Renewable Energy Grid Integration Sun.pdfRenewable Energy Grid Integration Jian Sun Professor and...
Transcript of Renewable Energy Grid Integration Sun.pdfRenewable Energy Grid Integration Jian Sun Professor and...
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1CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Renewable Energy Grid Integration
Jian SunProfessor and Director
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2CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Grid Integration Issues• Cost, Reliability & Efficiency of Grid Interface• Grid Congestion, Weak Grids• Variability of Renewable Production• Bidirectional Power Flow in Distribution Networks,
Localized Voltage Stability Problems• Possible Solutions
– Enhance Transmission Lines, Active Grid Control– Energy Storage: Large Scale (e.g. Pumped Hydro) for
Balance of Power; Fast Acting Storage for Stability– Load Management and Demand Response
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3CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Power Electronics as an Enabler
Power Grid
Renewable GenerationRenewable Generation
Energy StorageEnergy Storage
Load Manag.Load
Manag.
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4CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Synchronous Generator PWM VSC Converter
t
AC Generation
B()
v(t)
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5CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Generator Control
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000Frequency (Hertz)
Semiconductor Switching
Semiconductor Switching
Current ControlCurrent Control
DC-Link Control
DC-Link Control
Turbine Speed Control
Turbine Speed Control
Grid Q & V Control
Grid Q & V Control
Prime Mover Control
Prime Mover Control
Excitation Control
Excitation Control
Trad
ition
alG
ener
ator
Larg
e W
ind
Gen
erat
or Grid Synchronization
Grid Synchronization
Limited Controllability at Low FrequenciesComplex Control at High Frequencies
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6CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Research Areas and Projects• Overall Theme: Operation and Control of Power Grids with
Pervasive Power Electronics– Fundamental Research– Small-Scale System Demonstration
• Wind Turbines Integration with Weak Grids (GE)• High-Voltage DC Transmission for Offshore Wind (Stanford)• DC Micro Grid for Integration of Renewable Energy and
Energy Storage (Ultralife, NYSERDA)• Smart Grid Voltage Stability and Control (NSF)• Multi-Terminal HVDC for Offshore Wind Farms and Bulk
Power Transmission (ARPA-E, GE, CURENT ERC)
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7CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Voltage Instability
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8CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Impedance-Based Method
c
1
Phase Margin
Gain Margin
Im
Re
• Partition System into a Source and a Load Subsystem• Determine Source Subsystem Output Impedance (Zs) and Load
Subsystem Input Impedance (Zl)• System is Stability if Zs/Zl Meets Nyquist Stability Criterion
+
Zs
ZlVs Vl
+
Source Load
)()(1
1)()(
)()()(
sZsZsZsZ
sZsVsV
l
ssl
l
s
l
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9CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Distributed Generation Test-Bed
Rect.
Fuel Cell
Solar
Wind
Invert.
Invert.
Invert.
Load
Reactors
Filter / ~ /
3 208 VSimulated Grid
3 208 VUtility-Grid
Passive Impedance Bank
• A Simulated Distribution Grid with– Programmable Voltage, Frequency Variation, Harmonics– Programmable Grid Impedance
• Various Distributed Generation Sources & Loads
Active Grid Simulator
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10CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Grid-Connected Inverter Modeling
HPLL(s) vq vd
PLLPWM
iqrHi(s)
Kd
Kd
idr
Hi(s)
id
iq
abcdq
abcdq
iaib
ic
abcdq
vqm vdm
va
vb
vc Filte
r
Grid
1
i1
1dc
11
1PLL10
1
i1
1dc
11
1PLL10
)()π2(1
)π2(211)(
)()π2(1
)π2(211)(
sHV
VfjsHVfjsHVsZsZ
sHV
VfjsHVfjsHVsZsZ
pnn
ppp
I
I
)π2(2
)π2(2dc
0
dc0
fjsHVsLsZ
fjsHVsLsZ
in
ip
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11CFES 2011 Annual Conference
100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz
1020304050
100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz
-150-100-50
050
100150
Harmonic Resonance
Phas
e (d
eg.)
Mag
nitu
de (d
B
)← =175°
pZ gZ
← Hz
nZ
High Inductive Grid Impedance Causes Resonance with Capacitive Inverter Output Impedance
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12CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Mitigating Harmonic Resonance• Increase Inverter Impedance to Avoid Intersection
with Grid Impedance• Reshape Inverter Output
Impedance to Ensure Sufficient Stability Margin
• Current Compensator• PLL Design• Online Grid Impedance
Identification, Adaptive Control
Inverter Currents with Reduced PLL Bandwidth
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13CFES 2011 Annual Conference
HVDC for Offshore Wind Farms
SpeedSource
1600 rpm
ωmech
690 V
7 km
PM
SpeedSource
1600 rpm
ωmech
690 V
7 km
PM
SpeedSource
1600 rpm
ωmech
690 V
7 km
PM
SpeedSource
1600 rpm
ωmech
690 V
7 km
PM
SpeedSource
1600 rpm
ωmech
690 V
7 km
PM
400*2.5MW Turbines
33kV AC Bus
7km Cable
Direct-Drive Technology HVDC Rectifier(VSC or LCC)
HVDC
300 MVA STATCOM300 MVA
STATCOM
AC
Bus
Fi
lters
AC
Bus
Fi
lters
Stability & Control of AC Collection Bus
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14CFES 2011 Annual Conference
DC Micro Grid
Second
10-6 10-4 10-2 1 102 104 106 108
Hourly, Daily & Seasonal Variation
Loading/Unloading Weather Change
Function, Stability Power Quality
SwitchingProtection
Hardware Embedded Control
Subsystem-Level Autonomous Control
Supervisory Control & Com
Ultra Caps
=~
Supervisory Control
DC Bus= =
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15CFES 2011 Annual Conference
Summary• Research Focus on Future Grid with Pervasive Power
Electronics– Renewable Energy– Energy Storage, Dynamic Load Management– Active Grid Control
• AC, DC & Hybrid AC-DC Networks– Stability & Compatibility Over a Wide Frequency Range
• Local Control with Predictable Global Effects• Impedance-Based Analytical Approach• Test-Bed as a Platform for System Demonstration