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Index

Abby type reflectometer 107 Aberrations − optical, definitions of 30 Airy disk 57, 58 Airy function 30 Airy unit (AU) 60, 64

Back focal plane 31, 32 Boltzman’s constant 8, 116 Bond number 76 Brain cancer cells, see Cytoplasmic viscosity, Vesicle sizes Brownian diffusion − Far-field isotropic 7 − Near-field anisotropic 9, 20-23

Capillary dominated flow regime 76 Capillary number 76 − critical value 76 Carboxylate-coated fluorescent beads

16, 20 Cell-substrate gap correlation, see RICM zero-order fringe pattern

correlations Circle fitting, see OSSM imaging analysis algorithm Close contacts of cells 129 CLSM-PIV, see Confocal laser scanning microscopy Coherence lengths − optical, Table of 121 Collision frequency 115 Confocal laser scanning microscopy

(CLSM) − axial imaging resolutions of 61, 62,

67− galvanometric scanning − geometrical optical analysis 61, 63 − lateral imaging resolutions of 61,

62, 67

− optical slice thickness of 61, 63 − particle image velocimetry (PIV)

65, 68 − Point spread function of 59, 60 − Principle of 56 − system with a Nipkow disk 65, 66

see Nipkow disk − system with a pinhole aperture 56 − wave optical analysis 61, 63 Contact line pinning 112 Convective-diffusion of salinity 108 Couette flows − rotating, microscale 73-76 − Test cell configuration of 73 Cover slip glasses − designed 30 Critical angle 2, 16-18, 107 Cross-correlation broadening 42 Cytochalasin D 127 Cytoplasm membrane 130 Cytoplasmic viscosity 27-28

Debye-Hückel reciprocal length parameter 12

Deconvolution microscopy, see Optical serial sectioning microscopy Depth-of-field 58 Dielectric constants 82 − Drude model 115 − of metals 6, 82 − of thin gold films 94, 99 − of thin silver films 9 Dielectric medium 5, 81, 82 Dielectrophoresis 125 Differential interference contrast

microscopy (DICM) − images 27, 128 Diffusion coefficient − Near-wall hindered 9-10

150 Index

− of spherical particles 8 − Temperature dependence of 44-45 Dispersion of refractive index − BK7 prism 99 − metal layers 99 − water 99 Drude model, see Dielectric constant Dynamic fingerprinting, see SPRM sensors

Einstein’s isotropic diffusion 8 Electric charge density 123 Electric Coulomb forces 124 Electric permittivity, see Dielectric constants Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phoresis

123-124, 125 − EHD control of thin film, see RICM thin film thickness

measurements Electrostatic potential − in near-field 11 Endothelial cells − of porcine pulmonary artery 128 Epi-fluorescent microscopy 34 Equilibrium height 12, 22-23 Evanescent wave − field intensity 2, 3 − penetration depth 2-3, 15, 23 External medium 3, 5

Fizeau fringes, see RICM fringe formation Fluorescent polystyrene particles 38 Fluorophore distribution function 19 Focal contacts − Dynamic fingerprinting of 128 − of live cells 127 Fraunhofer condition 57 Free electrons 81, 85 Fresnel equations 88

Gaussian probability distribution function, see

Random PDF Gold metal layer, see Dielectric constants Gravitational potential − in near-field 11 Gravitational sedimentation 11

Hamaker constant 11 Helium-neon line 6 Hindered diffusion, see Diffusion coefficient

Index matching oil emersion 16 Interference of plain waves 119-120 − optical path differential (OPD) 120 Interference reflection microscopy, see Reflection interference contrast

microscopy Internal medium 3, 5

Kirchhoff’s law of scalar diffraction 29

Kline-McClintock uncertainties 2, 109, 110

Korteweg’s theory 107 Kretschmann’s three-layer

configuration, see Surface plasmon resonance

Label-free detection, see SPRM sensors

Marangoni flows 112 Maxwell wave equation 7, 82, 84 − Far-field 1-D solutions of 119 Mean square displacements (MSD) − definitions of 8 − Near-wall measurements of 21-22 − Temperature dependence of 47 Mean wavelength 61 Micro-capillary suction 52 Microfluidic mixing 49-53, 102-104 Microscopic imaging resolutions − confocal, see CLSM − conventional, see Wide-field microscopy Micro-tube flows − refractive index mismatching 69 − tube-wall lens effect 70-71 Modified pinhole diameter (PD) 60

NAG-1 vesicles, see Vesicle sizes Nanocrystalline complex cavities 114 Nanocrystalline self-assembly, see SPRM sensors Nanofluids 107, 109, 111

Index 151

Nanoparticles 107, 114 − Near-field tracking of 21 Natural fringes, see Fizeau fringes Natural oscillation frequency, see Plasma frequency Near-field − Definitions of 1-2 − potential energy functions 12

see van der Waals potential Electrostatic potential Gravitational potential Near-field mixing − immiscible fluids 49, 51 − miscible fluids 52, 53 see OSSM, SPRM Near-field thermal diffusion, see SPRM sensors, near-field thermometry Near IR lines, see SPR reflectance imaging resolution Neural network model 20 Nipkow disk 65 Nonlinear regression 27, 28 No-slip boundary condition 7 − penetration depth 10 Numerical aperture (NA) − definition of 16, 57

Objective lens − high NA 17, 35, 71, 123, 127 Optical path differential (OPD) 120,

121, 123 Optical sectioning −optically sectioned images 64, 69,

74, 78 see

CLSM Optical serial sectioning microscopy

(OSSM)− calibration chamber 35 − calibration data 37 − imaging analysis algorithm 39-41 − near-wall thermometry 42, 44-45 − optical path difference (OPD) 32 − outer-most-fringe diameter 37 − particle tracking velocimetry 37-38 − Principles of 35-37 − PSF images by 40 − system layout 34

− thermometry 48-49 Optical slice thicknesses − confocal 61, 63, 67 OTS-coated hydrophobic surfaces 24

Particle image sizes − diffraction limited 68 Particle image velocimetry (PIV), see Confocal laser scanning microscopy Particle tracking velocimetry 24, 37 − error due to Brownian motion 42

see TIRM, OSSM, CLSM Peclet number 11 Penetration depth, see Evanescent wave No-slip boundary conditions Skin-depth Surface plasmon polariton Pentane − EHD phoresis, see RICM thin film thickness

measurements − thin film generation test cell 126 − thin film images 124, 125 Phase aberration function 32 Photon line 83, 86 Pixel gray level (PGL) − binning 127 − normalized 106 Plane waves 119 Plank constant 116 Plasma frequency 85 Plasmon 4 Point spread function (PSF) − Asymmetric 32 − of glycerol 50 − of immersion oil 50 − of water 50 − Three-dimensional axisymmetric

30-31 − under aberration-free design condition

29-31 − under off-design conditions 31-33 Poiseuille flows 24-25, 68-72 Polaritons 4, 81 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molding

24Prism selections for SPR − BK7 89, 90 − BK11 95

152 Index

− Diamond 96 − Iodine crystal 96 − LF 96 − SF10 89, 90, 96 − SF 11 96 − Topaz 96 Protein trafficking − images of 27 − intra-cellular 26

Quantum efficiency, see TIRM combined quantum efficiency

Random probability distribution function (PDF) 47

Rayleigh criterion, see Fraunhofer condition Rayleigh number − Definition of 47 Reflection coefficient 89 Reflection interference contrast

microscopy (RICM) − Antiflex device 123 − fringe formation 122 see Nanocrystalline self-assembly − high NA requirements 123 − light sources 122-123 − monochromatic RICM 114, 122,

124− multi-spectral RICM 114, 122, 124 − numerical aperture 123 − optical slicing 78 − thin film thickness measurements

123-124 − Zero-order fringe pattern correlation

128Reflectometer − Abbey type 109 Refractive index (RI) 2, 5, 6, 82 − effective 107, 110 − imaginary part 6, 82 − various fluids 50, 90 Ring vortex flows 107, 108

Saline solution − RI dependency 106

Scattering frequency − electron-electron 115 − phonon-electron 115 Self-assembly of nanoparticles, see SPRM sensors, nanocrystalline

self-assembly Separation distance − Most probable, see Equilibrium height Skin-depth − into metal 7, 82 Slip boundary conditions 23 − on hydrophobic surface 24 − Shear rates of 24 Slip length 24, 25-26 Snell’s law 107 Speed of light 82 SPR reflectance calculations 89 SPR reflectance imaging resolution − cover layer dependency 100 − metal layer dependency 99 − SiO2 pattern boundaries 97, 100 − wavelength dependency 97-98 SPRM sensors − full-field salinity detection 105-106 − label-free mixing sensor 102-103 − nanoparticle concentration 111 − nanocrystalline self-assembly

110-112, 114 see

Nanocrystalline complex cavities − near-wall thermometry 113, 115-117 Stern potential 12 Stokes drag 7, 8 Stokes-Einstein theory 44 Surface plasmon line 86 Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) 4, 82 − Dispersion curve 86 − Dispersion relation of 85 − penetration depth 5-6 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 5 − Kretschmann’s configuration 85, 87 − p-polarized incident wave field 4, 5 − selection of prisms 96 − SPR reflectance, see SPR reflectance imaging resolution − SPR angle 5, 89, 95-96

Index 153

− SPR angles of various interfaces 90, 91

− SPR reflectance 87, see Fresnel equations Surface plasmon resonance microscopy

(SPRM) − A system with a white light source

92, 93 − A system with an LED source 92, 93 − History of 101 Surface plasmons 4, 81

Taylor bubbles 76 − Optical images of 77 Thermocapillaryphoresis 112 Thermophoresis 112 Threshold filtering, see OSSM imaging analysis algorithm Total internal reflection (TIR) 2 Total internal reflection microscopy

(TIRM) 15 − collection efficiency 19 − combined quantum efficiency 18 − detection probability 19 − objective lens 16-17 − Ratiometric imaging analysis 18-20 − system with a prism 16 − system with an objective lens 17, 20

Transverse electric (TE) mode 84 Transverse magnetic (TM) mode 84 see SPR p-polarized

van der Waals potential − in near-field 11, 112 Vesicle sizes − Intracellular 27-28 Viscosity − sulfuric acid 107 − Temperature dependence of 44-45 − water 107

Water-ethanol mixture 102-104 Water-glycerin mixture 52, 91, 105 Water viscosity 28 Wave propagation number − Complex form of 84 − definition 32 Wave vector 97, 100 Wide field microscopy (WFM) 60 − axial imaging resolution 58, 62 − lateral imaging resolution 57, 62 − Point spread function of 59

Zero-order natural fringes, see Reflection interference contrast

microscopy