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NTDC Internship Program Central Power Procurement Agency (CPPA)June July 2011Renewable Energy:Options, Capacity and Interventions

While the thirsty seeks water, water also seeks the thirstyHNTDC Internship Program 2011Our Team:Muhammad Usman AsgharAli AhmadAbdul HannanSaim AsimMohsin AliInternship Period: 20th June 22nd July 2011Department: Central Power Procurement Agency, NTDCMajor Focus: Renewable EnergyDeliverablesWeb Page http://shine143.webs.comMultimedia presentation (available at the web)Final Report (available at the web)Todays AgendaConcept of Renewable EnergyTypes of Renewable EnergyFocusing on Solar EnergyFocusing on Wind EnergyInternational experiencePakistan perspectiveOur Wish ListLearning by Doing

Renewable EnergyWhat Is Renewable Energy?It is energy which comes from natural resources, that are naturally replenished.Types of sourcesSunlightWind TidesGeothermal heat

Why Renewable Energy?Contrast Between Energy SourcesConventional RenewableGreen House gases (GHG)Minimum/least/no GHGDepletion of sourcesEndless SourcesThreat to environmentEnvironment friendlyExpensiveCheaperTypes of Renewable EnergySolar EnergyDerived from sun through solar radiationsGeneration of electric power through solar panelsApplicationsSolar lighteningSolar thermalAgricultureSolar vehicles

De-merits Of Solar EnergyHigher initial/capital cost (equipment)Pollution effects efficiencyNo light at night or during cloudy weatherYetMinimum operational cost

Wind EnergyConversion of wind into electrical energyRequires much less spaceEasy to generate in remote areasEnvironment friendlyDe-meritsUnreliable wind speedHigher capital cost YetNo by-products in terms of GHGandVery cheap operational cost

Hydel EnergyElectricity production by using gravitational force of falling or flowing waterResponds quickly to fluctuations in demandGreat and precious source of irrigation waterSupports fisheriesDe-meritsHigher initial cost Longer construction time Large relocation of peopleYetOffers large scale power at very cheap operational cost

BiomassBiological material from living organisms such as wood, waste and plant matterBiomass is burnt to produce heat which is further utilized to make steam for generating electricityDe-meritsCost to collect, harvest & storeGHG emissionsRequires waste recycling

Geo Thermal EnergyThermal energy naturally generated & stored in the earthA natural source of heat for steam generationNo fuel required De-meritsHot spot within the earth crust usually found near volcanoesHarmful gases omissionYetVery cheap electricity

Focusing on Solar EnergySolar Energy1,330 watts per square meter of solar energy gifted by Allah Almighty10,000 times more than all commercial energy.Remote electricity generation Safe payback of investment

SOLARAverage amount of solar energy arriving on top of the atmosphere is 1,330 watts per square meter.Amount reaching the earths surface is 10,000 times more than all commercial energy used annually.Until recently, this energy source has been too diffuse and low intensity to capitalize for electricity.-If you are far away from existing grid lines, generating your own electricity will help you avoid the high costs of having utility power lines brought in.

17Why Solar Energy?Readily available source

It is almost free except for initial cost

A non-polluting source of energy

Solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It is free. It is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting18Solar Energy - Some Facts

Earth receives 1.2x1017 W of power from sun.Energy supplied by the sun in one hour is almost equal to the amount energy required by the human population in one year.Most if the other source on renewable energy have their in sun.

19Limitations of Solar EnergySun does not shine consistentlySolar energy is a diffuse sourceLocation and cost are major drawback

Sun does not shine consistently.Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity. Addressed by approaching the problem through: 1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.

20Photo Voltaic Cells A mechanism of generating electrical power from solar radiationFirst developed at Bell Laboratories,19541958 - $2,000 / watt1970 - $100 / watt2002 - $5 / watt2009 - $1 / watt

During the past 25 years, efficiency of energy capture by photovoltaic cells has increased from less than 1% of incident light to more than 10% in field conditions.

21Storage of Solar PowerStorage is difficult and expensiveLead-acid batteries Heavy and have low energy densityNickel-metal hydride batteriesHigher capacity & discharge rateUsed in hybrid carsLithium-ion batteriesSmaller, lighter, and more versatileExpensive

Electrical energy storage is difficult and expensive.Lead-Acid batteries Heavy and have low energy density.Typical lead-acid battery sufficient to store electricity for an average home would cost $5,000 and weigh 3-4 tons.Nickel-Metal Hydride batteriesHigher capacity than lead, high discharge rateUsed in hybrid carsLithium-Ion batteriesSmaller, lighter, and more versatileExpensive22CHARGE CONTROLLERBATTERIESDC LOADSINVERTERAC LOADSSOLAR CELLSSolar Energy Simplified ModelBLOACK DIAGRAM23Electricity Import and Export

Focusing On Wind EnergyEach blessing comes with a price tag; bearing certain added responsibilities followed by accountability.Power of WindWind has ability to produce sufficient mechanical movementNo GHG effectMinimum production costSteady but significantLesser field area requirementGrowing efficient day by day

Animated Mechanism

15 rpm1500 rpmHow a Wind Turbine Works?ComponentsRotor BladeGear BoxGeneratorTowerBatteriesOther equipment for support and interconnection

WTG Installation Process

International Experience31

Annual Growth = 25 %Source: GWECWind Energy Growing Across the GlobeWorld Leaders in Wind EnergyTop 10 wind power countriesCountryTotal Capacityend 2009 (MW)Total CapacityJune 2010 (MW)United States35,15936,300China26,01033,800Germany25,77726,400Spain19,14919,500India10, 92512,100Italy4,8505,300France4,5215,000United Kingdom4,0924,600Portugal3,5353,800Denmark3,4973,700Rest of world21,69824,500Total159,213175,000Pakistan PerspectiveStorms make trees take deeper roots

Pakistan - Power OutlookBig Demand/Supply Gap 18,338/12,616 MW (12 Jul 2011) (Actual demand is over 20,000 MW)High Growth Rate 8% per year so the Demand & Supply Gap is rising rapidlyWhat to do? Either we wait for further disasterOrIncrease Generation Capacity on Fast Track Basis!Existing Viable SourcesPakistan has 40,000 MW hydro power resource; we are using only 16%WAPDA plans 21,000 MW new capacityPPIB also plans 4,800 MW new capacityAll with in next 12 years!Indigenous reserves fast depletingLaw & order situation creates supply chain issuesNo gas supply during winters, plants switch to oil

Pakistan 50 m Wind PowerPakistan PotentialCountry 150,000 MWSindh Corridor 40,000 MW

WINDJHAMPIRGHAROKETI BANDER123MWhA wind corridor in Sindh (Jhampir, Gharo and Keti Bandar) has the potential to produce 40,000-50,000 MW of electricity.Sapphire Power Plant A combined cycle power plantRunning capacity: 209 MW Efficiency: 51.2%

Creative Group92 solar panels installed130W power output of each panel114V output DC voltage

Visits During Internship

The kind of thinking that has got us into this situation is not the kind of thinking that will get us out.Wish List of Group HBuild manufacturing facilities for renewable energy equipment as local cottage industryLaunch Energy Fasting Campaign at national level: Stop wastage of all types of energy including electricity and waterEmpower the people of Pakistan with the vision of energy consciousnessStart providing education on best utilization of energy from Grade 1Throw all air-conditioners in the Arabian Sea for next 10 yearsLearning by DoingDefining the roadmap (scope, roles and responsibilities, timeframe, etc.)Explore relevant dataAuthenticate and ensure currency of dataShare, discuss and convert data into meaningful infoCritical review of the quality and flow of the infoEnhance presentation skills through mutual guidanceAbove allWe learnt how to enjoy & support each other while deliveringWe welcome your questions with great enthusiasm!

Many thanks for joining a little thinking and learning effortWinners dont do different things,They do things differently.

Highly thankful for your active participation, masha Allah44Tidal Energy Utilization

Run of the River Small or no reservoir capacityNo reservoir means no construction cost of damNo need to relocate peopleHowever, power plant is subjected to seasonal river flows

Tidal Energy UtilizationUtilizes the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides.Tidal energy is quite predictable Longer life of tidal barrages (around 100 years)High energy density

48High Temperature Solar EnergySmall mirrors arranged in concentric rings. Light focuses on a heat absorber on top of the tower.

Small mirrors arranged in concentric rings around a tall central tower track the sun and focus light on a heat absorber on top of the tower.

48A Local Example of a Solar Pump

Solar Car Washing System Installed At TOTAL Petrol Pump Rawalpindi49Wind Blowing All OverWhat India installed during 13 years, USA installed only last year.Denmarks 15 years wind installations exceeded by Chinas only last year performanceTurbines get bigger and bigger. Single turbine capacity reached 15 MW.Large wind farms start appearing on the map:765 MW Horse Hollow Wind Farm, Texas 909 MW Shepherd's Flat Wind Farm, Oregon4000 MW T. Boone Wind Farm, TexasWind farming becomes crop of 21st century1980-2007102515090260210133.3600185.7102070127024.5145014.21580917309.5193011.6217012.4251015.7299019.1348816.7480037.6610027.1760024.61020034.21360033.31740027.92390037.43110030.13943126.84762020.85909124.17413325.59412227

Commulative Capacity% GrowthYearsCapacity (MW)Global Wind Commulative Installed Capacity

1997-2007760010200136001740023900311003943147620590917413394122116000

Commulative Installed CapacityYearsCapacity (MW)Global Wind Installed Capacity120,000

Sheet1yearscapacity1997747519989663YearsCapacity% Growth1999136961980102000180391981251502001243201982902602002311641983210133.32003392901984600185.720044768619851,0207020055900419861,27024.520067390419871,45014.2200719881,580920089410019891,7309.5200919901,93011.6201019912,17012.4201119922,51015.7201219932,99019.119943,48816.719954,80037.619966,10027.119977,60024.6199810,20034.2199913,60033.3200017,40027.9200123,90037.4200231,10030.1200339,43126.8200447,62020.8200559,09124.1200674,13325.5200794,122272008116,00018.86