Referencing help

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How to Reference using the Harvard System

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How to Reference Using the Harvard System

This guide has been developed to give staff and students a commonreferencing style to work with at Queen Margaret University College. Somesubject areas follow different referencing conventions so it is very importantthat you always check the guidelines given to you by your tutors. This guide isbased on the British Standards Recommendations for References to

published materials, BS1629 and Citing and referencing published material,BS5605. It is QMUCs variation of the standard Harvard referencing system.


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Acknowledgements

Authors

Marianne Dee and Virginia Bell

Contributors

Susie Beasley and Susi Peacock

Version 1Summer 2005

Queen Margaret University CollegeCorstorphine Campus

EdinburghEH12 8TS

2005 Queen Margaret University College

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproducedor utilised in any form or any electronic, mechanical or other means nowknown or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in anyform of information storage or retrieval system without permission from Queen

Margaret University College.


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ContentsAcknowledgements..........................................................................................21. Using the Harvard System in your assignments .......................................42. How to cite references within the text.......................................................63. Compiling your reference list or bibliography............................................9

3.1. How to reference a book................................................................. 93.2. How to reference a journal.............................................................103.3. How to reference a newspaper......................................................103.4. How to reference parts of a book, In References.........................113.5. How to reference a presentation/lecture........................................113.6.

How to reference conference proceedings ....................................12

3.7. How to reference conference theses and dissertations .................133.8. How to reference government reports and acts of parliament.......133.9. How to reference audio visual materials ........................................133.10. How to reference leaflets ...............................................................143.11. How to reference electronic resources...........................................14

4. Useful hints and common conventions ...................................................185. Referencing hints....................................................................................206. Bibliography............................................................................................21 7. Quick Index.............................................................................................22


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1. Using the Harvard System in your assignmentsIn academic writing it is important that you credit every source of informationand any ideas that you have used. There are several different methods for

doing this. The Harvard System is one way of citing references in yourassignments and giving the sources of those references.

What does referencing mean, and why do I need to do th is in myassignment?

If you use someone elses ideas in your work, or make a direct quotation fromsomeone, you must give the source. Reasons for this are:

To acknowledge other peoples ideas

To show you are aware of other peoples ideas and are including them

To support an argument you want to make or give evidence

To let the reader find the material you have used.

Using a direct quotation can be useful, but use selectively. It is important toput ideas into your own words; this is called paraphrasing. This shows thatyou have understood what you have read and how it relates to the points youare making in your assignment.

How many references do I need to include?

There is no fixed rule about this and a lot depends on your assignment.

General guidance is that you should reference any major points or argumentsthat you present. Direct quotations and ideas drawn from other peoples workshould always be acknowledged and referenced. Failure to do this will beconsidered plagiarism.

What is plagiarism?

Briefly, plagiarism is to take and use the thoughts, writings, inventions, etc ofanother person as ones own (Concise Oxford Dictionary 1995). We usuallydevelop our own ideas from different things we hear about, see and read.Plagiarism is seen as a deliberate attempt to pass off someone elses ideas

as your own, or the copying of sections or chunks of text from someone elseswork, without attempting to put the ideas into your own words or acknowledgethe source.

It is possible to plagiarise accidentally. For example, if you are feeling worriedabout your own writing style and use a few sentences that seem wellexpressed from a book or if you put ideas into your own words, but dont saywhere they come from. Whatever the reason plagiarism is considered a majorbreach of academic regulations. For detailed information on plagiarism, andhow to avoid it, see the QMUC website at:

http://qmuc.ac.uk/goodscholarship/


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How do I include references and quotations in my assignment?

There are two elements to the Harvard Style of Referencing.

One is where you refer in your text, or the body of your assignment, to

the ideas, writings and thoughts of others. The second element is where you provide an alphabetical list at the

end of your work containing the full details of the sources to which yourefer, known as the reference list. It is important that the references youmention within your writing link neatly and efficiently to the alphabeticallist at the end of your work.

The terms reference list and bibliography are often confused. For furtherinfo see page 9.


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2. How to cite references within the textIn the Harvard System every time you refer to a particular document or writerin your text you must insert the authors surname and the year of publication.

This is known as citing a reference. References can be fitted into the text in avariety of ways, some examples are:

You make a statement in your own words, and give a reference for the sourceof ideas or support for your argument:

Bell and Harrison (1998) suggest that it is hard to give a definition of religion.

Specific measurements taken by Smith and Brown (1999) show that there is adirect correlation between diet and height.

The notion of an invisible college has been explored in the sciences (Crane1972). Its absence among historians is noted by Steig (1981b, p.556). It may

be as Burchard (1965) points out, that they have no assistants or are reluctantto delegate (Smith 1980; Chapman 1981) . . .

In the next example the author is the name of the series while the publisherwould be the BBC.

A recent television programme discussed the important role of food in religion(World in Action 2000).

If you want to cite, in your text, several references together for a point youmake, they should be arranged in the text in chronological order, with the

oldest first, for example:

Reflective practice is considered an essential element within the caringprofessions (Palmer 1994; Brown 1996; Davidson and Marsh 1999).

Or

Palmer (1994); Brown (1996) and Davidson and Marsh (1999) all argue thatreflective practice is considered an essential element within the caringprofessions.

In your text, if you need to refer to two or more items by the same author inthe same year, use lowercase letters to show the difference for example,Smith (1994a), Smith (1994b).

Recent research in Edinburgh confirms that boys are still more likely tocommit serious delinquent acts than girls (Smith 2004a). In his research atEdinburgh University, David Smith (2004b) also asserts that styles ofparenting are closely related to crime and antisocial behaviour, althoughbeing the victim of assault or harassment remains one of the strongestpredictors of delinquency (Smith 2004c).


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In the next example, you are giving a direct quotation which also includes thepage number. If such detail is required, for example, page numbers, or tracknumbers of sound recordings, these appear after the date within the brackets.The abbreviations are: page (p.), pages (pp.), or sections (ss.).

Haralambos and Holborn (1990, p.143) state that the family has been seenas a universal social institution, an inevitable part of human society

Thinking and reflecting play an important role in the learning process. Theseresting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things tobe learned, mastered and brought to fruition (J ones 1995, pp.122-3).

You must always use a page number with a quotation or if you are referring toan article in a journal or a chapter in a book. Use the abbreviation p. for pageand pp. for more than one page. In some cases, the point you make might be

referred to on a specific page or between specific pages (for example, p.63 orpp.123-125).

Some quotations can be quite long, and it is best to indent them to make thequotation clear:

Bee states that there is:

a good deal of evidence that high-quality, cognitively enriched day carehas beneficial effects in many childrens overall cognitive development.This effect is particularly vivid for infants and children from poor families

(Bee 1998, p.150).

Referring to works which you have NOT read

These are known as secondary references. It is best to avoid them, as youhave not read the original work yourself. Sometimes it is unavoidable,especially when the original work is not available and you are short of time.You must make clear that it is a secondary reference as below:

J ones (2000, quoted in Slade 2005, p.92) in her book Stress and the Working

Woman gives a comprehensive list of the indicators of stress.

Here you must cite Slade in your bibliography/reference list and not J ones.

Understanding the link between your citation and your reference list

The citation within your text is always the first two elements of the fullreference i.e. author and year, in brackets. This is the Harvard style and why,when referring to a document or writer, you must always state the name andthe year in brackets. Therefore when using IN references, you should makesure you refer to the place where the original work can be found as in the

following example.


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In an article of 1991 Wilford also maintains that Columbus treatment of nativepeople following his conquests is frequently seen in an ambiguous light(quoted in Ransby, 1992).

The quoted in statement makes it clear that you have not seen the originalarticle by Wilford, only what Ransby says about it. You should then put detailsof the work by Ransby in the reference list at the end of the essay, as this iswhere you obtained the information, for example:

Ransby, B. 1992. Columbus and the making of historical myth. Race andClass, 33 (3) J an-Mar pp.79-86.

Wilford must not appear in your bibliography as you have not seen the originalwork by him.

Citing from collections of writings or IN references

You cite this in the same way as any citation in the text, giving the author anddate of the article, for example, (Brown 2005). This is known as an INreference and you do not need to cite the editor of the volume at this point inyour text. In the bibliography you will list the author and work as part of anedited volume, as explained below under IN references.

More than three authors

If there are more than three authors state the first author listed followed by etal. in your text. (J enkins et al. 2005). If there are three or fewer authors thenyou must list them all within your text, e.g., (J enkins, Beasley and Chapman2005). In your bibliography or reference list you may need to include allauthors check your course requirements.

J enkins, C., Beasley, S. and Chapman, A. 2005. Punctuate but dont deviate.London: Saga.

Citing a website within the text

Citing a website in the text is exactly the same as for books. Whatever makesup the first two elements of your full reference, which you have included inyour reference list, is what you will be referring to within the text of your work.

The use of children in imagery has always been a tactic for universal appeal.This has extended beyond cards and posters to the use of online imagery(Boy with spiky hair, 2005).

This would translate to the reference list or bibliography as:

Boy with spiky hair sitting in a bathtub. 2005. [Online image] Available from:pdv205.jpg [Accessed J uly 15th 2005].


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3. Compiling your reference list or bibliographyA reference list and/or bibliography is included at the end of your assignment.A bibliography is an alphabetical list, organised by the family name of the

author, and includes all of the sources you have used or read for yourresearch. A reference list contains only references you have cited in yourwork.

The first two elements of each reference in your bibliography or reference list(author and date) appear in the text of your work. The reader of your work caneasily check the citation in your text with the bibliography or reference list atthe end, in order to find the relevant references.

Making use of library catalogues, bibliographies, indexes and abstracts willhelp you to find details of books and articles but, be warned that checkingdetails at the end of your work is time consuming and difficult. It is far better if

you keep a record as you conduct your research.

3.1. How to reference a book

Details required for a book can be found on the front and reverse of the titlepage which is usually the first or second unnumbered page inside the book.Details for a book should be set out in the following order and with thepunctuation as indicated:

Author/Edi tor surname, Ini tial(s).

Year.

Title of the book. (In italics)

Edition. (if later than the first and abbreviated to ed.)

Place of publ ication:

Name of publisher.

Smith, D. J . 2004.Parenting and delinquency at ages 12 to 15. 2nd ed.Edinburgh University: Centre for Law and Society.

Only give details of the edition if it is later than the first. No edition statementmeans that it is the first edition. Use the abbreviation ed. for both edition andeditor; use eds. for more than one editor. Make sure the edition detailmatches the year of publication. A book might be published originally in 1994,but a second edition might come out in 1996. In this case, you put the year ofpublication as 1996 and state it is the second edition. When referring to thenumber of the edition use 2nd or 3rd.


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3.2. How to reference a journal

Details for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list, frontcover or article itself. Details for a journal article should be set out in thefollowing order:

Author/Edi tor surname, Ini tial(s).

Year.

Title of article.

Name of journal, (In italics)

Volume and part number in brackets,month or season of the year, (if available)

Page numbers of article.

Bonen, A. and Shaw, S.M. 1996. Recreational exercise participation andaerobic fitness in men and women: analysis of data from a national survey.Journal of Sports Science, 13 (4) August, pp.297-303.

McCord, S., Fredriksen, L. and Campbell, N. 2002. An accessibilityassessment of selected Web-based health information resources.Library HiTech, 20 (2) pp.188-198.

3.3. How to reference a newspaper

Details for referencing a newspaper:

Author of art icle.

Year of publ ication.

Title of article.

Title of newspaper, (In italics)

Date of newspaper,

Page number(s).

Rodney, Z. 2005. Edinburgh leads the way in festival management.TheGuardian, 19 November, p.5.


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3.4. How to reference parts of a book, In References

A common mistake is to confuse the name of a contributor to a book ofcollected writings with that of the editor. It is important to include the editor ofthe book in the bibliography as this is the information needed by anyonewanting to find that piece of work. If you have referred to or used a specificchapter, you need to give details for that chapter. These are known as INreferences. You should include the following information:

Author of the chapter or the sect ion.

Year of publ ication.

Title of chapter or section.

(The word) In: Author/editor of the collected work.

Title of the collected work. (In italics)


Publisher,

Page numbers of the section or the chapter referred to.

Porter, M. 1998. What is strategy? In: Segal-Horn, S. ed. The StrategyReader. Oxford: Blackwell in association with the Open University, pp.73-99.

3.5. How to reference a presentation/lecture

Your reference should start with the name(s) of the presenter(s) of the lecture.If these are not available then you begin with the conference name.

Presenter(s).

Year of presentation.

Conference/Event Name. (if appropriate)

Title of presentation/lecture. (In italics)

Date of presentation/lecture.

Location: Venue. (if appropriate)

Roland, J . and Robson, J . 2005. The Edinburgh Lecturers.The health andpsyche of the Scottish nation. 21 J anuary. Edinburgh: The Royal Society ofEdinburgh.


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3.6. How to reference conference proceedings

Your reference should start with the author or editor(s) of the conferenceproceedings. If these are not available then you begin with the conferencename. Where possible you should also include the place and the date of the

conference:Author/Edi tor.

Year of publication.

Conference Name. (In italics if no other tit le)

Number if appropriate

Date of conference,

Location of conference. (if appropriate)

Title of publ ished work, i f di fferent f rom conference name. (In

italics)


Publisher.

Peacock, S. ed. 2005.Proceedings of the JISC Conference on the LegalAspects of Online Learning Environments. J une 1 2, University of Warwick.London: Routledge.

Include the following information for Conference Papers:

Author(s)/Editor(s) of Conference paper.Year of publ ication.

Title of conference paper.

(The word) In:

Author/Editor of conference proceedings (i f applicable)

Title of conference proceedings including date and place ofconference. (In italics)


Publisher,Page numbers of paper.

Huxham, M. 2005. Learning in lectures: do interactive windows help? In:JISC conference on Learning Online, August 6 9, Liverpool University.London: Open University, pp.25-28.


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3.7. How to reference conference theses and dissertations

Remember to include the name of the awarding institution:

J ones, T. 1981. The Irish-Catholic immigrant, 1890-1930. Ph.D. thesis,

Harvard University.Lippes, R. 2005. Food as emotional balm in the twentieth century: a study oncultural change. MPhil thesis, Oxford Brookes University.

3.8. How to reference government reports and acts of parliament

The author of most reports will be a government department or body orcommittee. A report may be well-known by the name of the chairperson of thegroup or committee.

Department of Health. 1999. Saving Lives: our healthier nation.London: Stationery Office.

With an Act of Parliament, it is acceptable to cite the title of the Act in yourtext, with the date, and then include it in your reference list in alphabeticalorder of the first main word of the Act.

Disability Discrimination Act 1995. London: HMSO.

3.9. How to reference audio visual materials

These can be harder to describe. The golden rule is always to describe itemsas fully and clearly as possible, and in a consistent format. In the case ofTV/Radio programmes, make sure you note the date and channel oftransmission. It also helps others to include the format of the item.

Include the following information:

Series Title.

Series number (if appropriate)

Year of production.

Programme title. (In italics)


Transmitt ing organisation,

Date of transmission

Medium : format [In square brackets]

Dispatches. 1998. Ofsted. London: Channel 4, 19th March, [video: VHS]

The Learning Curve. 2005. Music Education and the Music Manifesto.London: BBC Radio 4, 12th J uly [audio recording: MP3]


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In the case of Videos, Films or DVDs follow the same order as aboveincluding directors names but leading with the film title

Title. (In italics)

Year for f ilms the preferred date is the year of release in the

country of production.

Director(s) note their name is not written with surname first.

Place of production:

Organisation responsible for product ion

Medium:format [In square brackets].

Donnie Darko. 2004. Directed by Richard Kelly. New York: Pandora [DVD].

3.10. How to reference leaflets

In the case of leaflets, the author is often the organisation publishing theleaflet.

Cancerlink. [no date]Declaration of rights of people with Cancer. London:Cancerlink.

Sometimes items do not have a date of publication. In this case, use the termundated or no date in brackets. Sometimes this also occurs as (n.d.). You

should demonstrate that you have checked the date and not just forgotten it.3.11. How to reference electronic resources

Electronic resources can be described giving similar details to those forprinted material. You also need to include the date when you accessed theresource, as well as the full web site address. This address or URL (UniformResource Locator) is the equivalent of the place and publisher.

When citing Internet addresses punctuation is important and the full stops andcommas in a bibliographic citation may confuse the reader, hence thecommon convention of using chevrons (< >) to delineate the start and end of

an address. The chevron is not part of the Internet address.


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Electronic documents

Include the following information in this order:

Author.

Year.

Document title. (In i talics)

Type of medium [In square brackets]

The words Available from: followed by the web address

Date accessed in square brackets.

Improvement and Development Agency. 1999. Local Agenda 21 UK: whats

new? [Online] Available from: [Accessed 3March 2000].

Electronic journal articles

Include the following information in this order.

Author/Edi tor.

Year.

Title of article.

Title of journal (In italics)Type of medium [In square brackets],

Date of publ ication.

Volume number (issue number), pagination or online equivalent.

The words Available from: followed by the Internet address

Date accessed in square brackets.

Cotter, J . 1999. Asset revelations and debt contracting.Abacus [Online]October, 35 (5) pp.268-285. Available from: [Accessed 19 November 2001].


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Email message

Referencing personal emails may occasionally be required, especially if youare involved in group work, or are corresponding with a subject expert. Youshould include the following information in this order:

Author / SenderSenders email address (In brackets)Year.Subject of email. (In italics)Day and month.Email to: recipients name (email address).

Cormie, V. ([email protected]) 2005. Make poverty history. 2 J uly. Email to:Tony Blair ([email protected]).

Laurillard, D. ([email protected]) 2005. Re. Learning Styles Dissertation. 4August. Email to: Susi Peacock ([email protected]).


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4. Useful hints and common conventionsHow to format names

In the bibliography or references, in order to maintain consistency you shouldonly use the initial letters of the authors names rather than including the fullname. In some case you may feel that this obscures the gender of theresearch base and as such it is possible to refer within the full text to theauthors full name.

A recent study by Carol Smith (Smith 1990) revealed that blue eyes weremore common than brown eyes in the U.K. However the findings werechallenged in a study funded by the Ophthalmic Lens Association (J ones2005) . . .

How to format titles

The title of the book or the title of the journal should be in italics, bold orunderlined. Currently the convention is to avoid underlining because of theconfusion with web addresses/pages.

Ibid

This is an abbreviation of the Latin term ibidem meaning in the same place. Itis used as a ditto instead of repeating the previous reference.

For example:

Hayes, K. 1998. Skilled interpersonal communication. London: Sage.

Ibid., p.666.

Ibid., p.723

Op.cit.

This is an abbreviation of the Latin term opere citato meaning in the workcited. This is used after an authors name to mean the same as the last work

cited for this author.

For example:

Edmonds, M. 2005. Managing the diabetic foot. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.

Adair, J . 1997. Effective Communication. London: Pan Macmillan.

Edmonds, M. op.cit., p.77.


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Et al

This is an abbreviation of the Latin term of et alii, meaning "and others." It isused to cite a reference which has multiple authors.

For example the reference:Flower, C., Bray, M. and Algozzine, R. 1999. Accessibility of SpecialEducation Program Home Pages. Journal of Special Education Technology14(2), pp. 2126.

Would be cited in the text of your document as:

(Flower et al. 1999)

Sine Loco (s.l.)

This is the latin term for without place, if there is no place of publication thenuse (s.l) to indicate place unknown.For example: (s.l.): Blackwells bookshops.

Sine Nomine (s.n.)

This is the latin term for without name. If there is no publishers name use(s.n.) and if you do not know the publisher then you are not going to know theplace either. In which case use the following.For example: (s.l):(s.n.)

Reference with no publication date

Note that sometimes items do not have a date of publication. In this case, usethe term undated or no date in brackets. Sometimes also occurs as (n.d.)This shows that you have checked the date and not just forgotten it.

Footnotes

Footnotes are not part of the Harvard system of referencing.

Unfinished Sentences or quotations

The omission of a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quotedpassage is indicated by ellipsis points (or dots). Ellipsis points are threespaced dots sometimes preceded or followed by other punctuation.

The minute a new way of working is initiated, the gravity pull of old waysbegins. In the beginning novelty can be an adequate source of energy,however . . . a more sustainable source must be found. (Lundin, Christensenand Paul, 2003).


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5. Referencing hintsRemember to :

1. Keep a careful and accurate note of all your sources as you prepare

your assignment

2. Make a note of all the book details before you return your library books

3. Make sure you have all the details you need before you photocopyanything

4. Make sure you are following the referencing guidelines set by yourcourse

If you have any queries, worries or confusion regarding any aspect ofreferencing in your subject area, approach a lecturer, librarian or fellowstudent and ask.

Note that Harvard is NOT necessarily the same as publishers housestyles. When writing an article for inclusion in a professional journal,you must consult the editors notes on style used in the specificpublication.

Useful resources:

The Academic Handbook for your subject always check for subjectguidelines. Remember to use the method selected by your

subject/school

The Good Scholarship website, this covers many aspects of academicpractice, including how and why to avoid plagiarism is available at:

http://www.qmuc.ac.uk/goodscholarship/


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6. BibliographyBooth, W.C., Colomb, C.G. and Williams, J .M. 1995. The craft of research.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

British Standards Institution. 1989. BS 1629 : 1989. British StandardRecommendations for references to published materials. London: BSI

British Standards Institution. 1990. BS 5605 : 1990. Recommendations forciting and referencing published material. London: BSI.

The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.

Fisher, D. and Hanstock, T. 1998. Citing references. (s.l.): Blackwellsbookshops.

Li, X. and Crane, N. 1993. Electronic style: a guide to citing electronicinformation. Westport, Conn.,: Mecklermedia.

Turabian, K.L. 1987.A manual for writers of term papers, theses anddissertations. 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago press.


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7. Quick IndexAssignment including references within 5

Audio visual materials how to reference 13

Book how to reference 9Chapters of a book how to reference 11

Cite references within the text 6

Citing from collections of writings or IN references 8

Compiling your reference list or bibliography 9

Conference how to reference 12

Conference proceedings how to reference 12

Discussion Lists how to reference 16

Electronic Documents how to reference 15

Electronic J ournal Articles how to reference 15

Electronic resources how to reference 14

Email message 17

Et al 19

Government Reports/ Acts of Parliament how to reference 13

Ibid 18

In References how to reference 8

J ournal how to reference 10

Latin Abbreviations 18

Leaflets how to reference 14

Multiple authors 8Newspaper how to reference 10

Official publications how to reference 13

Online Images how to reference 16

Op.cit 18

Plagiarism 4

Reference list and a bibliography - definitions 9

Referencing the meaning of 4

Secondary references 7

Theses and dissertations how to reference 13Website how to reference 16

Referencing help

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