REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

USING FRUIT PEELS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS

ADSORBENT

by

ARIF EFTEKHAR AHMED

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GAZIPUR

BANGLADESH

APRIL 2017

i

REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

USING FRUIT PEELS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS

ADSORBENT

by

ARIF EFTEKHAR AHMED

A thesis submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of

Dhaka University of Engineering &Technology, Gazipur

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

APRIL 2017

ii

CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

The thesis titled “REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES FROM AQUEOUS

SOLUTION USING FRUIT PEELS AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS

ADSORBENT” submitted by Arif Eftekhar Ahmed, Student No. 122132-P,

Session: 2012-2013, has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering

on April 09, 2017.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

iii

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the thesis on “REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES FROM

AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING FRUIT PEELS AND SUGARCANE

BAGASSE AS ADSORBENT” has been performed by me and neither the thesis

nor any part thereof has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or

diploma.

(Prof. Dr. Md. Akramul Alam) (Arif Eftekhar Ahmed)

Counter signed by supervisor signature of candidate

iv

Dedicated

To

My Mother

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At first, I would like to acknowledge the blessing as of almighty Allah for enabling

me to carry out the study successfully.

I would like to expresses my sincere deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Md.

Akarmul Alam, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, DUET for his constant

support and guidance from the beginning of the research proposal to till completing

this report. His careful reading of the draft, valuable comments, technical and

constructive suggestions immensely contributes to the improvement of the thesis

work.

I am also indebted to Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman, Head, Department of Civil

Engineering, DUET, for his valuable suggestion and support regarding this thesis

work.

Furthermore, I am also thankful to Mr. Shibu Banik, Assistant Technical Officer,

DUET and Mr. Firoz Ahmed, Lab Assistant, Environmental Engineering Lab,

DUET for their support during different laboratory work and tests.

Finally, I would like to profound thanks to my family members for supporting and

inspiring to conduct the study. Specially, I would like to thank my mother

Monowara Chowdhury, Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, Govt.

Bagatipara Degree College, Natore, my younger sister Afroz Zerin Mahua for their

support and encouragement to complete this study.

vi

ABSTRACT

There are thousands of textile dyeing industries in different areas of Bangladesh.

Majority of them is knit dyeing. According to BKMEA there are 1900 small and

large knit dyeing industries in our country. Dyeing industries consume huge amount

of water, dyes and chemicals. They also discharge huge volume of wastewater after

finishing dyeing process. Textile dyes like reactive, acid and disperse dyes are

commonly used for dyeing cotton, wool and polyester fiber in those industries.

Colour releases from those dyes are very toxic and harmful for living species and

aquatic life.

The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of removal of commonly

used textile dyes from aqueous dye solution by adsorption process using different

adsorbents. Here the removal of dyes from aqueous solution indicates removal of

their colour that generates after dissolving the dye particles in to aqueous solution.

This research focused on removal of colour of three different textile dyes, Reactive,

Acid and Disperse dyes by four different types of Adsorbents Orange, Lemon,

Banana peels and Sugarcane bagasse.

Textile dyes were collected from Clariant dye manufacturer ltd. located at Tejgoan

industrial area, Dhaka. Orange, lemon and banana peels were collected from a local

fruit store. Removal of colour was tested at different adsorbent dosage and under

different experimental conditions. Suitability of Langmuier and Freundlich

adsorption isotherm in describing the experimental data was tested.

The maximum efficiencies obtained for removal of colour of reactive, acid and

disperse dye are 87, 83, 80 percent respectively for lemon peel and 91, 88, 83

percent respectively for combined dosage of lemon and orange peel under the

experimental condition. Colour removal for individual and combined dosage of

orange, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse also found significant. Maximum

colour removal efficiencies obtained for 1000 mg adsorbent dosage, 0.5 percent

initial dye concentration of solution, 60 minute time of shaking, 160 RPM speed of

shaking, 25-35ºC and pH 7 for all three dyes and all four adsorbents used in this

research work. Further increasing or decreasing of those parameters no significant

change of removal percentages was observed.

Extraction or desorption of dyes from adsorbent surface after adsorption by washing

with distilled water indicates the attraction force between colour particles and

adsorbents will weak Van der Waals force. Surface electron microscopy image and

amount of surface area of orange, lemon, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse

indicates that large surface area of adsorbent indicates more adsorption possibility of

dyes and variation of dye adsorption occurs due to variation of amount of surface

vii

area. Chemical structure analysis of Reactive, Acid and Disperse dyes shows that

colour removal increases when dyes are more anionic in nature.

Adsorption isotherm shows that the removal of reactive, acid and disperse dyes

properly fits with Langmuier and Freundlich adsorption model.

These results shows Colour of Reactive, Acid and Disperse dye from aqueous

solution may be removed effectively using orange, lemon, banana peels and

sugarcane bagasse.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

No.

ABSTRACT vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Objective of the Study 3

1.3 Scope of the Study 3

1.4 Organization of the Thesis

4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Textile Dyes 6

2.3 Chemical Components of a Textile Dye 6

2.3.1 Chromophore 6

2.3.2 Auxochrome 7

2.3.3 Solubilizing Group 7

2.3.4 Bridging Group 8

2.3.5 Reactive Group 8

2.4 Classification of Textile Dyes According to Ionic Nature and Application on

……Fiber

8

2.5 Classification of Textile Dyes According to Their Origin 9

2.5.1 Natural Dyes 9

2.5.2 Synthetic Dyes 9

2.6 Classification of Synthetic Textile Dyes According to Their Properties and

……Use

9

ix

2.6.1 Reactive Dyes 9

2.6.2 Types of Reactive Group 10

2.6.3 General Classifications of Reactive Dyes 11

2.6.4 Classification of Reactive Dyes According to Application Method 11

2.6.5 Properties of Reactive Dyes 11

2.7 Acid Dyes 12

2.7.1 Classifications of Acid Dyes 12

2.7.2 Properties of Acid Dyes 14

2.8 Disperse Dyes 14

2.8.1 Classification of Disperse Dyes 15

2.8.2 Properties of Disperse Dyes 15

2.9 Impact of Textile Dyes in Open Environment 16

2.10 Different Technologies for Textile Waste Water Treatment 17

2.10.1 Chemical Precipitation 17

2.10.2 Coagulation/Flocculation 17

2.10.3 Membrane Filtration 18

2.10.4 Ion Exchange 18

2.10.5 Oxidation process 18

2.10.6 Activated Carbon Process 19

2.10.7 Adsorption Process 19

2.11 Review of Relevant Works

20

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND MEHODS

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2.1 Selection of Textile Dyes 24

3.2.2 Characteristics of Textile Dyes 24

3.2.3 Dye Sample Preservation 27

3.3 Collection and Preparation of Adsorbents 28

3.3.1 Collection of Adsorbents 28

3.3.2 Specification of Adsorbents 28

3.3.3 Preparation of Adsorbents Powder

28

x

3.4 Laboratory Analysis for Removal of Dyes using Adsorbents from Aqueous

…...Solution

30

3.4.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 30

3.4.2 Preparation of Stock Solution 30

3.4.3 Removal Procedure of Dyes from Aqueous Solution using

……………….Adsorbent Powder

31

3.4.4 Dye Removal Percentages 31

3.5 Determination of the Effects of Different Parameters for Dye removal 32

3.5.1 Effect of Adsorbent Dosages 32

3.5.2 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration 32

3.5.3 Effect of Speed of Shaker 32

3.5.4 Effect of Time of Shaking 32

3.5.5 Effect of Temperature 33

3.5.6 Effect of pH of Solution 33

3.5.7 Effect of Combined Adsorbent Dosage 33

3.5.8 Turbidity Removal 33

3.6 Dye Extraction 33

3.7 Suitability with Adsorption Isotherm 34

3.7.1 Equations to Determine Adsorption Isotherm

34

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Characterization of Adsorbents 36

4.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 36

4.2.2 Surface Area of Adsorbents 37

4.3 Effect of Individual and Combined Adsorbent Dosage on Colour Removal of

…....Reactive, Acid and Disperse dye

37

4.4 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration for Removal of Reactive, Acid and

…....Disperse dye

41

4.5 Effect of Time of Shaking on Colour Removal of Reactive, Acid and Disperse

……Dye

42

44

xi

4.6 Effect of Speed of Shaker on Colour Removal of Reactive, Acid and Disperse

……Dye

4.7 Effect of Temperature on Colour Removal of Reactive, Acid and Disperse Dye 46

4.8 Effect of pH of Solution on Colour Removal of Reactive, Acid and Disperse

……Dye

48

4.9 Turbidity Removal 49

4.10 Extraction or Desorption of Reactive, Acid and Disperse Dye 50

4.11 Analysis of Chemical Structure of Reactive, Acid and Disperse Dye 50

4.12 Adsorption Isotherm

51

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 52

5.2 Conclusions 52

5.3 Recommendations for Future Studies 53

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

Table 2.1 Classification of Textile Dyes According To Ionic Nature

and Application on Fiber

8

Table 3.1 Properties of Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye 25

Table 3.2 Properties of Everacid Yellow Acid Dye 26

Table 3.2 Properties of Disperse fluo Red Disperse Dye 27

Table 3.4 Specification of Adsorbents 28

Table 4.1 Surface Area of Adsorbents 37

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

Figure 3.1 Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye 25

Figure 3.2 Everacid Yellow Acid Dye 26

Figure 3.3 Disperse fluo Red Disperse Dye 27

Figure 4.1 Surface Area of Orange Peel Powder before Adsorption 36

Figure 4.2 Surface Area of Lemon Peel Powder before Adsorption 36

Figure 4.3 Surface Area of Banana Peel Powder before Adsorption 37

Figure 4.4 Surface Area of Sugarcane Bagasse Powder before

Adsorption

37

Figure 4.5 Effect of Individual Adsorbent Dosage for Removal of

Reactive Dye

39

Figure 4.6 Effect of Individual Adsorbent Dosage for Removal of

Acid Dye

39

Figure 4.7 Effect of Individual Adsorbent Dosage for Removal of

Disperse Dye

39

Figure 4.8 Effect of Combined Adsorbent Dosage for Removal of

Reactive Dye

40

Figure 4.9 Effect of Combined Adsorbent Dosage for Removal of

Acid Dye

40

Figure 4.10 Effect of Combined Adsorbent Dosage for Removal of

Disperse Dye

40

Figure 4.11 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration for Removal of

Reactive Dye

41

Figure 4.12 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration for Removal of Acid

Dye

42

Figure 4.13 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration for Removal of

Disperse Dye

42

Figure 4.14 Effect of Time of Shaking for Removal of Reactive Dye 43

Figure 4.15 Effect of Time of Shaking for Removal of Acid Dye 43

xiv

Figure 4.16 Effect of Time of Shaking for Removal of Disperse Dye 44

Figure 4.17 Effect of Speed of Shaker for Removal of Reactive Dye 45

Figure 4.18 Effect of Speed of Shaker for Removal of Acid Dye 45

Figure 4.19 Effect of Speed of Shaker for Removal of Disperse Dye 45

Figure 4.20 Effect of Temperature for Removal of Reactive Dye 47

Figure 4.21 Effect of Temperature for Removal of Acid Dye 47

Figure 4.22 Effect of Temperature for Removal of Disperse Dye 47

Figure 4.23 Effect of pH of Solution for Removal of Reactive Dye 48

Figure 4.24 Effect of pH of Solution for Removal of Acid Dye 49

Figure 4.25 Effect of pH of Solution for Removal of Disperse Dye 49

Figure 4.26 Langmuier and Freundlich Isotherm for Reactive, Acid

and Disperse Dye

51

xv

LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS

BGMEA - Bangladesh Garments Manufacturing and Export Association

BTMA - Bangladesh Textile Mills Association

DUET - Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology

cm - Centimeter

µm - Micron

Pt-Co - Platinum – Cobalt Unit (for Colour Measurement )

ml - Milliliter

mg/L - Milligram per Liter

min - Minute

°C - Degree Celsius

SEM - Surface Electron Microscopy

NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

RPM - Revolution per Minute

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Bangladesh is a developing country where industrialization is taking place

gradually. The important industries are textiles, lather tanning, ceramic, chemical,

pharmaceutical etc. Among these textile industries are rapidly expanding. The

majority of those textile industries are knit dyeing and there are 1900 small and large

knit dyeing industries in Bangladesh (BKMEA 2014). There are also many printing

and woven dyeing factories in Bangladesh. Those dyeing industries uses huge

amount of textile dyes and chemicals for dyeing different type fabric. Reactive, acid

and disperse dyes are commonly used for dyeing cotton, wool and polyester fabric in

those industries. From environmental point of view, the textile industry is one of the

most water and chemical intensive industries worldwide (Correia et al.1994).

Textile dyes are very harmful for our natural environment such as plants, aquatic life

and also affect the human life. Removal of textile dyes from aqueous dye solution is

very difficult process. Some industries uses effluent treatment plant (ETP) for textile

wastewater purification but due to higher operating cost small or medium dyeing

industries do not use effluent treatment plant (ETP) properly or sometimes they

directly discharges wastewater trough a bypass line.

Dyeing is the process of adding color to fabrics. Reactive dye is normally used for

dyeing cotton fabric. The color of dyed goods depends according to the hues of

dyes. Acid and disperse dyes are used for dyeing wool and polyester fabrics

respectively. These three different dyes are most commonly used dyes in dyeing

industries. To dye 1 kg of fabric it requires an average 70-120 litter water. In Dyeing

process an aqueous need to make by adding dye powder in to required amount of

water. Fabric need to dissolve within this solution for dyeing purpose. Sometimes

auxiliary chemicals need to add to assist dyeing process. In dyeing wastewater the

major component is dissolved dye particles. A dye or color particle contains

2

different chemical groups, chromophoric groups and auxochromes in its chemical

structure. Dyeing water contains different color ranges from 200 to 400 Hazen units.

These colors cause several diseases like cancer, brain damage, skin corrosion, and

kidney and longue damage to human and living organism due chemical groups,

chromophoric groups and auxochromes. Aquatic life will also come in danger due to

direct discharge of dye containing wastewater.

Removal of Textile dyes from dyeing water after completion of dying process is not

an easy process. There are several processes developed as coagulation, flocculation,

bio degradation etc. but these all are very conventional process. Some problems like

excess sludge production, lower efficiency, ineffectively against some dyes like

disperse and vat. Modern technique like using Activated carbon, membrane

separation, biomass, Ion exchange, oxidation etc. are also available but due to some

shortcomings like incapable of treating large volumes, Economic constraints, not

effective for disperse dyes, high energy cost, chemicals required, formation of by

products.

Recently removal of textile dyes using adsorbents becomes a very popular method.

It is a cheap and effective process. Fruit peels, seeds, saw dust, coconut husk have

been suggested as cheap and effective adsorbents for removal of textile dyes. These

components have some chemical and nutrient content that they may adsorb dye

particle from aqueous solution and they may work as a proper agent for dye

removal. The functional ability of these adsorbents depends on several factors like

adsorbents dosages, pH, temperature, nature of the dye to be treated etc. It has been

seen that several studies were done where one or two adsorbents were used to

removal similar type of dyes but a detail study about removal of different types of

textile dyes using different adsorbents on basis of several considered parameters

have not been found. Bangladesh is an agricultural country and different types of

adsorbents are available here. Removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution using

adsorbents will be a low cost and effective method for our country on basis our

economic condition. So there is a scope to use adsorbents as orange, lemon, banana

peels and sugarcane bagasse which are available in our country for removal reactive,

acid, disperse dyes that commonly used in textile industries for dyeing cotton, wool

3

and polyester respectively except simply dispose those adsorbents in to open

environment.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The overall objective of this study is to assess whether three commonly used and

different textile dyes reactive, acid and disperse can be adsorbed and removed from

aqueous solution using orange, lemon, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse which

are available adsorbents in our country. Specific objectives of this research work

were as follows:

i) To evaluate the removal percentages of reactive, acid and disperse dyes from

aqueous solution using orange peels, lemon peels, banana peels and sugarcane

bagasse individually and combinedly.

ii) To explore the effects of several parameters viz. adsorbent dosage, pH,

temperature, time of shaking, speed of shaker.

iii) To evaluate the optimum value of different parameters of those adsorbents for

removal of dye and isotherms to ensure the suitability of this process.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Textile dyes are very harmful for our natural environment such as plants, aquatic life

and also affect the human life. Several techniques have been used for removal of

textile dyes and adsorption process is one of them. It was the scope of that study is

to compare the removal of commonly used textile dyes as reactive, acid and disperse

from aqueous solution using orange, lemon, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse as

adsorbent. Here the removal of dyes from aqueous solution indicates removal of

their colour that generates after dissolving the dye particles in to aqueous solution.

Characterization of adsorbents have been done and important parameters as

adsorbent dosage, pH of solution, temperature, time of shaking, speed of shaker was

considered during laboratory test and optimum values of those parameters was

determined. Maximum removal percentage of all dyes and adsorption capacity of

4

orange, lemon, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse was determined during lab test.

Suitability of this process with adsorption isotherms also checked during this study.

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

In pursuit of fulfilling of the objectives of the study, five chapters are required to

present and comprehend all the research writing and ultimate results.

CHAPTER ONE appears with background and present status of the problem,

objectives, scope and outcomes of work and finishes with the organization of thesis.

CHAPTER TWO deals with the literature review, textile industries in Bangladesh

and its economic value, detail discussion about different types of dyes, their

characteristics and other important parameters, different types of adsorbents and

their characteristics, different adsorption techniques etc.

CHAPTER THREE illustrates the methodology of adsorbent collection, preparation,

dye solution preparation, experiment detail, analysis of considered parameters and

removal of reactive, acid and disperse dyes using orange peels, lemon peels, banana

peels and sugarcane bagasse as adsorbents.

CHAPTER FOUR titled “result and discussion” shows the comparison of the values

of several considered parameters with suitable table, graphs and also discuss about

adsorption isotherms by using isothermal equations. The optimum value of all

considered parameters, suitability of this research work, effectiveness, efficiencies

are discussed in this chapter in detail. This chapter contains the summery of total

findings.

CHAPTER FIVE draws the conclusion on the basis of the findings of this study and

also recommendations for future study and research work.

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Textile is one of the most important and largest sectors of Bangladesh in term of

earning foreign currency and labor force employment. There are different types of

Textile factories in Bangladesh such as spinning, weaving, knitting, yarn dyeing,

knit and woven dyeing, denim and garments. Textile industry has a big pollution

problem. The World Bank estimates that 17 to 20 percent of industrial water

pollution comes from textile dyeing and treatment in Bangladesh as a result it

creates negative impact on leaving and aquatic life of environment.

Textile sector is also known as economic backbone of Bangladesh. Millions of

people are directly or indirectly involved with this sector for their livelihood. During

first three decades textile emerged as the biggest manufacturing sub-sector and

achieved remarkable growth. According to the annual report of BTMA, (2011) the

contributions of textile sector in Bangladesh are mentioned below:

40% vat (value addition tax) comes from textile sector.

Provide over 5.0 million jobs of which 80% are woman.

Export earnings from textile clothing and apparels in 2010-2011 are over

17.9 billion US dollar which is total export earnings of the country.

Contributes 13% of GDP.

Moreover this sector generates huge cliental base for banking, insurance, shipping,

transport, hotel, packing and related economic activities. For our social stability,

socio-economic improvement and sustainable development textile sector playing a

vital role.

6

2.2 TEXTILE DYES

Textile dyes are colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is

being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require

a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Textile dyes contains

chromophore, auxochrome, solubilizing, groups in their chemical structure. Other

chemical groups like benzene, hydroxyl, carboxylic, kito etc. may also present in

their chemical structure to make it stable in open environment and also during

dyeing process. Some dyes contain bridging groups in their chemical structure to

bridge the functional group with main dye structure.

Example: C.I Acid red, Remazol yellow R.R etc.

Unlike most organic compounds, dyes possess color because,

They absorb light in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm).

They have at least one chromophore (colour-bearing group).

They have a conjugated system, i.e. a structure with alternating double and

single bonds.

They exhibit resonance of electrons, which is a stabilizing force in organic

compounds (Asfour, 1985).

When any one of these features is lacking from the molecular structure the color is

lost. In addition to chromophores, most dyes also contain groups known as

auxochromes (color helpers), examples of which are carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid,

amino, and hydroxyl groups. While these are not responsible for colour, their

presence can shift the colour of a colourant and they are most often used to influence

dye solubility.

2.3 CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF A TEXTILE DYE

2.3.1 Chromophore

A chromophore is the part of a dye molecule responsible for its color. The color

arises when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and transmits or

reflects others. The chromophore is a region in the molecule where the energy

7

difference between two different molecular orbitals falls within the range of the

visible spectrum. Visible light that hits the chromophore can thus be absorbed by

exciting an electron from its ground state into an excited state.The hue of a dye

particle depends on chromophore and without having chromophore dye particle will

lose its coloring ability. (Chowdhury. A, 2006)

Example:

2.3.2 Auxochrome

An auxochrome is a functional group of atoms attached to the chromophore which

modifies the ability of the chromophore to absorb light, altering the wavelength or

intensity of the absorption. Auxochrome is color helping group. It doesnot produces

color itself but it inhabits color producing ability of chromophore so that the shade

after dyeing comes better. Ionic nature of chromphore may be acedic or basic.

Example:

2.3.3 Solubilizing Group

Solubilizing group is also an important part of a dye structure. It helps a dye particle

to dissolve in water so that an aqueous solution of dye particles can be prepared with

addition of required water. Without having solubilizing group dye particle will not

be able to dissolve in water. The amount of dissolution of dye particle in water

depends on the function ability of solubilizing group. (Chowdhury. A, 2006)

Example: -OH (Hydroxyl group), -SO3(Sulphonate group), -COOH(Carboxyl

group) etc.

8

2.3.4 Bridging Group

Some dyes have functional group that react with suitable reacting group of fiber

and attach with it. Functional group means the group which reacts with suitable

group of fiber to bind the dye particle with it. Bridging groups helps to attach the

functional group with the chromophoric and other group in dye structure. Without

bridging group these types of dyes will not be able to attach with fiber and they will

lose coloring ability to fiber. (Broadbent . A, 2001)

Example: Ethyl group, methyl group, imino group, oxide group etc.

2.3.5 Reactive Group

Some dye particle reacts with fiber and they become a part of fiber so that those

dyes cannot be detached from fiber easily after attachment and fastness properties of

dyed fabric will be better. The functional group in a dye particle that react with

suitable reacting group of fiber and attach with it is known as reactive group.

Example: Chlorine (-Cl), Bromine (-Br), Chlorotriazine, Vinyl sulphone etc. These

reactive groups are normally present in reactive dyes.

2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTILE DYES ACCORDING TO IONIC

NATURE AND APPLICATION ON FIBER

Classification of textile dyes according to ionic nature and application on fiber is

shown in table 2.1

Table 2.1 Classification of Textile Dyes According To Ionic Nature and Application

on Fiber

Name of Dyes Ionic Nature Application on fibers

Reactive dyes Anionic Cellulosic fibers and fabric

Acid dyes Anionic Wool, Silk, leather

Disperse dyes Non-ionic Synthetic fibers, polyester

Sulphur dyes Anionic Cotton, Cellulosic fibers

Vat dyes Anionic Cotton, Cellulosic and Blends

9

(Source: Cohen et.al , 1978)

2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTILE DYES ACCORDING TO THEIR

ORIGIN

2.5.1 Natural Dyes

Natural dyes are the dyes which produced naturally from different plant source like

roots, leaves, bark, berries and wood etc. Very beginning of the dyeing history man

started dyeing their materials by natural dyes. Indigo, woad, saffron and madder are

the plant based dyes which is much popular for dyeing cotton and silk.

2.5.2 Synthetic Dyes

Dyes derived from organic or inorganic compound are known as synthetic dyes.

Examples of this class of dyes are Direct, Acid, Basic, Reactive, Mordant, Metal

complex, Vat, Sulphure, Disperse dye etc. These dyes are manmade and produced

by chemical modification of organic or inorganic compounds. In present synthetic

dyes are more popular than natural dyes due to their good dyeing ability, better

shade and durable fastness properties (Broadbent . A, 2001).

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF SYNTHETIC TEXTILE DYES ACCORDING

TO THEIR PROPERTIES AND USE

Synthetic dyes can be classified in to fourteen classes among them reactive, acid and

disperse dyes are most commonly used for coloration of cotton, wool and polyester

fabric in Bangladesh.

2.6.1 Reactive Dyes

Reactive dyes are anionic soluble dyes. These dyes are applied by chemical

reaction. They react with suitable reacting group of fiber by their functional group

Direct dyes Anionic Cotton, Cellulosic and Blends

Azoic color or Azoic

dyes

Anionic Cellulosic fibers and fabric

Mordant dyes Anionic Cellulosic fibers and, silk

Basic dyes Cationic Silk, wool, acrylic fiber

10

and form covalent bond. Finally they become a part of that fiber. The color and

wash fastness of reactive dyes is very good and today it is one of the most usable

dyes for dyeing cellulosic fiber. This dye was first developed in 1955, by Rattee and

Stephen, working for ICI in England, developed a procedure for dyeing cotton with

fibre-reactive dyes containing dichlorotriazine groups. They established that dyeing

cotton with these dyes under mild alkaline conditions resulted in a reactive chlorine

atom on the triazine ring being substituted by an oxygen atom from a cellulose

hydroxyl group where Cell–OH is the cellulose with a reactive hydroxyl group,

Dye–Cl is the dye with its reactive chlorine atom, and Cell–O–Dye the dye linked to

the cellulose by a covalent bond. The role of the alkali is to cause acidic dissociation

of some of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, and it is the cellulosate ion (Cell–

O–) that reacts with the dye. (Broadbent . A, 2001)

Fixation reaction of Reactive dyes,

Cell—OH + OH- Cell—O

- + H2O

Cell—O- + Dye — X

- Cell—O—Dye + X

-

HOOC—Nylon—NH2 + H+X

- HOOC—Nylon—NH3 + X

-

2.6.2 Types of Reactive Group

Reactive groups in reactive dyes are mainly two types as:

(i) Those groups that are reacting with cellulose by nucleophilic substitution of a

labile chlorine, fluorine, methyl sulphone or nicotinyl leaving group activated by an

adjacent nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring

Cell—O- + Dye — X

- Cell—O—Dye + X

-

(ii) Those groups that are reacting with cellulose by nucleophilic addition to a

carbon–carbon

11

double bond, usually activated by an adjacent electron-attracting sulphone group.

This type of vinyl sulphone group is usually generated in the dyebath by elimination

of sulphate ion from a 2-sulphatoethylsulphone precursor

Dye—SO2—CH — CH2 + Cell—OH Dye—SO2—CH2— CH2—O—Dye

2.6.3 General Classifications of Reactive Dyes

On the basis of Constitution Reactive dyes can be classified as:

i) Chlorotriazine reactive dyes (MCT, DCT)

ii) Vinyl sulphone reactive dyes (VS)

iii) Hetero cyclic Halogen containing dyes (HHC)

iv) Mixed dyes (MCT-VS)

2.6.4 Classification of Reactive Dyes According to Application Method

Cold Brand Reactive Dyes

This type of reactive dyes is applied in very low temperature. Temperature

lies between 25-50oC they are highly reactive with fiber on this temperature.

Medium Brand Reactive Dyes

This type of dyes is applied in a medium temperature range is 40–60ºC.

Their reactivity is medium with fiber.

Hot Brand Reactive Dyes

This type of dyes has very lower activity properties with fiber with

comparison with medium and high brand reactive dyes. Dyeing is carried out

on 60-90 degree Celsius. (Broadbent. A, 2001)

2.6.5 Properties of Reactive Dyes:

i) Reactive dye is anionic in nature.

ii) Reactive dye is a water soluble dye.

iii) They have better wash and light fastness properties.

iv) They have better substantivity.

12

v) They form strong co-valent bond with the cellulosic fiber.

vi) Alkaline condition is must required for dyeing.

vii) Electrolyte is must for exhaustion of dyes in the fiber.

viii) A certain amount of dyes are hydrolyzed during application.

ix) Wide range of color can be produced with reactive dyes.

x) Comparatively cheap in price.

2.7 ACID DYES

Acid dyes are highly water soluble, and have better light fastness than other dyes.

They contain sulphonic acid groups, which are usually present as sodium sulphonate

salts. These increase solubility in water, and give the dye molecules a negative

charge. In an acidic solution, the -NH2 functionalities of the fibres are protonated to

give a positive charge: -NH3+. This charge interacts with the negative dye charge,

allowing the formation of ionic interactions. As well as this, Van-der-Waals bonds,

dipolar bonds and hydrogen bonds are formed between dye and fibre. As a group,

acid dyes can be divided into two sub-groups: acid-leveling or acid-milling

(Broadbent . A, 2001)

Fixation reaction of acid dyes,

Fibre —NH2(s) + H+ (aq) + HSO4

- (aq) Fibre —NH3 HSO4

- (s)

Fibre — H3+ HSO4 (s) + Dye —SO3 (aq) Fibre —NH3

+ Dye— SO3

- (s) +

HSO4- (aq)

2.7.1 Classifications of Acid Dyes

Acid dyes can be classified in four types according to their chemical characteristics

such as

Acid-leveling dyes

These planar dyes tend to be small or medium sized, and show moderate inter-

molecular attractions for wool fibres. This means that the dye molecules can move

13

fairly easily through the fibres and achieve an even colour. This is somewhat similar

to the process that occurs during chromatography- the molecules with the strongest

affinity for the substrate move the least distance from the point of origin whereas

molecules with less affinity move much further. However, the low affinity means

that these dyes are not always very resistant to washing. (Gunz, 2004)

Acid-Milling Dyes

Acid-milling dyes are larger in structure than acid-leveling dyes, and show a much

stronger affinity for wool fibres. Because of this, the resultant colour may be less

even (see explanation above), but they are much more resistant to washing. As well

as intermolecular interactions, intramolecular interactions play an important part in

the properties of the dye. Compare the two molecules shown below. They are

isomers, but the one on the right (with hydrogen bonding) shows a much greater

resistance to washing in alkali, and much increased light fastness.

Acid-Supper Milling Dyes

Super Milling Acid dyes have average molecular structure abd higher neutral dyeing

affinity, better coverage of dye uptake differences in the substrate. Protein fibers like

wool, Silk Latte, Soya Protein etc., can be used for dyeing through these super

milling acid dyes. These dyes are least toxic among all others Acid Dyes and

extremely versatile. Fastness properties of these dyes are better. (Broadbent, 2001)

Fast Acid Dyes

These are usually mono sulphonate acid dyes of somewhat higher molecular weight

than typical leveling dyes. These dyes are known as fast acid dyes. They have the

best substantive of all the acid dyes, but have relatively moderate leveling

characteristics. These dyes are used where level dyeing is necessary but when the

washing and perspiration fastness of leveling acid dyes are inadequate. Unless care

is taken, their relatively good substantive for the fibre may result in too rapid uptake

and consequently unleveled dyeing. Fast acid dyes are cheap in price so they are

suitable for huge industrial dyeing. (Chowdhury. A, 2006)

14

2.7.2 Properties of Acid Dyes

i) Acid dyes are soluble in water.

ii) These dyes are easily applied on wool, silk and nylon fibres.

iii) These dyes are generally applied in the presence of acids like sulphuric,

acetic or formic acid.

iv) They are in much case soluble in alcohol.

v) When acid dyestuffs are treated with a reducing agent they are generally

decolorized.

vi) They are usually used for bled of wool and silk also.

vii) The dyed acid colors have good light fastness and moderate washing

fastness. And leveling characteristics.

viii) Other fastness properties of dyed acid color like perspiration, rubbing

and water are moderate to good.

2.8 DISPERSE DYES

Disperse dyes have low solubility in water, but they can interact with the polyester

chains by forming dispersed particles. Their main use is the dyeing of polyesters,

and they find minor use dyeing cellulose acetates and polyamides. The general

structure of disperse dyes is small, planar and non-ionic, with attached polar

functional groups like -NO2 and -CN. The shape makes it easier for the dye to slide

between the tightly-packed polymer chains, and the polar groups improve the water

solubility, improve the dipolar bonding between dye and polymer and affect the

color of the dye. However, their small size means that disperse dyes are quite

volatile, and tend to sublime out of the polymer at sufficiently high temperatures.

The dye is generally applied under pressure, at temperatures of about 130°C. At this

temperature, thermal agitation causes the polymer’s structure to become looser and

less crystalline, opening gaps for the dye molecules to enter. Disperse dye particles

are normally attached with fiber by mechanically trapping at high temperature. In

high temp the polymer chain of fiber become loose and disperse dye particles

diffused and mechanically trapped within fiber due to their sublimation property.

The interactions between dye and polymer are thought to be Van-der-Waals and

dipole forces. The volatility of the dye can cause loss of colour density, and staining

15

of other materials at high temperatures. This can be counteracted by using larger

molecules or making the dye more polar (or both). This has a drawback, however, in

that this new larger, more polar molecule will need more extreme forcing conditions

to dye the polymer. (Kyzar, 2008)

2.8.1 Classification of Disperse Dyes

High Energy Disperse Dyes

High energy disperse dyes are intended for polyester fiber. They applied at high

temperature ranges normally from 120 – 140 degree Celsius by using pressure

dyeing equipment. Thermo-sol or thermo-fix method also used where temperature

used from 180 – 220 degree Celsius. These dyes show good sublimation and good

fastness properties.

Medium Energy Disperse Dyes

These dyes are widely used for dyeing polyester fiber. They are usually applied in

atmospheric condition with the help of carrier that reduces the glass transition

temperature at low level and dyeing becomes easier. They usually shows fair

sublimation and fastness property.

Low Energy Disperse Dyes

These dyes are applied in same process of high and moderate energy disperse dyes.

They are normally used for dyeing acetate, try acetate and nylon fiber. (Broadbent,

2001)

2.8.2 Properties of Disperse Dyes

i) Disperse Dyes are non-ionic organic compound of relatively

low molecular weight.

ii) These are insoluble in water at low or room temperature and have only

limited solubility at higher temperatures.

iii) They have substantivity for hydrophobic fibers such as nylon and polyester,

in which they are quite soluble.

16

iv) These dyes are present in the dye bath as a fine aqueous suspension in the

presence of a dispersing agent.

v) Many of these dyes 130°c sublime on heating and dyeing.

vi) Disperse dyes have slight water solubility because of the presence of polar

substituent in their molecular structure.

vii) Disperse dyes has sublimation properties that helps to dye nylon, polyester

type strong molecular structure fiber at high temperature. (Chowdhury. A,

2006)

2.9 IMPACT OF TEXTILE DYES IN OPEN ENVIRONMENT

Synthetic Dyes find use in a wide range of industries but are of primary importance

to textile manufacturing. Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety

of polluting substances including dyes. The environmental and subsequent health

effects of dyes released in textile industry wastewater are becoming subject to

scientific scrutiny. Environmental legislations are being imposed to control the

release of dyes, in particular azo-based compounds, into the environment.

Wastewater from the textile industry is a complex mixture of many polluting

substances ranging from organochlorine-based pesticides to heavy metals associated

with dyes and the dyeing process. During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing

result in large amounts of the dyestuff being directly lost to the wastewater; which

ultimately finds its way into the environment. (Arhan and Bulycrids, 1994).

The chemical groups present in textile dyes like Chromophores ( colour producing

group), Solubilizing groups, Auxochromes, Ions etc. reacts with environmental

elements when they discharged in open environment without treating or removal and

causes several pollution for human and aquatic life and the result of these pollutions

are skin cancer, trauma, physical disability, water and air quality deterioration etc

(Khare et.al, 1987).

17

2.10 DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR TEXTILE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

2.10.1 Chemical Precipitation

Chemical precipitation involves the addition of chemicals to alter the physical state

of dissolved and suspended solids and to facilitate their removal by sedimentation.

The chemicals used in wastewater treatment include alum, ferric chloride, ferric

sulphate, ferrous sulphate and lime. The inherent disadvantage associated with most

chemical processes is that they are additive processes (Eckenfelder, 2000).

2.10.2 Coagulation/Flocculation

Coagulation-flocculation is a chemical water treatment technique typically applied

prior to sedimentation and filtration (e.g. rapid sand filtration) to enhance the ability

of a treatment process to remove particles. Coagulation is a process used to

neutralize charges and form a gelatinous mass to trap (or bridge) particles thus

forming a mass large enough to settle or be trapped in the filter. Flocculation is

gentle stirring or agitation to encourage the particles thus formed to agglomerate into

masses large enough to settle or be filtered from solution. Coagulation destabilises

the particles’ charges. Coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended

solids are added to the water to neutralise the negative charges on dispersed non-

settable solids such as clay and organic substances. Once the charge is neutralized,

the small-suspended particles are capable of sticking together. Following

coagulation, flocculation, a gentle mixing stage, increases the particle size from

submicroscopic microfloc to visible suspended particles. The microflocs are brought

into contact with each other through the process of slow mixing. Collisions of the

microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger, visible flocs. The floc size

continues to build through additional collisions and interaction with inorganic

polymers formed by the coagulant or with organic polymers added. Macroflocs are

formed. High molecular weight polymers, called coagulant aids, may be added

during this step to help bridge, bind, and strengthen the floc, add weight, and

increase settling rate. Once the floc has reached its optimum size and strength, the

18

water is ready for the separation process. Textile dyes like direct, basic, disperse,

mordant are treated by this method (Robinson & Hans, 2012).

2.10.3 Membrane Filtration

Membrane filtration can be a very efficient and economical way of separating

components that are suspended or dissolved in a liquid. The membrane is a physical

barrier that allows certain compounds to pass through, depending on their physical

and/or chemical properties. Membranes commonly consist of a porous support layer

with a thin dense layer on top that forms the actual membrane. Types of Membrane

filtration based on membrane pore sizes and structure of membrane. Different types

of membrane like, ultra filtration, micro filtration, reverse osmosis are used to treat

textile dyes and heavy metals from dyeing waste water (Gupta et. al, 1989).

2.10.4 Ion Exchange

Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between and

electrolyte solution and a complex. In most cases the term is used to denote the

processes of purification, separation, and decontamination of aqueous and other ion-

containing solutions withsolid polymeric or mineralic ion exchangers. Typical ion

exchangers are ion exchange resins (functionalized porous

or gel polymer), zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus. Ion exchangers are

either cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion

exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions). There are

also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions

simultaneously. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions can be

more efficiently performed in mixed beds that contain a mixture of anion and cation

exchange resins, or passing the treated solution through several different ion

exchange materials. Normally salts or electrolytes used in dyeing are separated by

using ion exchange process (Merzouk et. al, 2010).

2.10.5 Oxidation Process

Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion. in a

broad sense, are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic

19

(and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and waste water by oxidation through

reactions with hydroxyl radicals (·OH). In real-world applications of wastewater

treatment, however, this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such

chemical processes that employ ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or UV

light. Oxidation is an effective process to remove textile waste and dye stuff from

aqueous solution ( Bagane and Guiza, 2000).

2.10.6 Activated Carbon Process

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to

have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available

for adsorption or chemical reactions.[1]

Activated is sometimes substituted

with active. Due to its high degree of microporosity, just one gram of activated

carbon has a surface area in excess of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft) as determined by

gas adsorption. An activation level sufficient for useful application may be attained

solely from high surface area; however, further chemical treatment often enhances

adsorption properties. Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is

sometimes utilized as bio-char. Those derived from coal and coke are referred

as activated coal and activated coke respectively. Activated carbon is widely used to

remove textile dyes and other waste from aqueous solution due to its high adsorption

capacity (Ksu, 2005).

2.10.7 Adsorption Process

Adsorption is the phenomenon of accumulation of large number of molecular

species at the surface of liquid or solid phase in comparison to the bulk. The process

of adsorption arises due to presence of unbalanced or residual forces at the surface

of liquid or solid phase. These unbalanced residual forces have tendency to attract

and retain the molecular species with which it comes in contact with the surface.

Adsorption is essentially a surface phenomenon.

Adsorption is a term which is completely different from Absorption .While

absorption means uniform distribution of the substance throughout the bulk,

adsorption essentially happens at the surface of the substance. When both

20

Adsorption and Absorption processes take place simultaneously, the process is

called sorption.

Adsorption process involves two components Adsorbent and Adsorbate. Adsorbent

is the substance on the surface of which adsorption takes place. Adsorbate is the

substance which is being adsorbed on the surface of adsorbent. Adsorbate gets

adsorbed.

Adsorbate + Adsorbent gives rise to Adsorption.

Textile dyes can be removed from solution using Adsorbents and these

methods are very effective now a day. Conventional methods for treating dye

containing waste water is coagulation and flocculation the conventional

methods for (Panswed &Wongchaisuwan,1986) reverse osmosis (Cohen,

1978) and activated carbon adsorption (Venkata Rao & Sastry, 1987). These

technologies do not show significant effectiveness or economic advantage.

Low-cost treatment methods have, therefore, been investigated for a long

time.

A number of non-conventional, low-cost adsorbents have been tried for dye

removal. These include peat (Poots et al., 1976), wood (Asfour et al.1985),

china clay (Gupta et al., 1989), ullers earth and fired clay (Mckay et al.,

1985), flyash (Khare et al., 1987), Wollastonite (Singh et al., 1984),

Fe(III)/Cr(III) sludge (Namasivayam and Chandrasekaran, 2006), orange and

lemon peels for removal direct dye (Leanov and Kartika, 2010), Sugarcane

bagasse for removal of sulphur dye (Venkata and sastry, 1987), Banana peels

for removal acid dyes and azoic colour (Mohamed, 2004).This method was

successful for removal some textile dyes from aqueous solution but detail

study of removal of commercial dyes used in current textile wet processing

not done recently.

2.11 Review of relevant works

Much of the works have been done in the field for removal of textile dyes from

aqueous solution using adsorbents. Reviews of some of the recent study related to

this field are performed in this study to adopt some of the useful features.

21

Gilbert and Chung (2012)

In this work, direct dye was removed from aqueous solution using saw dust and

activated charcoal. Several parameters as temperature, adsorbent dosage and pH

were checked for removal of direct dye. The color removal was highest in acidic to

neutral condition pH (5.5 to 7.3) and in normal temperature. Increasing adsorbent

dosage increases color removal but up to equilibrium. A removal percentage was up

to 48%. This study shows textile dyes like direct and other dye with similar nature

can be removed using adsorbent by adsorption process by following those

parameters in future.

Murali and Gonzopera (2011)

In this work, reactive dye (medium brand) was removed from aqueous solution

using African orange from aqueous solution under several parameters as effect of

adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and temperature. A removal percentage was up

to 53%. The color removal was highest in neutral to alkaline medium at pH (7 to 9)

and 65oC temperature. As the dye was medium brand and so they concluded it as the

reason of higher removal in that temperature. Adsorption increases by increasing

adsorbent dosage and contact time until a point then it becomes equilibrium but

suitability of removal process with adsorption isotherm did not discussed here. This

study shows that reactive dyes of other brands like cold brand and hot brand may

removed using African orange or similar other peel as lemon, pomelo etc. in future.

Gomez and Benchly (2010)

In this work, Acid and basic dye was removed from aqueous solution using

sugarcane bagasse as adsorbent. Several parameters as effect of adsorbent dosage,

pH, contact time, dye concentration, temperature was discussed in this study. It also

shows the suitability of removal process with adsorption isotherms. A removal

percentage was up to 60% for acid dye and 65% for basic dye. The color removal

was highest in acidic to neutral medium at pH (5.5 to 7.5) at 60 to 75oC temperature.

This study shows that acid dyes of other brands like super milling, fast acid dyes

may remove using banana peel or similar other fruit peel in future. This study

suggests checking removal possibility of acid and basic dyes and similar other dyes

22

under similar and other considered parameters as combined adsorbent dosage, initial

dye concentration, turbidity etc.

Namashivayam et al. (2009)

In this work, reactive dye (medium brand) antraquinone structure was removed

from aqueous solution using waste orange peel as adsorbent. Several parameters as

effect of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, dye concentration, temperature was

discussed in this study. It also shows the suitability of removal process with

adsorption isotherms. A removal percentage was up to 53%. The color removal was

highest in neutral to alkaline medium at pH (7 to 8.5) and 75oC temperature. As the

dye was medium brand and antraquinone structure so they concluded it as the

reason of higher removal in that temperature. This study shows that reactive dyes of

other brands like cold brand and hot brand may remove using orange peel or similar

other orange or different fruit peel in future. This study suggests checking removal

possibility of different brand of reactive dyes and similar other dyes under similar

and other considered parameters as combined adsorbent dosage, initial dye

concentration, turbidity etc.

Janos et al. (2003)

In this work, disperse of antraquinone structure and metal complex dye was

removed from aqueous solution using fly ash as adsorbent. Several parameters as

effect of adsorbent dosage, pH, speed of shaker, dye concentration, temperature was

discussed in this study. It also shows the suitability of removal process with

adsorption isotherms. A removal percentage was up to 57% for disperse dye and

42% for metal complex dye. The color removal was highest in acidic to neutral

medium at pH (5.0 to 7.5) at 40oC and 110

oC for disperse dye as it has a high

temperature range and 55oC for metal complex dye. This study shows that disperse

dyes of other brands and structures like medium energy disperse dye and other metal

complex dye may remove using fly ash in future. This study suggests checking

removal possibility of disperse dyes and similar other dyes under similar and other

considered parameters as combined adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration,

turbidity etc. with natural adsorbents.

23

Bagane and Guiza (2000)

In this work, Acid dye (super milling) azo structure was removed from aqueous

solution using banana peel as adsorbents. Several parameters as effect of adsorbent

dosage, pH, contact time, dye concentration, temperature was discussed in this

study. A removal percentages was up to 51%. The color removal was highest in

acidic to neutral medium at pH (7 to 8.5) and 70oC temperature. As the dye was acid

dye and so they concluded it as the reason of higher removal in that pH and

temperature. Adsorption increases by increasing adsorbent dosage and contact time

until a point then it becomes equilibrium but suitability of removal process with

adsorption isotherm did not discussed here. This study shows that acid dyes of other

brands like super milling, fast acid dyes may remove using banana peel or similar

other fruit peel in future.

Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Removal of textile dyes for aqueous solution using different low cost technique has

become common issue in present time. In this study adsorption technique applied to

remove reactive, acid and disperse dyes from aqueous solution using orange peel,

lemon peel, banana peel and sugarcane bagasse as adsorbent under various

considered parameters as effect of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration,

contact time, speed of shaker, temperature, pH, combined adsorbent dosage.

Removal of turbidity also analyzed in this study. Tests related to this study was

carried out using jar test method, digital pH meter, Electric coagulator with heating

system, digital turbidity meter, sieve of referent mesh count, incubator, DR-2800

spectrophotometer. The suitability of dye removal process with adsorption isotherm

as Langmuier and freundlich also analyzed. The total work and test related

methodologies are discussed in this chapter.

3.2.1 Selection of Textile Dyes

Eurozol Navy (reactive dye), Everacid yellow (acid dye), Disperse fluo red

(disperse dye) for thesis work and dye samples were collected from Clariant dye

manufacturing company Ltd. As they produces good quality textile dyes worldwide.

3.2.2 Characteristics of Textile dyes

Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye

Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye contains reactive group (Di chlorotriazin, Mono

chlorotriazine, Di flurotriazine, Vinyl Sulphone etc.) that reacts with hydroxyl group

of cellulosic and amino group of protein fiber such as cotton and wool. These are

water soluble dyes and anionic in nature. Dye molecules reacts with fibers suitable

groups and forms covalent bond. These dyes under mild alkaline conditions results

25

reactive chlorine atom on the triazine ring being substituted by an oxygen atom from

a cellulose hydroxyl group or amino group of protein fiber where Cell–OH is the

cellulose with a reactive hydroxyl group, Dye–Cl is the dye with its reactive chlorine

atom, and Cell–O–Dye the dye linked to the cellulose by a covalent bond. The role

of the alkali is to cause acidic dissociation of some of the hydroxyl groups in the

cellulose, and it is the cellulosate ion (Cell–O–) that reacts with the dye. Similar

reaction occurs with amino group.

Figure 3.1 Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye

Properties of Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye

Table 3.1 Properties of Eurozol Navy Reactive Dye

(Source: Clariant, Dye Manufacturing Co.Ltd.)

Everacid Yellow Acid Dye

Everacid yellow acid dye are usually sodium salts of sulphonic acids,or less

frequently of carboxylic acids, and are therefore anionic in aqueous solution. They

will dye fibres with cationic sites. These are usually substituted ammonium ion

Parameters Configuration

Alkali used Sodium Hydroxide, Carbonate, Bi-Carbonate

Dyebath pH range 8.5 to 12.5

Migration ability High

Washing fastness High

Molecular weight Moderate

Dye solubility High

Fixation Temperature range 25 - 500C

Substantivity Moderate

26

groups in fibres such as wool, silk and nylon. The acid protonates the fibre’s amino

groups, so they become cationic. Dyeing involves exchange of the anion associated

with an ammonium ion in the fibre with a dye anion in the bath. Acid dyes have

molecular weights in the range 300–1000 g mol–1. The dyes with larger molecules

have higher substantivity for wool or nylon.

Figure 3.2 Everacid Yellow Acid Dye

Properties of Everacid Yellow Acid Dye

Table 3.2 Properties of Everacid Yellow Acid Dye

Parameters Configuration

Acid used Hydrochloric Acid

Dye bath pH range 4 to 6.5

Migration ability Moderate

Washing fastness Moderate

Molecular weight High

Dye solubility Moderate

Fixation Temperature range 25 - 600C

Substantivity Moderate

(Source: Clariant, Dye Manufacturing Co.Ltd.)

Disperse Fluo Red Disperse Dye

Disperse dyes are non-ionic. They have limited solubility in room temperature.

Solubility increases by increasing temperature. Polar substituents are usually present

in the dye molecule so that the dye has the slight solubility in water required for

dyeing. They possess substantivity for hydrophobic fibres such as nylon and

polyester. They have low molecular weight, many sublime on heating and dyeing by

27

absorption of the dye vapour is also possible. The hue of these dyes varies in

different range. The majority of disperse dyes are low molecular weight, mono-azo

and anthraquinone derivatives.

Figure 1.3 Disperse Fluo Red Disperse Dye

Properties of Disperse Fluo Red Disperse Dye

Table 3.3 Properties of Disperse Fluo Red Disperse Dye

Parameters Configuration

Acid used Hydrochloric Acid (if needed)

Dyebath pH range 5.5 to 6.5

Migration ability High

Washing fastness High

Molecular weight Very low

Dye solubility Low

Fixation Temperature range 100 - 1300C

Substantivity Moderate

(Source: Clariant, Dye Manufacturing Co.Ltd.)

3.2.3 Dye Sample Preservation

Dye samples were collected and stored in environmental laboratory of DUET in

room temperature and normal condition inside air tight jar so that the purity of dye

particles remains unchanged.

28

3.3 COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF ADSORBENTS

3.3.1 Collection of Adsorbents

10 kg Orange, 10 kg lemon and 85 pieces of banana fruits were collected from a

well known fruit store. 4 kg of Sugarcane bagasse was collected from sugar mill of

Natore Distict for this research purpose. Before collecting it was ensured that no

degradation or change was present in their physical condition.

3.3.2 Specifications of Adsorbents

Table 3.4 Specification of Adsorbents

Name Orange Lemon Banana Sugarcane

bagasse

Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae

Subkingdom Tracheobionta Tracheobionta Tracheobionta Tracheobionta

Division Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Liliopsida Liliopsida

Sub class Rosidae Rosidae Lilidae Commelinidae

Order Sapindales Sapindales Zingiberales Cyperales

Family Rutaceae Rutaceae Musaceae Poaceae

Genus Citrus Citrus Musa Saccharum

Species C. × reticulata C. × limon M.× acuminate Saccharum

officinarum

Generic group Citrus Fruit Citrus Fruit Banana Sugarcane

(Source: Kyzar ,G .2010)

3.3.3 Preparation of Adsorbents Powder

Orange Peel Powder Preparation

10 kg of orange was washed properly by distilled water after collection and their

peels were taken out carefully. The peels were cut in to small pieces and dried under

sunlight for 15 days. After drying the dried peels were crushed and sieved carefully

29

by sieve no. 100 which has size 150 µm so that the surface area of peel particles

become 150 µm. After making orange peel powder the weight of the powder was

250 gm. Finally the powder was collected and kept inside an air tight jar

(Namashivaya .C, 2005).

Lemon Peel Powder Preparation

10 kg of lemon was washed properly by distilled water after collection and their

peels were taken out carefully. The peels were cut in to small pieces and dried under

sunlight for 22 days as lemon peels are very thick. After drying the dried peels were

crushed and sieved carefully by sieve no. 100 which has size 150 µm so that the

surface area of peel particles become 150 µm. After making orange peel powder the

weight of the powder was 250 gm. Finally the powder was collected and kept inside

an air tight jar.

Banana Peel Powder Preparation

85 pieces of banana were washed properly by distilled water after collection and

their peels were taken out carefully. The peels were cut in to small pieces and dried

under sunlight for 15 days. After drying the dried peels were crushed and sieved

carefully by sieve no. 100 which has size 150 µm so that the surface area of peel

particles become 150 µm. After making orange peel powder the weight of the

powder was 250 gm. Finally the powder was collected and kept inside an air tight

jar.

Sugarcane Bagasse Powder Preparation

4 kg of sugarcane bagasse was washed properly by distilled water after collection it

was cut in to small pieces and dried under sunlight for 15 days. After drying the

bagasse was crushed and sieved carefully by sieve no. 60 which has size 250 µm so

that the surface area of peel particles become 250 µm. After making orange peel

powder the weight of the powder was 250 gm. Finally the powder was collected and

kept inside an air tight jar. (Gilbert and Chung, 2012).

30

3.4 LABORATORY ANALYSIS FOR REMOVAL OF DYES USING

ADSORBENTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

3.4.1 Characterization of Adsorbents

Characterization of orange, lemon, banana peel and sugarcane bagasse powder was

done by scanned electron microscopy (SEM) test in Chemistry laboratory at

university of Dhaka to determine the amorphousness, Surface characterstics and

surface area of those adsorbents so the adsorption of textile dyes by those adsorbents

can be analyzed.

3.4.2 Preparation of Stock Solution

The stock solution of reactive, acid and disperse dyes of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%

concentration was be prepared by dissolving required amount of dyes in to distilled

water.

Preparation of 0.25% Dye Stock Solution

To make 500 ml of 0.25% aqueous stock solution of reactive, acid and disperse dyes

1.25 gm dye particle of each dye was measured by electronic balance and 500 ml of

distilled water was taken in three individual beakers of 1000 ml capacity. Then three

different type of dye particles was mixed in three different beaker individually and

500 ml stock solution of 0.25% concentration of reactive, acid and disperse dyes

were prepared.

Preparation of 0.5% Dye Stock Solution

To make 500 ml of 0.5% aqueous stock solution of reactive, acid and disperse dyes

2.5 gm dye particle of each dye was measured by electronic balance and 500 ml of

distilled water was taken in three individual beakers of 1000 ml capacity. Then three

different type of dye particles was mixed in three different beaker individually and

500 ml stock solution of 0.5% concentration of reactive, acid and disperse dyes

were prepared.

31

Preparation of 1% Dye Stock Solution

1% stock solution of reactive, acid and disperse dyes were prepared following

previously stated way by mixing 5 gm particles of each dye in 500 ml distilled water

individually.

3.4.3 Removal Procedure of Dyes Using Adsorbents Powder from Aqueous

Solution

Adsorption of dye solutions of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% concentration with the adsorbents

powder was carried out both individually and combinedly in batch adsorption

process. A series of 1000 ml beaker were used. Each beaker was filled with 200 ml

of aqueous dye solution and adjusted to desired pH. After adding adsorbent powders

in aqueous solution it was shaked by electric laboratory shaker. After desired time

period respective beaker was taken out from the shaker, kept for few minutes to

become stable and fresh supernatant sample was taken out by pipette. Then

supernatant sample was filtered by Whatman filter paper and residual of filtered

sample was measured using DR-2800 spectrophotometer to determine color change

of dye solutions. The percentages of dye removal were determined from the

difference of the value obtained from spectrophotometer by measuring initial stock

solution samples and final samples after laboratory tests.

3.4.4 Dye removal Percentage

Dye removal percentages was carried out using the formula,

Dye removal % = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝐶𝑒𝐶𝑜 ×

Here, 𝐶𝑜 = initial colour concentration (Pt-Co), 𝐶𝑒 = final concentration

concentration (Pt-Co)

32

3.5 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT

PARAMETERS FOR DYE REMOVAL

3.5.1 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage

The removal of reactive, acid and disperse dyes was observed using different dosage

of adsorbents (200 mg, 400 mg, 1000 mg, 1600 mg, 2000 mg) and optimum

adsorbent dosage was determined. Each experiment was conducted at 0.5% initial

dye concentration of solution, room temperature, pH 7, 160 RPM speed of shaker,

60 minute time of shaking. For analyzing effect of combined adsorbent dosage peels

powder was mixed in to (1:1) ratio and tested under considered parameters.

3.5.2 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration

The effect of initial dye concentration was observed by different initial dye

concentration (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) in aqueous solution and optimum dye

concentration was determined. Experiment was conducted at 1000 mg adsorbent

dosages, room temperature, pH 7, 160 RPM speed of shaker, 60 minute time of

shaking.

3.5.3 Effect of Speed of Shaker

The effect of speed of electric laboratory shaker was observed at 140 RPM, 160

RPM, 180 RPM, 200 RPM, and 240 RPM and optimum speed of electric laboratory

shaker was determined. Room temperature, optimum adsorbent dosage, optimum

dye concentration in aqueous solution, pH 7 and 60 minute time of shaking was

maintained during the tests.

3.5.4 Effect of Time of Shaking

The effect of the time of shaking was observed at 45 min, 60 min, 80 min, 110 min

and optimum time of shaking was determined. Room temperature, optimum

adsorbent dosage, optimum dye concentration in aqueous solution, pH 7 and

optimum agitation speed of shaker was maintained during the tests.

33

3.5.5 Effect of Temperature

Temperature has significant process in adsorption process. The effect of temperature

was observed at temperature range from 250C to 130

0C according to dye

characteristics to determine optimum temperature. Optimum adsorbent dosage,

optimum dye concentration in aqueous solution, optimum time of shaking, optimum

agitation speed of shaker, pH 7 was maintained during the tests.

3.5.6 Effect of Combined Adsorbents Dosage

The effect of combined adsorbents dosages was observed by combining adsorbent

powders together in to 1:1 ratio and varying their doses as (200 mg, 600 mg, 1000

mg, 1600 mg and 2000 mg) to determine optimum value of combined adsorbent

dosage. Optimum dye concentration in aqueous solution, optimum temperature,

optimum time of shaking, optimum agitation speed of shaker, pH 7 was maintained

during the tests.

3.5.7 Effect of pH of Solution

The effect of pH was observed by maintaining pH range from (2 to12) using 0.1N

HCL and 0.1N NaOH solution and optimum pH was determined with the help of

digital pH meter. Optimum adsorbent dosage, optimum dye concentration in

aqueous solution, optimum temperature, optimum time of shaking, optimum

agitation speed of shaker was maintained during the tests.

3.5.8 Turbidity Removal

The turbidity of the test sample before and after using natural adsorbents was

determined by using Turbidity meter to analysis the transparency before and after

color removal and presence of adsorbent particles in test sample.

3.6 Dye Extraction from Adsorbents Particles

Extraction means the losses of adsorbed dye from adsorbent. It was determined by

washing the dye loaded adsorbents with distilled water and agitating 50 ml of

washed solution at pH 7 for 30 minute at 140 RPM at room temperature. Finally the

value was measured by spectrophotometer (model DR-2800). Before taking

34

measurement samples were diluted 10 times to ensure the accuracy of result.

(Forgacs, 2004)

3.7 SUITABILITY WITH ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS

Anionic dyes as reactive and acid dyes normally follow Langmuir and Freundlich

Isotherms. Non ionic dyes like disperse dye normally follow Nernst Isotherm during

adsorption. After getting values of considered parameters the suitability of dye

removal with those isotherms related factors were determined by using isothermal

Equations.

3.7.1 Equations to determine adsorption Isotherm

There are several equations available for analyzing adsorption parameters in

equilibrium condition. Among them Langmuier and Freundlich models are most

common. The Langmuir isotherm model is based on the assumption that there is a

finite number of active sites which are homogeneously distributed over the surface

of the adsorbent These active sites have the same affinity for adsorption of a mono

molecular layer and there is no interaction between adsorbed molecules (Janos,

2003).

A well known linear form of the Langmuir equation can be expressed as 𝟏𝒒 = 𝟏𝒒 . 𝑲𝒂 . 𝟏𝑪 + 𝟏𝒒

Here, 𝐶𝑒 = final steady state concentration, 𝑞𝑒 = equilibrium conc. adsorbed/mass 𝐶, 𝑞𝑚 & 𝐾𝑎 = Langmuir constant.

The Freundlich isotherm model applies to adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces

with interaction between the adsorbed molecules, and is not restricted to the

formation of a monolayer. This model assumes that as the adsorbate concentration

increases, the concentration of adsorbate on the adsorbent surface also increases.

(Robinson et al, 2002)

The well-known expression for the Freundlich model is given as

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒒 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑲 + 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑪

35

Here, 𝐶𝑒 = final steady state concentration, 𝑞𝑒 = equilibrium conc. adsorbed/mass𝐶, 𝐾 = Freundlich Constant, 1/n = heterogeneity factor related to capacity of

adsorption.

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The experimental result of reactive, acid and disperse dyes removal from aqueous

solution using adsorbents are presented in this chapter. Parameters taken under

consideration for tests are Effect of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration,

speed of shaker, contact time, temperature, pH, Turbidity and dye extraction from

dye loaded adsorbents. All tests are carried in the laboratory of DUET. Adsorption

isotherm Langmuier and Freundlich are drawn by using formula and the

experimental data.

4.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF ADSORBENTS

4.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy

Surface morphology of bio-adsorbents was analyzed by scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) before adsorption. SEM image shows that lemon peel powder

has more porous and amorphous structure than orange, banana and sugarcane

bagasse powder. According to the chronological arrangement on basis of porous and

amorphousness of surface the lemon peel powder comes first, then orange peel

powder comes in second, after that banana peel powder comes in third and finally

sugarcane bagasse powder in forth position which is determined from the SEM

image of those adsorbents. Result shows in (figure 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4).

Figure 4.2 Surface Area of Lemon Peel

Powder before Adsorption

Figure 4.1 Surface Area of Orange Peel

Powder before Adsorption

37

4.2.2 Surface Area of Adsorbents

From SEM test the surface area of adsorbents was determined. The result is given

below in Table 4.1

Table 4.1 Surface Area of Adsorbents

Adsorbent Name Surface area (m2/g)

Orange peel powder 5.96

Lemon peel powder 6.05

Banana peel powder 5.70

Sugarcane bagasse powder 5.60

4.3 EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMBINED ADSORBENT

DOSAGES ON REMOVAL OF REACTIVE, ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

Effect of adsorbent dosages were determined by varying dosages as 200 mg, 400

mg, 1000 mg, 1600 mg, and 2000 mg and adsorbents were mixed into 1:1 ratio for

determining the effect combined dosage. Other parameters were kept as pH 7,

Temperature 25oC, Contact time 60 min, Speed of Shaker 160 RPM, dye

concentration 0.5%. Dye removal percentages increases by increasing adsorbent

dosages and reaches constant after particular value of dosages. The removal

percentages of reactive dyes for orange, lemon, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse

are 81%, 87%, 72% and 70%. The removal percentages of acid dyes for orange,

lemon, banana peels and sugarcane bagasse are respectively 78%, 83%, 75% and

Figure 4.3 Surface Area of Banana Peel

Powder before Adsorption

Figure 4.4 Surface Area of Sugarcane

Bagasse Powder before Adsorption

38

70%. The removal percentages of disperse dyes for orange, lemon, banana peels and

sugarcane bagasse are respectively 69%, 80%, 68% and 73%. Combined adsorbent

dosage of orange and lemon shows 91%, orange and banana shows 75%, orange and

sugarcane bagasse shows 76%, lemon and banana shows 80%, lemon and sugarcane

bagasse shows 73% and banana and sugarcane bagasse shows 68% respectively the

removal of reactive dye. Combined adsorbent dosage of orange and lemon shows

88%, orange and banana shows 82%, orange and sugarcane bagasse shows 76%,

lemon and banana shows 84%, lemon and sugarcane bagasse shows 84% and

banana and sugarcane bagasse shows 74% respectively the removal of acid dye.

Combined adsorbent dosage of orange and lemon shows 83%, orange and banana

shows 77%, orange and sugarcane bagasse shows 80%, lemon and banana shows

76%, lemon and sugarcane bagasse shows 82% and banana and sugarcane bagasse

shows 71% respectively the removal of disperse dye. The optimum value of

adsorbent dosage is 1000 mg for individual and combinedly. Increasing adsorbent

dosage rapidly increases dye adsorption for different adsorbents due to their

different amorphous structure and surface area size according to SEM image and the

data of (Table 4.1). After reaching equilibrium removal percentages becomes almost

constant and further increasing dosages it remains almost unchanged. Higher

amorphous surface and large surface area increases adsorption of dye particle

because dye particle can easily fix on that portion by weak attraction force and

amount of adsorption varies according to their amorphousness of surface and size of

surface area. Similar to the results was reported by (Namasivayam, 2005) during

study on removal of reactive dye by orange peel. Result is shown in (Figure 4.5, 4.6,

4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10) below:

39

Figure 4.5 Effect of individual adsorbent dosage on removal of Reactive dye.

Figure 4.6 Effect of individual adsorbent dosage on removal of Acid dye.

Figure 4.7 Effect of individual adsorbent dosage on removal of disperse dye.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 mg 400 mg 1000 mg 1600 mg 2000 mg

Rem

ov

al

(%)

for

Rea

ctiv

e d

ye

Adsorbent Dosage

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 mg 400 mg 1000 mg 1600 mg 2000 mg

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

Adsorbent Dsoage

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 mg 400 mg 1000 mg 1600 mg 2000 mg

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Dis

per

se d

ye

Adsorbent dosage

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

40

Figure 4.8 Effect of Combined adsorbent dosage on removal of reactive dye.

Figure 4.9 Effect of Combined adsorbent dosage on removal of acid dye.

Figure 4.10 Effect of Combined adsorbent dosage on removal of disperse dye.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 mg 400 mg 1000 mg 1600 mg 2000 mgRem

ov

al

(%)

of

Rea

ctiv

e d

ye

Adsorbent dosage

Orange & Lemon peel

Orange & Banana peel

Orange peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

Lemon & Banana peel

Lemon peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

Banana peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 mg 400 mg 1000 mg 1600 mg 2000 mg

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

Adsorbent dosage

Orange & Lemon peel

Orange & Banana peel

Orange peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

Lemon & Banana peel

Lemon peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

Banana peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

200 mg 400 mg 1000 mg 1600 mg 2000 mg

Rre

mo

va

l (%

) D

isp

erse

dy

e

Adsorbent dosage

Orange & Lemon peel

Orange & Banana peel

Orange peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

Lemon & Banana peel

Lemon peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

Banana peel & Sugarcane

bagasse

41

4.4 EFFECT OF INITIAL DYE CONCENTRATION ON REMOVAL OF

REACTIVE, ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

Effects of initial dye concentration were measured by varying concentration of

reactive, acid and disperse dyes as 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% for all in aqueous solution.

Other parameters were kept as pH 7, Temperature 25oC, Contact time 60 min, Speed

of Shaker 160 RPM, optimum adsorbent dosage 1000 mg. Initial dye concentration

affects dye removal percentages such a way that removal of reactive, acid and

disperse dyes increases by increasing their concentration in solution but it remain

constant when equilibrium reached. The optimum value of dye concentration is

0.5%. For this concentration equilibrium comes and this value is same for all dyes

and adsorbents and highest removal percentages achieves. Further increasing dye

concentration in solution the removal percentages remain almost same. Increasing of

initial dye concentration increases dye adsorption for a specific amount of dosage

but further increasing concentration removal percentages remain almost same due to

adsorption of dye particles in almost all possible sites of adsorbent and reaching to

adsorption capacity of adsorbents. Similar result reported by (Robinson, 2002)

during study on removal of basic dye by saw dust. Result is shown in (Figure 4.11,

4.12, 4.13) below:

Figure 4.11 Effect of Initial dye concentration on removal of reactive dye.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.25% 0.5% 1%

Re

mo

va

l (%

) o

f R

ea

ctiv

e d

ye

Initial dye concentration

Orange peel

Lemon peel

anana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

42

Figure 4.12 Effect of Initial dye concentration on removal of acid dye.

Figure 4.13 Effect of Initial dye concentration on removal of disperse dye.

4.5 EFFECT OF TIME OF SHAKING ON REMOVAL OF REACTIVE,

ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

Effects of time of shaking were measured by varying contact time as 45 min, 60

min, 80 min, 110 min for reactive, acid and disperse dyes in jar test method. Other

parameters were kept as pH 7, Temperature 25oC, Speed of Shaker 160 RPM,

optimum adsorbent dosage and dye concentration was 1000 mg and 0.5%

respectively. Removal percentages increase by increasing time of shaking until the

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.25% 0.5% 1%

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

Iinitial dye concentration

Orange peel

Lemon peel

banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.25% 0.5% 1%

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Dis

per

se d

ye

Initial dye concentration

Orange peel

Lemon peel

banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

43

equilibrium reached. The optimum value of time of shaking is 60 minute for both

adsorbents and reactive dye. Dye removal percentages increases rapidly at first but

further increasing contact time the removal percentages remain almost unchanged.

This phenomenon occurs due to desorption of dye particles from available

adsorption sites of different adsorbents. Similar result reported by (Gomez, 2010)

during study on removal of acid and basic dye by sugarcane bagasse. Result is

shown in (Figure 4.14, 4.15, 4.16) below:

Figure 4.14 Effect of time of Shaking on removal of reactive dye.

Figure 4.15 Effect of time of Shaking on removal of acid dye.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

45 min 60 min 80 min 110 min

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Rea

ctiv

e d

ye

Time of Shaking

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

45 min 60 min 80 min 110 min

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

Time of Shaking

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

44

Figure 4.16 Effect of time of Shaking on removal of disperse dye.

4.6 EFFECT OF SPEED OF SHAKER ON REMOVAL OF REACTIVE,

ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

Effects of speed of shaker were measured by varying speed as 140 RPM, 160 RPM,

180 RPM, 200 RPM, 240 RPM for reactive, acid and disperse dyes in jar test

method. Other parameters were kept as pH 7, Temperature 25oC, optimum adsorbent

dosage 1000 mg optimum dye concentration 0.5% and optimum contact time 60

minute. Dye removal percentages increases rapidly by increasing speed of shaker

initially but increasing speed of shaker excess the removal percentages remain

unchanged adsorption capacity of adsorbents fulfilled for specific dosage. This

phenomenon occurs due to rapid adsorption and desorption of dye particles from

available adsorption sites of different adsorbents. The optimum value of speed of

shaker is 160 RPM Similar result reported by (Jones and Znarova, 2003) during

study on treatment of metal complex dye by activated charcoal. Further increasing

Speed of shaker the removal of dye remains almost unchanged. Result is shown in

(Figure 4.17, 4.18, 4.19) below:

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

45 min 60 min 80 min 110 min

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Dis

per

se d

ye

Time of Shaking

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

45

Figure 4.17 Effect of Speed of Shaker on removal of reactive dye.

Figure 4.18 Effect of Speed of Shaker on removal of acid dye.

Figure 4.19 Effect of Speed of Shaker on removal of disperses dye.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

140 160 180 200 240

Re

mo

va

l (%

) o

f R

eact

ive

dy

e

Speed of Shaker (RPM)

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

140 160 180 200 240

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

Speed of Shaker (RPM)

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

140 160 180 200 240

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Dis

per

se d

ye

Speed of Shaker (RPM)

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

46

4.7 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REMOVAL OF REACTIVE,

ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

Effects of temperature were measured by varying temperature in a range from 25oC

to 130oC for reactive, acid and disperse dyes. Other parameters were kept as pH 7,

optimum adsorbent dosage 1000 mg optimum dye concentration 0.5% and optimum

contact time 60 minute, optimum speed of shaker 160 RPM. Dye removal

percentages become maximum in 25oC to 30

oC temperature for reactive and acid

dye and 25oC to 115

oC for disperse dye. Further increasing temperature removal

percentages remain almost same. Eurozol navy is cold brand reactive dye and cold

brand dyes becomes more active in low temperature and fixation of these dyes

occurs in low temperature normally 25oC to 35

oC so normally this temperature range

is suitable for adsorption. Everacid yellow is most effective in normal temperature

so 25oC to 35

oC temperature is suitable for fixation of these dyes. Disperse fluo red

is non ionic in nature and 25oC to 115

oC temperature is suitable for fixation of

disperse dyes. This phenomenon occurs due to physical adsorption where dye

particles adsorb in available sites of adsorbents with weak force. Desorption of dyes

from adsorbed sites occurs by breaking that weak force at high temperature. Ionic

nature of dyes may also have a little effect on high temperature. Dyes which are

stable in high temperature can be attached in adsorbed sites of adsorbents at high

temperature and within the suitable range of fixation temperature of them. The

optimum temperature for fixation of all these dyes is 25oC to 30

oC. Further

increasing temperature dye removal percentages decreases gradually. Similar result

was reported by (Bagane and Guiza, 2000) during study on removal of acid dye by

banana peel. Result is shown in (Figure 4.20, 4.21, 4.22) below:

47

Figure 4.20 Effect of Temperature on removal of reactive dye.

.

Figure 4.21 Effect of Temperature on removal of acid dye.

Figure 4.22 Effect of Temperature on removal of disperse dye.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

25 30 40 45 50

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Rea

ctiv

e d

ye

Temperature (degree celcious)

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

25 30 40 45 50 55 60

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

Temperature (degree celcious)

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

25 30 110 115 120 125 130

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Dis

per

se d

ye

Temperature (degree celcious)

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

48

4.8 EFFECT OF pH OF SOLUTION ON REMOVAL OF REACTIVE,

ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

Effects of pH were measured by varying pH in a range from 2 to 12 for reactive,

acid and disperse dyes solutions. Other parameters were kept optimum temperature

25oC, optimum adsorbent dosage 1000mg, optimum dye concentration 0.5% and

optimum contact time 60 minute, optimum speed of shaker 160 RPM. Eurozol Navy

reactive dye is anionic in nature and removal increases from acidic to neutral

condition and in pH 7 to 9 the removal percentages becomes maximum for both

adsorbents but further increasing pH value dye removal percentages decreases

gradually. Everacid yellow is acid dye and anionic in nature it removes better in

acidic condition maximum in pH 7 to 8. Further increasing pH the removal

percentages falls gradually. Disperse fluo red is non ionic in nature but it also

removes better in acidic condition and maximum in pH 7 to 9. Excess variation of

pH from neutral point to acidic and alkaline side decreases the removal of disperse

dye gradually. This phenomenon occurs due to cationic and anionic charge

attraction between adsorbents and dye particles in lower to neutral and slight

alkaline condition. when the pH value of solution is lower the large number of H+

ions is present is solution which creates the surface charge attraction between

adsorbent surface dye particles. The values of pH 7 to 9 is suitable for maximum

removal of reactive, acid and disperse dyes and further excess increasing or

decreasing pH value decreases the removal percentages gradually. Similar result was

reported by (Bagane and Guiza, 2000) during study on removal of acid dye by

banana peel. Result is shown in (Figure 4.23, 4.24, 4.25) below:

Figure 4.23 Effect of pH on removal of reactive dye.

0

20

40

60

80

100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Rea

ctiv

e

dy

e

pH

Orange

peel

Lemon peel

Banana

peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

49

Figure 4.24 Effect of pH on removal of acid dye.

Figure 4.25 Effect of pH for disperse dye.

4.9 TURBIDITY REMOVAL

Turbidity of initial dye solution reduces due to removal of dye particles. Reactive

dye solution shows initial turbidity 182 NTU and the final turbidity is 35, 24, 51 and

55 NTU after adsorption with orange, lemon, banana peel and sugarcane bagasse.

Acid dye solution shows initial turbidity 158 NTU and the final turbidity is 35, 27,

40 and 47 NTU after adsorption with orange, lemon, banana peel and sugarcane

bagasse. Disperse dye solution shows initial turbidity 206 NTU and the final

turbidity is 64, 44, 66 and 56 NTU after adsorption with orange, lemon, banana peel

and sugarcane bagasse. It is clear that as dye particles adsorbed in to the surface of

the adsorbents and when adsorbents separated from dye solution after completing

the process using whatman filter paper, turbidity reduces proportionally with dye

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Aci

d d

ye

pH

Orange

peel

Lemon peel

Banana

peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rem

ov

al

(%)

of

Dis

per

se d

ye

pH

Orange peel

Lemon peel

Banana peel

Sugarcane

bagasse

50

removal and in a constant way. So reduction of turbidity is constantly proportional

with dye removal. Similar result reported by (Chowdhury, 2002) during study on

adsorption of textile waste by activated sludge.

4.10 DYE EXTRACTION

The detachment of dye particles from adsorbent by washing with only distilled water

without using any chemical indicates that the attraction force works between dye

particles and adsorbents is simple weak van der waals force by which dye and

adsorbent are held together as the weak force breaks simply during washing and

extraction occurs. Extractions of dye normally known as desorption also and it is a

reverse process of physical adsorption. Similar to the results was reported by

(Namasivayam, 2005) during observing extraction of reactive dye from orange peel.

4.11 ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE, ACID AND DISPERSE DYE

STRUCTURE

According to (Figure 3.1) the dye structure of Eurozol navy reactive dye shows that

it has five nitrogen atom and three nitrogen atoms attached with double bond in its

dye structure. Reactive dye is strongly anionic in nature for these nitrogen atoms and

so the removal percentages are very high by adsorbents at different pH value.

(Figure 3.2) shows that Everacid yellow acid dye contains three nitrogen atom in its

structure between two of them are attached double bonded. Acid dye is also anionic

in nature but due lower number of nitrogen atom present in its structure the anionic

nature in not so strong as reactive dye. So removal of acid dyes by different

adsorbent is high to moderate at different pH value. (Figure 3.3) shows that disperse

fluo red dye has three nitrogen atoms in its structure but due to hydrophobic and non

ionic nature of disperse dye it does not show much negativity compare to reactive

and acid dye at different pH value. So removal of disperse dyes by different

adsorbents is less than acid and reactive dye. Similar result reported by (Broadbent,

2001) by analyzing atomic structure of different textile dyes.

51

4.12 ADSORPTION ISOTHERM

Adsorption isotherm of reactive, acid and disperse dye removal by orange peel,

lemon peel, banana peel and sugarcane bagasse were plotted by calculating Ce

(mg/l) and qe (mg/g) and a graph (qe Vs. Ce) was drawn by following isotherm

equation. The shape of the graph shows that adsorption of follows both Langmuier

and Freundlich isotherm. Result is shown in (figure 4.32) below:

Figure 4.26: Langmuier and Freundlich Isotherm for Reactive, Acid and Disperse

……………...Dye.

qe

(mg

/l)

ce (mg/l)

Langmuier and Freudlich Isotherm

Reactive

dye

Acid dye

Disperse

dye

Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter summarizes the major conclusions based on the results of this study. It

appears from the study that textile dyes as reactive, acid, disperse can be removed

effectively from aqueous solution using orange peel, lemon peel, banana peel and

sugarcane bagasse as adsorbent.

5.2 CONCLUSIONS

Major conclusions from this study may be summarized as follows:

i) Colour of reactive, acid, disperse dyes could be effectively removed from aqueous

solution by Orange, Lemon, Banana peels and Sugarcane bagasse.

ii) Colour removal is influenced by initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage.

In this study 1000 mg dosage was found optimum for orange, lemon, banana peel

and sugarcane bagasse both individually and combinedly.

iv) Colour removal was influenced by speed of shaker and time of shaking. In this

study 160 RPM and 60 minute was found optimum Speed of Shaker and time of

shaking for all dyes and adsorbents.

v) Colour removal was temperature and pH dependent. In this study the optimum

temperature and pH was found 25oC and 7 for maximum adsorption of dyes by

adsorbents.

vi) Maximum removal of Colour of reactive dye (up to 91%) was found due to its

strong anionic nature under pH 7.

53

ix) Experimental data of removal of colour of reactive, acid and disperse could be

described by Langmuire and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model.

x) .The attraction forces between colour particles and adsorbents are weak attraction

force as Van der Waals force and adsorption type is physical adsorption.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY

Major recommendations for continuation of the present work in the future are given

below.

i) In this study four different types of adsorbent used for dye removal but similar

type adsorbents can also be used for removal of these dyes.

ii) In this study three different dyes used for analyzing dye removal possibility but

other dyes of similar or different groups can be used for further analysis.

iii) This process can be used for analyzing the removal of printing waste material

from aqueous solution.

iv) Natural dyes are now a days using in textile colouration process and those dyes

are also need to be removed from waste water. So, further study using this process

on those dyes can be conducted to remove those dyes.

54

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APPENDICES

A-1

Appendix-A: Figure of Laboratory Test for removal of reactive, acid,

Disperse dye using orange, lemon, banana and sugarcane

bagasse .

A-2

Fig. A-1 Lemon, orange, banana peel powder and sugarcane bagasse

Fig. A-2 Removal of dyes by jar test method

A-3

Fig A-3 Reactive dye sample before and after removal

Fig A-4 Acid dye sample before and after removal

A-4

Fig A-5 Disperse dye sample before and after removal

A-5

Appendix-B: Laboratory test parameters to determine removal of

reactive, acid, Disperse dye using orange, lemon, banana and

sugarcane bagasse.

A-6

B-1. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage

Table: B-1.1

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Orange peel

200 mg 60 min 160 204 94 54

400 mg 60 min 160 204 66 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 39 81

1600 mg 60 min 160 204 43 79

2000 mg 60 min 160 204 45 78

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.2

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Lemon

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 204 82 60

400 mg 60 min 160 204 62 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 27 87

1600 mg 60 min 160 204 29 86

2000 mg 60 min 160 204 29 86

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.3

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Banana

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 204 100 51

400 mg 60 min 160 204 82 60

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 57 72

1600 mg 60 min 160 204 57 72

2000 mg 60 min 160 204 61 70

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.4

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

200 mg 60 min 160 204 113 45

400 mg 60 min 160 204 98 52

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 61 70

1600 mg 60 min 160 204 61 70

2000 mg 60 min 160 204 60 70

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

A-7

Table: B-1.5

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Orange

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 196 87 56

400 mg 60 min 160 196 63 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 44 78

1600 mg 60 min 160 196 45 77

2000 mg 60 min 160 196 47 76

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.6

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Lemon

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 196 87 56

400 mg 60 min 160 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 34 83

1600 mg 60 min 160 196 34 83

2000 mg 60 min 160 196 35 82

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.7

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Banana

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 196 98 50

400 mg 60 min 160 196 75 62

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 50 75

1600 mg 60 min 160 196 51 74

2000 mg 60 min 160 196 50 75

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.8

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

200 mg 60 min 160 196 114 42

400 mg 60 min 160 196 93 53

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 59 70

1600 mg 60 min 160 196 59 70

2000 mg 60 min 160 196 59 70

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

A-8

Table: B-1.9

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Orange

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 210 122 42

400 mg 60 min 160 210 105 50

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 68 69

1600 mg 60 min 160 210 69 67

2000 mg 60 min 160 210 70 67

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.10

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Lemon

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 210 111 47

400 mg 60 min 160 210 82 61

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 42 80

1600 mg 60 min 160 210 44 79

2000 mg 60 min 160 210 43 79.5

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.11

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Banana

peel

200 mg 60 min 160 210 130 38

400 mg 60 min 160 210 108 49

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 68 68

1600 mg 60 min 160 210 68 68

2000 mg 60 min 160 210 68 68

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table: B-1.12

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

200 mg 60 min 160 210 126 40

400 mg 60 min 160 210 101 52

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 57 73

1600 mg 60 min 160 210 57 73

2000 mg 60 min 160 210 58 73

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

A-9

B-2 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration

Table B-2.1

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.25%

Reactive

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 106 36 66

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 106 27 74

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 106 46 57

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 106 40 62

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table B-2.2

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 204 37 82

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 204 27 87

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 204 55 73

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 204 61 70

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table B-2.3

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

1%

Reactive

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 410 82 80

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 410 62 85

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 410 111 73

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 410 126 69

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table B-2.4

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.25%

Acid Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 98 40 59

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 98 34 68

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 98 50 53

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 98 48 55

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

A-10

Table B-2.5

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 196 43 78

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 196 32 84

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 196 53 73

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 196 57 71

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table B-2.6

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

1% Acid

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 386 93 76

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 386 62 84

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 386 108 72

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 386 118 69

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table B-2.7

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.25%

Disperse

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 108 46 58

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 108 38 65

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 108 62 43

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 108 67 38

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

Table B-2.8

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 210 63 70

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 210 42 80

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 210 68 68

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 210 61 71

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

A-11

Table B-2.9

Dye

solution

Adsorbent

peels Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

1%

Disperse

Dye

Orange 1000 mg 60 min 160 420 131 69

Lemon 1000 mg 60 min 160 420 80 81

Banana 1000 mg 60 min 160 420 147 65

Sugarcane 1000 mg 60 min 160 420 118 72

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7

B-3 Effect of agitation speed of shaker

Table B-3.1

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 204 66 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 39 81

1000 mg 60 min 180 204 39 81

1000 mg 60 min 200 204 43 79

1000 mg 60 min 240 204 45 78

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.2

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Lemon

peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 204 55 73

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 25 88

1000 mg 60 min 180 204 26 87

1000 mg 60 min 200 204 26 87

1000 mg 60 min 240 204 29 85

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.3

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 204 81 60

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 57 72

1000 mg 60 min 180 204 57 72

1000 mg 60 min 200 204 61 70

1000 mg 60 min 240 204 63 68

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

A-12

Table B-3.4

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 60 min 140 204 88 57

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 61 70

1000 mg 60 min 180 204 68 67

1000 mg 60 min 200 204 68 67

1000 mg 60 min 240 204 72 65

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.5

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Orange

Peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 196 67 66

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 43 78

1000 mg 60 min 180 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 200 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 240 196 51 74

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.6

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Lemon

Peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 196 57 71

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 34 83

1000 mg 60 min 180 196 34 83

1000 mg 60 min 200 196 39 80

1000 mg 60 min 240 196 39 80

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.7

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Banana

Peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 196 67 66

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 180 196 57 71

1000 mg 60 min 200 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 240 196 63 68

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

A-13

Table B-3.8

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 60 min 140 196 77 61

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 180 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 200 196 65 67

1000 mg 60 min 240 196 65 67

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.9

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Orange

Peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 210 105 50

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 65 69

1000 mg 60 min 180 210 70 67

1000 mg 60 min 200 210 70 67

1000 mg 60 min 240 210 74 65

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.10

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial

color

Concentrat

ion

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Lemon

Peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 210 63 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 42 80

1000 mg 60 min 180 210 42 80

1000 mg 60 min 200 210 51 76

1000 mg 60 min 240 210 55 74

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

A-14

Table B-3.11

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial

color

Concentrat

ion

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Banana

Peel

1000 mg 60 min 140 210 105 50

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 68 68

1000 mg 60 min 180 210 75 66

1000 mg 60 min 200 210 80 62

1000 mg 60 min 240 210 80 62

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

Table B-3.12

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial

color

Concentrat

ion

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 60 min 140 210 86 59

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 59 72

1000 mg 60 min 180 210 63 70

1000 mg 60 min 200 210 63 70

1000 mg 60 min 240 210 74 65

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7, optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg.

B-4 Effect of time of shaking

Table B-4.1

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentrati

on

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 204 62 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 39 81

1000 mg 80 min 160 204 43 79

1000 mg 110 min 160 204 45 78

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

A-15

Table B-4.2

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentrati

on

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Lemon peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 204 47 77

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 25 87

1000 mg 80 min 160 204 31 85

1000 mg 110 min 160 204 35 83

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

Table B-4.3

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 204 78 62

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 57 72

1000 mg 80 min 160 204 65 68

1000 mg 110 min 160 204 65 68

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

Table B-4.4

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 45 min 160 204 80 61

1000 mg 60 min 160 204 62 70

1000 mg 80 min 160 204 65 68

1000 mg 110 min 160 204 65 68

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

Table B-4.5

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 196 71 64

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 43 78

1000 mg 80 min 160 196 51 74

1000 mg 110 min 160 196 55 72

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

A-16

Table B-4.6

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Lemon

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 196 63 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 34 83

1000 mg 80 min 160 196 39 80

1000 mg 110 min 160 196 43 78

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

Table B-4.7

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 196 75 62

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 49 75

1000 mg 80 min 160 196 57 71

1000 mg 110 min 160 196 61 69

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

Table B-4.8

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 45 min 160 196 94 52

1000 mg 60 min 160 196 59 70

1000 mg 80 min 160 196 63 68

1000 mg 110 min 160 196 73 63

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.

Table B-4.9

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 210 95 55

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 63 70

1000 mg 80 min 160 210 76 64

1000 mg 110 min 160 210 82 61

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160

A-17

Table B-4.10

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Lemon

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 210 64 67

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 42 80

1000 mg 80 min 160 210 49 77

1000 mg 110 min 160 210 51 76

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160

Table B-4.11

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 45 min 160 210 95 55

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 68 68

1000 mg 80 min 160 210 76 64

1000 mg 110

min 160 210 76

64

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160

Table B-4.12

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 45 min 160 210 82 61

1000 mg 60 min 160 210 57 73

1000 mg 80 min 160 210 57 73

1000 mg 110 min 160 210 67 68

Note: Temperature: room temperature (250C) pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum

dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160

B-5 Effect of Temperature

Table B-5.1

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 204 39 81

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 204 39 81

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 204 41 80

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 204 47 77

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 204 55 73

A-18

Table B-5.2

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Lemon

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 204 27 87

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 204 27 87

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 204 27 87

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 204 37 82

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 204 45 78

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.3

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature oC

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 204 57 72

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 204 57 72

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 204 57 72

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 204 65 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 204 70 66

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.4

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Reactive

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 204 61 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 204 61 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 204 61 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 204 70 66

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 204 72 65

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.5

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 196 45 77

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 196 43 78

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 196 43 78

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 196 43 78

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 196 45 77

1000 mg 60 min 160 55 196 55 72

1000 mg 60 min 160 60 196 63 68

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

A-19

Table B-5.6

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Lemon

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 196 34 83

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 196 34 83

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 196 36 82

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 196 34 83

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 196 37 81

1000 mg 60 min 160 55 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 160 60 196 57 71

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.7

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 196 49 75

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 196 53 73

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 196 53 73

1000 mg 60 min 160 55 196 65 67

1000 mg 60 min 160 60 196 75 62

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.8

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Acid

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 30 196 55 72

1000 mg 60 min 160 40 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 45 196 59 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 50 196 63 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 55 196 77 61

1000 mg 60 min 160 60 196 86 56

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

A-20

Table B-5.9

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Orange

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 210 65 69

1000 mg 60 min 160 105 210 65 69

1000 mg 60 min 160 110 210 65 69

1000 mg 60 min 160 115 210 65 69

1000 mg 60 min 160 120 210 68 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 125 210 76 64

1000 mg 60 min 160 130 210 95 55

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.10

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Lemon

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 210 42 80

1000 mg 60 min 160 105 210 42 80

1000 mg 60 min 160 110 210 42 80

1000 mg 60 min 160 115 210 46 78

1000 mg 60 min 160 120 210 48 77

1000 mg 60 min 160 125 210 59 72

1000 mg 60 min 160 130 210 75 66

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

Table B-5.11

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature

(degree

Celsius) 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Banana

peel

1000 mg 60 min 160 100 210 67 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 105 210 67 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 110 210 67 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 115 210 67 68

1000 mg 60 min 160 120 210 70 67

1000 mg 60 min 160 125 210 82 61

1000 mg 60 min 160 130 210 93 56

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.

A-21

Table 4.5.12

Dye

solution Adsorbent Dosages Time

Speed

of

Shaker

(RPM)

Temperature

(degree

Celsius) 0C

Initial color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Final color

Concentration

(Pt-Co)

Removal

percentages

(%)

0.5%

Disperse

Dye

Sugarcane

bagasse

1000 mg 60 min 160 25 210 57 73

1000 mg 60 min 160 105 210 57 73

1000 mg 60 min 160 110 210 57 73

1000 mg 60 min 160 115 210 61 71

1000 mg 60 min 160 120 210 63 70

1000 mg 60 min 160 125 210 72 66

1000 mg 60 min 160 130 210 82 61

Note: pH: 7 optimum dye concentration: 0.5%, optimum dosage: 1000 mg. Optimum RPM 160.Optimim

Shaking time: 60 min.