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Index

acetic acid, 116 acid dissociation constants, 89-91 adipic acid, 139 adsorption

chromatography of humic substances, 334-338

general considerations, 367-369 hydrogen bonding/weak ion-exchange,

381-389 hydrophobic, 369-381 modeling of, 378-380

alcohols occurrence, 262-265

aldehydes in natural waters, 243-246

alkaline hydrolysis of humic substances, 350-351

alkyl phenols, 146 allochthonous

defini tion, 71 see organic carbon diagram, 72

alumina surfaces for sorption, 384-386 precipitation, 388-389 flocculation, 420-423

Amazon River DOC and POC in, 32-34

amino acids amount in humic substances,

327-332 amount in interstitial water,

155-157 amount in lake water, 175-

178 amount in natural waters,

151-155 amount in river water, 165-

175 amount in seawater, 158-165 melanoidins, 179-180 racemization, 178-179 sorption of, 391 structures, 154

anaerobic decomposition in interstitial waters, 18-20 diagram of, 19

aromatic acids, 140-143 ATP, adenosine triphosphate

occurrence, 252-254 autochthonous

definition, 77 diagram, 72

489

490 Index

Bald Cypress Swamp DOC in, 59

basic functional groups amines, 99-100 amides, 99-100

Beaulieu Estuary DOC, 26-27

benzoic acid, 141 biochemical oxygen demand

defini tion of, 13 biochemical processes

general decomposition, 426-437 microbial processes, 437-440 overview, 425-426

bioconcentration of organic compounds, 380-381

Black Lake DOC in, 64

bogs chemistry of, 61-64 DOC in, 60-61

Brahmaputra River am ino acids in, 173 DOC in, 40

Brazos River sediment in, 30

butyric acid, 116

13C/12C ratios in humic substances, 332-333

Canadian rivers DOC in, 41

canopy drip DOC, 21-24

carbohydrates amount in natural waters, 181-186

interstitial waters, 188-189 lakes, 207-211 rivers, 198-207 seawater, 189-198

in humic substances, 325-327 sugar acids, 211-212 sugar alcohols, 211-212 sugar phosphates, 258

carbon-14 age of humic substances, 333-334, 79 in plant matter, 74-75 in soils, 74-75

carboxylic acids, 113 functional groups, 88-92 pKa, 89-91 table of, 114

carboxyl groups in humic substances, 295-299

Caroni River carbohydrates in, 202

carotene, 265 chemical oxygen demand

defini tion of, 13 Chinese rivers

DOC in, 39-40 chlorinated hydrocarbons

distribution, 229-231 chlorination

of humic substances, 348-350 chlorophenols, 146 chlorophyll

occurrence, 265-267 chromatography

adsorption, 334-338 cation exchange, 341 gel, 341 metal-binding constants, 413 of humic substances, 334-338 weak-base ion exchange, 338-

340 colligative properties

of humic substances, 311 colloidal carbon

DOC, 64 definition, 64

Columbia River DOC in, 46

complexation general considerations, 406-

408 methods of determination,

412-414 modeling, 414-415 with humic substances, 410-

418 with organic compounds, 408-

410 contaminants

in water, 267-271 continuum

DOC, 3 river, 430-431

copper oxide/copper sulfate oxidation

of humic substances, 347-348 p-coumaric acid, 141 Creeping swamp

DOC and POC in, 59-60 cresol, [46 Crystal Lake

DOC and POC in, 54

decomposi tion general reactions, lj.26-lj.28 DOC, lj.32-lj.3lj. POC, lj.26-lj.3l rates of, lj.28

detritus pathway of decomposition, lj.27

dicarboxylic acids, l38-1lj.0 discharge

versus DOC, lj.7 versus POC, lj.7-50

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) classification of, 103-10lj. concentration, 8 decomposition of, lj.32-lj.3lj. definition of, 9-10 discharge versus, lj.7 functional groups of, 87-88 ground water, 1lj.-15 histogram of, 10lj. in estuaries, 26-29 interstitial water of sediment, 18-20 interstitial water of soil, 15-17 lakes, 51-58 rain and precipitation, 21-2lj. rivers and streams, 29-57 (see river water) seawater, 25-26 snow and ice, 20-21 wetlands, 58-65

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid occurrence, 252-25lj.

Duich River study, 26

Elj./E6 ratio of humic substances, 31lj.-316

elemental analysis of humic substances, 287-295

ash,29lj. carbon, 287-289 halogens, 29lj.-295 hydrogen, 289-291 nitrogen, 291-293 oxygen, 291, 302-30lj. phosphorus, 293-29lj. sulfur, 293

Ems River studies of, 26

Ems-Dollart Estuary amino acids in, 167-169

enols functional group, 92-93

entropy model of sorption, 370

Index 491

equilibrium dialysis for metal binding, lj.13

estuarine water definition of, 26 diagram, 27 DOC in, 26-29 POC in, 26-29 studies of, 29

ethers occurrence, 262-265

European rivers DOC in, lj.O-lj.l

evaporation field study, lj.Ol-lj.03 models of, 399-lj.Ol processes, 397-399

excretion of DOC, by algae, 83

fatty acids volatile, 116-123 nonvolatile, 12lj.-126

fens definition of, 60 DOC in, 60-61

ferulic acid, Ilj.l fjord

DOC in, 18 flocculation

humic substances, lj.20-lj.23 fluorescence spectroscopy

of humic substances, 322-323 to determine binding of metals, lj.llj.

formic acid, 116 fulvic acid

structure of, 356-357 (see humic substances)

fumaric acid, 139 functional group analysis

of humic substances carbonyl, 302 carboxyl, 295-299 hydroxyl, 300-302 phenols, 299-300

gallic acid, Jlj.l Ganges River

DOC in, lj.0 Ganges River

amino acids in, 173 carbohydrates in, 20lj.-205

gel chromatography of humic substances, 306-

308, 3lj.l

492 Index

geochemical processes complexation of metal ions, 406-418 evaporation, 397-403 ion exchange, 381-394 overview, 365-366 oxidation-reduction, 403-406 precipitation, 394-397 reactions of humic substances, 418-423 role of sediment, 366-367 sorption, 369-381

glycolic acid, 133-134 grazers

pathways of decomposition, 427 ground water

amino acids in, 155 carbohydrates, 187-188 concentration of organic carbon, 14-15

in humic substances, 279-280 methane, 221 non vola tile fa tty acids, 126 semi-volatile hydrocarbons, 236

Guatemalan rivers DOC in, 36-39

Gull Lake DOC and POC in, 56

Huanghe River DOC in, 39-40

humic acid structure of, 355-356 (see humic substances)

humic substances amount in natural water, 279-287 chromatography of, 334-343

adsorption, 334-338 cation exchange, 341 gel, 341 paper, 342-343 weak-base ion exchange, 338-340

degradation of, 343-355 alkaline hydrolysis, 350-351 chlorination, 348-350 conclusions, 354-355 CuO, CuS04, 347-348 hydrogenation, 352-353 Mn04, 343-347 periodic acid oxidation, 351 sodium-amalgam reduction, 351-352

definition, 104-105 early studies, 275-276 elemental analysis, 287-295 functional group analysis, 295-304 isolation procedures, 276-279 molecular weight, 304-312

colligative properties, 311

humic substances gel chromatography, 306-

308 table of, 309-310 ultrafiltration, 308-311 x-ray scattering, 305-306

overview, 273-275 reactions of humic substances, 418-423

flocculation, 420-423 pesticide binding, 419-420 surfactants, 418-419 THMs, 420

resin isolation, 109 spectroscopy of, 312-325

fluorescence, 322-323 infrared, 312-313 mass spectrometry, 323-

325 NMR,316-322 visible and UV, 313-316

structure of, 355-357 theories of formation, 357-

361 trace components of, 325-334

amino acids, 327-332 carbohydrates, 325-327 13C/12C ratios, 332-333 14C age, 333-334

trace metal binding constants, 415-416

trace-metal complexation, 410-418

hydrocarbons chlorinated, 229-231 man-made, 218 natural,217 overview of, 215 PNAs, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 240-241 semi-volatile, 231-241 volatile, 220-231

hydrogenation of humic substances, 352-353

hydrogen bonding examples in nature, 388-389 mechanism of sorption, 381-

389 on alumina, 384-386 on silica, 382-383

hydrophilic acids definition, 104-108

hydrophobic bioconcentration, 380-381

hydrophobic effect of ionic strength, 376-377 effect of pH, 373-375 sorption, 369-381

hydroxy and keto acids, 133-134 hydroxyl groups

in humic substances, 300-302

Indian rivers DOC in, 40

infrared spectroscopy of humic substances, 312-313

Indus River amino acids in, 173 carbohydrates in, 204

interstitial waters amino acids, 155-157 carbohydrates, 188-189 geochemistry of, 18-20 hydroxy and keto acids, 134-135 methane, 221-222 nonvolatile fatty acids, 127 of sediment, 18-20 of soil, 15

DOC in, 15-17 volatile fatty acids, 118-120

ion-exchange anion exchange, 393-394 cation exchange, 341, 390-393 weak-base, 338-340, 381-389

ion-hydroxide surfaces for sorption, 386-387

isotherms adsorption, 367-369

Kalamazoo River DOC in, 44

ketones occurrence, 262-265

Klamath Marsh DOC in, 60

lactic acid, 133-134 Lake Aoki

carbohydrates in, 208 DOC and POC, 56

Lake Biwa DOC and POC, 57

Lake Kinneret DOC and POC, 57

Lake Kizaki carbohydrates in, 208 DOC and POC, 56

Lake Mendota methane in, 225

Index 493

Lake Moss DOC and POC, 56

Lake Nakanuma carbohydrates in, 208-210 DOC and POC in, 56

Lake Superior DOC and POC in, 55

Lake Suwa carbohydrates in, 208 DOC and POC, 56

Lake Tahoe DOC and POC in, 55

lake water amino acids in, 175-178 carbohydrates in, 207-211 decomposition, 439 diagram, 53 DOC in, 51 humic substances in, 284-285 hydroxy and keto acids, 137 methane in, 222-226 nonvolatile fatty acids, 132 semi-vola tile hydrocarbons,

241 sterols in, 249 stratification, 52 studies, 53-58 trophic state, 51 vola tile fa tty acids, 122-124

Lawrence Lake DOC and POC in, 55

Lineweave-Burke plot, 433

lipids phospholipids, 259

Little Miami River DOC in, 45

MacKenzie River amino acids in, 167, 172 carbohydrates, 203-204 DOC study, 41 pigments in, 267

maleic acid, 139 malonic acid, 139 Marmot Creek

amino acids in, 169-170 carbohydrates in, 205

mass spectrometry of humic substances, 323-325

McKenzie River DOC in, 44

methane ground water, 221

494 Index

methane halogenated, 226-228 interstitial waters, 18-20, 221-222 lakes, 222-226

Methane Lake methane in, 225

methyl toluate, lit! microbial transformations

reactions, lf37-lflfO Mirror Lake

DOC and POC, 57 Mississippi River

carbohydrates in, 205 DOC in, lf2-lf3

Missouri River DOC in, 42-lf3

Myall Lakes (Australia) DOC and POC in, 60

Nanaimo River study of, lfl

Niger River carbohydrates in, 202

NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Carbon-13 NMR

aromatic content, 320 humic substances, 301-302, 303-30lf,

316-321 liquid state, 319-320 solid state, 317-319

proton NMR, 321-322 nonvolatile fatty acids, 124-126 North Dawes

DOC, 20 studies of, 20, 26

North Gate Lake DOC and POC in, 55

octanol/water bioconcentration, 380-381 sorption, 371-375

Ohio River DOC in, 42-43

oil-field brines DOC in, 14

Orange River carbohydrates in, 204

organic bases occurrence, 250-252, 254-257

organic carbon allochthonous, 71-76 concentration of, 8 (see DOC and POC) continuum of, 3 dissolved, 9-10

organic carbon export of and pri!TIary productivity, 39 functional groups of, 87-94 histogram of, 104 origin and source, 70-85 particulate, 11 soil, 71-76 suspended, 10-11 terms for, 9-13 total,11-12 transport of, 67-70 volatile, 12

organic matter colloidal, 12 dissolved, 12 particulate, 12 total, 12

organic phosphorus occurrence, 250-252,

257-260 Orinoco River

amino acids in, 172 carbohydrates in, 202 DOC in, 36

oxalic acid, 139 oxidation-reduction

reactions, 403-406 oxygen

accounting in humic substances,

302-304

palmitic acid, 124-126 Pamlico Estuary

amino acids in, 170 paper chromatography

of humic substances, 342-343 Parana River

amino acids in, 171 carbohydrates in, 202 DOC in, 36

Particulate Organic Carbon (POC)

concentration in estuaries, 26-29 ground water, 14-15 interstitial waters, 15-20 lakes, 51-58 rain and precipitation, 21-

24 rivers and streams, 29-(see river water) seawater, 25-26

POC concentration in,

snow and ice, 20-21 wetlands, 58-65

decomposition of, ~26-~31 definition of, 11 discharge versus, ~7

partition model of sorption, 370-372 octanol/water, 371-375 see adsorption

Patuxent River amino acids in, 171

per iodic acid oxidation of humic substances, 351

permanganate oxidation, MnO~ of humic substances, 3~3-3~7

pesticides humic binding, ~ 19-~20 in water, 268-271

phenols, I ~~, I ~6 functional groups, 93-9~ in humic substances, 299-300

phenylacetic acid, 1~1 pheophytin, 266 phospholipids

occurrence, 259 phthalic acid, 139, 1~1 pigments

occurrence, 265-267 Pine Barrens

DOC in, 61 PNAs, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

in water, 2~0-2~1 podzolization

definition of, 15-17 diagram of, 17, 388

precipitation processes of organic compounds, 39~-397 see rainfall

primary productivity definition, 70 gross, 70 net, 70 relationship to carbon export, 39

propionic acid, 116 pyruvic acid, 133-13~

rainfall canopy drip, 21-2~ diagram of, 23 DOC in, 21-2~ hydroxy and keto acids, 135 nonvolatile fatty acids, 127-128

rainfall phenols, 1 ~5 POC in, 21-24

Index 495

semi-vola tile hydrocarbons, 236-238

resorcinol, 1 ~ 1 Redstone River

sediment in, 30 reduction/ ox ida tion

reactions, ~03-~06 Rhine River

DOC in, ~0-41 studies of, 26

Rio Negro DOC in, 34-35

river-continuum concept overview, 430-431

river water aldehydes, 2~5-2~6 amino acids in, 165-175 Asian Rivers, 39-~0 Canadian rivers, ~1-~2 carbohydrates, 198-207 climate effects, 29-30 decomposition, ~OO, ~3~-~36, DOC in, 29-50 European rivers, ~0-~1 humic substances in, 282-28~ hydroxy and keto acids, 136-

137 nonvolatile fatty acids, 130-

132 North American rivers, 41-~7 phenols, 1~6-1~7 PNAs, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 239-2~0 POC in, 29-50 rivers of world, DOC, 33-3~ rivers of world, map, 35 semi-vola tile hydrocarbons,

238-239 South American rivers

DOC and POC in, 32-39 sterols, 2~6-2~9 transport of organic carbon,

69-70 U.S. rivers, ~2-47 volatile fatty acids, 122

salicylic acid, 1 ~ I Salmon River

DOC in, ~4 seawater

aldehydes, 2~lJ.-245

496 Index

seawater amino acids, 158-165 ATP in, 253-254 carbohydrates, 189-198 diagram of, 25 DOC in, 25-26 humic substances in, 280-282 hydroxy and keto acids, 135-136 nonvolatile fatty acids, 128-130 phenols, llj.5 POC in, 25-26 semi-volatile hydrocarbons, 231-236 volatile fatty acids, 121-122

sediment role in geochemical processes, 366-367

Severn DOC in, 27 studies of, 26

silica surface for sorption, 382-383

snow and glacial water diagram of DOC, 21 DOC in, 20-21 POC in, 20-21

sodium-amalgam reduction of humic substances, 351-352

Sopchoppy River DOC in, 43-44

sorption (see adsorption) specific export

of organic carbon, diagram, 39 specific ion electrodes

to determine binding constants, 413-414 spiraling

organic carbon, 434-436 stearic acid, 124-126 st~rols

in lakes, 249 in rivers, 249 in seawater, 246-249

stream metabolism index definition, 435-436

succinic acid, 139 sulfate reduction

in interstitial waters, 18-20 sulfur compounds, organic

occurrence, 260-262 surfactants

humic substances, 418-419 suspended organic carbon (SOC)

definition of, 10-11 swamps

DOC in, 58-60 synapic acid, 141 syringic acid, 141

THMs, triha10methanes amount in natural waters,

226-227 humic production, 420 reactions of, 227-228

Thoreau's Bog DOC in, 61

Tjeukemeer (Holland) carbohydrates in, 209 DOC, POC, 56

Total Organic Carbon (TOC) definition of, 11-12

trace metals binding, 416-417 see complexation see geochemical processes see humic substances

trimesic acid, 141 Trout Lake

DOC, POC in, 54 Tupelo Swamp

DOC in, 59

ultrafiltration metal-binding constants, 413 of humic substances, 308-311

United States rivers DOC in, 42-47

UV absorbance E4/E6 ratio, 314-316 of humic substances, 313-316

vale ric acid, 116 visible absorbance

E4/E6 ratio, 314-316 of humic substances, 313-316

vitamins occurrence, 254-257

volatile fatty acids concentrations, 116-123 definition, 116

volatile organic carbon definition, 12

vo1tammetry differential pulse, 414

weak-base ion exchange chromatography, 338-340,

381-389 on alumina, 384-386 on silica, 382-383

wetland waters bogs, 60-61 chemistry of, 61-64 DOC and POC in, 58-65

wetland waters humic substances in, 285-287 swamps and marshes, 58-60

White Clay Creek DOC in, Iflf

Williamson River amino acids in, 165-167

Wintergreen Lake methane in, 222-221f

XAD resins color removal, 108 effect of pH, 373-375 humic substances isolation, 276-278, 336-338

xanthophyll, 265 x-ray scattering

of humic substances, 305-306

Yangtze River DOC in, 39-IfO

York River Estuary amino acids in, 170

Zaire River amino acids in, 172

zpc, zero point of charge use of, 383, 390

Index 497