Member States. Some notable efforts by the AUN are to promote R&D at the ASEAN Cyber University which bridges the R&D gap in the region by targeting Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam. As for RE-related topics, the AUN has organised sustainable energy and environmental forums.

ASEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT


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2. RE R&D FUNDS2.1 ASEAN Body

ASEAN Science & Technology Innovation Fund

This fund aims to achieve the four (4) APASTI 2016-2025 thrusts, namely: 1) public-private collaboration; 2) talent mobility, people-to-people connectivity, and inclusiveness; 3) enterprise support; and 4) public awareness. It welcomes proposals on energy and water, food and biotechnology, biomedical and healthcare, climate change adaptation and mitigation, ICT applications, and research that can create science and technology innovation. The fund highly encourages entrepreneurs to apply with the advantage given to projects with private involvement. The requested funding for each proposal should not exceed USD 50,000 and the project duration should not be longer than 24 months. ASEAN COST Sub-Committees’ focal points and ASEAN Member States’ government agencies are eligible for the call.

2.2 External Funding

NEWTON Fund

The United Kingdom’s Newton Fund is classed as official development assistance (ODA) allocated under Section 1 of the International Development Act 2002. Newton Fund activities need to demonstrate that they aim to contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable development in NEWTON Fund countries. The total budgeted amount for the NEWTON fund is GBP 735 million up to 2021. This money can be used in RE-related fields such as climate change, urban transformation, and energy.

In terms of research, one aspect the NEWTON fund support is the creation of connections between early-stage researchers in the UK and partner countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development Programme (SATREPS)

The SATREPS is a Japanese government programme that promotes international joint research. It is a collaboration between the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan Agency for Medical R&D (AMED), which provides competitive research funds for science and technology projects. The third party, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), provides development assistance (ODA) for this programme.

The SATREPS covers five research fields: environment/energy, bioresources, disaster prevention and mitigation, and disease control. Research in these topics must last at least three years and can continue for not more than five years. Each project is to be allocated USD 800,000 per year. JST and AMED invites researchers at Japanese universities and research institutes to submit research proposals in the aforementioned areas. This programme has been operating in most of the AMS, with Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam having had projects on bioenergy.


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3. RE R&D PUBLICATION SHAREAs seen in Figure 42, most of the publications produced by the AMS relate to bioenergy, except in Singapore and Malaysia. This trend is particularly evident in AMS with rich natural resources. Solar energy has the second largest share overall, while resources such as wind and geothermal are identified only in the countries with availability of potential resources, like geothermal in Indonesia and wind in Vietnam.

Figure 42. Publication Share of AMS (2008-2018)

Although this map does not intend to completely and precisely quantify the R&D activities in the ASEAN region, it shows that the AMS countries have similar interests in terms of RE technologies.


5% 3%

34%

5%

53%

(114)

ThePhilippines

50%

38%

12%

(26)

BruneiDarussalam

6%

38%

3%

53%(32)

Cambodia

57%

43%

(9)Lao PDR 28%

20%

52% (96)

Vietnam

47%

5%

48%(21)

Myanmar

13%

31%

1%

55%(442)

Indonesia

15%

68%

17%

(220)

Singapore

Bioenergy

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Hydro

42%

21%

35%

1% 1%

(857)

Malaysia

36%

1%40%

23%

(381)

Thailand

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CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS (NATIONAL LEVEL)

1. CHALLENGESSupporting Instruments

There is still lack of data, information, and knowledge-sharing with respect to RE R&D. It hinders the progress in RE R&D in each AMS and also regionally. Sharing data with the stakeholders involved would help accelerate RE R&D in ASEAN. The lack of available data is often a result of low communication and coordination among the relevant stakeholders.

R&D policies in the AMS are often not synchronised with general RE policies. There are few linkages and little specialised support for RE given by most AMS in their science and technology policies. RE is often mentioned in the policies, but is usually categorised under the greater domain of energy R&D. However, there is a need to emphasise RE and provide clear direction or instructions on the focus of R&D that correlate with the goals of the AMS RE targets.

Furthermore, in some AMS, government and other financial support for RE R&D still needs to be increased. Most AMS do not have a dedicated RE R&D fund. The usual practice is that RE funds are derived from more general funds such as research grants. Consequently, there is a lack of continuity in RE R&D.

Collaborations

Research requires long periods of time, e.g., translating technologies from a basic state of research to commercialised products or assisting with the adoption of new technologies. Moreover, newly developed technologies are relatively less risk-free compared to established technologies. Subsequently, private players often turn to established companies to supply their technological needs. Hence, R&D performers often find it more difficult. Hence the development of their new technologies is often hampered.

The private sector may also rather hire their own R&D departments rather than collaborate with universities/research institutions. This gives companies more control over the research process and hiring. In collaboration, the process lies in the hands of both the company and the universities. They might have different agendas, and this might cause friction and perhaps even mistrust if either the companies or universities are unable to deliver on the agreed deliverables. In some cases, the direction of R&D between the private sector and universities is not completely aligned. Thus, it becomes difficult to perform a collaborative effort.

2. RECOMMENDATIONSThe data problems might be resolved by providing capacity-building in statistics and data collection for related government officials. These officials should collaborate with experts or learn about data collection and statistics, and how to maintain the data and make it available for use by the relevant RE R&D stakeholders.

As for policy development, there could be more communication between the stakeholders, particularly the policymakers and R&D performers, such as universities and research institutes. Perspective sharing of different

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functions can help set expectations and realistic goals. For example, depending on how ambitious a target that the government sets, experts can assist in giving their perspectives on the roadmap to achieve them, including the needed resources (e.g., funds, manpower, and collaboration) and probable timeline. This sharing of knowledge can also be applied to solve the problem of data transparency, establishing clarity between the government and R&D actors. Setting up a dedicated RE fund would help increase the flow of funds into RE R&D.

Governments also play an important role in giving higher recognition to RE R&D, such as by providing frameworks and detailed direction in their science and technology plans, which would greatly increase awareness about it. It would indicate a firm commitment from the government and encourage more researchers to take up RE topics because they would be more certain of the support they can obtain. The existing RE R&D stakeholders would also be able to receive more support, and thus help fuel the RE agenda of their respective countries.

With more data available, better cohesion of stakeholders, improved policies with supported implementation, coupled with dedicated funds, RE R&D in ASEAN would contribute even more towards reaching the national and regional goals.

To possibly mitigate the problems between universities and the private sector, both must adapt and first see each other’s perspective in the collaboration. Collaboration for universities means a new source of funding where they can pursue more research. Collaboration for the private sector means access to new knowledge and technologies that might give them a competitive edge. For universities, however, this means that they must take steps to learn how industry pushes out their products. For companies, they must be ready to take a chance and give up some control over the research process in the expectation of greater returns.

Here, the government can play a role to promote and bridge the understanding between the private sector and universities. One idea is that the government can facilitate allowing doctorate students or even professors to go on industrial attachments. This type of programme would be flexible, allowing the programme participants to write papers to fulfil their academic requirements and at the same time learn from the private sector. This would better enhance understanding on both sides of the divide and help create more R&D products and work processes that are mutually beneficial.

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IMPLICATIONS FOR ASEAN The status of RE R&D in the ASEAN region is diverse. Different Member States have different levels of research output in terms of publications, patents, and commercialisation, as well as supporting government structures, infrastructures, and funding. Countries like Singapore and Malaysia are relatively better supported. The study’s findings imply that these governments have given support in the form of various funding schemes, direction of research priorities, and also provided a cohesive environment that enables various stakeholders to engage. This, in turn has contributed to a positive output trend that correlates with their investments, such as number of publications, technological advancements, and private sector involvement. AMS such as Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar, are at much earlier stages in their R&D.

Moving forward, several challenges concerning RE R&D in the region have been identified, notably variation in or lack of support, a lack of funding, and a lack of inter-stakeholder engagement are some of the reasons identified. Solutions have been proposed to alleviate them and this could lead to improved RE R&D. However, they would require a long time, considerable effort and possibly some trial-and-errors before they can be implemented well.

To hasten the process, the AMS have many potential collaboration possibilities among them. This study has found that overall:

• Similar tropical conditions in the AMS create both potentials and challenges, such as off-grid technology utilisation. However, it can also make the transfer of technology between countries easier;

• Similar types of resources, with differences in the amount of potential and countries’ focus on them. The AMS can share their RE R&D. They can also open new business opportunities for countries that have the technology but difficulties in accessing the resources.

• Different types of stakeholder structure, as shown in the stakeholder mapping of each country. Some have detailed distribution of roles, while some still have basic structures. If a country decides to give further details about the role distribution, it can refer to the previous experience of the other countries.

Currently, ASEAN has no specific network of stakeholders that specialise in RE R&D. From the regional stakeholders mapping in the previous chapter, RE is part of the broader area of interest in the organisations. If a network on RE R&D is made, it should:

• Promote knowledge-sharing between R&D performers to update them on the latest technology updates, experiences, and opportunities in their respective fields of expertise. Examples of knowledge-sharing platforms are regular workshops, seminars, shared R&D facilities, and exchange of manpower/researchers.

• Connect R&D performers, governments, and private sectors to understand the priorities of governments, the needs of the industry, and to make the R&D efforts relevant.

• Explore possibilities to connect with external institutions, which in turn can provide the network with global contacts and technology, as well as possibilities for funding.

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