Refresher on Refresher on Nationalism Nationalism

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

In 1815, the Congress of Vienna In 1815, the Congress of Vienna restores the Old Orderrestores the Old Order– Absolute monarchs backAbsolute monarchs back

Re-draws the map, different ethnicity Re-draws the map, different ethnicity groups are thrown together into one groups are thrown together into one territoryterritory

In FranceIn France

NapoleonNapoleon is Emperor until 1815 is Emperor until 1815 Louis XVIIILouis XVIII is King (monarchy is King (monarchy

restored) until 1824 (with the restored) until 1824 (with the exception of Napoleon’s 100 Days)exception of Napoleon’s 100 Days)

Charles XCharles X rules 1825-1830 (younger rules 1825-1830 (younger brother of Louis XVIII)brother of Louis XVIII)

His rule ends with the His rule ends with the July July RevolutionRevolution

July RevolutionJuly Revolution

The people overthrow King Charles X The people overthrow King Charles X (disagree with his policies – he was (disagree with his policies – he was ruling more like an absolute ruling more like an absolute monarch)monarch)

The people elect The people elect Louis-PhilippeLouis-Philippe, , Duke of Orleans – this will be known Duke of Orleans – this will be known as the as the July MonarchyJuly Monarchy

Louis-Philippe rules from 1830-1848Louis-Philippe rules from 1830-1848

Revolution of 1848 (in Revolution of 1848 (in France)France)

People are unhappy, riotsPeople are unhappy, riots In Feb. 1848 Louis-Philippe In Feb. 1848 Louis-Philippe

abdicated, fearful of the unrestabdicated, fearful of the unrest Louis-Napoleon BonaparteLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte

elected Presidentelected President He declared himself President for life He declared himself President for life

and Emperor Napoleon IIIand Emperor Napoleon III– First President of France, last monarchFirst President of France, last monarch

Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848

Spread throughout Europe – France, Spread throughout Europe – France, Germany, Poland, Italy, etc.Germany, Poland, Italy, etc.– Known in some countries as Spring of NationsKnown in some countries as Spring of Nations– Comparisons being drawn to today’s Arab SpringComparisons being drawn to today’s Arab Spring

The demand: more participation and The demand: more participation and democracydemocracy

The end result: with a few small exceptions, The end result: with a few small exceptions, the Revs of 1848 were unsuccessfulthe Revs of 1848 were unsuccessful

Reactionary forces won outReactionary forces won out

Unification MovementsUnification Movements

In Italy and Germany, revolutions of In Italy and Germany, revolutions of 1848 included unification movements1848 included unification movements

C.o.V. left Spain, Austria and France C.o.V. left Spain, Austria and France in charge of in charge of ItalyItaly

The The GermanGerman Confederation was Confederation was dominated by Austro-Hungarian dominated by Austro-Hungarian Empire and PrussiaEmpire and Prussia

Italy – The Unification Italy – The Unification PlayersPlayers

Giuseppe “the soul” MazziniGiuseppe “the soul” Mazzini– Started nationalist group Started nationalist group Young ItalyYoung Italy in 1832 in 1832

Camillo “the brain” di CavourCamillo “the brain” di Cavour– Il RisorgimentoIl Risorgimento– With France, declared war on Austria and won – kicked With France, declared war on Austria and won – kicked

Austria (except Venetia) out of ItalyAustria (except Venetia) out of Italy Giuseppe “the sword” GaribaldiGiuseppe “the sword” Garibaldi

– Joined Young Italy, exiled, came back to fight off AustriaJoined Young Italy, exiled, came back to fight off Austria– Unites Southern ItalyUnites Southern Italy

First King of United Italy - Victor “the stash” First King of United Italy - Victor “the stash” Emmanuel II Emmanuel II – Italy backed Prussia, against Austria (Austria loses)Italy backed Prussia, against Austria (Austria loses)– War provides opportunity to kick French troops and War provides opportunity to kick French troops and

Austrian troops out of Venice and Papl StatesAustrian troops out of Venice and Papl States

Germany – The Unification Germany – The Unification playersplayers

Frederick Wilhelm IV – Frederick Wilhelm IV – King of PrussiaKing of Prussia– Promises change, doesn’t do itPromises change, doesn’t do it

Bismarck = driving force of Bismarck = driving force of unificationunification– He is He is notnot a liberal a liberal– He supports the KingHe supports the King– Thinks it is the Thinks it is the jobjob of King & Prussia to of King & Prussia to

unify Germanyunify Germany

Germany: Bismarck and Germany: Bismarck and realpolitikrealpolitik

Bismarck’s philosophy of realpolitik Bismarck’s philosophy of realpolitik will unify Germanywill unify Germany

He practiced He practiced realpolitikrealpolitik or “politics or “politics of reality” of reality” – He was not an idealistHe was not an idealist

““The great problems of the day will The great problems of the day will be settled be settled by…blood and ironby…blood and iron””

Wars = UnificationWars = Unification Austro-Prussian War:Austro-Prussian War: Italy sides w/ Prussia, gives Venice to Italy, Italy sides w/ Prussia, gives Venice to Italy,

kicks Austria out of Germanykicks Austria out of Germany Northern Germany is unifiedNorthern Germany is unified Franco-Prussian War:Franco-Prussian War: The south joins the north to go to war The south joins the north to go to war

against France and Napoleon IIIagainst France and Napoleon III– Kick France out to unify GermanyKick France out to unify Germany

Prussia winsPrussia wins In 1871 peace treaty declares unified In 1871 peace treaty declares unified

GermanyGermany