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Research 1

Research

Basrelief sculpture "Research holding the

torch of knowledge" (1896) by Olin Levi

Warner. Library of Congress Thomas

Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.

"Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work

undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of

knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of

this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." (OECD (2002)

Frascati Manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and

experimental development, 6th edition.)[1]

It is used to establish or confirm

facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems,

support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be

an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments,

procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior

projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research

(as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery,

interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for

the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on

epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between

humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific,

humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner

research, etc.

Forms of research

Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a

harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information andtheories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It

makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by

public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups,

including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into

different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used

criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, such as business schools, but some argue that such is an

inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching

(these do not necessarily correlate totally).[2]

Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics, and a

different, more relativist epistemology. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to

a question, but instead explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be

social, historical, political, cultural or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which

is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a

topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past.

Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the

research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely

scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relativisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semioticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermeneuticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curiosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Practitioner_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Practitioner_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marketing_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistemologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interpretationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_%28observation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Documentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AResearch-Warner-Highsmith.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olin_Levi_Warnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olin_Levi_Warnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basrelief

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Research 2

Etymology

Aristotle, 384 BC 322 BC, - one of the

early figures in the development of thescientific method.

[3]

The word research is derived from the Middle French "recherche", which

means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the Old

French term "recerchier" a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or

"sercher", meaning 'search'.[]

The earliest recorded use of the term was in

1577.[]

Definitions

Research has been defined in a number of different ways.

A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth - "In the

broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering

of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge."[]

Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states - "Research is

a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase ourunderstanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question,

collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.[4]

The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "a studious inquiry or examination;

especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted

theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws".[]

Steps in conducting research

Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research.[5]

The hourglass model starts with a

broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neckof the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. The major steps in conducting

research are:[6]

Identification of research problem

Literature review

Specifying the purpose of research

Determine specific research questions or hypotheses

Data collection

Analyzing and interpreting the data

Reporting and evaluating research

The steps generally represent the overall process, however they should be viewed as an ever-changing process rather

than a fixed set of steps.[7]

Most researches begin with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for

engaging in the study.[8]

The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides

justification forthe study. Often, aliterature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is

identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The

research question may be parallel to the hypothesis. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s)

collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical

methods, engaging in what is known as Empirical research. The results of the data analysis in confirming or failing

to reject the Null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated. At the end the researcher may discuss avenues for

further research.

Rudolph Rummel says, "... no researcher should accept any one or two tests as definitive. It is only when a range of

tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results."[9]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Null_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Rummelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Rummelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Null_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristotle

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Research 3

Scientific research

Primary scientific research being carried out at

the Microscopy Laboratory of the Idaho National

Laboratory.

Scientific research equipment at MIT.

Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process.

Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and

researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal

research, both basic and applied:

1. Observations and Formation of the topic: Consists of the subject

area of ones interest and following that subject area to conduct

subject related research. The subject area should not be randomly

chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the

topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to

narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The

research will have to be justified by linking its importance to

already existing knowledge about the topic.

2. Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship

between two or more variables.3. Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to

other concepts.

4. Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables

and how they will be measured/assessed in the study.

5. Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and

selecting samples, gathering information from and/or about these

samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments

used for data collection must be valid and reliable.

6. Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of

data in order to draw conclusions about it.

7. Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures

and pictures, and then described in words.

8.8. Test, revising of hypothesis

9.9. Conclusion, reiteration if necessary

A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather, Null hypothesis). Generally a hypothesis is

used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is

inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see falsifiability). However, if the outcome is

consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used

because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense,a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually,

becoming widely thought of as true.

A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be

verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate

prediction. In this case a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis

makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis,

which state no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables. A null hypothesis uses a

sample of all possible people to make a conclusion about the population.[10]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falsifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Null_hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_method%23Elements_of_the_scientific_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_method%23Evaluation_and_improvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Interpretationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conceptual_definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_method%23Elements_of_the_scientific_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Process_%28science%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAlcator_C-Mod.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMicroscopy_lab.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idaho_National_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idaho_National_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope

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Research 4

Historical method

German historian Leopold von Ranke

(1795-1886), considered to be one of the

founders of modern source-based history.

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which

historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then

to write history. There are various history guidelines commonly used by

historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism,

internal criticism, and synthesis. This includes lower criticism and

sensual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject

matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal

historical research:[]

Identification of origin date

Evidence of localization

Recognition of authorship

Analysis of data

Identification of integrity

Attribution of credibility

Research methods

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen

understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the

boundaries between them may be obscure):

Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.

Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.

Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.

The research room at the New York Public

Library, an example of secondary research in

progress.

There are two major types of research design: qualitative research and

quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative

methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to

investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ANYC_Public_Library_Research_Room_Jan_2006-1-_3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secondary_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructive_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exploratory_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Credibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recognition_%28sociology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identification_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lower_criticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALeopold_von_Ranke_1868.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_von_Ranke

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Research 5

Maurice Hilleman is credited

with saving more lives than any

other scientist of the 20th

century.[11]

Qualitative research

Understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior.

Asking a broad question and collecting data in the form of words, images,

video etc that is analyzed searching for themes. This type of research aims to

investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or

look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more

restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time

consuming, and typically limited to a single set of research subjects[citation

needed]. Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research

as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses[citation needed]

. Qualitative

research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social

constructionism.

Quantitative research

Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena

and their relationships. Asking a narrow question and collecting numericaldata to analyze utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational,

and survey (or descriptive).[12]

Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the

existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the

philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism.

The Quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit

diverse experiences into predetermined response categories[citation needed]

. These methods produce results that are

easy to summarize, compare, and generalize[citation needed]

. Quantitative research is concerned with testing

hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the

research question, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a

quantitative study can be considered a true experiment)[citation needed]. If this is not feasible, the researcher may

collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the

dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population,

the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.[13]

In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is

data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that

already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use

secondary data wherever possible.[14]

Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and

secondary data, is becoming more common.

[15]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descriptive_statistical_techniquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_constructionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_constructionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHilleman-Walter-Reed.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Hilleman

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Research 6

Publishing

Cover of the first issue ofNature, 4 November

1869.

Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for

academic scholars to peer review the work and make it available for a

wider audience. The system varies widely by field, and is also always

changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal

article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists

in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms of research can be

found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing,

STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in

science, technology, and medicine.

Most established academic fields have their own journals and other

outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat

interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or

subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions

of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields; from the print tothe electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give

great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently.[16]

It

has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected

to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its factors in

order to prevent the publication of unproven findings.[17]

Business

models are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources,

particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals,

is open access.[18]

There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the

whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and self-archiving, where the author makes a copy of

their own work freely available on the web.

Research funding

Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources: corporate research and development

departments; private foundations, for example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and government research

councils such as the National Institutes of Health in the USA[19]

and the Medical Research Council in the UK. These

are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers

(such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants

are necessary not only for researchers to carry out their research, but also as a source of merit.

The Social Psychology Network provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding

sources.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_Research_Council_%28UK%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Private_foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-archivinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_access_%28publishing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_academic_disciplineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scholarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_publishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ANature_cover%2C_November_4%2C_1869.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature_%28journal%29

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Research 7

Original research

Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review or synthesis of earlier publications

on the subject of research. This material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the original research is to

produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or

classified).[20][21]

Different forms

Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it

typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject, e.g., in the laboratory or in the field,

documents the methodology, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel

interpretation of previous results. In analytical work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical

results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry

out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed

or re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the researcher.[22]

The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals andusually established by means of peer review.

[23] Graduate students are commonly required to perform original

research as part of a dissertation.[24]

Artistic research

The controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming more academics-oriented is leading to artistic research being

accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines.[25]

One of the characteristics of

artistic research is that it must accept subjectivity as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar

to the social sciences in using qualitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical

analysis.[26]

Artistic research has been defined by the University of Dance and Circus (Dans och Cirkushgskolan, DOCH),

Stockholm in the following manner - "Artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining

knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines. It is based on artistic practices, methods and criticality. Through

presented documentation, the insights gained shall be placed in a context."[]

Artistic research aims to enhance

knowledge and understanding with presentation of the arts.[27]

For a survey of the central problematics of today's

Artistic Research see Giaco Schiesser.[28]

Most writers, whether of fiction or non-fiction, also have to do research to support their creative work. This may be

factual, historical, or background research. Background research could include, for example, geographical or

procedural research.[29]

References

[1] Retrieved 27 May 2012 from www.oecd.org/sti/frascatimanual (http://www.oecd.org/sti/frascatimanual).

[3] " The Origins of Science (http://www.pbs. org/saf/1307/features/knows.htm)". Scientific American Frontiers.

[4][4] Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper

Saddle River: Pearson.

[5][5] Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base.

[6][6] Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle

River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008 ISBN 0-13-613550-1 (pages 8-9)

[7][7] Gauch, Jr., H.G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2003 ISBN 0-521-81689-0 (page 3)

[8] Rocco, T.S., Hatcher, T., & Creswell, J.W. (2011). The handbook of scholarly writing and publishing. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley &

Sons. 2011 ISBN 978-0-470-39335-2

[9] Questions About Freedom, Democide, And War (http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/MTF.CHAP9.HTM)

http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/MTF.CHAP9.HTMhttp://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/MTF.CHAP9.HTMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_American_Frontiershttp://www.pbs.org/saf/1307/features/knows.htmhttp://www.oecd.org/sti/frascatimanualhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Dance_and_Circushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intersubjectivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subjectivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dissertationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graduate_studenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_reviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_authorshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_modellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Experimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_source

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Research 8

[10][10] Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Upper Saddle

River, NJ. Pearson Education, Inc.

[12] Creswell, J. W. (2008).Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Upper Saddle

River, NJ. Pearson Education, Inc.

[13] Data Collection Methods (http://people. uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data collection methods/DATA COLLECTION

METHODS.htm)

[14][14] Kara H (2012) Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide, p.102. Bristol: The Policy Press.

[15][15] Kara H (2012) Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide, p.114. Bristol: The Policy Press.

[20] What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source. Thomas G. Carpenter Library (http://www.unf. edu/

library/guides/originalresearch.html) University of North Florida

[21] Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers - Laurie Rozakis (http://books. google. com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&

pg=PT75)

[24] Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-2007 edition - The United States Department of Labor (http://books. google. com/

books?id=oFFWt5oyA3oC& pg=PA178& dq="original+ research"&lr=&cd=90#v=onepage& q="original research"&f=false)

[27][27] Schwab, M. (2009). Draft Proposal. Journal for Artistic Research. Bern University of the Arts.

[28] Schiesser, G. (2012). A certain Frustration Paradoxies | Voids | Perspectives in Artistic Research Today, in: Practices of

Experimentation. Research and Teaching in the Arts today. Compiled by Christoph Brunner und Giaco Schiesser. Ed. by the Department of

Art & Media, Zurich University of the Arts. Zrich: Scheidegger & Spiess 2012, pp. 96-111.

[29] Hoffman A (2003) Research for Writers, pp 4-5. London: A&C Black Publishers Limited.

Further reading

Freshwater, D., Sherwood, G. & Drury, V. (2006) International research collaboration. Issues, benefits and

challenges of the global network. Journal of Research in Nursing, 11 (4), pp 9295303.

Cohen, N. & Arieli, T. (2011) Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball

sampling. Journal of Peace Research 48 (4), pp. 423436.

External links

Library resourcesAbout Research

Resources in your library(http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Research)

Resources in other libraries(http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Research&library=0CHOOSE0)

The dictionary definition of research at Wiktionary

Quotations related to Research at Wikiquote

http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikiquote-logo-en.svghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svghttp://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Research&library=0CHOOSE0http://tools.wmflabs.org/ftl/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Researchhttp://books.google.com/books?id=oFFWt5oyA3oC&pg=PA178&dq=%22original+research%22&lr=&cd=90#v=onepage&q=%22original%20research%22&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=oFFWt5oyA3oC&pg=PA178&dq=%22original+research%22&lr=&cd=90#v=onepage&q=%22original%20research%22&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&pg=PT75http://books.google.com/books?id=XlIH4R9Z_k8C&pg=PT75http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_North_Floridahttp://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.htmlhttp://www.unf.edu/library/guides/originalresearch.htmlhttp://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data%20collection%20methods/DATA%20COLLECTION%20METHODS.htmhttp://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data%20collection%20methods/DATA%20COLLECTION%20METHODS.htm

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2help, 62.2.17.xxx, A. Parrot, ABF, AS, ASanders2011, AVand, Aaron Schulz, Abeg92, Aboluay, AbsolutDan, Acalamari, Acather96, Adam M. Gadomski, Adityasaxena.corp, AdjustShift,

Adoggz, Adrodin, Ageekgal, Aitambong, Akamad, Alansohn, Alasdair, Alchemist arabia, Alexziller, Allstarecho, Altenmann, Amaher, AmaiaICrim, Amatulic, AnakngAraw, Ancheta Wis,

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BrainyBabe, Brastein, Brianga, CDN99, CHJL, COMPFUNK2, Calabe1992, Calmer Waters, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, CancerHealthInfo, Carnildo, CaseyPenk,

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Who Is, Hjl7, Hmbr, Hu12, Hve2hold, HybridBoy, Ian Geoffrey Kennedy, Iced Kola, Icelight, Ike9898, Insanity Incarnate, Instructforge, Inwind, Irishguy, IronGargoyle, IvaChen, IvanLanin,

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Vandenberg, JohnCD, Johnmarkh, Jonasludvigsson, Jose Icaza, Jrw7235, Jtneill, Jweiss11, Kagredon, Karhu, Karol Langner, Katyare, Kbourgoin, Ketiltrout, Kf4bdy, Kklines, KnowledgeOfSelf,

Kongr43gpen, Kostis.gr, KrakatoaKatie, Ks0stm, Ksempac, Kslays, KuduIO, Kukini, Kungfuadam, Kvikram, KyraVixen, La comadreja, Ladymhiles, LanguageMan, Lawsonstu, Leeirons,

Legoktm, Legotech, Lenoxus, Les boys, Levineps, Lgatesfsu, Liao, Liface, Lightmouse, Lilchase, Liruliru, Littlemissashe, Logan, Lonelypoop, Lonerguy 87, Lothar von Richthofen, Lotje,

Lperez2029, Lubin Wang, M0rphzone, MER-C, MagnaMopus, Mailseth, Mais oui!, Makeemlighter, Mamawrites, Mandarax, Mani1, Marek69, Mark Elliott, Martarius, MastaIroh,

Masterpiece2000, Materialscientist, Math Champion, Mattgirling, Maurice Carbonaro, MaxVeers, McSly, MegaSloth, Melsaran, Mentifisto, Merlion444, Methoxyroxy, Mharnar, Mike Christie,

Mikeliuk, MithrandirAgain, Mohsens, Moomoomoo, Mootros, Morimom, Mr-Natural-Health, MrNiceGuy1113, MrOllie, Mrg3105, Mvs1 77, MyNameIsNotBob, Mydogategodshat, Namju21,

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Research-Warner-Highsmith.jpegLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Artist is Olin Levi

Warner (18441896). Photographed in 2007 by Carol Highsmith (1946), who explicitly placed the photograph in the public domain.

File:Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: User:Jastrow

File:Microscopy lab.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Microscopy_lab.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Idaho National LaboratoryFile:Alcator C-Mod.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alcator_C-Mod.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Geoff Olynyk, Krd, SBaker43, Tetris L

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Themadchopper

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