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References
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458 The Quantum Beat
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Hall, John L. (1975): Sub-Doppler spectroscopy, methane hyperfine spectroscpy, and the ultimate resolution limits, Physics of Quantum Electronics (2) (Laser Applications to Optics and Spectroscopy), S.F. Jacobs, M.O. Scully, and M. Sargent, eds.: 401. Addison-Wesley, Reading.
Hoffmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J. (1994) Global Positioning System, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag, Wien.
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References 459
Kramer, G., Lipphardt, B., and Weiss, C.O. (1992): Proc. 1992 IEEE Frequency Control Symposium, Hershey: 39-43.
Kramer, Samuel N. (1963): The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, Univ of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Lamb, W.E., Jr., (1964) Theory of an optical maser, Phys. Rev. (134): A1429.
Landau, L.D. and Lifshitz, E.M. (1969): Mechanics (2nd ed.), Pergamon Press, London, p.82.
Maiman, (1960): Stimulated optical radiation in ruby masers, Nature (London) (187): 493-494; also "Optical and microwave optical experiments in ruby", Phys. Rev. Lett. (6): 564-565.
Major, F.G. (1977): Reseau a trois dimensions de quadripOies electriques elementaires pour Ie confinement d'ions, J. de Physique-Lettres (38): L-221-225.
Major, F.G. (1969): Microwave resonance of field confined mercury ions for atomic frequency standards, NASA Goddard Tech Report X-521-69-167.
Major, F.G. and Werth, G. (1973): High resolution magnetic hyperfine resonance in harmonically bound ground state mercury 199 ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. (30): 1155-1158.
Maxim, L.D. (1992): Loran-C User Handbook, U.S. Coast Guard Office of Radio Navigation Systems, Commandant Publication P16562.5.
Morley, Silvanus G. (1956): The Ancient Maya, Stanford Univ. Press (1st ed. 1946).
Norton, J.R. (1994): Performance of ultrastable quartz oscillators using BVA resonators, Proc. 8th European Frequency and Time Forum, Weihenstephan, (1), 457-465.
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Peters, H.E., McGunigal, T.E., and Johnson, E.H. (1969): Proc. 23rd Annual Frequency Control Symposium, Atlantic City.
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Pierce, J.R. (1954): Theory and Design of Electron Beams, van Nostrand, Princeton, p. 41.
460 The Quantum Beat
Poitzsch, M.E., Bergquist, J.C., ltano, W.M., and Wineland, DJ. (1994): Progress on cryogenic linear trap for Hg199 ions, Proc. 1994 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, p. 744.
Priestley, J.B. (1964): Man and Time, Aldus Books, London.
Ramsey, N.F. (1972): History of atomic and molecular standards of frequency and time, IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement (1M 21): 90-99.
Ramsey, N.F. (1956): Molecular Beams, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 124.
Ramsey, N.F. (1949): Phys. Rev. (76): 996.
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Santarelli, G., Laurent, P., Lea, S.N., Nadir, A., and Clairon, A. (1994): Preliminary results on Cs atomic fountain frequency standard, Proc. 8th European Frequency and Time Forum, Technical University, Munich, p. 46.
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Sorokin, P.P. and Lankard, J .R. (1966): Stimulated emission observed from an organic dye, chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine, IBM J. Res. Dev. (10) 2: 162-163.
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Wong, N.C. and Lee, D. (1992): Optical parametric division, Proc. 1992 IEEE Interna\tional Frequency Control Symposium, p. 32.
Further Reading
General Reference
Vanier, J. and Audoin, C., The Quantum Physics of Atomic Frequency Standards Inst. of Phys.1989.
Historical
Landes, David S., Revolution in Time" Harvard Univ. Press, 1983.
Aveni, Anthony, Empires of Time, Kodansha America, Inc. 1995.
Darwin, George H., The Tides, W.H.Freeman 1962 (lst ed 1898).
Fredrick, L.W. and. Baker, R.H., An Introduction to Astronomy 8th ed. van Nostrand 1974.
Golino, Carlo, ed. Galileo Reappraised, Univ. of Cal. Press 1996.
Sobel, Dava, Longitude, the true story of a lone genius, Walker and Co. 1995.
Oscillations
Knudsen, J.M. and Hjorth, P.G., Elements of Newtonian Mechanics, Springer, 1995.
Pierce, John R., Almost All about Waves, MIT Press, 1974.
Nettel, S. Wave Physics 2nd ed., Springer Verlag, 1995.
Stuart, R.D., An Introduction to Fourier Analysis, Methuen, 1961.
Crystals
Wood, Elizabeth, Crystals and Light, van Nostrand Co., 1964.
462 The Quantum Beat
Bottom, Virgil E., Introduction to Quartz Crystal Unit Design, van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1981.
Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D.N., Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer, 1991.
Quantum Theory
de Broglie, Louis, Matter and Light the New Physics, W.W. Norton, New York, 1939.
Feynman, Richard P. QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Princeton D., 1988.
Mott, N.F. Elementary Quantum Mechanics, Springer-Verlag, 1972.
Optics
Andrews, C.L. Optics of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, Prentice Hall, 1960.
Atomic Spectra
Hertzberg, Gerhard, Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, Dover, 1944.
Haken, H. and Wolf, H.C., The Physics of Atoms and Quanta 4th ed., Springer, 1994.
King, W.H., Isotopic Shifts in Atomic Spectra, Plenum Press, 1984.
Magnetic Resonance
Agarbiceanu, 1.1. and. Popescu I.M., Optical Methods of Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York, 1975.
Relativity
Einstein, A., Lorentz, H.A., Minkowski, H., and Weyl, H., The Principle of Relativity, Dover, 1923.
Schwartz, Jacob, Relativity in Illustrations, Dover, 1989.
Schwinger, Julian, Einstein's Legacy: Unity of Space Time, Scientific American Library, No. 16, 1987.
Further Reading 463
Quantum Oscillators
Audoin, c., Schennann, J.P., Grivet, P., Physics of the Hydrogen Maser, Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics (7), Academic Press, New York, 1971.
Bertolotti, M., Masers and Lasers: an Historical Approach, Adam Hilger, Bristol, 1983.
Hecht, Jeff, Laser Pioneers, Academic Press, Boston, New York, 1992.
Yariv, A., Introduction to Optical Electronics, Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1976.
Demtrooer, W., Laser Spectroscopy, 2nd ed., Springer, 1995.
Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B, and Sands, M., The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol III, Addison Wesley, 1965 (for quantum mechanics and nitrogen maser).
Ion Traps
Ghosh, Pradip K., Ion Traps, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1996.
Laser cooling
Arimondo, E., Phillips, W.D., Strumia, F., eds., Laser Manipulation of Atoms and Ions, International School of Physics "Enrico Fenni", Course 118 Varrena, NorthHolland, New York, 1992.
Minogin, V.G. and Litokhov, V.S., Laser Light Pressure on Atoms., Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1987.
Metrology
Evans, A.J., Mullen J.D., and Smith D.H., Basic Electronics Technology, Texas Instrm., 1985.
Essen, L., The Mesaurement of Frequency and Time Interval, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1973.
464 The Quantum Beat
Navigation
Hoffmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J., GPS Theory and Practice, 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, Wien, 1994.
USCG-Headquarters Radionavigation SystemslUnited States Coast Guard, Radionavigation Div., Doc. No. TD 5.8:R 1114, 1984.
Maloney, Elbert S., Dutton's Navigation and Piloting, 14th ed. Naval Inst. Press, 1985.
Schmid, Helmut H., Three-Dimensional Triangulation with Satellites., U.S. Dept. Commerce NOAA, US Govt. Printing Office, 1974.
Index
3-levellaser, 325, 406
absorption, 33, 75, 89,92, 113, 114,120,131,135,136,140, 158,205,290,314,393,403, 407
additive noise, 61, 300 adiabatic approximation, 372 ADP,414 adsorption, 76, 184,230 aeolian harp, 37 aging, 66, 75, 76,236,304,452 Ah0 3,322 Allan variance, 81, 83,177,252 alumina, 298, 322, 324 A-magnet, 182, 186, 188,206 ammonia maser, 207, 212, 215,
218,220,221,224,225,228, 243,245
amplification, 47, 55, 56, 89, 205, 211,323,397,446
amplitude, 24, 28, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43,152,317
angular momentum, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99,104,107,124,257,387,402, 439
anomaly, 107,436 antenna, 31, 63, 90,121,192,350,
420,421,423,424,446,447 antireflection, 320 antisymmetric, 102, 109 Ar+ ion laser, 333, 338, 339, 348,
374 Arditi, M., 172 Arecibo, 420 Ashkin, A., 348 Astrolabe, 10, 11
atomic beam, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138,185,223,242,246,384, 385,390,392,394,458
atomic fountain, 390, 394, 460 atomic hydrogen, 138,225,235,
236,238 atomic magnetism, 117 atomic plane, 73, 74 atomic second, 440 atomic transitions, 267, 309
balance-wheel, 19 band theory, 109 beam, 14, 15,34,55,57,71,74,
75, 180, 182, 183 Beaty,E.c., 168, 169, 171,457 Bender, PL, 168, 169, 171,457 Bernoulli's principle, 12 binary counter, 86 blackbody radiation, 42, 90, 91, 92,
310 B-magnet, 183, 188, 196 Bohr magneton, 104, 118, 164,
226,256,389 Bohr, N., 93 Boltzmann constant, 149,357 Boltzmann, L., 129,452,453 bond, 67, 68, 103, 112,235,248,
249,402 Bragg reflection, 74 Bragg, W.H., 73 Bragg, W.L., 73 Breit, G., 163 Breit-Rabi formula, 163, 164, 187,
245,296 Brewster angle, 321, 338 Brewster window, 321
468 The Quantum Beat
buffer gas, 150, 153, 159, 161, 168, 170,171,178,222,255,277
Cady, 65 calendar, 2, 3, 11 causality, 33 cavity, 54, 55, 56, 308, 309, 310 centrifugal force, 6, 437 cesium standard, 173, 176, 180,
369,379,380,384,428,435 charge exchange, 266, 277 Chaucer, G., 11 Chi, A.R., 168, 169, 171,457 Chilowsky, c., 64 circadian rhythm, 1 circular polarization, 124, 134, 135,
136, 139, 165,407 Clairaut, 18 clepsydra, 12, 14 clock paradox, 154 CO2 laser, 395, 406, 407, 411 Cohen-Tannoudji, C.N., vi, 172,
358,359,361,362,363,457 coherence, 57, 224, 247, 249, 308,
318,325,414 collimator, 238, 242 collisions, 32, 90, 94, 126, 128,
142,143,152,170,230,235, 247,248,249
communication, 64, 339, 341, 420, 422,425,428,429,430,433
conductors, 54, 378 confocal optical cavity, 311 conservative system, 386 control stations, 433, 438, 439 cooling of atoms, 159 cooling of ions, 371, 372 coordinate system, 125, 145, 156,
309,314,364,440,441,450, 455
Coriolis force, 402 coumarin, 334, 374 covalent bond, 67, 69,103,112 Cronin, J.W., 456
cross section, 230, 261, 291, 292, 355,356
crown wheel, 13, 15 crystal symmetry, 69 Curie, P., 65 current density, 341, 343 cyclotron frequency, 262, 363 cyclotron radius, 266, 267,371
dark current, 293, 300, 408 de Broglie, L., 93, 94, 462 Dehmelt, H.G., v, 107, 138, 166,
457,458 detectors, 65 Dicke effect, 150, 153, 171,233,
293,364,397 Dicke, R.H., 150, 152,294,458 dielectrics, 319 diffraction, 31,58,73, 192,308,
310,404,409,424 diffusion, 131, 138, 178, 180,206,
255,330,333,340,343,357, 371
Dirac, P.A.M., 99 direction finder, 422, 423 direction of time, 451, 452 dish antenna, 421, 424 dispersion, 28, 32, 33, 61, 89, 142,
175,312,441,444,445 Doppler cooling, 358, 359, 362,
365,367,372,387 Doppler effect, v, 83,146,147,
148,202,203,294,392,407, 431
Doppler side-bands, 294, 295, 365, 366,372
Doppler, C., 146 Dunoyer, L., 130, 131 dye laser, 334, 337, 338, 339, 374,
375 dynode, 198,300
Earnshaw's theorem, 259 eclipses, 3, 4, 5
ecliptic plane, 8 effusion, 185,394 Einstein, A., 92, 136, 142, 144,
153,155,157,462 elastic constant, 79 electric dipole moment, 207, 210,
212,214,215,220,312,352, 411
electric field component, 32, 89, 352,411,423,444
electromagnetic wave, 29, 34, 42, 53,73,89,90,124,191,202, 346,348,396
electron magnetic moment, 226 electron multiplier, 198,283 electronic charge, 102, 120,342 electrostatic fields, 299 electrostatic quadrupole, 212 emission, 57, 60, 90, 92, 113, 114,
120,136,137,288,290,313, 314
energy bands, 113, 324, 340, 341 energy defect, 258 energy levels, 95, 97, 100, 101,
107,108,110,111,119,287, 312,324,358,383,384,404
entropy, 453 ephemerides, 430, 431, 441, 444,
446 equinox, 436, 439 escapement, 13, 15, 16, 18,20,21,
250 etalon,334,338 Euler, L., 346 excitation, 15,36,37,39,40,57,
74,90,92,208,209,238,327, 329
extraordinary wave, 139,412,413
Fabry-Perot interferometer, 308 feedback, 47, 48,50,52,78, 79,
85,87,175,176,218,316,317, 341,343,446
Fermi, E., 107,226,460
Index 469
figure of merit, 27,180,215,251, 304,376
filter, 40, 55, 64, 167, 168, 169, 178,197,237,251,267,268, 300,301,321,334,338,343, 374,378,408
fine structure, 168,225,332,403 Fischer, E., 268, 459 Fitch, V.L., 456 flicker noise, 60, 82, 177 flip-flop circuit, 86 flop-in, 133, 183, 188 flop-out, 133 fluorescence, 133, 136,290,292,
297,299,300,302,303,306, 335,336,337,338,350,392, 400,406,407,409
flywheel oscillator, 198,301 focusing magnet, 187, 188, 196,
238,241 foliot, 15, 16, 18 fountain standard, 391, 394 Fourier analysis, 39, 49, 82, 150 Fourier, J., 39 Frazer, J.G., 1,2,458 frequency chain, 406, 414, 415 frequency dividers, 251 frequency pulling, 218, 219, 246,
317 frequency response, 49,130, 141,
314 frequency stability, 28, 65, 80, 83,
223,224,246,252,334,343, 377,392,394,409,434,435
frequency standards, v, 177,219, 223,257,259,265,272,307, 339,345,363,371,396,407, 408,421,441,459
Fresnel formula, 319 Friedrich, 73 future and past, 450
GaAIAs diode laser, 140,408,409 GaAs diode laser, 341
470 The Quantum Beat
gain factor, 317 GaIi1eo, 16, 17, 26, 458, 461 Gauss's law, 265 Gaussian line shape, 149 Gaussian optics, 309 general relativity, 156, 158,440 getter, 76, 184,333 global positioning system, 432 gold black, 300 GPS,157,432,433,434,435,436,
437,438,439,440,441,442, 444,445,446,449,464
Graham, G., 18 ground state, 57, 67, 101, 104, 105,
107, 108, 132, 133, 137, 138, 207,225,286,324
ground wave, 425, 429 Gunn diode, 301 gyromagnetic ratio, 119, 122 gyroscopic motion, 8, 122, 128,
439
Halley, E., 20 Harrison, J., 20, 21 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle,
37 Heisenberg, W., 37 helium, 76,138,170,257,258,
277,285,305,322,327,328, 329,330,331,332,333,373, 382,383,400,406
He-Ne laser, 309, 327, 331, 375, 400,403,404,405,406,407, 409,414
hexapole, 187, 188,238,239,240, 241
Hipparchus, 8 hole-burning, 374 homogeneous broadening, 142 Hooke, R., 20 hot wire detector, 197 Huygens, C., 17,20 hydrogen atom, 93, 100, 107, 148,
207,210,224,225,228,230,
231,235,237,242,247,248, 253,257,287,401
hyperfine interaction, 105, 161, 227,230
hyperfine pumping, 167, 168, 169, 180,286,289,292,376,383
hyperfine transition, 165, 170,201, 221,227,244,272,287,292, 296,376,380,392
inelastic collision, 258, 264 inertial frame of reference, 439 inhomogeneous broadening, 142,
144,335 intensity gradient force, 132 interference, 35, 57, 93, 114, 156,
167,192,301,318,319,320, 343,346,412,429
inversion spectrum, 205, 210, 220 iodine, 400, 404, 405 ion confinement, 260, 274, 285,
371 ion motion, 259, 261, 269, 271,
273,295,296,297,305,364, 367,378
ion pump, 184,238,256,298,371, 383
ion resonance detection, 280 ionization, 197,333 isotope filter, 168, 178 isotope shift, 167 Ives, H.E., 148
Javan, A., 307, 327, 458 Johnson noise, 59, 60, 61, 251, 282
Kastler, A., 133, 136, 138, 172, 307,358,458
KDP,414 Kepler, J., 346 klystron, 54, 55, 199,200,219,
301,397 Knipping, 73
Lamb dip, 317, 318 Lamb, W.E., 236, 317, 459 Lambert's law, 314 Lamb-Retherford experiment, 236 Land, E.H., 139 Langevin, P., 64 Larmor theorem, 272, 273 lasers, 307, 312, 322, 327, 331,
332,333,334,339 Laue pattern, 74 L-C circuit, 140, 279 light cone, 450 light polarization, 359, 360 light pressure, 346, 348, 366, 387,
389 light shift, 159, 172, 222, 352, 358,
360,361,362,363,409 linear medium, 34 linear Paul trap, 378 linewidth, 290, 393, 399 Liouville's theorem, 386, 390 liquid dye lasers, 334 longitudinal modes, 57, 308, 333,
343 loop antenna, 121,423,446 Loran-C, v, 419, 425, 427, 428,
432,439,459 Lorentz force, 256, 261, 262, 263,
346 Lorentz transformation, 145, 147 Lorentz, H.A., 32, 89, 120, 142,
143,145,312,462 Lorentzian line shape, 141,355
magnetic fields, 54,129, 137, 161, 162,182,189,195,201,223, 225,227,238,245,253,255, 259,274,323,346,363,371, 382
magnetic moment, 97, 99,104, 105,106,107,118,119,122, 127,128
magnetic resonance, 117, 122, 123, 126,128,132,133,134,135, 136,138
Index 471
magnetic shielding, 189,255,382, 383
magneton, 104, 118, 164,226,256, 389
magneto-optical trap, 387, 389, 392 Major, F.G., vi, 285, 286, 459 Majorana transitions, 188,244 masers, 220, 222, 236, 251, 252,
307,312,322,435,457,459 mass filter, 197,267,268,378 mass spectrometry, 278, 285 Mathieu equation, 270, 378 Mathieu, E., 270 Maxwell, C., 29 Maxwell's theory, 29, 30, 89, 90,
144 Mayan calendar, 2 mean free path, 131, 148 mercury 199 ion, 289, 290, 459 metastable state, 134, 328, 330, 380 meter, v, 145 methane, 170,400,401,402,403,
404,405,458 methane-stabilized He-Ne laser,
400 microwave cavity, 54, 55, 178, 191,
192,207,212,213,214,217, 221,242,243,310
microwave source, 191,203,417 MIM,411 Minkowski, H., 145,462 mirrors, 56, 57, 156, 192,308,309,
310,316,318,320,321,326, 331,338,339,374,386
mixer, 63, 302,414 modes of oscillation, 44, 126,295,
397 modulation, 38, 87, 150, 151, 152,
166,173,190,199,203,218, 247,280,293,294,303,339, 364,409,416,417,420,427, 441,442,445
momentum conservation, 412 monitoring stations, 438, 440
472 The Quantum Beat
multilayer dielectric mirror, 318, 319,321
multipath error, 447
NAVSTAR, 419, 422, 432 Nd-Y AG laser, 327 neodymium, 326 Newton, 1.,18,24,26,32,42,61,
345,436 Nicholson, A.M., 66 noise figure, 251 Nonlinear Crystals, 411 Nonlinear Media, 33 normal modes, 36, 39, 44, 56, 57,
93,95,96,97,264,401,406 nuclear magnetic moment, 105,
257,286 nuclear magneton, 104, 164 nuclear spin, 105, 107, 108, 161,
181,209,210,220,257,286, 287,288,358,360,404
Omega, 419, 422,429 optical cavity, 56, 57, 309, 310,
311,320,322,326,331,333, 338,343,374,392,395,397, 416
optical frequency, 56,71, 312, 316, 322,323,330,334,346,352, 375,376,380,396,397,407, 408,414,416,417
optical gain, 326, 331, 335, 336, 338,341,374
optical molasses, v, 357, 386, 392, 394
optical pumping, v, 136, 137, 138, 140,165,166,172,180,257, 258,286,290,305,307,313, 326,350,358,360,362,379, 408
ordinary wave, 412 organic dye, 334, 336, 460 Osberghaus, 0., 268, 459 oscillator, 25, 27, 28, 29, 47, 52,
53,54,55,56,58,59,62
oxazine, 339
pallet, 15, 19 paramagnetic atoms, 122 parametric oscillation, 37, 416 particle nature, 92, 369 particle suspension, v Paul trap, 267, 272, 274, 275,285,
289,295,296,297,363,364, 369,371,377,378
Paul, W., 133,238,267,268,271, 272,278,282,459
Pauli exclusion principle, 101,230 pendulum, 16, 17, 19,20,24,25,
26,34,38,43,44,117,208,277 Penning trap, 259, 263, 272, 276,
296,363 Penning vacuum gauge, 259, 260 Penning, F .M., 259 perigee, 437 perturbation, 119, 141, 172, 195,
223,224,234,255,285,437, 438
Peters, H.E., 229, 247, 251, 252, 458,459
phase, 2, 24, 27, 28, 33, 49,50, 147,199,200,201,250,316, 385,414,427
phase matching, 412, 414, 416 phase shifts, 37, 79, 249, 250 Phillips, W., 357, 457, 463 photomultiplier, 293, 298, 300,
302,304,409 photon, 92, 113, 121, 124, 134,
135,136 photon counting, 303, 304 Pierce, G.W., 66 Pierce, J .R., 260 piezoelectricity, 65, 70 Planck, M., 90, 91, 92, 93 Planck's constant, 91, 94 p-njunction,34O,341 point contact, 87, 411 Poisson distribution, 283, 370, 376 Polarization Gradient Cooling, 358
polymer, 223 population inversion, 211, 313,
314,323,324,325,326,327, 330,331,332,334,335,336, 337,338,341,374,398
power, 42, 59, 60, 317, 326, 339, 374,375
precession of the equinoxes, 8, 421, 439
principle of superposition, 34 PRN code, 441, 442 pseudorandom number code, 446
Q-factor, 27 quadrupole field, 212, 214, 269,
273,274,276,279,297,377, 389
quantum, v, 89,90,92,93,94,95, 96,97,98
quantum number, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,101,104,105,108
quantum state, 94, 99, 101, 103, 105,109,114
quarter-wave plate, 139 quartz crystals, 65, 79, 449 quartz movement, 88 quartz plate, 71 quartz resonator, 63, 64, 65, 67, 74,
75, 76, 77, 78, 117 quartz watch, 88
Rabi, I., 132, 163, 193 radar, 54,64, 83, 205,263,396,
422,424,425,434 radio direction finder, 422, 423 radio receiver, 63, 159,424,446,
449 radio telescope, 31, 420, 421 Raether, M., 267 Ramsey cavity, 195,203,380,384,
391 Ramsey, N.F., vi, 132, 133, 135,
182,189,190,194,195,224, 229,231,458,460
Index 473
random walk, 61, 62,82,153,266, 356,398
rate equations, 325 refraction, 31, 139,319,348,412 refractive index, 31, 32, 33, 318,
320,334,341,348,412,416, 445
relativistic Doppler effect, v, 147 resolving power, 192,420,421 resonance, v, 27,28,36, 37, 38, 39,
52,56,76,77,79,80,84,117, 133,134,135,136,138,139, 141,142, 143
resonators, 41, 54, 63, 65, 74, 75, 76,91,117,254,459
rf heating, 277, 364 rhodamine 6G, 334, 335, 339 ring laser, 374 Robinson, R., vi, 172 rubidium, v, 104, 107, 108, 119,
120, 136, 140, 159, 161, 163, 167,171,175,176,178,221, 222,321,350,358,364,379, 408,409,434,460
ruby laser, 71,322,323,324,326 Rutherford, E., 92
Sagnac effect, 156,440,451 satellite orbit, 157,436,437,439,
440,441,444 saturated absorption, 392, 393, 400,
403,404,405,407 saturation, 217, 220, 231,233, 240,
298,317,392,393,400,406 scattering of light, 348, 350 Schawlow, A.L., 307, 322, 399,
460 SchrOdingerequation, 94,95, 97,
100 second harmonic generation, 411 seconds, 9, 10,81,86,87,88, 177,
178,267,285,324,326,327, 332,336,360,404,409,421, 425,427,434,439,443,444
474 The Quantum Beat
secular motion, 379 selection rules, 113, 120, 121, 136,
165,166,167,257,328,358, 359,387,407
semiconductors, 110, 112, 114,339 servo control, 78, 244, 403 shell structure of atoms, ?9 shot noise, 51, 59, 60, 61,180, 196,
279,282,292,293,300,304, 370,376
sidereal day, 7, 8, 436 signal-to-noise ratio, 180, 183, 196,
197,222,224,276,292,293, 295,369,370,376,377,380, 384,390,419,427
simple harmonic motion, 17, 19, 24,33,135,139,150,240,261, 364
simultaneity, 153,449 singing condenser, 64 singlet states in molecules, 336 Sisyphus Effect, 358 sky wave, 425, 427, 429 solar eclipse, 4, 5, 438 solar wind, 437, 438 solar-blind photomultiplier, 300 sonar, 64 space charge, 276 space quantization, 97, 132, 181,
225,360 spectral line, 120, 130, 131, 135,
140, 142, 143, 148, 167, 168, 170,220,243,288,290,291, 307,324,326,372,374,375, 390,393,395,397,398,399, 458
spectral purity, 58, 83, 87, 176, 203,301,303,306,311,332, 374,392,395,397,399
spectroscopic notation, 324, 327 spectrum, 35, 36,37,40, 41, 42,
56,60,82,90,119,152,203, 205,210,271,294,396
spin exchange, 230, 234, 257, 291, 302
spontaneous emission, 57, 92, 136, 137,172,223,290,313,314, 326,329,350,352,355,356, 379
stability of oscillators, 65 stabilized CO2 laser, 407 Stark effect, 172,210,211,220,
353 stationary state, 93, 95, 96, 98, 126,
172,208,209,353 stellar interferometer, 192, 193 Stephenson, F.R., 460 Stem-Gerlach experiment, 131,
180 stimulated emission, 57, 92, 134,
135,136,164,205,290,311, 312,313,316,322,326,334, 350,352,381,397
strong focusing principle, 269 sub-Doppler line widths, 400 sundials, 9, 449 sunspot activity, 425, 429, 445 superheterodyne, 63 surface ionization, 197 symmetry, v, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70,74,
96,102,105,110,121,127,139, 154,187,207,209,210,212, 213,230,239,260,271,297, 312,323,350,364,401,402, 411,412,421,451,453,454, 455,456
synchronization of clocks, 155 synthesizers, 87, 175
Teflon, 223, 224, 230, 242, 247, 248,288
temperature compensation, 77, 78, 79
temperature stabilization, 244 thermal noise, 59, 224, 225, 282 threshold for oscillation, 221, 253,
326,331 tides, 438 time, v, 1,2,3,9,37,84,86, 153,
154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 179
time bridge, 303, 380 time reversal, v, 451, 452, 453, 456 time-based navigation, 419 titanium, 184,322,371, 383 tower clocks, 15, 16,449 Townes, C.H., 205, 206, 215, 217,
224,228,322,399,458,460 TRANSIT, 419, 422, 430, 431 transition probability, 127, 195,
325,372,379,381 triplet state, 337 two-photon transition, 407, 408
ultrasonic transducer, 64
vacuum pump, 131, 183,206,238, 253,255,264,435
vacuum shell, 183,237,253,293, 297
van der Waals force, 224, 249 vapor pressure, 178, 184,298,299,
382,404 VCXO,302 vector model, 98, 104, 106, 122,
123,128,227 verge, 15, 16, 18 very long baseline interferometry,
420,439 ~BI,419,420,439,441
von Laue, M., 73
Index 475
wall shift, 159,247,248,250,251, 252,253,254,255
water clock, 12, 13, 14, 117,449 wave function, 59, 94, 95, 96, 99,
100, WI, 102, 103, 109, 126, 208,209,213,230
wave mechanics, 94 wave motion, 39,147 wave propagation, 446 wave propagation in ionosphere,
425 wavefront, 31, 412 waveguide, 214, 429 wavelength, 31,53,56,64,73,74,
89,91,94 Werth, G., 286, 459 Wood's hom, 300 Wood's tube, 236, 237 work function, 197,301 wrist watch, 21
X-ray diffraction, 73
Young, T., 57, 346
Zeeman effect, 97, 120, 121, 129, 218,220,333,387,389
zeolite, 184 zero point oscillation, 134