Toxicology of Textile Dyes

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Thia ppt surely give an idea about Toxicology of textile dyes and toxicity risk assessment studies of dyes , Case studies etc.and also i attached with Physio-Chemical Treatment of various dyes in the SIPCOT industries in Tamil Nadu,India.The treatment is based on Effluent Treatment Plant[ETP], Membrane Filtrations, Ultra Filtration [UF] , Dual Media Filter [DMF] , Reverse Osmosis [RO] plant and Evaporator Plant

Transcript of Toxicology of Textile Dyes

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Dry processing millWoven fabric finishing mills.

mainly solid waste is generated due to the rejects

of cotton

Through desizing, scouring, bleaching,

mercerising, dyeing, printing, and packing

* C.O.D REDUCTION OF REACTIVE DYEING EFFLUENT

FROM COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

B.V. Babu1*, H.T. Rana2, V. Rama Krishna3, and Mahesh Sharma4

Dyeing is a combined process of bleaching and coloring, which generates voluminous quantities of wastewaters and in turn causes environmental degradation

These effluents consist of high TDS , BOD, COD, pH, Colour, chloride, sulphate, hardness and carcinogenic dye ingredients

High BOD in untreated wastewater can cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen if it is directly discharged into the surface water sources.

The high alkalinity and traces of chromium (employed in dyes) adversely affect the aquatic life.

TEXTILE WASTE *

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An estimate shows that textiles account for 14% of India’s industrial production and around 27% of its export earnings.

India is the second largest export of cotton yarn

10,000 garment manufacturers and 2200 bleaching and dyeing industries in India.

Majority are concentrated at Erode and Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, Surat in Gujarat and Ludiyana in Punjab.

*Recycling of Woven Fabric Dyeing Wastewater Practiced in

Perundurai Common Effluent Treatment Plant M. Ramesh Kumar, K. Saravanan, R. Shanmugam

TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA *

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absorb very strongly at wavelengths in the visible spectrum

are composed of polyaromatic compounds.

are resistant to biological degradation.

DYES

(1) acid dyes, (2) direct (substantive) dyes, (3) azoic dyes, (4) disperse dyes,

(5)sulfur dyes, (6) fiber reactive dyes, (7) basic dyes,(8)oxidation dyes,

(9) mordant (chrome) dyes, (10) developed dyes, (11) vat dyes, (12) pigments,

(13) optical/fluorescent brighteners, and (14) solvent dyes.

* Textile Dyes and Dyeing Equipment : Classification,Properties, and Environmental Aspects S. V. Kulkarni, C. D. Blackwell, A. L. Blackard, C. W. Stackhouse, and M. W. Alexander

DYES USED IN TEXTILE INDUDTRIES *

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TOXICOLOGY OF TEXTILE DYES *

* Environmental Aspects Of Textile Dyeing

Editor (s):  R Christie, Herriot-Watt University, UK 

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What is Acute Toxicity?Single or multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours).

Acute Toxicity of Textile Dyes

Skin Irritation Skin Sensitisation

Reactive dyes can, however, cause problems in plant workers who manufacture the dyes and textile workers.

Fig: Mono Chloro Triazinyl (MCT)

Contin……

ACUTE TOXICITY OF TEXTILE DYES

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Effect of Reactive Dyes

Reactive Dyes + Human Serum Albumin [HSA]

Dye – HSA conjugate

Dye-HSA conjugate, which acts as an antigen. The antigen produces specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and, through the release of chemicals such as histamine, causes allergic reactions (Hunger, 2003; Luczynska, 1986).

Fig: A list of reactive dyes that have caused respiratory or skin sensitisation inWorkers on occupational exposure has been compiled by Ecological

and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigment Manufacturers [ ETAD ]

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What is Chronic Toxicity?

A condition caused by repeated or long-term exposure to low doses of a toxic substance

Chronic Toxicity of Textile Dyes

Non GenotoxicityGenotoxicity

Toxicants must reach the DNA (which resides in the nucleus of the cell) in order for the chemical to interact with the DNA.

It must possess the ability to interact with the DNA, usually by a chemical reaction.

So the toxicants must be able to transport across the protective cell membranes.

1] Water solubility

1) The hydrophobic (fatty) nature of the cell membrane is impervious to the hydrophilic water-soluble molecules.

2) water-soluble molecules are generally excreted rapidly by a living organism.

2] Water Insolubility

Due to the insolubility , toxicants gets large size particles [0.1 to 3 mm] in the body which are not transported across cell membranes.

[e.g.] Pigments

Mutagens

Carcinogens

Teratogens

Chronic Toxicity of Textile Dyes

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Carcinogenic Dyes

Active species of most carcinogens, known as the ultimate carcinogen, is an electrophile, E.

Nitrenium ion [R2N+]carbonium ion [R3C+]

Carcinogens attack a nucleophilic site in DNA, which may be a carbon, nitrogenor oxygen atom, to form a covalent chemical bond

E + [DNA] E–[DNA]Examples

Azo dyes , Anthraquinone dyes , Cationic dyes , Pigments ,Aromatic amino- and nitro-compounds , Nitrosamines, hydrazines and hydroxylamines

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Water-soluble azo dyes most widely used by textile fabric Industries

Water soluble azo dyes are produced the various metabolites .These metabolites only Develop the Carcinogenic Effects.

Benzidine

Metabolites of Benzidine

Bladder Cancer

Benzidine

AZO DYES

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Anthraquinone dyes of the solvent or disperse class containing one or more primaryamino- or methyl amino-groups tend to be mutagenic or carcinogenic.

Disperse Orange 11

Disperse Blue 1

Disperse Violet 1

Anthraquinone Dyes

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DYE TOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT

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Steps in Dye Toxicity Risk Assessment

Hazard Identification

Exposure Assessment

Dose-Response Assessment

Risk Characterization

DYE TOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT

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Toxicity of the Azo Dye Methyl Red to Guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata Peters)

LC50 of Methyl Red ,Healthy mature fish (length=2.3±0.08 cm,width=4.0±0.17 mm)

Different dilution (5-50ppm) of methyl red using tap water were prepared.

RESULTThe fish toxicity at 5ppm of methyl red was also higher in short term experimental study

By the long term experimental studies we can understood the response of the biotic community in an aquatic eco system receiving pollutants which will guide its restoration.

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Impact of Textile Dye Industry Effluent on the Neurosecretory Cells in Fresh Water Female Crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst) *

The effluent was collected in sterile polythene containers and stored at room temperature analyzed once in five days for about 6 times in a month.

In the experimental female crab S. hydrodroma that were exposed to textile dye

industry effluent (TDIE) at a sub lethal concentration [ A concentration of chemical that does not kill an organism. ] (69.66) in two different exposure periods showed morphological and histological changes in the brain, thoracic ganglia and eyestalks.

The acute 96 h LC value for TDIE for S.hydrodroma was found to be 209.89ppm.

Inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases at sub lethal concentration (69.66ppm) of TDIE.

The inhibition of Succinate dehydrogenase suggests that the metabolic pathway might have been turned into anaerobic to meet the increased energy demand during pollution stress.

Contin…..* Impact of Textile Dye Industry Effluent on the Neurosecretory Cells in Fresh Water

Female Crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst) 1 Sekar, 2S. Hariprasad, 3M. Deccaraman

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Contin…….

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INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND HEALTH STATUS

A CASE STUDY OF NOYYAL RIVER BASIN *

The Health Status of the villages around the NOYYAL river assessed through three medical camps.

Doctors participated in the medical camps were able to identify the symptoms of waterborne diseases.

Health problems such as skin allergy, Respiratory infections, general allergy, Gastritis

and Ulcer were scanning among the villagers who attended the medical camp.

It was medically accepted that the polluted water had significant influence on these diseases.

It was assessed that one-fourth of the villagers has any one of the listed of diseases. Most of the identified patients accepted that they were using either the river water or well water or both for washing purpose, cleaning the cattle or fishing in the tank etc.

After realizing the ill effects of the water they started avoiding the use of it.

* INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND HEALTH STATUS A CASE STUDY OF NOYYAL RIVER BASIN

Dr. K. Govindarajalu *C.B.M. College, Kovaipudur, Coimbatore, India.

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Impact of Textile Effluents on Fresh Water Fish Mastacembelus ArmatusS. KARTHIKEYAN*, M.JAMBULINGAM2, P.SIVAKUMAR1,A.P. SHEKHAR3

Group of 10 healthy fishes have average length 15 ± 3 cm and weight 80±10 gm were used for experiment.

Exposed to sub lethal concentration of textile dye -Acid Blue 92 ( CI.No. 13390) for a period of 35 days.

RESULTThe conc. of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2 + ions are increased after the treatment with textile dyes. The increase in K+ ion concentration of the sample is attributed to the reduction in the extra cellular space.

The decrease in Na+ concentration suggests a change in permeability properties of different biological membrane system.

Appropriate decrease of Cl – ion concentration in fish might be due to reduced activity of carbonic anhydrase by the uptake of high Textile Effluents

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Biochemical Parameters Of Liver Function In Artisans

Occupationally Exposed To 'Vat Dyes' *Using convenience sampling technique, a cohort of dye workers (n=117) with a minimum of one year and a maximum of 60 years duration of exposure (mean =17.03 ± 1.19 years) were recruited in this study.

Plasma separated from blood samples stored at -20ºC.

Estimation of Plasma albumin , Total Bilirubin were done.

Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase , Alanine Transaminase , Aspartate Transaminase were estimated.

* Biochemical Parameters Of Liver Function In Artisans

Occupationally Exposed To 'Vat DyesOluwatosin O. Soyinka ,Francis A .Adeniyi Dept. of Chemical pathology and immunology ,Obafemi Awolowo University ,Nigeria

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Physico – Chemical Treatment for Textile Dye Effluents In SIPCOT Industries

Effluent Treatment Plant [ETP]

Filtration Methods [DMF,UF]

Reverse Osmosis Plant [RO]

Multiple - Effect Evaporator Plant [MEEP]

Solar Bed Evaporation

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Effluent Treatment Plant [ETP]

Dye water Treatment Wash water Treatment

Effluents contain very rich in Dye and Salt solution.

Less water contents.

Treated directly to the Evaporator system for recover the salts as well as remaining less water.

Effluents contain more [70 %] water contents

The treatment system is followed by ETP , Filtration ,RO and Evaporator system.

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Flow diagram of ETP

Collection Tank

Lime & Ferrous Dosing

Secondary Clarifier

Ultra Filter

Aeration Tank

Flash Mixing Tank

Primary Clarifier

Dual Media Filter

HCL Acid Dosing

Reverse OsmosisContin……..

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Aeration Tank

Primary Clarifier

Secondary Clarifier

Dual Media Filter [DMF]

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Ultra Filtration [ UF ]

UF system is made by hollow fiber type model membranesThis system is automatically working with the following pumps such as:

1) Feed water Pump.2) Back wash Pump.3) Chemical Dosing Pump.4) Cleaning Pump

The UF system is reducing micron size suspended particles as well as bacteria and viruses. The outlet of the UF water have the pH of 7.5-8.0

TDS level is varied from 3000 ppm-3500 ppm

Finally the outlet treated water is passed to the RO feed tank.

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REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT

What is Reverse Osmosis ?Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a High pressure.

Ro Plant used to remove the high amount of TDS .

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Flow diagram of zero discharge in textile dyeing unit using advanced treatment

Note: KLD = Kilo Liters per Day

1 KLD = 1000 Liter

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DISCUSSION

Can we Create the Green Earth Again?

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