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INDEX

Acceptance of client by therapist, 154, 159

client's disbelief in, 162-163 mode of expression of, 166

as compassion component, 121 Accreditation ceremony, 149. See

also Therapeutic relationship, accrediting

Achievement effect of perfectionism on, 32 satisfaction with, 95-97,170

Actions descriptive, 101-102 satisfactory, 31, 95-97, 170 self-monitoring and self-ap-

praisal of, 93-95 Adaptive reframing, 117 African-American mothers, critical

behavior of, 50 Agency, personal, 156-157 Albee, Edward, 160 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 172 Alliance, between client and thera-

pist, 157-158 Ambivalence, dynamics of, 84 Anger, associated with pathologi­

cal self-criticism, 33-34, 35 Anxiety

degradative self-labeling-related, 14 pathological self-criticism-related,

5,170 stress-related, 58

Appraisal by onself. See Self-appraisal by others, relationship to self-ap-

praisal,147-149 Appreciation, lack of, 97 Arrogance, fear of, 138-140 Assertion, 116 Assessment, 39-65

of factors affecting self-critical behavior, 39-40

client's purpose in using self­criticism,46-55,174-175

historical influences on self­critical behavior, 59-64,175

ownership of self-critical be­havior, 174

191

pathological practices, 174 situations eliciting self-critical

behavior,55-59,175 interviewing the critic technique

of,44-45 logical reconstruction technique

of,42 of patterns of self-critical behavior

deficient observer function, 42-45

instantaneous, automatic ap­praisals,41-42

of ownership of critic behavior, 45-46

relationship to therapeutic inter­ventions,40

192

Assessment (cont.) self-monitoring technique of, 43-

44 Atonement, 36-37

pathological self-criticism as, 51 rituals of, 120

Attention, negative focus of, 31-32 Attributional style, in depression,

18

Bailey, George (movie character), 102-104, 105

Behavior screening of, 93-94 value of, 94

Behavioral restriction, 13-14 Best interests, of client, 155-156 "Biased search," 19 Bliss, 91 "Boss" image, in social role image

intervention, 113-114 Boys' Town (movie), 148-149 Brown, Charlie (cartoon character),

9,10,12,14,156

Campbell, Joseph, 91 "Case closed" attitude, toward

past mistakes, 121 Castaneda, Carlos, 70, 91 Change, behavioral! therapeutic

effect of degradative self-labeling on,14-15

goalof,122-123 obstacles to, 6-7 relationship to constructive self­

criticism, 170 relationship to therapeutic rela­

tionship, 165-166 Change principles, of restraint from

change techniques, 82-84 Charity

as constructive self-criticism con­cept, 116-117, 145

in therapeutic relationship, 157 Children, observational learning

by, 61-62

INDEX

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 101-102 assertion concept of, 116 compassion concept of, 120-122

Cognitive restructuring, 102, 117 Collaboration, client-therapist,

157-158 Collaborative empiricism, 123 Commitment, encouragement of,

169-174,179 with self-compassion, 170-171 with slogans and statements,

171-174 Community standards, violation

of, atonement for, 36-37 Comparisons, negative, 25-26,34 Compassion, as constructive self­

criticism concept, 120-122 Competitive behavior, 57, 70 Compliance, 176

with therapeutic continuance of pathological self-criticism, 77-78

Concepts, for constructive self-criti-cism, 116-122, 129, 145, 177

charity, 116-117, 145 compassion, 120-122 forgiveness, 117-120

Confession, as religious ritual, 120 Confessions (Augustine), 99 Constructive self-criticism, 2, 89-

105 "for benefit of the actor," 89, 90-

92, 108 consequences of, 169-170 critic function of, 89-105

behavioral value assignment, 94 as behavior screening, 93-94 evaluation of descriptive acts,

101-102 self-acceptance, 95-97 self-appraisal, 93-95, 100 self-diagnosis,97-99 self-prescription for improve-

ment,99 self-regulation, 99-101 status assignment, 102-105

INDEX

Constructive self-criticism (cont.) obstacles to, 6-7, 123, 131, 140-

145, 178 concurrence with others' de­

structive criticism, 140-141 inability to form positive self­

characterizations, 142-144 self-criticism of one's self-de­

gradative behavior, 144-145 Ossorio's analysis of, 92-102 promotion of, 107-129, 176-177

with concepts, 116-122, 129, 177 by encouragement of client's

active participation, 122-129 with new behavior, 177 with social role images, 108-

116,129 with two-person role image,

177 utilization principle of, 107-

109, 176 resistance to, 131-140, 177

minimization strategies for, 71-73,132-138

therapist's initial response to, 132 types of, 46-47,132-138

two-person criticism and, 90 Court martial, as degradation cere­

mony, 11 Critic appraisals, collaborative ne­

gotiation of, 123-125 Criticism

of oneself constructive. See Constructive

self-criticism pathological. See Pathological

self-criticism from others

critic's role in, 90 cultural, by therapist, 160-161 defective, 2 definition of, 1-2 hostile reaction to, 56 hypersensitivity to, 15 perfectionism as protection

against, 30-31

Criticism (cont.) from others (cont.)

productive, 97-98 self-criticism as protection

against, 50-51

193

self-criticism as reponse to, 55-56,57

truth as, 15 unconditional concurrence

with, 140-141 vulnerability to, 5, 169

Cultural criticism and disqualifica­tion,160-161

Cultural influences, on self-critical practices, 63-64

Dangers, associated with positive self-regard, 49-61

"Deepswom Vow, A" (Yeats), 173 Deficient observer function, 42-45

assessment of, 43-45 Degradation ceremonies, 10-12.

See also Self-labeling, degra­dative

definition of, 11 private, 12

Delusions of grandeur, 29-30 Demoralization, perfectionism-related,

33 Demotion, 11-12 Demotivation, perfectionism-related,

29 Depression

attributional style in, 18 "hanging judge" behavior-related,

35 pathological self-criticism-re­

lated,4-5, 35, 71, 170 perfectionism-related, 33 self-destructive behavior-related,

71 Descriptive acts, 101-102 Despair, 5

degradative self-labeling-related, 14

194

Disillusionment, as consequence of perfectionism, 29-30

Don Juan, 70, 91 Double standards, self-critical, 134-

136

Egotism avoidance of, 48-49, 55 fear of, 138-140

Eligibility, effect of constructive self-criticism on, 169

Emotional distress, self-degrada­tion-related, 14

Empiricism, collaborative, 123 "Empty chair" exercise, 125, 126-

127 "Eternal penance" pattern, of

pathological self-criticism, 35-37,38

effect on self-diagnostic behav­ior, 98-99

effect on self-prescription for im­provement, 99

forgiveness concept intervention for, 117-120

Excommunication, 11,36 Expectations

disappointment of, 49-50 of others, self-criticism as de­

fense against, 53-54

Facts, relationship to self-ap­praisal, 133-134

Failure as cause of pathological self-criti­

cism, 57-58 as perfectionism consequence, 29

Family appraisal by, 148 degradative labeling by, 60-61 pathological self-critical behavior

of,61-62 self-critical response to, 56

Family therapy, goal of, 69 Father Flanagan (movie character),

148-149,159

INDEX

Fields, W. C., 162, 163 First-order change theory, 69-71 "First the good news, then stop!"

exercise, 128-129 Forgiveness, 36-37. See also Self-for­

giveness as compassion component, 121-

122 as constructive self-criticism con-

cept, 117-120 Freud, Sigmund, 62 Fuller, Duckminster, 47 Functional alternativism, 117

Garfinkel, Harold, 11 Grandiosity, relationship to low

self-esteem, 139-140 Group membership, relationhip to

pathological self-criticism, 54 Guilt

degradative self-labeling-related, 14

pathological self-criticism-re­lated,5, 170

"Hanging judge" pattern, of patho­logical self-criticism, 33-35, 38

effect on self-diagnostic behav­ior, 98-99

"hanging" response to, 144-145

Hazardous behavior, positive self­regard as risk factor for, 50

Helplessness, sense of, 156 versus personal agency, 156-157

Historical influences, on pathologi-cal self-criticism, 59-64

cultural influences, 63-64 familial label assignment, 60-61 familial modeling of self-critical

practices, 61-63 Homework exercises, 77

"first the good, then stop," 128-129

self-correction exercises, 127-128 of social role image interven­

tions, 111-112

INDEX

Hopelessness,S Hopes, disappointment of, 49-50 Hostility

as reaction to criticism, 56 self-criticism as expression of, 53

Humiliation, as self-praise conse­quence,49

Humility, self-degradation as, 49

Image use. See Social role image in­terventions

Immorality, of pathological self­criticism, 137-138

Impeachment hearings, 11 Improvement. See Self-improve­

ment Ineligibility, personal, 4, 12-13 Injustice, of pathological self-criti­

cism,34 Insight therapy, 77 Interpersonal relationships, com­

petitive approach to, 70 It's a Wonderful Life (movie), 102-

104, 105

Labeling, degradative. See also Self­labeling, degradative

by family, 60-61 "Laws," self-critical, 103-104, 105 Leaders, effective, 114 Logic, of client, therapist's accep­

tance of, 154-155 Logical reconstruction technique, 42 Loss of control, in sensitive life ar­

eas,59 Love, parental, 110 Loyalty, to groups, 54

Meaningful life, 91 Meaninglessness, perfectionism-re­

lated,33 Mediocrity, fear of, 136-137 Membership, in groups, 54

195

Mental illness, client's fear of, 47-48 Mental Research Institute, Palo

Alto, California, 69 Milan Associates, 72 Modeling, familial, of self-critical

practices, 61-63 Morality, as pathological self-criti­

cism, 54,137-138 Motivation, of client

effect of perfectionism on, 29 therapist's use of, 71-72

"Nasty thermostat" image, in so­cial role image intervention, 115-116

Negative attentional focus, 31-32 Negative comparisons, 25-26, 34 Negative emotional states, 4-5 Noncompliance, 176

with therapeutic continuance of pathological self-criticism, 76-77,78-79

Observationalleaming, of self-criti­cal practices, 61-63

Obstacles, to adoption of construc­tive self-critical practices, 6-7, 123, 131, 140-145, 178

concurrence with others' destruc­tive criticism, 140-141

inability to form positive self­characterizations, 142-144

self-criticism of one's self-degra­dative behavior, 144-145

Omniscience, perfectionism as, 26 Ossorio, P. G.

critic's job analysis of, 92-102 "hanging judge" image, 33-35 private self-degradation cere-

mony,12 status dynamic theory of, 68-69

Other persons. See also Family; Par­ents

self-critical response to, 56-57

196

"Parent" image, in social role im­age intervention, 109, 110-113

Parents critical behavior patterns of, 62-

63 effect on children's self-regard,

148 self-critical response to, 56

Participation, satisfaction associ­ated with, 31

Pathological self-criticism case examples of, 2-3 client's recognition of, 40-45 client's responsibiity for, 45-46

resistance to, 46-47 consequences of, 3-6 definition of, 1-3 degradative self-labeling pattern

of, 3, 4-5, 9-21 attributional style in, 18 as ''biased search," 19 case examples of, 9-10 consequences of, 12-16 constructive self-labeling ver-

sus, 19-20 cyclical nature of, 21 degradation ceremonies of, 10-

12 as humility, 49 permanence of, 16-17, 142, 143 perfectionism-related, 25, 28-

29 relationship to facts, 133-134 as self-criticism component, 93-

95 sociological theory of, 147-148

"eternal penance" pattern of, 35-37,38

effect on self-diagnostic behav­ior, 98-99

effect on self-prescription for improvement, 99

forgiveness concept interven­tion for, 117-120

"hanging judge" pattern of, 33-35,38

INDEX

Pathological self-criticism degradative self-labeling pattern

of (cant.) effect on self-diagnostic behav­

ior,98-99 "hanging" response to, 144-145

perfectionism pattern of, 23-33, 38

as ''being God," 26 as ''being number one," 25-26 as "carrot dangling," 27 consequences of, 28-33 failure to achieve, 24-25 focused, 137 as ideal,24 refusal to relinquish, 24 self-appraisal and, 95 self-degradation and, 25, 28-29 as self-destructive behavior, 24 as sense of superiority, 52 social role image intervention

for, 113-114 as standard of adequacy, 24-

28, 136-137 positive reasons for engaging in,

72,75-76 purposes of

to achieve self-improvement, 48,55

assessment of, 46-55,174-175 as atonement, 51, 55 to avoid egotism, 48-49,55 to express hostility, 53, 55 to maintain group loyalty and

membership, 54,55 to maintain sense of supe­

riority, 51-52, 55 as protection from dangers, 49-

51,55 to reduce demands and expec­

tations of others, 53-54, 55 to secure reassurance and sym­

pathy, 52-53, 55 reasons for discontinuance of, 76 therapeutic change of. See Con­

structiveself-criticism

INDEX

Pathological self-criticism therapeutic continuance of, 67-

88,175-176 case examples of, 79-82 change principles of, 82-84 client's compliance with, 77-78 client's noncompliance with,

76-77,78-79 follow-up measures for, 76-79,

87-88 homework assignments for, 87-

88 minimization of client's fear of

regression in, 84-88 minimization of client's resis-

tance to, 71-73 planning of, 73-74 rationalization of, to client, 74-76 theoretical basis of, 68-71

Penance, self-recrimination as. See "Eternal penance" pattern, of pathological self-criticism

Perfectionism, 23-33, 38 as "being God," 26 as "being number one," 25-26 as "carrot dangling," 27 as ceaseless productivity, 27-28 consequences of, 28-33

constant failure, 29 demotivation, 29 diminished achievement, 32 disillusionment, 29-30 emotional consequences, 33 failure to be beyond reproach,

30-31 loss of participation-related sat­

isfaction, 31 negative focus, 31-32

failure to achieve, 24-25 focused, 137 as ideal, 24 refusal to relinquish, 24 self-appraisal and, 95 self-degradation and, 25, 28-29 as self-destructive behavior, 24 as sense of superiority, 52

Perfectionism (cont.) social role image intervention

for, 113-114

197

as standard of adequacy, 24-28, 136-137

Personal agency, as therapeutic status assignment, 156-157

Personal ineligibility, 4 Phrenophobia, 47-48 Pogo (cartoon character), 41, 43 Position, of client, 72-73

therapeutic change in, 83 Positive connotation, of problem­

atic behavior, 72 Positives

dismissal of, 5-6 need to recognize and appreciate,

139 Powerlessness, 6-7 Pragmatics, 39 Problem formulations, second-or­

der change theory of, 68, 69-71,72-73,83

Productivity, as perfectionism standard,27-28

Psychoanalytic theory, of self-ap­praisal, 147

Psychotic clients, status assign­ment to, 155

Purposeful acts, 7

Realism in self-labeling, 19-20 in self-status assignment, 104-105

Reassurance, pathological self-criti­cism as method of obtaining, 52-53

Regression, client's fear of, 176 minimization of, 84-88

with longer-term follow-up ses­sions, 87-88

with planned relapse, 85-86 by presenting relapse as "spe­

cial occasion," 86 by reframing relapse as pro­

gress, 86-87

198

Relational positions, psychothera­peutic enhancement of, 69

Resistance, to adoption of construc­tive self-critical practices, 131-140

minimization strategies for, 71-73,131-140

therapist's initial response to, 132 types of resistance

critical double standard, 134-136

fear of egotism, 138-140 fear of mediocrity, 136-137 moral issue, 137-138 need for punitive approach,

132-133 refusal to accept responsibility

for self-critical behavior, 46-47

truth issue, 133-134 Restraint from change techniques,

82-83. See also Pathological self-criticism, therapeutic continuance of

change principles of, 82-84 Restriction, behavioral, 13-14 Risk-taking, avoidance of, 13-14 Rituals, of atonement, 120 Rogers, Carl, 91, 153-154 Role behavior, in therapeutic rela­

tionship, 158, 162-163 Role image interventions. See So­

cial role image interventions

Sadness, degradative self-Iabeling­related,14

Satisfaction, with one's actions, 31, 95-97, 170

Second-order change theory, 68, 69-71,72-73,83

Self-acceptance, as self-criticism component, 95-97

Self-appraisal collaborative negotiation of, 123-

125 forgiveness-generating, 1181-20

INDEX

Self-appraisal (cont.) habitual, nature of, 6 instantaneous, automatic, 41-42 positive, as "unthinkable" behav-

ior, 142-144 psychoanalytic theory of, 147 relationship to appraisal by oth-

ers, 147-149 relationship to facts, 133-134 as self-criticism component, 93-95 sOciological theory of, 147-148

Self-coercion, neutralization of, 83-84

Self-compassion, 170-171 lack of, 34-35

Self-control loss of, in sensitive life areas, 59 of pathological self-critical prac­

tices, 75, 83 as restraint from change out­

come,83 Self-correction homework exercise,

127-128 Self-criticism

constructive. See Constructive self-criticism

pathological. See Pathological self-criticism

Self-degradation. See Self-labeling, degradative

Self-diagnosis, as self-criticism component, 97-99

Self-disqualification, 13 Self-efficacy, self-reinforcement of,

96 Self-efficacy beliefs, 139 Self-esteem

definition of, 4 effect of constructive self-criti­

cism on, 169 low, 4

relationship to grandiosity, 139-140

Self-forgiveness as compassion component, 121-

122

INDEX

Self-forgiveness (cont.) forgiveness concept intervention

for, 117-120 Self-handicapping behavior, 49 Self-handicapping "Wooden Leg"

strategy, 54 Self-hatred, 34-35

compassion concept intervention for, 120-122

Self-improvement pathological self-criticism as

method of, 48, 55 of satisfactory behavior, 96-97 self-prescription for, 99

Self-labeling, degradative, 3, 4-5, 9-21

attributional style in, 18 as "biased search," 19 case examples of, 9-10 consequences of

anxiety, 14 on behavioral change, 14-15 behavioral restriction, 13-16, 20 emotional distress, 14,20 guilt, 14 hypersensitivity to others' criti­

cism, 15,20 inability to assess one's own

status, 16, 20 sadness, 14 on self-diagnostic behavior, 98-

99 on self-improvement, 14-15,

20,99 shame, 14

constructive self-labeling versus, 19-20

cyclical nature of, 21 degradation ceremonies of, 10-

12 as humility, 49 perfectionism-related, 25, 28-29 permanence of, 16-19, 142, 143 as self-schema, 18 sociological theory of, 148 status assignment and, 16

199

Self-prescription, for improvement, 99

Self-punitiveness, 20 Self-recrimination, 35-37 Self-regulation, 99-101 Self-reinforcement, 96 Self-schemas,18 Setbacks, as cause of pathological

self-criticism, 57-58 Shame

degradative self-labeling-related, 14

pathological self-criticism-re­lated, 5, 170

Significance, of client, 156 Situations, pathological self-criti-

rum-eliciting, 55-59 criticism from others, 55-56 loss of self-control, 59 major failures and setbacks, 57-58 presence of certain other person,

56-57 stressful situations, 58

Slogans, for personal commitment, 172

Social role image interventions, 108-116, 129

''boss'' image, 113-114 image selection in, 108-109 "nasty thermostat" image, 115-

116 "parent" image, 109, 110-113

Standards of community, violation of, 36-37 cultural! societal, 63-64

harmful effects of, 64, 160 therapist as critic of, 160-161

of effective leaders, 114 perfectionist, 24-28, 52

as double standard, 134-136 unwilllingness to abandon,

136-137 self-critical, 103-104, 105 unobtainable, 24-28

Statements, for personal commit­ment, 171-172, 173

200

Status behavioral potential of, 68-69 definition of, 68

Status assignments realism and, 104-105 self-assignment of, 102-105 in therapeutic relationship, 148-

167 client's acceptance of, 163-164,

167 client's recognition of, 162-163 by client to therapist, 158 external disconfirmation of,

164-165 to psychotic clients, 155 modification of, for client's per­

sonal characteristics, 166 recommended types of, 153-

159 therapist's eligiblity as status

assigner, 159-162 Status dynamiC theory, 68-69, 83 Status enhancement, as psycho­

therapeutic goal, 69 Strengths, of client, therapist's rec­

ognition of, 157 Stressful situations, as pathological

self-criticism cause, 58 Success. See also Achievement

appreciation of, 96 Suicidality, "hanging judge" behav-

ior-related, 35 Superego, 147 Superiority, sense of, 51-52 Sympathy, pathological self-criti-

cism as method of obtaining, 52-53

Therapeutic interventions for abandonment of pathological

self-critical practices, 67-88 planning of, 73 resistance minimization in, 71-

73, 131-140 second-order change theory

and,68,69-71,72-73,83

INDEX

Therapeutic interventions (cant.) for abandonment of pathological

self-critical practices (cont.) status dynamic theory and, 68-

69,83 theoretical basis of, 68-71 therapeutic continuance of

pathological self-criticism, 67-68,74-88

for obstacles to adoption of con­structive self-critical prac­tices, 140-145

for promotion of constructive self-critical practices, 122-129

collaborative negotiation of critic appraisals, 123-125, 127

concepts intervention, 116-122, 129

"first the good, then stop!" ex­ercise, 128-129

self correction homework exer­cises, 127-128

social role images intervention, 108-116,129

two-chair dialogue exercises, 125-127

therapeutic relationship as, 165-166

Therapeutic relationship, accredit­ing, 147-168, 178-179

preliminary considerations in, 147-149

relationship to therapeutic change, 165-166

status assignments in, 148-167 client's acceptance of, 163-164,

167 client's recognition of, 162-163 by client to therapist, 158 external disconfirmation of,

164-165 modification of, for client's per­

sonal characteristics, 166 to psychotic clients, 155 recommended types of, 153-

159

INDEX

Therapeutic relationship, accredit­ing (cont.)

status assignments in (cont.) therapist's eligibility as status

assigner, 159-162 as therapeutic intervention, 165-

166 Therapist

client's disqualification of, 162 credibility of, 159-160, 167 as "own person," 160

Thought experiments, 133 Transference distortions, 158 Transgressors

atonement by, 36-37 forgiveness of, 118, 120 self-recrimination of, 35-36, 37

Truth, criticism as, 15 Tw<rehair dialogue exercise, 125-127 Two-person role image, 177

Understanding of client by therapist, 161 as component of compassion,

121

Values. See also Standards cultural, 160, 167

Valuing process, organismic, 91

Williams, Tennessee, 35 Winning

201

in interpersonal relationships, 70

as perfectionist standard, 31 "Wooden Leg" self-handicapping

strategy, 54 "Wrong keys" image, of pathologi­

cal self-criticism, 48