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Subject Index

Abbe prism 71,72 Absorption 161-163, 170, 175, 179, 205 - band 144, 145, 151, 159, 161, 162, 164,

167, 169, 171, 173 - cross-section 33, 35, 142 -maximum 161, 162, 168, 170-172,

175, 176, 178 - spectroscopy 210 - spectrum 20, 146, 156, 159, 160, 163,

165, 167-170, 174, 175, 177 - wavelength 11, 12, 14, 16, 17 Acceptor molecule 31, 59, 60 Acetone 49, 54, 170, 172 Acetonitrile 172 Acetylaminopyrenetrisulfonate 50, 51, 56 6-acetylaminopyrene-1 ,3,8-trisulfonic acid

177 Acid-base equilibria 24, 164, 170 Acidity 171 - of the solvent 50 Acousto-optic filters 198 Acridine dyes 152, 153, 156 - orange 16, 153 - red 178 Acridizinium ethylhexanesulfonate 78,

250 Acridone 177 Acriflavine 155, 231 Activation energy 8, 21 Active waveguides 247,250 Additives 164, 179 ADP 214, 230-232 Aggregates 159, 167 Aggregation 158-160 Air sparks 63 Alcohol 24 Alkali vapor 235 Alkaline solution 56 Alkyl groups 161 - substituents 159, 165 Amino group 50, 149, 150, 162, 165, 171,

175

9-aminoacridine hydrochloride 177 N-aminohomopiperidine 59 2-amino-7 -nitrofluorene 50 Amidopyrylium 176 Ammonyx LO 82, 94, 115, 160 Amplification factor 33,41 Amplified spontaneous emission 253 Amplifier 76, 80---82, 254, 258 Amplitude fluctuations 219 Angular dispersion 67, 70, 73 Anion 157, 159, 165, 167 Anionic dyes 9 Anomalous dispersion 233 Anthracene 8, 44, 51 Anti-Stokes light 225 Ar 233 Arc lamp 5, 83 Argon atmosphere 59 -bomb 83,84 - laser 78, 81, 257 Aromatic compounds 8, 21, 155, 156 Arrhenius constant 7 Astigmatic compensation 137 Astigmatism 108, 110 Attenuation length 99 Attenuator 255 Atmosphere 206 Atmospheric pollutants 205 - scattering 205 Atomic absorption spectroscopy 198 -beam 203,204 - beam deflection 208 - fluorescence 203 Autocollimation 67, 70 Autoionizing 214, 215 Azulene 29

Ba 199 Background intensity of picosecond pulses

131 Bacteriochlorophyll 241 Balmer line 220

276 Subject Index

BaO 207 Barium 204 Base 170, 176 Basicity 164-166 Beam divergence 39--41, 68, 70, 71,

73-75,230 -waist 97, 107, 110 Beats 227 Beer's law 25 Benzaldehyde 172 1,2-benzanthracene 31, 32 Benzene 8, 17 Benzo group 174, 175 Benzonitrile 49, 172 Benzoxazole group 12 Benzthiazole group 12 Benzyl alcohol 77, 79, 172, 247, 249, 251 Bibliography 197 Biology 239 Birefringence 75 Birefringent filter 74, 75 Blaze wavelength 68 Boltzmann distribution 19, 20, 35 Bond, double or triple 6 - length 11, 13 Br2 207 Bragg backscattering 249 - condition 78 Bridging group 16 Brilliant sulphaflavine 59, 177 Broadband 232,257 - dye lasers 199, 211, 221, 231 - light amplification 253 Bromide 157 J;!rownian motion of the resonator 113 Butadiene 6, 8, 14 i-butanol 49 Butyl alcohol 54

Ci ions 216 Ca 210 Calcite 232 Calcium 210 Carbazine 122 175, 176 Carbocyanine 12 Carbon-bridged dyes 175 Carbonyl group 164, 167 Carbopyronin 149 175 Carboxyphenyl substituent Cation 167, 169 Cationic dyes 8 Cavitation 117, 118

, ... "'· '"I

Cavity, three-element 107, 118 - losses 33, 146, 159 - Q 48 CdS 202,224 CdTe 224 Centrifugal pump 40, 61 Cesium 227 Charge transfer 151, 157 - transfer complex 52 - transfer interaction 157 Chelate lasers 2 Chemical quenchers 117 - reactions 237 - reactivity 6 - stability 151 - structure 7 Chloride 157 Chloro-aluminium-phthalocyanine 1, 2,

46 Chloroform 8, 24, 157, 172 Chlorophylls 154 Chromatium 241 Chromatophores 241 Chromophore 149-154, 157, 159, 161,

168, 171, 173, 176 Cis-trans-isomerizations 31 Coaxial lamp 63, 64, 66 Coherent transient effects 220 Collisions 19 Communications 246 Computer memories 259 Concentration 157, 160 - dependence of dye spectra 21 - dependence of the laser wavelength 37 - quenching of fluorescence 9 Confocal cavity 97 - parameter 97 Conformations 52 Conjugated bonds 144 - chain 13, 14, 16, 18 Continuum 211 - light source 198 Contour lines 244 - mapping 242, 243 Contrast ratio 127, 136, 139 Controlled intensity 202 Copper sulfate solution 64 Coumarin 51, 156, 161-167, 177, 179 Coumarin 1 161, 162, 165 Coumarin 2 161, 162, 164-167 Coumarin 4 165, 166 Coumarin 6 162

Subject Index 277

Coumarin 30 162 Coumarin 102 161, 162, 165 Coumarin 120 161, 162 Cresyl violet 81, 137, 150, 174, 175, 178,

257 - violet acetate 231 Critical inversion 89, 90, 95, 98 - inversion surface 93-95, 111 Cross section 216 - -, molecular absorption 88 - -, stimulated emission 88 Crossover signal 219 Cryptocyanine 2, 3, 13, 80, 233 Cs 212, 227 Cu02 202 Cu-phthalocyanine 17 Cyanine dyes 2, 4, 8, 14, 54, 64, 155, 161,

177 - -,symmetrical 11, 12, 14 Cycloheptatriene 158 Cyclohexane 8, 49, 54 1 ,3-cyclooctadiene 59 Cyclooctatetraene 59, 65, 82, 158 Cytochrome 241

Deactivation pathways 28 -, radiative 8 -rate 58 Deaggregating agent 115 Decomposition, photochemical 6, 8 Delayed fluorescence 31 - level crossing 226 Density 113 Depth contours 244 Detachment threshold 216 Detection limits 204 Detergent 4, 24 Deuterated alcohol 174 Deuterium 150, 219 Deuterons 150 Dialkylamino end group 149 Diamond 223, 224 Dibromomethane 172 Dicarbocyanine 12 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene 50, 174 Dichloromethane 172, 17 4 Dichromated gelatin 251 Dicyanine 13 Dielectric constant 159 7 -diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin 65,

156, 231 1,1 '-diethyl-2,2'-carbocyanine 13

1,1 '-diethyl-2,4' -carbocyanine 13 1,1 '-diethyl-4,4' -carbocyanine 13, 82 1,1 '-diethyl-y-nitro-4,4' -dicarbocyanine 49 3,3 '-diethyl-oxa-thiacarbocyanine 13 3,3 '-diethyl-thiacarbocyanine 12, 42 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine 36, 37, 39,

41, 45,47 3,3'-diethyltricarbocyanine 2 Difference frequency generation 233 Diffraction grating 3, 40 -losses 39 Diffusion-controlled bimolecular rate

constant 30 - -controlled process 24 -time 158 Dimer 21-23, 159, 160 Dimers of dye molecules 4 Dimerization 24, 31, 159 Dimethyl sulfoxide 169, 176, 177 3,6-bis-dimethylaminoacridine 24 p-dimethylaminonitrostilbene 49 Dimethylaniline 51, 52 N,N-dimethyldodecylamine-N-oxide 160 Dimethylformamide 49, 61, 83 Dimethylsulfoxide 61 Diphenylanthracene 83 Dipolar relaxation 49 Dipole-dipole interaction 49 - moment 49, 167 N,N-dipropylacetamide 160, 169 Disaggregating agents 147 Dispersion delays 221 -force 159 Dissociation 170 -energy 6 Distributed feedback 67, 76-79.249,250 Dithiofluorescein 155 DMC 65 DMF 54,64 DMSO 48, 54, 80 DODCI 130, 137, 138, 140, 142 Donor-acceptor charge-transfer complex

51 Dopplerbroadening 204,217,218 Double bonds 13, 15 - -, conjugated 6-----8, 12, 15 DPA 83 DTDC 137 DTDCI 134 DTNDCT 129 DTTC 36, 42, 46, 48, 54, 66, 80, 129, 233,

234

278 Subject Index

Dye-laser amplifier 79, 255, 256 - image amplifier 258 - quenching 199

Earth's atmosphere 206 Efficiency 102, 119, 229 Einstein coefficient 28, 35 Electric dipole moment 163 Electrical pumping 83 Electron density 13, 18 Electronegativity 13, 15 Electronic Raman scattering 234 - wavelength tuning 198 End group 12, 15, 150, 152, 171-173,

175, 176 Energy conversion efficiency 54, 64 - transfer 44, 52, 60, 151, 158 Enthalpy of formation 51 Environmental effects 157 Enzyme 241 Eosin 154 - -di-anion 31 EPA 20 Equilibrium 159, 164, 165 - constant of dimerization 22 - excited state 49 - ground state 49 - triplet approximation 92 Erythrosin 154 Etalon 117 Ethanol 49, 54, 61, 81, 172, 251 Ethyl alcohol 79 Ethylene glycerol 171 - glycol 54, 119

Eu(N03h 199 Evanescent-field-pumped 248 - wave 79, 251 Excimers 156, 160 Exciplex 51, 156, 160, 161 Excitation, optimum 101 - power density, minimum 97

Excited dye molecule 157 - molecule 160 - singlet level 154 - singlet state 26, 29, 32, 34, 55, 60, 147,

163 - state 149, 157, 158, 160, 163-166 - state reactions 160 - -state spectroscopy 210

External heavy-atom effect 158

Extinction coefficient 18, 25, 33, 156, 163, 165, 168, 174

Extrinsically tuned laser 95 Eye surgery 242

Fabry-Perot etalon 72-74 - interferometers 198 Far infrared 234 Faraday rotation 76 Feedback 79,256 -,wavelength-dependent 3 Filter solution 61 Filtering of the pumplight 64 Fine structure 219 Flame fluorescence 204 Flash photolysis 63, 240 - spectroscopy 31 Flashlamp, air-filled 56, 82 -, xenon-filled 3 Flow system 61 - velocity 40, 117 Fluctuating 256 Fluorene 44 Fluorescein 1, 9, 24, 81, 147, 150, 151,

153, 154, 156, 167, 168 - disodium salt 231 - -Na 20

Fluorescence 146, 163 - band 146 - decay 92 - decay time 94 - efficiency 146-151, 155, 157, 160,

171, 172, 174, 176, 177 - indicators 51 - lifetime 30 - line narrowing 220 - quantum efficiency 90 -quantum yield 96,147,149-152,171,

172 - quenching 29, 58, 59, 157 - spectroscopy 204

Fluorescent lifetime 129, 141, 142 Forced oscillator 82 Formamide 159 Four-wave mixing 234 Fourier-transform limit 132 - relationship 123

Fox-Smith-reflector 72 Franck-Condon state 19, 42, 49 Free-electron gas 16 - gas model 9, 17, 18, 25 Free spectral range 72, 73

Subject Index 279

Frequency doubling 214, 229, 231, 232 - -doubled 207, 214 - fluctuation 119 - -locking 82, 201 - ntbcing 84,228 - multiplication 84

GaAs 222 Gain 42, 76, 81, 82, 86, 90, 101, 146 - analysis 91, 98 - bandwidth 121 - coefficients 253 - cross-section 142 - modulation 124, 129 -,on-axis 99, 100 - recovery 142 - saturation 142 -,single pass 102 Gelatin 9, 44, 76, 79 -, dichromated 249 Genetic mutations 240 Giant-pulse laser 34, 39, 41 Glass, boric acid 9 -,inorganic 9 -,organic 9, 20 -,sucrose 9 -point 21 Glycerol 48, 54, 119, 149, 171, 172, 249 Gradients of the refractive index 64 Grating 113 Ground state 149, 161 Group velocity 222 Growth coefficient 98

Half-life of the dye 8 Harmonic 229 Heavy atoms 155 Heavy-atom solvent 155, 158 - substituents 155, 158 Heavy water 147 He-Cd laser 78 Helical flashlamp 61, 62, 64, 65, 71 Helium 204, 225 Hemispherical resonator 91, 98 Hemoglobin 240 He-Ne laser 81 Heptamethine dye 12 Heteroatom 6, 13 Heterocyclic terminal groups 12 Heterodyne spectroscopy 228 Hexafluoroacetone hydrate 172

Hexafluoroisopropanol 52, 53, 115, 160, 162, 169, 171, 172, 176

Higher-order Bragg scattering 250 Hole burning 218 Holographic contour lines 245 - contour mapping 244 - phase grating 249, 251 Holography 242 Homogeneous broadening 80 Host crystal 9 Hydrocarbons 6 -, unsaturated 4 Hydrogen 219,220,225 - atom 149, 162, 175 - bonding 159 -vibrations 149, 150, 174 Hyperfme quantum 227 - splitting 218, 226 - structure 118, 204, 303

12 207 Image amplification 258 - contrast 259 Incoherent pumping of cw dye lasers 5 Infrared 205, 233-235 -dyes 150 - sensitizing dyes 44 Inhomogeneities, optical 86 Inhomogeneous broadening of the ground

state 48 Injection 257 InSb 202,222 Integrated optics 246, 247 Intensity 255 - fluctuations 255 - stabilization 219, 255, 256 Interference f:tlter 72, 74 Interferometric wavelength discrimination

67 Interferometry 228 Intermodulated fluorescence 220 Internal conversion 29, 55, 87, 146,

148-150, 174, 179 - modulation 124

Intersystem crossing 29, 30, 33, 34, 55, 58, 60, 146, 152, 154, 158

- crossing process 151 - crossing rate 155 Intracavity absorption 200 - frequency doubling 231 Intramolecular processes 150 - quenching processes 150

280 Subject Index

Intrinsic or self-tuned 93 Iodide 157 Iodine 212 -vapor 199 Iodobenzene 155, 158 Iodomethane 155, 158 Ion-milling 251 Ionization states 50 IR 228 Isobestic point 22 Isotope separation 236, 237 -shifts 237 Isotopic species 208

K 212 KDP 75, 230, 232 Keto group 25

Lamb shift 219, 220 laser abstracts 197 - applications 197 - dyes, list of 180ff. - efficiency 56 - spectroscopy 32, 145

Level-crossing spectroscopy 226 - splittings 226 LIDAR 205 Lifetime 22, 146, 156--158, 165, 207, 208 Light absorption of dyes 9, 144, 156 - amplification 252 - emission 149, 163 Lil03 230 Limit of absorption, long-wavelength 7 - of dye-laser operation, short-wave-

length 8

LiNb03 224, 233, 235, 236 Linear flashlamp 61, 64 Linewidth 111,117-119,256 Lithium formate 230, 232 -iodate 234 - niobate 234

Littrow mounting 40, 67 Local oscillator 228 Lone-electron pair 25 Longitudinal arrangement 40, 41,43 -mode 48

Loop rule 152, 153, 172 Loss in the laser 146 - modulation 124 - modulator 135 -,single pass 102

Losses 156 Lyot filter 75, 226

Magnesium 211 Magnetic field 25, 76 -moment 152

Manganese fluoride 211 Matching parameter 102 Measurement of picosecond pulses 125 Mechanical quenching 117 Medicine 241 Melting points 8 Membrane pump 61 Mesomeric structures 167 Metastable argon 214 Methanol 49, 52-54, 61, 64, 66, 67, 77,

231 Methine group 12 Methylene blue 3 4-methylumbelliferone 81, 165, 257 Micelles 24 Michler's hydro! blue 15, 16 Microfilm projection 259 Microprobe 240 Microscopy 259 Microsurgery 239 Middle infrared 233, 235 Mixing 205, 228 Mobility 148, 171, 174, 176 Mode-locking 4, 121, 129, 131, 137, 138,

208 Modulations 226 Mossbauer effect 21 Molecular skeleton 6 - structure 147, 151, 152, 157 - vibration 201 Monodeuterated methanol 150 Monomer 22,23, 159,160 - -dimer equilibrium 21 Monomethine dye 12 Multiline operation 244 Multiple bond 6 - -line operation 244 Multistage dye-laser amplifier 254

n orbitals 25 Na 203-206,209,217 Naphthalene 17 Naphthofluorescein 126 176 Nd laser 78, 81 Near infrared 235 Negative ions 215

Subject Index 281

Neodymium laser 44, 54 Neon laser 79 Neutral particles 204 Nile-blue 52, 137, 173 Nitrite ion 59 Nitro group 49, 151 Nitrogen laser 40, 44, 51, 54, 70, 76, 80,

81, 231 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone 162 N02 207 Noise 253 Nonamethine dye 12 Nonlinear optical materials 205, 228 - optics 229 - spectroscopy 217 - susceptibilities 222 Nonpolar solvents 8 N onradiative deactivation processes 178 - decay 147, 150, 152 - processes 145-147, 149, 150, 157,

172, 175, 178 Nonrigid structure 149 Non-saturable absorber 255 Normal vibrations 18

0-ring 61 Octane 8 OH radicals 206 Operating efficiency 103 Optical excitation 161, 163, 164, 166 -gain 98 - grating 67-70, 74, 82 - inhomogeneities 147 - memory material 250 - pumping 209, 218 Organic compounds 6, 144 - single crystal 44 - solvents 159, 160 Oscillation condition 32, 35-37, 39, 57 Oscillator-amplifier systems 254 - strength 18, 28, 145 Outcoupling 70 Output power, maximum 101 Oxazine 173-17 5 Oxazine 1 173, 174 Oxazine 4 173 Oxazine 9 173, 178 Oxazine 118 173 -dyes 154,172-175 Oxygen 65, 158, 171 -content 59 - partial pressure 59 - recombination 240

Paramagnetic gas 59 Parametric oscillators 235, 236 Passive mode-locking 130, 137 Pauli principle 11, 25 Pellin-Broca prism 71 Pentacarbocyanine 12 Pentamethine dye 12 Perchlorate 157 Perturbation treatment 13 Perylene 1, 8 pH of solution 9, 50, 51 Phase grating 48 - matching 229, 233, 235 - modulation 124, 137 Phenolphthalein 147 Phosphrescence 30, 31, 33 - lifetime 30, 31 Photobleaching 252 Photochemical catalysis 238 - decomposition 66 - reactions 31, 237, 240 - stability 44, 147 Photochemistry 236, 237 Photocoagulation 242 Photodegradation 60 Photodetachment 215 - apparatus 215 - cross section 216 Photodimer 250 Photodissociation 212 Photoionization 211, 213, 214 Photoisomer 140 Photolysis 240 Photomagnetism 211 Photon energy 6 Photopredissociation 239 Photoresist 251 Phthalocyanine 3, 16, 43, 144, 154 Picosecond pulse 121 - pulse formation 141 - pumping 130 n bond 6 n electron 6, 175 n-electron cloud 10 - density 149, 171 - distribution 50, 152-154, 161, 163,

167 n orbitals 25 n-paraffins 21 Pinacyanol 13 Planarity 149 Plastics 9, 43, 44

282 Subject Index

PMMA 250, 252 Polar solvent 8, 9, 24, 49 - substituent 49 Polariton 224 Polarity of the solvent 162 Polarization 43, 68, 74 Pollutants 228 Pollution detection 204 Polyene 13, 14 Polymerization 22 Polymethine chain 12 -dye 54, 129 Polymethylmethacrylate 78, 249 Polyurethane 248, 251 Polyvinylalcohol 9 POPOP 129 Population inversion 211 Potassium 221, 234 Power amplification 254 - output 119 PrBr3 212 PrCI3 212, 213 Prism 69-71, 73 i-propanol 54 Protolysis 161 Protolytic reactions 31, 51 Proton 150, 161, 164, 167 Protonation 164, 165 Pulse-width, mode-locked 119 Pump cycle of dye molecules 34 -gas 208 Pumping arrangement 60 Purification 167, 177, 178 Pyrene 8, 160 Pyridine 49 Pyrilium dyes 51, 176 Pyronin 170-173 - B 169, 175, 178 -dyes 171 Pyronin 20 169 - G 16

Quantum beats 207, 227 - -beat spectroscopy 226 - efficiency 147, 149, 175 -noise 258 - yield 148, 151, 152, 165 - yield of fluorescence 2, 30, 33, 34, 39,

55, 14~ 14~ 150, 151, 163 - yield of phosphorescence 30,31

Quartz plate 75 Quasi-line spectra 21

p-quaterphenyl 177 Quencher molecule 60 Quenching 90, 157, 158 - ability 157 - constant 58 - offluorescence 51, 150 Quinoline 12

Radiation pressure 208 Radiationless deactivation 30, 34, 60 - energy transfer 31 - processes 29 Radiative lifetime 29-31, 145, 149 Radicals 11 Raman-active resonance 224 -cell 80 - emission 84 -line 80 - scattering 201, 207 - spectrum 202 Rapid tuning 236 Rate equation 46, 47, 58, 64, 91, 92, 254 - equation model 255 - of the relaxation 147 Rb 212 Reabsorption 61 -losses 48 Reaction constant k 1 7 - kinetics 240 Relaxation process 149 -rates 207 Resazurin 137 Resonance fluorescence 203, 205 -hybrid 11 - Raman effect 2, 202, 205 - structures 152 Resonant absorber 202 - backscattering 206 - excitation 238 - reflector 69

Resonator configuration 38 - Q 48,66 -,spherical 110 -,three-element 104, 105, 107, 108, 110 -,two-element 104, 105, 108

Resorufin 173, 175 Rhodamine 52, 152, 153, 155, 169-171,

173, 179 - B 23, 56, 57, 64, 81, 148, 149, 156,

159, 167, 169, 171, 178,231,233 - 3B 169, 172 -dyes 148, 151, 159, 169-171

Subject Index 283

Rhodamine 6G 1, 3, 4, 57-59, 64---68, 74---79, 81, 82, 88, 90, 93-95, 97, 115, 129, 130, 137, 140, 144, 149-151, 153, 155---157, 159, 160, 167, 168, 170, 174, 176---178,231, 233, 236,248-252,254, 255, 257, 258

Rhodamine 19 169, 171 Rhodamine 101 148, 151, 168, 169, 171 Rhodamine 110 148-150, 169-171 Rhodanile blue 52, 53 Rigid structure 149 Rigidity 177 Ring laser 71, 72 - -opening reactions 31 - resonator 248

Risetime 3, 34, 54, 62-64, 82 Rosamine 4 148 Rotational diffusion 19, 48 - dispersion 67, 75 - relaxation 43, 208 - relaxation time 160 Rotationally excited sublevels 19 Rubidium 211,214,221, 235 Ruby laser 44, 45, 54, 77, 80, 82 Rydberg constant 219 - states 214

s- ions 216 Safranin 153 Satellite lines 71 Saturable absorber 125, 130, 138, 141,

142 -gain 142

Saturated amplification 255 Saturation 81, 201, 254, 259 - spectrometer 218 - spectroscopy 217

Schlieren 44, 60 -optics 259 Scintillator 177 se- 216 -ions 216 Second harmonic 229 - - generation 126

Selective excitation 207, 209 Self-defocusing 221 Self-induced transparency 221 Self-mode-locking 123 Self-phase modulation 134 Self-steepening 222 Sensitivity 201

Sensitizer molecule 31 SHG 126, 135, 136, 138 Short-time photography 259 Shpolski effect 21 Sideband coupling 124 a bond 6, 10 a electrons 6 a orbitals 24 Silicone rubber 61 Single bonds 14 Single-mode operation 204 - waveguides 250 Single-pass gain 253, 258 Singlet levels 25 - manifold 145, 152 - state 7, 25, 27 - state absorption 102 - -singlet energy transfer 31

·Skin pigmentations 242 Slope efficiency 102, 103 Smoke stacks 207 Sodium 203, 207, 226 - vapor pressure 76 Solid matrix 147, 156 - solutions 9 - thin-film dye laser 248 - -state spectroscopy 211

Solubility 8 Solvatochromic effect 2 Solvent 49, 51, 52, 54, 61, 66 - molecules 19 - shift 49 - viscosity 149 Spark gap 3, 61, 63 Spatial hole burning 124 - resolution 259 - wavelength separation 67 Spatially modulated 249, 250 Spectral bandwidth 69, 72, 73, 75, 78 - filter 228 - narrowing 3, 74 -width 48 - width, passive 68, 70 Spectroscopic properties 6 Spectroscopy 259 -, high resolution 204

Spectrum of fluorescence 163, 165, 168, 173,174

Spherical cavity 97 Spin 25, 60, 152 - -orbit coupling 29, 30, 152, 154 Spontaneous emission 113, 145

284 Subject Index

Spontaneous fluorescence 55 Spots~e 103,104,106--109 Sr 199 Stability 54, 117, 163, 179 -range 108 -, thermal photochemical 7 Stabil~ation factor 255 Stabil~ing 255 Standard solution 151 Statistical effects on linewidth 113 - fluctuation density 113 Steady state 58, 59, 66 Stellar spectroscopy 228 Steric interference 175 Stimulated electronic Raman emission

235 - fluorescence cross-section 35 - four-photon scattering 221 - light scattering 224 - Raman emission 225 - Raman gain 225 Stokes shuts 146,163,173 Streak camera 131 Strickler-Berg formula 29 Structural mobility 148 Sum frequency 232 - frequency generation 229, 231 Superradiant 199, 213, 247, 249, 253 - dye laser 41,42 - emission 4, 44 -power 42 Surgery 242 Symmetrical cyanine 15, 16

Tautomer 167 Teflon coatings 61 Temperature dependence of the dye-laser

wavelength 48 - of a dye solution 20 - fluctuation 119 - gradients 4, 147 - tunung 235, 236 Terminal group 12 p-terphenyl 54, 64, 177 Tetracarbocyanine 12 Tetrahedral carbon atom 175 Thermal effect 66 - equilibrium 19 - gradients 61 Thiacyanines 12 -,.homologous series 11 Thiazine dye 153

Thin-film dye laser 247 - ring laser 248 - technology 247 Thiocyanate 157 Thiopyronin 153 Third harmonic generation 233 Threefold sum frequency generation 232,

233 Three-wave mixing 222, 224 Threshold 69, 78, 86, 91, 92, 95, 96, 102,

103,117, 174,176, 177 - condition 93 - excitation 97 -power 37 - pump power 34, 39, 102

Time dependence 54 - development of a mode-locked pulse

132 Toothed wheel pump 61 TPF 126, 127, 133 Trace analysis 204 Transition moment 17, 19,22,28,43, 145,

167 -, n->n* 25, 151 -, non-radiative 28 -, n*+-n 30 -,1t->1t* 25,151 -, radiationless 44 -, radiative 28 -, spin-forbidden 28, 30

Transmission line, lumped-parameter 3, 64,65

Transverse arrangement 43 -mode 48 -pumping 38

Traveling-wave light amplifier 252 Tricarbocyanine 12 Trifluoroethanol 162, 169, 171, 172, 175 IX,IX,IX-trifluorotoluene 174 Trimethine dye 12 Triplet 158, 160, 174 -effect 54 - formation efficiency 30 - influence 54 - levels 25, 156, 158 - lifetime 31, 33, 59, 156 - losses 39, 41, 63, 81 - manifold 146, 152 - molecules 146, 156 - production rate 58 - quantum yield 31

Subject Index 285

Triplet quenching 3, 4, 58-60, 64, 65, 87 - state 3, 7, 25-27, 29, 33, 34, 39, 55,

58, 60, 62, 86, 90, 91, 151, 152, 156, 158 - -triplet absorption 31-33, 48, 55-57,

65, 66, 88, 90, 95, 102, 146, 156 - -triplet annihilation 60 - -triplet energy transfer 59 -yield 152-155, 158, 172 Tritium 219 Tunable UV 228 - -laser radar 206 Tuning 103 - curves 115 - range 3, 73, 74, 119, 146, 162 - range, electrical 75 Turbulent flow 61· TV projection 259 Two-photon excitation 212 - ionization 213 - photodetachment 216 Two-source method 243 Two-stage dye laser amplifier 256 Two-step photodissociation 238 - photoionization 238 Two-wavelength method 243

Ultrashort pulses 4, 41 Ultraviolet 64 - pump light 60 Umbelliferone 157 Undecamethine dye 12 Unsaturated compounds 6 Uranium 238 UV linewidth 231

Vapor 212 - pressures 8 Variable phase grating 250 Velocity analyzer 208 Vibrational fine structure 20 - ground state 19, 20 - relaxation time 42 - structure 21 - sublevels 19, 20, 35, 149 Vibrationally excited state 19 Vibronic level 19, 20, 35, 149 - quantum number 149 Viscosity 149, 171

Walk-off losses 74 Water 147, 158-160, 167, 170 Wave mixing 234 Wave guide 79 Wavelength-selective reflector 37 - -selective resonator 66, 67 - shift with concentration 47 -,tuned 229

Xanthene 168, 172, 174--176 - dye 150, 151, 159, 162, 163, 167, 168,

171-176

Xanthone 171 Xanthylium dye 16 Xe 233 Xenon flashlamp 61, 64

Ytterbium 227

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Volumes on Subjects Relating to Lasers

Volume 66 30 figures. IV, 173 pages. 1973 Cloth DM 78,-: US $ 32.00 ISBN 3-540-06189-4

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