Renaissance and Reformation Ch.14
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Transcript of Renaissance and Reformation Ch.14
Renaissance and ReformationCh.14
Italian RenaissanceWhy does our government want all kids to be educated?
1300-1600
Italian States
• The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking.
• Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists. Patrons of the Arts
• During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. Social Classes
• Rebirth or revival of Greek and Roman antiquity. Humanism and Renaissance Man
• Humanities – History, Literature, Art, Logic/Reason, Rhetoric/Debate, Grammar, Science
• Florence – Birthplace of the Renaissance – Medici Family - Bankers
• Florentine merchants loaned and invested money
• Huge profits from investments and loans
• More disposable income – Patrons of the arts
• The rich and middle class enjoyed the wealth, instead pilgrimages to the City of God
Italian States - Rivaliries• Florence
– Oligarchy– Medici family
• Milan– Condottiere -
mercenaries– Spanish empire
• Venice– Great Council
• Doge - leader– Monopoly on spice and
luxury trade
• Papal States– Renaissance
Popes (Italian)– Borgias (Spain)
1492• Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies
Poor land
Spanish empire
• Northern cities had free men who competed with the Nobles. (Political and economic)
• Merchant guilds and communes. (Oligarchies)• Political rivals created an unstable government• The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed
and excluded from government• The popolo used armed conflicts to establish
republican form of governments.• The popolo could not maintain civil order• The wealthy and nobles would gain back control
by using the Condottieri (military leaders)• The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts
Renaissance Literature
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
Dante Alighieri• Divine Comedy
Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
• Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6)
• Literary humanism• Devout Catholic• Revive the classics
Italian Renaissance Art
• Religious scenes focused on expressions• Holy as human - Humanism• God’s beauty in world• Nude body• Uniqueness - self-portraits
Sandro Botticelli• Vivid colors• Classical mythology• The Adoration of the Magi• The Birth of Venus• Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci• First Italian artist to use oil
paints• Mona Lisa• The Last Supper• The Virgin of the Rocks• Religious matter in secular and
humanized fashion
Leonardo da Vinci• Studying fossils• Anatomy from
dissections• First accurate
description of human skeleton
• Remained on paper
Raphael Santi • Humanized Madonna paintings
• Sistine Madonna• School of Athens
Michelangelo Buonarotti• Sistine Chapel
– Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood
• The Last Judgment• David• Moses• Pieta• Dying Slave• Night
Michelangelo Buonarotti
•Using these two paintings, comment on the similarities and differences between Italian and Northern humanism.
The Northern RenaissanceWhy does information spread so fast today?
• The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward.
• Why does it happen later?• The Northern Renaissance was infused with
a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.
Northern Renaissance
• The Kings and Queens of Europe brought in the great artists and scholars
• Trade and travel to Italy – people were educated in Italy - exploration
Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries
• Printing press w/ moveable type– Johannes Gutenberg– 1456 - the Bible– Rapid spread of
knowledge
• Christian Humanism– Unite classical
learning w/ Christian faith – Church encouraged Bible study
– Erasmus• ‘Prince of the
Humanists’• Praise of Folly• Rejected Luther
Flemish Painting• Jan and Hubert van
Eyck– First to use oil paints– The Adoration of the
Lamb– Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
• Peter Brueghel– Earthly and lively
activities of peasants– Peasant Wedding– Children’s Games
German Painting
• Albrecht Durer– Mastery of
expression– Woodcuts– Self-Portrait
• Hans Holbein the Younger– Portraits
• Henry VIII
• Erasmus
• Thomas More
• The Ambassadors
Elizabethan Literature
• Edmund Spenser– Leading poet
• Christopher Marlowe– playwright– Brief career– Doctor Faustus
• William Shakespeare– Most famous playwright
• Thomas More– Utopia – beneficent
government
Spanish Renaissance
• Miguel de Cervantes– Don Quixote
• El Escorial – King’s Palace
• El Greco
Mannerism (1520-1600) – The artists did not focus on nature,
more on style
•El Greco, Resurrection•Tintoretto, The Last Supper
France
• Black Death and 100 years war left France depopulated
• Charles VII revived the monarchy, expelled the English, strengthened finances thru salt and land taxes.
• Charles VII created the first permanent royal army
• Concordant of Bologna (1516) – Frances I and Pope Leo X agreed to allow French kings to appoint bishops – set church policies
England
• Decline in Population?• Tudors restored royal prestige, crush power
of nobility, and establish local order• Tudors, except Henry VIII, stayed away from
expensive wars• The royal council was filled with common
lawyers, not nobles – The Star Chamber• When Henry VII dies (1509), England is at
peace, wealthy from trade, and the royals are well respected
Spain
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unite the royal houses, but not the two peoples – Spain not united
• They weaken the power of the aristocracy – excluded from royal council
• They secured the power to appoint biships in colonies
• Anti-Semitic pogroms – 40% of jews killed or forced to convert (conversos)- “purity of blood”
Spain
• Inquisition – Expell all Jews• Hapsburg dynasty continues with Charles V
and Philip II• Charles V – inherits the Netherlands and Holy
Roman Empire• Philip II – Unites Spain in 1580