Renaissance architecture in england
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Transcript of Renaissance architecture in england
Prepared by:
ARCHT. JEYCARTER A. TILOY, UAP
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2
EARLY RENAISSANCE: ELIZABETHAN PERIOD (1558 to 1603 AD)
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed Tudor
architecture Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail
JACOBEAN PERIOD (1603 to 1625 AD)
During the Reign of King James I of England blended Medieval and Renaissance styles characteristic of formal structures transition from Elizabethan to Pure Renaissance Predominant after Queen Elizabeth's reign Tends to be more unified and consistent
LATE RENAISSANCE STUART PERIOD (1625 to 1702 AD) 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian
Renaissance 2nd Phase: Sir Christopher Wren was influenced by
French Renaissance
GEORGIAN PERIOD (1702 to 1830 AD) Under this title is classed the architecture of the reigns of Anne
(A.D. 1702–14), George I (A.D. 1714–27), George II (A.D. 1727-60), George III (A.D. 1760–1820), George IV (A.D. 1820–30).
The Renaissance in England
Renaissance architecture arrived in England during the
reign of Elizabeth I, having first spread through the Low
countries where among other features it acquired
versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strapwork in
geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style
tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses
such as Longleat House.
ELIZABETHAN PERIOD
(1558 to 1603 AD)
The mansions displayed many new combinations of features. Externally,
towers,
gables, parapets, balustrades and chin:mey stacks produced an effective
skyline,
and walls were enlivened by oriel and bay-windows with mullions and
transoms,
while internally the same style, when applied to fittings, furniture, and
decoration,
made for repose, dignity and uniformity.
Elizabethan mansions looked outwards rather than inwards towards
courtyards as in
the Mediaeval periods, so that there now could be formal settings related
to each
ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
These mansions show a general similarity in their
arrangement with those of the Jacobean period.
The smaller mansions had a central hall flanked at
one end by kitchen and offices, and at the other by
withdrawing and living-rooms; while the larger types
was quadrangular with similar accommodation, but
with additional rooms grouped round the court, and
with a gatehouse in the centre of the entrance side.
Elizabethan and Jacobean architects adhered to
the Tudor plan for smaller
mansions, but they evolved the E-shaped plan from
the quadrangular plan by omitting one side of the
court, thus admitting sunlight and air.
Elizabethan Country Houses
Wollaton Hall by Robert Smythson, 1580
Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire, Robert Smythson (1580-88). Wollaton was
built between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby and is believed to
be designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson, who was the
architect of Hardwick Hall.
Plan of Wollaton Hall
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire by Robert Smythson
1590-97
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, Robeert Smythson (1590-97) Hardwick Hall, in
Derbyshire, is one of the most significant Elizabethan country houses in England. In
common with its architect Robert Smythson's other works at both Longleat House
and Wollaton Hall, Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the English
interpretation of the Renaissance style of architecture, which came into fashion when
it was no longer thought necessary to fortify one's home.
Hardwick Hall
LONG GALLERY
The H-shaped plan was used also in this period. The gatehouse often became a detached building features, such as the great hall, grand staircase, and long gallery, are common to the typical houses . As houses began to look outwards instead of into courts, surrounding gardens developed on formal
lines.
The GREAT HALL still retained its central position, but became more than ever a hall of state, connecting the various parts of the mansion.
The GRAND STAIRCASE, with carved newels and pierced balustrades, and usually adjacent to the hall; forms dignified approach to the rooms above, and its prominence as a feature is in marked contrast with the inconvenient corkscrew stairs of the. Mediaeval period.
The Long Gallery -is perhaps the most striking feature of an Elizabethan mansion, with ornamental chimney-pieces, paneled or tapestried walls, large mullioned windows and modeled plaster ceiling. Long, low and narrow though varied room-like bays.
The Withdrawing room or 'solar' of previous times was often elaborately finished
with carved chimney-pieces and panelled walls. Bedrooms were multiplied and
were often elaborate and a private chapel was frequently incorporated in the
building .
JACOBEAN PERIOD
(1603 to 1625 AD)
As Roman Literature and models became better known, a subtle change
crept in, and
the sober regularity of classic columns and entablatures gradually
supplanted the irregularity
of Elizabethan architecture. There was a greater tendency for new
structures
to be designed by a single hand. Buildings still continued to be for domestic
rather than
religious use. and thus the style developed along lines suited to popular
needs, w1th
considerable latitude in detail and ornament; not only for buildings, but also
tor fittings
and furniture, which now became. more abundant in quantity and more
HATFIELD
HOUSE
Hatfield House is a country house set in a large park, the Great Park, on the
eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. The present
Jacobean house was built in 1611 by Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury and
Chief Minister to King James I and has been the home of the Cecil family ever
since. It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture and is currently the home
of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. The house is open to the
public.
The house is E-shaped in plan,
with central hall and projecting
symmetrical wings, and is set off
by formal gardens.
The entrance front is 68.5 m
long, is of daringly plain
brickwork with stone mullioned
windows, relieved by a
projecting central entrance;
while the bay-windows of the
wings are taken up as small
lateral towers, and the building
is finished by a flat roof and
balustrade and dominated by a
central clock-turret. The South
front is much ornate in
treatment, with Doric, Ionic and
Corinthian orders superimposed
to form a center-piece flanked
by an arcaded ground storey·,
mullioned windows and pierced
parapet. The two storey hall with
mullioned windows,
minstrels's gallery, and modeled
plaster ceiling, is a Renaissance
STUART PERIOD
(1625 to 1702 AD)
Inigo JonesJuly 15, 1573 - June 21, 1652
Inigo Jones is regarded as the first significant British architect of the modern period, and the first to bring Italianate Renaissance architecture to England. He left his mark on London by single buildings, such as the Banqueting House, Whitehall and in area design for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End. St.
Above: Queen's House, Greenwich, 1616 was
built for James I’s wife, Anne of Denmark. It was
finished in 1635 and was the first strictly
classical building in England, employing ideas
found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient
Rome. This is Inigo Jones's earliest surviving
work.
Plan of Queen’s House by Inigo
Jones
THE WHITEHALL PALACE
The Palace of Whitehall (or Palace of White Hall) was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire it had grown to be the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms, overtaking the Vatican and Versailles. The palace gives its name, Whitehall, to the road on which many of the current administrative buildings of the UK government are situated, and hence metonymically to the central government itself.
In Tudor and Early Stuart English architecture a
banqueting house is a separate building reached
through pleasure gardens from the main residence,
whose use is purely for entertaining.
Banqueting House, Whitehall, London (1619-22) The Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, is the grandest and best known survivor of the architectural genre of banqueting house, and the only remaining component of the Palace of Whitehall. The building is important in the history of English architecture as the first building to be completed in the neo-classical style which was to transform English architecture.
Begun in 1619, and designed by Inigo Jones in a style influenced by Palladio, the Banqueting House was completed in
SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
October 20, 1632 - February 25, 1723
Sir Christopher Michael Wren is one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.
The principal creative responsibility for a number of the churches is now more commonly attributed to others in his office, especially Nicholas Hawksmoor. Other notable buildings by Wren include the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and the south front of Hampton Court Palace. The Wren Building, the main building at the College of William and Mary, is attributed to Wren. It is the oldest academic building in continuous use in the United States.
Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and
Wren’s plan for Rebuilding the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666
Old map of London before the Great Fire of 1666
Map of the Spread of the Great Fire in
London, 1666
St Paul’s London
St Paul’s
• The Cathedral is one of the most famous andmost recognizable sights of LONDON, with itsdome, framed by the spires of Wren's CityChurches, dominating the skyline for 300years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was thetallest building in LONDON from 1710 to1962, and its dome is also among the highestin the world. In terms of area, St Paul's isthe second largest church building inthe UNITED KINGDOM after LIVERPOOLCathedral.
Old St. Paul Cathedral before the Great Fire of 1666.
St Paul's Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits at the top of LudgateHill, the highest point in the City of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present church, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed within Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme which took place in the city after the Great Fire of London.The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London, with its dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City churches, dominating the skyline for 300 years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is also among the highest in the world. In terms of area, St Paul's is the second largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English population. It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as postcard images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz. Important services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services.
Architect
Sir Christopher Wren was the Architect Who Rebuilt London.After the Great Fire of London, Sir Christopher Wren designed new churches and supervised the reconstruction of some of London's most important buildings.
• Born:October 20, 1632 at East Knoyle in Wiltshire, England
• Died: February 25, 1723 in London, at age 91.
• The St. Paul is constructed in BAROQUE STYLE.• A style of architecture and art originating in ITALY in the early 17th
century and variously prevalent in EUROPE and the New World for acentury and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of theclassical orders and ornament, by forms in elevation and plansuggesting movement, and by dramatic effect in which architecture,panting, sculpture, and the decorative arts often worked tocombined effect.
Length 555ft (160m)Nave width 121ft (37m)Width across transepts 246ft (75m)
Details
The WHISPERING GALLERY runs around the inside of the dome 99 feet (30.2 m) above thecathedral floor. It is reached by 259 steps from ground level. It gets its name because of theacoustic effects peculiar to domes; a whisper against its wall at any point is audible to a listenerwith an ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. A low murmur is equallyaudible.
Specifications
Height 365ft (111m)
Dome height (outer) 278ft (85m)
Dome height (inner) 225ft (68m)
Dome diameter (outer) 112ft (34m)
Dome diameter (inner) 102ft (31m)
Structural Features
Buttress given for extrastrength for screen walls.
Deep recesses in the walls for windows.
Thick walls are provided internally.
The large crossing dome is composed of three layers: the first triple domeever to be constructed. The inner and outer layers are catenary curves,but the structural integrity to support the heavy stone structure atop thedome is provided by a intermediary layer which is much steeper andmore conical in shape. The dome is restrained round its base by awrought iron chain to prevent it spreading and cracking.
Structural Features
Vault
Number of towers 2 Tower height 221ft (67m)
• Details of the towers at thewest end (illustration, left)and their dark voids areboldly scaled, in order toread well from the streetbelow and from a distance,for the towers have alwaysstood out in the urbanskyline. They are composedof two complementaryelements, a central cylinderrising through the tiers in aseries of stacked drums,and paired CORINTHIANCOLUMNS at the corners,with BUTTRESSES abovethem, which serve to unifythe drum shape with thesquare block plinthcontaining the clock.
Description
• The base of the inner dome is 173 feet (53.4 m) above thefloor. Its top is about 65 m above the floor, making this thegreatest height of the enclosed space. The cathedral is some574 feet (175 m) in length (including the portico of theGreat West Door), of which 223 feet (68 m) is the nave and167 feet (51 m) is the choir. The width of the nave is 121feet (37 m) and across the transepts is 246 feet (75 m). Thecathedral is thus slightly shorter but somewhat wider thanOld St Paul's.
Corinthian columns
• The clock mechanism wasbuilt in 1893 by Smith ofDerby incorporating a designof escapement. clockmechanism is 5.8 meters longand is the most recent of theclocks introduced to STPAUL'S CATHEDRAL over thecenturies.
GEORGIAN PERIOD
(1702 to 1830 AD)
The Georgian house was generally planned as a simple symmetrical
square or rectangular block with or without wings. The grander winged
examples
were the seats of the more well -to-do and the aristocracy. The centre .third of
the main
block in both types was usually occupied by the entrance hall, which, in the
larger
houses was carried up the full height of two storeys. The staircase, also
designed for
show, was either axially beyond or to one side of the hall and was seen
through columned
or arched screens. In the simple block type a single staircase sufficed, but in
winged mansions, two staircases became necessary on account of the high
BLENHEIM PALACE
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshlre (1704-20) is the most
monumental mansion in England. Sir John Vanbrugh's
bold and forceful personality stamped itself on all his
designs which are characterized by his love of
projecting porticos, twined columns supports for
trophies and the contrast of light and shade.
Designed by William Kent a representative of Palladian character in the present class.
The plan shows no deliberate framing of the entrance court by the wings, which here
number four instead of two and give symmetrical elevations on all four fronts. A grand
feature of the central block is the halt, adorned by Ionic, colonnades which turn in an
apse to enclose an axial flight of steps rising to the 'piano nobile' or principal floor; the
chief apartments include a stately gallery of three related rooms. Externally. on the south
WILLIAM KENTPLAN OF BLENHEIM PALACE
The SWAN HOUSE, Chichester
The SWAN HOUSE, Chichester (1711) is built wholly in gauged and rubbed brickwork, the centre third thrust forward to frame narrow lights on either side of the pilastered and segmentally pedimenteddoor case. Above the dentil and moulded brick cornice is a panelled parapet partly concealing the hipped and tilled roof. Exposed sash boxes and thick glazing bars enliven the front. As this is a town house, it is set back from the pavement edge and ha.s a wrought-iron balustrade on a low wall with gate piers and steps.