44 45

(Re)Post-IndustrialWindmills, Stem Cells, and Marijuana:

Through the Artistic Lense of Rivera

Conor Wood

Left : “Detroit Industr y” by

Mexican Painter

Diego Rivera, 1933 1

46 47

So described the 1933 reaction to Detroit

Industry, a collection of murals newly

displayed at the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA).

Painted by Mexican muralist Diego Rivera, the

comission had been stirred by controversy

from the very beginning. Edsel Ford and DIA

Director William Valentiner had approached

the popular and succesful Rivera two years

earlier about the work. Though Rivera had an

already extensive career, he had never worked

in the United States and was enthusiastic. Yet

this was amidst the turbulence of the Great

Depression, and many DIA patrons were upset

by the fact that Rivera was chosen instead of

an American artist. Further still, Rivera had

communist ties and frequently implicated

Marxist ideals in his murals. Nevertheless,

Ford and Valentiner invited Rivera and his

wife, Frida Kahlo, to Detroit to see the River

Rouge Plant. Inspired by Rivera’s fascination

with automotive operations, Ford and

Valentiner agreed to have Rivera’s commission

expanded from merely two murals to all four

walls of the Garden Court. The only guidelines

were that the murals were to somehow

portray the industrial development of Detroit.

Rivera immediately set to work sketching, and

began painting the murals in July of 1932.

Left : Rivera (center) with

communist s Leon Trot sky

and Andre Breton2

Right : Ford and

Valentiner, as por trayed

by Rivera3

“Coarse in conception.”

“Foolishly Vulgar.”

“Un-American.”

“Pornographic.”7

48 49

Ford River Rouge Plant ,

Under Construction4

“Production and

Manufacture of Engine

and Transmission,

Detroit Industr y”5

50 51

Balcerzak Family Por trait , Detroit 192211

Right : Ford Plant

Assembly, 193010

[Rivera] saw Detroit “as an expression of the steel that goes into automobiles and skyscrapers.”8

“The yellow race represents the sand, because it is most numerous.”

“The red race, the first in this country, is like the iron ore, the first

thing necessary for the steel.”

“The black race is like coal, because it has a great native esthetic

sense, a real flame of feeling and beauty in its ancient sculpture, its

native rhythm and music.”

“The white race is like the lime, not only because it is white, but

because lime is the organizing agent in the making of steel.”8

—Diego Rivera

Rivera spent a significant amount of his time

wandering through the city, visiting not only

manufacturing plants, but the homes and

neighborhoods of Detroit’s working-class

citizens. He saw Detroit as “an expression

of the steel that goes into automobiles and

skyscrapers.”8 The great diversity of ethnic

and racial groups represented in Detroit

also fascinated Rivera. He sought to preserve

these themes in the murals, illustrating the

men and women of all racial groups as equal

contributors to industrial processes. His

painting placed no hierarchy between the

laborer and the factory manager, showing

both as equally beneficial to production.

For Rivera, Detroit was a thriving culture of

making and doing, regardless of the job title,

financial situation, family life, or heritage.

52 53

Left : “Detroit Industr y”

Murals, shor tly after

completion in 193312

With the small murals still incomplete,

Detroit Industry was opened to the public on

St. Patrick’s Day, 1933. The backlash to the

work was roaring within a matter of hours.

Many, including Marygrove College President

Dr. George H. Derry, proclaimed that the

entire composition objectively empowered

Communist propaganda.

The Catholic and Episcopalian communities

were particularly appalled by part of the

mural entitled Vaccination, where a nativity

scene illustrated an infant Jesus, with the face

of the Lindenbergh baby, being vaccinated

by doctors. Citing the work as “a travesty,”

the kindest suggestion the clergymen could

muster was to whitewash over the murals.9

“Senor Rivera has perpetrated a heartless hoax on his capitalist

employer, Edsel Ford. Rivera was engaged to interpret Detroit; he

has foisted on Mr. Ford and the museum a Communist manifesto.

The key panel that first strikes the eye, when you enter the room,

betrays the Communist motif that animates and alone explains the

whole ensemble. Will the women of Detroit feel flattered when they

realize that they are embodied in the female with the hard, masculine,

unsexed face, ecstatically staring for hope and help across the panel

to the languorous and grossly sensual Asiatic sister on the right?”9

—Dr. George H. Derry, president of Marygrove College, 1933

“Pharmaceutics, Detroit Industr y”13

54 55

Right : South Wall,

“Detroit Industr y”14

Despite the resounding criticism and piles

of letters in complaint, Edsel Ford never

once showed any disapproval for the murals.

“I admire Rivera’s spirit. I really believe he

was trying to express his idea of the spirit of

Detroit.”7 Valentiner and the DIA thanked both

Ford and Rivera for their contributions, firmly

standing behind the Garden Court and its

controversial murals.

Valentiner would go on to say, “Edsel Ford was

the only person in Detroit industry who had

any interest in modern art. …Diegeo Rivera

and Edsel Ford understood each other very

well…Diego confessed to me that Edsel had

none of the characteristics of an exploiting

capitalist, that he had the simplicity and

directness of a workman in his own factories

and was like one of the best of them.”8

Though it may have not looked like it to

the upper-class citizens and clergymen of

Depression-era Detroit, Rivera attempted to

capture the conscious of the city itself. It did

not look like that of New York or Boston, yet

still obtained a beautiful and robust strength.

Rivera’s most peculiar approach to the

composition was the portrayal of not

only manufacturing, but also processes

of medicine, agriculture, and education.

The Motor City is globally recognized for

automotive and yet Rivera understood

its advantageous position for industrial

diversification.With the bottom currently

falling out on the consolidated automotive

industry, the “New Normal” of Detroit is

shaping around large-scale, enterpreneurial

diversification. It poses a radical shift in

thinking about the city. By viewing this shift

through the lense of Rivera, a better mural of

Detroit’s future can be painted.

“I really believe he was trying to express his idea of the spirit of Detroit.”7

56 57

“Detroit Industr y,” West

Wall 16“Detroit Industr y,” East

Wall15

58 59

“Detroit Industr y,” South

Wall 18

“Detroit Industr y,” Nor th

Wall17

60 61

Manufacturing and Green-Collar Industrial

Right : “Aviation,

Detroit Industr y”19

62 63

Detroit’s manufacturing prowess began in the

1820s with flour mills, and ship building soon

thereafter. The shipping industry required

the continuous development of steam engine

technology. Coupled with a booming Michigan

mining industry, machining soon came to

be the predominant activity in Detroit. One

growing realm in machine work was the

building of horse-driven carriages. It did not

take long until the horse became irrelevant.

Henry Ford, former carriage-maker,

conceived that all Americans would one-

day own the new automobile. His attempts

to mass-manufacture the vehicles resulted

in the transportation trend that dominates

American culture. Edsel Ford and Diego

Rivera knew that the city’s legacy manifest

itself in the manufacturing industry. Ford

may have never anticipated the rapid decline

of the automotive industry, but Rivera’s

murals suggest that industry would evolve.

Detroit has been placed at the center of

development in “green-collar industry” under

the direction of former Governor Granholm.

Governor Snyder (2010) claims to continue

this tradition with several new manufacturing

facilities opening and several others being

repurposed around the state of Michigan.

Michigan has become the new center of the world’s electric vehicle and advanced battery industry.”23

—Governor Granholm

Chassis Manufacturing, A.O. Smith Corporation20 Construction of GM’s Brownstown Batter y Manufacturing Plant21

Right : Chev y Volt at the

Highland Park Plant22

“

64 65

“Dir ty Mix of Pixels and

Atoms”24

Full Batter y

Infrastructure,

Chev y Volt25

66 67

“Located in Detroit, we are within an hour of more than a dozen

major research universities, and in the heartland of America’s

transportation, technology, and manufacturing industries. Fostering

dynamic research and innovation, we combine this intellectual capital

with Michigan’s legendary manufacturing prowess and entrepreneurial

ingenuity to help generate new technologies, viable businesses, solid

growth, and industry leadership.”29

—“Who We Are,” NextEnergy Former Gov. Granholm and Vice Pres. Biden at the opening of NextEnergy26 Construction of GM’s Brownstown Batter y Manufacturing Plant27

Posing Michigan as a leader in green-collar

industries necessitates a point organization

for continued bodies of research and

collaboration. The NextEnergy non-profit

serves to meet the needs of entrepreneurs,

researchers, manufacturers, and investors,

provided by funding from the state. The

contemporary facility, sited in the New

Amsterdam district, is the work of initiatives

for green industry under Governor Granholm.

NextEnergy can be an incubator space

specifically catering to those interested in

establishing and preserving an industrial

culture in renewable energy industries in

the state of Michigan. CEO Ron Gardhouse

brings experience to NextEnergy as a former

manager at Chrysler. Current NextEnergy

operations include recruiting wind turbine

manufacturers, furthering the manufacture of

electric vehicles, and improving the efficiency

and mobility of power-grid networks. The

organization has also been crucial to the

recruitment of battery manufacturers for

the state. Michigan has been awarded the

8th largest amount of state funding from the

State Energy Program, part of the American

Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009). With

these funds, NextEnergy works to provide

incentives to potential manufacturers to

bring their organizations to Michigan.

“Geological Strata, Detroit Industr y”28

68 69

Motor City Medicine

Left : “Infant in the bulb of a

Plant , Detroit Industr y”30

70 71

“Surger y, Detroit Industr y”13 The Henr y Ford Hospital, New Center32

The “Detroit Industry” murals’ inclusion of

medical science was an initial surprise to

Edsel Ford. The DIA board of trustees and

Ford had stressed that the mural should be

about automotive history in Detroit, but had

never considered the medical legacy that

Ford’s father had established for the city.

Henry Ford formed the Henry Ford Health

System in 1915 as a commitment to improving

the health and well-being of Detroiters. At

the time, Detroit became one of the leading

centers of medical research and operation in

the country. The Henry Ford Health System

has now grown into several institutions

across the state, and local universities

continue to push bodies of research. The

current era marks a renaissance of radical

medical and life-sciences industry in Detroit.

Companies such as Asterand PLC are being

drawn to Detroit by organizations like MichBio

and Tech Town, an entrepreneurial incubator

north of Wayne State. Asterand specializes in

stem-cell research, a new field that the city

hopes to capitalize on. In October of 2010,

Detroit hosted the World Stem Cell Summit,

in conjunction with the opening of the Great

Lakes Stem Cell Commercialization Center

in Tech Town. The summit served to educate

locals and recruit other researchers to the

city, in the name of regenerative medicine.

“Commercial Chemical

Operations, Detroit

Industr y”31

72 73

“Pharmaceutical research is at a critical crossroads. Despite

a dramatic increase in R&D budgets, the number of new drug

applications is falling because the failure rate in clinical trials remains

high. Researchers have always known that animal models provide

only a partial guide to drug response in humans. Thus, scientists are

becoming increasingly reliant upon human tissue-based models to

bridge this knowledge gap and improve decision making during the

development of medicines for man.”35

—“Serving a Critical Need,” Asterand PLC

Right : Asterand’s Lab,

Cellular Research34

“Healthy Human Embr yo, Detroit Industr y”33

74 75

“End the War,” Detroit Metro-Times37 Home-grown Cannabis Plant38

Industrial enterprise can often be a result

of localized policy-changes. The passing

of Michigan’s Medical Marihuana Act in

2008 signified a change of stance on the

controversial medical and recreational

product. Local confidence was behind the

bill, as it passed with a 63% state vote, and

received the majority vote in every one of

Michigan’s 83 counties.39 It is currently the

only mid-western state that has passed a

bill on medical marijuana dispensation.

Provisionally, Michigan’s act differs greatly

from those in states like California and

Colorado, as caregivers in the state can

only service up to five patients. This has led

to two nationally unique industrial trends.

The first is that the dispensation of medical

marijuana is highly decentralized in the state,

with many caregivers opening up shop to

service their limit of patients. The number of

caregivers in the state is nearly half of those

qualified for prescription. Alternatively, many

patients choose to be their own caregivers

under policy of household production.

MedGrow Cannabis College in Southfield

offers training in horticulture, history, and

legal policy of medical marijuana. Only the

second institution of its kind in the nation,

the college predicts that the controversial

industry will continue to thrive in Michigan.

“Manufacture of Poisonous Gas

Bombs, Detroit Industr y”36

76 77

“Med Grow Cannabis College is a medical marijuana trade school

dedicated to the education and advocacy of patients and caregivers.

Our primary goal is to provide our students with an education that

will allow them to be extremely successful in the medical marijuana

industry. We teach students how to operate within the provisions of

the state law, while providing quality, compassionate care to those in

need. . . . This state needs jobs, and we think medical marijuana

can stimulate the state economy with hundreds of jobs and millions of

dollars.”

—Med Grow Cannabis College, Southfield, Michigan42

Hor ticulture and Hydroponics Lab, Med Grow40

Right : Protest of illegal

MMMA procedure, Lansing41

78 79

New Amsterdam and Piquette Industrial Districts:Automotive’s Fertile Ground

Left : American Electrical

Heater Company, New

Amsterdam District43

80 81

1904 Maps of Detroit , New

Amsterdam and Piquette

Industrial District s (blue)44

82 83

The New Amsterdam district began as a small

periphery community, grown around the

Burroughs Adding Machine Company (today

known as UniSys). Their manufacturing facility

was built in 1904, off of North Cass Avenue.

The American Electrical Heater Company

followed suit, constructing a facility directly

on Cass. Several other entrepreneurs began

to enter the now-vibrant community. A major

draw for industry in the New Amsterdam

In 1996, General Motors decided to move

operations to the Renaissance Center in

downtown, leaving the New Center behind.

Looking for a catalyst to boost the decaying

districts to the north, Wayne State University

President Irvin D. Reid, (Wayne State occupies

the neighborhood to the south of New

Amsterdam) conceived of Tech Town as a

master-plan community. Such a community

would be a mixed-use development that

district was the proximity to railroad lines,

just to the north. The area continued to

steadily grow as an industrial center until

1919, when General Motors came into the

area. Constricted by the density of downtown

Detroit at that time, GM President William

C. Durant decided to move the corporation’s

central operations further out, settling on

the north side of the railroad from the New

Amsterdam district. Durant hired architect

sought to support entrepreneurs and

growing companies. This plan would

effectively stimulate growth industrial

growth. The dream of Tech Town was realized

when General Motors donated the Chevy

Creative Services Building to the mission.

Construction set to work for TechOne, an

industrial incubator space that would be the

first piece of the Tech Town plan. TechOne

was opened to business in 2004 and is now

Albert Kahn to design what would be one

of the largest office buildings in the world

at that time. Construction was finished in

1923, and the neighborhood soon became

known as the “New Center,” with the Fisher

Brothers constructing another skyscraper

and Kahn building a facility for his firm. The

New Amsterdam district slowly faded as a

distinct community, until it was recognized as

a National Historic Place in 2001.

at full capactiy. Two more facilities for the

project will be opening up in the next few

years, creating a contemporary “New Center”

in the New Amsterdam district. The facilities

provide incubation space for start-ups in the

medical, educational, and energy industries.

Companies lease discounted space until

they can grow enough capital for expansion.

Demand is high, and an entrepreneurial

waiting list for Tech Town grows by the day.

“The New Amsterdam District was an incredibly vibrant place... ...thousands were employed there.”43

“Steam, Detroit Industr y”48TechOne Lab, Tech Town47General Motors, under construction, 192046Burroughs Adding Machine Company45

84 85

GENERAL MOTORS

OLDSMOBILE

AC SPARK PLUGS

FISHER BODY

RAPID MOTOR VEHICLE CO.

EVERITT METZGER FLANDERS

PONTIAC

CADILLAC

BUICK

CHEVROLET

PACKARD

STUDEBAKER

FORD MOTOR COMPANY

JEEP

NASH-KELVINATOR

HUDSON MOTOR CAR CO.

AMERICAN MOTORS CORP.

CHRYSLER

WILLYS-OVERLAND

CHALMERS MOTOR CO.

DODGE BROTHERS

MAXWELL MOTOR CO.

LINCOLN

Detroit’s Automotive

Consolidations

86 87

Just east of Woodward from New Amsterdam,

Detroit’s railroad established the perfect

conditions to launch a manufacturing

revolution. Named for the confluence of

rail lines between Detroit, Chicago, and

Milwaukee, the Milwaukee Junction became

one of the busiest hubs of rail traffic in the

Midwest. For the start-ups down the road,

this seemed to be one of the most logical

places in which to manufacture and

Because the Model-T was inexpensive and

very popular, demand outpaced the size

of the Piquette Plant. Ford began to move

operation’s to a new facility, at Highland

Park, in 1910. Studebaker, a newer neighbor

down the road, purchased the Piquette

facility in 1911 to house the recently acquired

E-M-F Company operations. Over the first

two decades of the twentieth century, the

Piquette Industrial district and surrounding

ship goods. The first automotive company

on the scene was Cadillac, citing not only

the benefits of the railroad, but also the

junction’s position on the periphery of the

city. At the time, Ford Motor Company was

a small automotive manufacturer on Mack

Avenue. Ford’s operations were growing too

large for the facility (now present-day site of

the Michigan Theater parking structure), so

the company decided to build a larger

vicinity housed many of the first major

automakers: Ford, Studebaker, Cadillac,

Dodge Brothers, Regal, Fisher Body (including

plants #21 and #23), Anderson Electric, Brush,

Hupp, Packard, and Everitt Metzger Flanders

(E-M-F).53 The area now stands as a monument

to the birth and the death of automotive

production. While Ford’s Piquette Plant

remains an active museum of the Model-T,

Fisher Body #23 stands directly across the

space out at Piquette and Beaubien. The

new plant produced vehicles in the typical

craft construction method of the time, a

procedure that Henry Ford believed was too

expensive. He desired to sell large quantities

of cheap automobiles, and constantly was re-

tooling the Piquette facility for more efficient

production. In 1907, Ford was able to produce

14,887 out of the plant, far ahead of Buick’s

4,641 units. The Model-T rolled out in 1908.

street, closed up in continual hibernation.

The haunting shell of Fisher Body #21 is

down the block from there, breathlessly

standing in a frozen explosion of time.

Though it is difficult to see in the ashes of the

Studebaker Plant (burnt down in 2005), life is

beginning again. New housing is being built.54

Businesses are filling up Tech Town’s waiting

list. These two districts may be reborn again,

launching a new industrialization for Detroit.

“Not only was it the place where the Model-T was born... ...it was also Detroit’s hotbed of automotive production.”53

“Production of Automobile Exterior, Detroit Industr y”52Ford Piquette Plant , or “T-Plex”51Wiring Diagram, Ford Model-T50Postcard of Detroit Railroad Tracks and Tunnels49

88 89WHEN WHAT

REPEATITSELF?

OFDETROIT?

DOES HISTORY

IS THE SPIRIT

55

57 58

56 59

61 62

60

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