Introduction to Ch 19 The Introduction to Ch 19 The Renaissance and the Renaissance and the

ReformationReformation

Reopening the Silk RoadReopening the Silk Road

When the silk road When the silk road reopened (due to the reopened (due to the Mongls) trade increasedMongls) trade increased

Marco Polo brought back Marco Polo brought back information on China to information on China to the people of Europe, the people of Europe, igniting a desire to have igniting a desire to have more Asian goodsmore Asian goods

Trade cities in Italy Trade cities in Italy ( Florence, Milan, and ( Florence, Milan, and Venice) became very Venice) became very wealthy as a result of the wealthy as a result of the increased trade.increased trade.

The Desire to KnowThe Desire to Know

Christianity ruled Europe during the Middle AgesChristianity ruled Europe during the Middle Ages

The Church ran schools and universities where the main subject The Church ran schools and universities where the main subject taught was religiontaught was religion

One of the challenges facing the church was the desire of people to One of the challenges facing the church was the desire of people to want to know who, what, where and why and not always be told want to know who, what, where and why and not always be told the answer would relate to religionthe answer would relate to religion

Inspired by Humanism, Key historical figures stepped into importanceInspired by Humanism, Key historical figures stepped into importance

Niccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli

Italian writer and Italian writer and politicianpolitician

Interested in what really Interested in what really happened, not theorieshappened, not theories

Sets a good example of Sets a good example of Renaissance interest in Renaissance interest in human behavior and human behavior and societysociety

In In The Prince The Prince he offered he offered advise to how ruler should advise to how ruler should stay in powerstay in power

Fear vs LovedFear vs Loved

MichelangeloMichelangelo

One of the greatest ItalianOne of the greatest Italian

MastersMasters He designed buildings, He designed buildings,

wrote poetry, carved wrote poetry, carved sculptures and painted sculptures and painted magnificent paintingsmagnificent paintings

Renowned for painting the Renowned for painting the ceiling of the Sistine chapelceiling of the Sistine chapel

Self portrait

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

A true genius of the A true genius of the Renaissance AgeRenaissance Age

Painter, sculptor, inventor, Painter, sculptor, inventor, engineer, town planner, map engineer, town planner, map makermaker

Use real specimens whenever Use real specimens whenever possible to be as accurate as possible to be as accurate as he couldhe could

““Rebirth” was being Rebirth” was being experienced throughout experienced throughout

EuropeEurope Around the continent new ideas and advances Around the continent new ideas and advances

were sprouting all over in the form ofwere sprouting all over in the form of Math Math HumanismHumanism Astronomy Astronomy Religious reformReligious reform

MathematicsMathematics

Square roots, positive and negative integers all Square roots, positive and negative integers all created during this timecreated during this time

Advances in math lead toAdvances in math lead to Engineers and architects creating formulas to strengthen Engineers and architects creating formulas to strengthen

buildingsbuildings Studying astronomy to learn more about the sun, stars Studying astronomy to learn more about the sun, stars

and planets. This lead to the discovery that the Earth and planets. This lead to the discovery that the Earth revolved around the sun. (revolved around the sun. (controversialcontroversial) Why?) Why?

These findings challenged traditional church These findings challenged traditional church beliefs.beliefs.

Galileo Galilei invented the telescope and was able Galileo Galilei invented the telescope and was able to prove this. Some of his body parts are on to prove this. Some of his body parts are on display in italydisplay in italy

GalileoGalileo

Changes in EducationChanges in Education

History became important in education History became important in education once humanism became a more once humanism became a more popular subjectpopular subject

The Renaissance scholar Petrarch The Renaissance scholar Petrarch warned against ignoring history.warned against ignoring history.

““O inglorious age! that scorns antiquity, its mother, to whom it O inglorious age! that scorns antiquity, its mother, to whom it owes every noble art… What can be said in defense of men of owes every noble art… What can be said in defense of men of education who ought not to be ignorant of antiquity [ancient education who ought not to be ignorant of antiquity [ancient

times] and yet are plunged in…darkness and delusion?”times] and yet are plunged in…darkness and delusion?”

——Francesco Petrarch, from a 1366 letter to Boccaccio Francesco Petrarch, from a 1366 letter to Boccaccio 

Germany – Johann Germany – Johann GutenbergGutenberg

1456 Gutenberg printed the Bible in 1456 Gutenberg printed the Bible in Latin and it was later translated into Latin and it was later translated into other languages. other languages.

Why was this so monumental?Why was this so monumental?

Universities Opened all over EuropeUniversities Opened all over EuropeSpreading Renaissance IdeasSpreading Renaissance Ideas

In Northern Europe, Christian humanism spread In Northern Europe, Christian humanism spread as a subject in the universities.as a subject in the universities.

As more and more people gained access to the As more and more people gained access to the bible, they came to feel that the church was bible, they came to feel that the church was corruptcorrupt

Desiderius Erasmus was a voice for reformDesiderius Erasmus was a voice for reform He criticized corrupt clergy and emphasized He criticized corrupt clergy and emphasized

devotion to God and the teachings of Jesus.devotion to God and the teachings of Jesus.

Painting and LiteraturePainting and Literature

The paintings during the Renaissance The paintings during the Renaissance became more realisticbecame more realistic

One Artist study the anatomy of the One Artist study the anatomy of the human body to make his work more human body to make his work more realisticrealistic

Albrecht DurerAlbrecht Durer William Shakespeare is considered the William Shakespeare is considered the

greatest writer in the English languagegreatest writer in the English language Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet

ReformationReformation

Unpopular church practices, corrupt clergy, sale of indulgences Unpopular church practices, corrupt clergy, sale of indulgences and other issues motivated some to try and reform the Catholic and other issues motivated some to try and reform the Catholic churchchurch

On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther nailed the 95 thesis to the door On October 31, 1517 Martin Luther nailed the 95 thesis to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany.of a church in Wittenberg, Germany.

Luther wanted to correct the church’s mistakes by calling them Luther wanted to correct the church’s mistakes by calling them out.out.

Instead of changing, the church kicked him out and called him a Instead of changing, the church kicked him out and called him a heretic,heretic,

His ideas would eventually lead to another split in the Catholic His ideas would eventually lead to another split in the Catholic ChurchChurch

Those who followed Luther became known as Protestants or Those who followed Luther became known as Protestants or LutheransLutherans

Roman Catholic

Orthodox CatholicProtestant

Other ReformersOther Reformers

William TynndaleWilliam Tynndale – – an English professor who an English professor who thought that everyone should be able to read and thought that everyone should be able to read and interpret the Bibleinterpret the Bible

This went against the teachings of the Catholic Church This went against the teachings of the Catholic Church which held that only clergy should have this right.which held that only clergy should have this right.

John Calvin – John Calvin – believed in the idea of predestinationbelieved in the idea of predestination

King Henry VIII – King Henry VIII – broke from the Catholic Church broke from the Catholic Church because they did not allow him to divorce his wife. The because they did not allow him to divorce his wife. The Anglican Church, as it came to be known, is VERY Anglican Church, as it came to be known, is VERY similar to the Catholic Church.similar to the Catholic Church.

The Catholic ReformationThe Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Church decided they needed to stop the The Catholic Church decided they needed to stop the spread of the Protestant faith. spread of the Protestant faith.

In Spain the Spanish Inquisition was responsible for In Spain the Spanish Inquisition was responsible for making all of Spain Catholicmaking all of Spain Catholic

A religious order known as the Jesuits was created to A religious order known as the Jesuits was created to serve the Pope and the Churchserve the Pope and the Church

The Council of Trent was a meeting to discuss ways to The Council of Trent was a meeting to discuss ways to improve the Catholic faith, but instead it became a way improve the Catholic faith, but instead it became a way to limit peoples exposure to Protestant information, to limit peoples exposure to Protestant information, like books.like books.

More Catholic missionaries were sent out to gain more More Catholic missionaries were sent out to gain more followers of the Catholic faith around the world.followers of the Catholic faith around the world.

The Political ImpactThe Political Impact

In France religious wars began between the French In France religious wars began between the French Catholics and the French protestants also known as Catholics and the French protestants also known as HuguenotsHuguenots

The conflict lasted for decades until King Henry IV The conflict lasted for decades until King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, a law granting religious issued the Edict of Nantes, a law granting religious freedom in most of Francefreedom in most of France

In the Holy Roman Empire wars broke out after the In the Holy Roman Empire wars broke out after the emperor forced everyone in his kingdom to be emperor forced everyone in his kingdom to be Catholic, Protestants revolted causing what came to be Catholic, Protestants revolted causing what came to be known as the Thirty Years Warknown as the Thirty Years War

A peace agreement that came in the 1648, The Treaty A peace agreement that came in the 1648, The Treaty of Westphalia, allowed rulers to determine whether of Westphalia, allowed rulers to determine whether their country would be Protestant or Catholic.their country would be Protestant or Catholic.

Social ChangesSocial Changes With the reformation, Protestants With the reformation, Protestants

had to run their own church’s. had to run their own church’s. The Clergy only worked for the The Clergy only worked for the CatholicCatholic

Once people started to govern Once people started to govern their own churches, many their own churches, many decided they also wanted some decided they also wanted some sort of say in the government as sort of say in the government as wellwell

Some congregations gained Some congregations gained enough power that they began to enough power that they began to share it with the local share it with the local governmentgovernment

That is how the idea of That is how the idea of Federalism came to be.Federalism came to be.

This sparked the desire for people This sparked the desire for people to want to know more based on to want to know more based on their knowledge, not trust in their knowledge, not trust in someone in authority telling you.someone in authority telling you.

Some Results of the Some Results of the ReformationReformation

Religious conflicts spread Religious conflicts spread across Europeacross Europe

Church leaders reform the Church leaders reform the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Missionaries spread Missionaries spread Catholicism around the Catholicism around the worldworld

Northern Europe becomes Northern Europe becomes largely Protestantlargely Protestant

Local Protestant churches Local Protestant churches practice self-governmentpractice self-government

Martin LutherMartin Luther