• First wave of colonialism(Americas)

• Second wave (Africa, East AsiaIndia)

• Impacts of Colonialism andSlavery

COLONISATIONREFER TO HISTORY CLASSNOTES ON COLONISATION.

Colonialism Definitions• Colony: - territory tied to a sovereign state. - a country that has been taken over by an empire. - No foreign policy, military and control

of internal affairs.

• Colonialism:– A state imposes political, economic,

cultural systems on another territory– May encourage settlement , called

settler colonies.

Reasons for Colonialism

• Nationalism: expanding power.- More colonies = more powerful state.• Imperialism = Europeans are dominant

nations.• Economic: “God, gold, and glory” - Availability of natural resources• Social:

– Missionaries spreading Christianity.

• Why were Europeans the colonizersin the 1400s?

• Location: Central/ South AmericaThe Aztecs and the Inca’s

– European trading cities oriented to thesea

– West African trading cities orientedinland

– East Africa, China and India further awayfrom Americas

– Trade winds favored Europe.

The Americas: 1492to 1825

Spanish Colonialism• Different historical and political context

– Coming out of Reconquista – a long series ofwars between the Christian Kingdoms andMuslim states during the Middle Ages .

- Spanish colonialists became more interested in settlement.

• Different physical context in the Americas:– Europeans brought diseases– Settlers brought plants and animals– Slaves imported to work on plantations.

Spanish Colonialismleads to:

• Distinctive urban landscapes• More mixing of cultures• Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal (1494)

– Portugal got Africa and East Indies– Spain got the Americas (minus Brazil)

Spanish ColonialAdministration

• The conquests of the Aztec and Inca empireswas not the results of Spanish royal policy,but rather individual efforts of freelanceadventurers such as Christopher Columbusand Hernan Cortes.

• Gradually, however, the Spanish monarchyextended its control over the growingAmerican empire, and by about 1570, thesemiprivate regime of the conquistadors hadgiven way to formal rule under the Spanishcrown

Philip II, King ofSpain

Spanish ColonialAdministration

• The Spanish administrators establishedtwo centers of authority in the Americas– Mexico (New Spain) with a capital of

Mexico City, built on top of Tenochtitlan,the old Aztec empire.

– Peru (New Castile) with a capital of Limaafter rejecting the old Inca capital of Cuzcoas too inaccessible.

• Each was governed by a viceroy whowas responsible to the king of Spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494• Divided the world along an imaginary north-south line

370 leagues west of the Azores and Cape VerdeIslands.

• Spain could claim any land west of that line andPortugal anything to the east, so long as the landwasn’t already under Christian rule.

Spanish Mining and Agriculture• After quickly looting through

the Aztec and Inca treasures,the Spanish turned to mining.

• Silver mining centered aroundthe Mexican north.

• The mining industries ofMexico and Peru producedgreat wealth for Spain.

• The Spanish governmentreserved one-fifth of the silverproduction for itself (the quinto)and used it to finance apowerful army andbureaucracy.

• Silver from America quicklybecame a commodity in theglobal trade network.

Spanish Mining and Agriculture:\• The agricultural and craft products that

resourced the mining towns were producedon an estate or hacienda.

• Workers on the hacienda were mostly nativepeople and a small number of importedslaves.

The 17th CenturyHacienda de

Nogueras housed asugar mill thatproduced cane

alcohol

• The repartimiento system forced nativecommunities to supply laborers and offeredsome protections for the workers.

• Still compulsory labour drafts led to the harshtreatment by employers against theindigenous peoples and also promoted lowworker productivity.

• Gradually the economic incentive of payinghigher wages and better conditions in order toget more motivated workers caused therepartimiento to be replaced by a market laborsystem.

Activity: 1 The Spanish in the Americas:

1. Copy and complete the following table in your history book.

2. Summarise how the Spanish colonised the Americas in aparagraph. Use PEEL method.

Descriptions: The Aztec Empire The Inca Empire

Spanish Colonisation:Occurred through:

   

Events of Colonisation: 

   

Factors that led todecline of indigenousempires

   

Impact of Colonisation    

Portuguese Colonisation ofBrazil and Africa:

• The Portuguese first landed at Brazil in 1500 buttheir interest wasn’t sparked until French and Dutchmariners began visiting there. Portuguese explorersbegan showing an interest in Africa from 1480onwards – REFER TO MAP IN CLASSNOTES

• The Portuguese king decided to consolidate hisclaim and began granting large coastal territories toPortuguese nobles with the expectation they developand colonize their holding.

• The entrepreneurs established profitable sugarplantations, the king dispatched a governor tooversee affairs, and Portuguese interest in Braziland later Angola rose dramatically.

• Angola was rich in mining (Elimina) and couldprovide slave labour for Portuguese colonies.

Portuguese BrazilToday some170 million

people speakPortugueseeven thoughonly about 11million people

live in Portugal.

Portuguese Sugar and Slavery• Colonial life in Brazil revolved

around the sugar mill.

• These mills always combinedagricultural and industrialenterprises.

• This requirement for heavy laborand specialized knowledge of thesugar-making processes.

• Planters acted like landed nobility,but also had to keep track ofbusiness affairs and often operatedon very tight profit margins.

Portuguese Sugar and Slavery• The native Brazilians resisted

Portuguese efforts to force them intoslavery but small pox had killed much ofthe native population anyway.

• Instead the Portuguese turned to Africanslaves.

• Slavery on the Brazilian sugarplantations was especially hard becauseof the working conditions, climate, andmistreatment.

• Owners were particularly brutal:– it was more economical to work a

slave to death and buy a new one,rather than work him less but havehim live longer

– Slave children became the propertyof the Master

Portuguese in Africa:ONE IMPORTANT POINT: Slavery existed in Africa BEFORE Europeans arrived.

The Portuguese explorers initiated contact with theAfrican coast in the early 15 th century.They built “factories” (forts) for trade - the mostimportant was El Mina.These forts were established with the consent of localAfrican kings seeking trade alliances and militarysupportThe Portuguese and Afro-Portuguese (mulatto)traders followed traditional routes into the interior toopen markets with the savanna kingdoms. Religiousefforts soon followed, particularly in the kingdoms ofBenin and Kongo, where kings were converted. KingAffonso was leader of the Kongo and lost his powerthrough Portuguese interference.In the end, few Portuguese settled permanently andother European nations soon followed this pattern ofestablishing fortified positions on the coast andmaking contacts with regional civilizations.NO COLONIZATION (except South Africa – the Dutch)

The Dutch in South Africa:• The Dutch East India company, also known as

the VOC, under the command of Jan VanReeibeeck arrived at the Cape of Good Hopein 1652.

• The Dutch were looking for a convenient stopfrom the Netherlands on their way to theSpice islands in the East Indies.

• The VOC were instructed to establish arefreshment station by building a fort, agarden providing fruit and vegetables, aregular supply of meat and a regular supply ofwater

Van Reeibeeck and his men came into contactwith the indigenous people of the Cape, theKhoisan.

• The Dutch initially had no intention ofcolonising the Cape but when the Britishbegan to show interest, the Dutch colonisedthe Cape.

Impact of Dutch Colonisation of the Cape:The Khoisan were in the indigenouspeople of the Cape. The werepastoralists and migrated around theCape Penisula. They were sheep andcattle herders which gave them a stableand balanced diet.

• When the VOC enclosed Khoi grazingland for farms, war broke out.

• The Khoi were driven off their land andmany died from smallpox.

• The Dutch also introduced slave labour:slaves were imported from Madagascar,Mozambique and the East Indies.

Task:

• Summarise the impact that Dutchcolonisation had on the Cape from1652 onwards.

Your response should be ± 20 lines.

British Colonization in India:Why did the British colonize India and how did it

effect the people already living there?

• India was large territory with agiant and growing population.

Ruled by the Mughals.• The British became interested in

India for two (2) reasons:1. Raw materials2. Consumers (300million population)• Originally India was operated by a

corporation (The East IndiaCompany). The British defeatedthe French and colonised India.

• Later taken over by the Britishgovernment after the British EastIndia Company caused politicalchoas in India.

How did the people of India react to thecolonization?

• Indians benefited from colonial rule:◦ Modern goods◦ Modern transportation◦ Education increases◦ Health care increases◦ Protection

On the negative side:◦ The British controlled the government /

economy◦ Indians were seen as “half” citizens.

How did the Indian independencemovement begin?

The movement starts with thecreation of two (2) groups:◦ Indian NationalCongress (1885)◦ Muslim League (1905)

Both wished to see India become anindependent state.India gained their independence fromthe British after World War 2.

Did an Indians groups try to force outthe British?• The Sepoy Rebellion

(1857)◦ Sepoy = an Indian soldier in

the British army.• Offended by British military

practices. Indian soldiers revoltedcause = seals on gun

cartridges.• The rebellion was eventually

put down Divisionsbetween Hindu & Muslims

KEY QUESTIONS:• European enslavement of Africans is the first

type of slavery in history.• Europeans forced Africans into slavery.• Most slaves were sold into the British

colonies of North America.• Most slaves worked on cotton plantations.• Slavery in North America and slavery in

Central America were essentially the same.• There has never been slavery in Europe.

The Statistics of Slave Trade• Between 1450 and 1850 about 12 million

Africans were shipped across the Atlantic.

• About 10 to 11 million made it alive.

• Around 1/3 of those who died were eitherkilled in raids by African slave traders oron the trip to the coast.

• The volume of trade was greatest after1700, with over 80% of the total arriving.

• Brazil received more than 40% of theslaves shipped to the Americas.

• High volume was important because of thehigh slave mortality rate in the Americasand low fertility rate (only in the SouthernUS were slaves able to have children).

The Triangular Trade Network

Slavery and African Politics• Slavery shifted the balance

of power in Africa frompowerful central states tonewly emerging slavetrading kingdoms on thecoastlines.

• Kingdoms in the interior(Ghana, Mali, Songhai)crumbled as kingdoms fromthe coast (Asante, Benin andDahomey) raided them forriches and slaves.

African Societies, Slavery and theSlave Trade:

• Africa already had systems of slavery: tribal kings owned the land,the people on the land were tied to it and the number of slaves anoble had was tied to their wealth and status, slaves had manyoccupations but still had limited rights (no choices about lives oractions)

• It is important to remember that enslaving women was central toAfrican society and polygamy increased in African societies andIslamic religion influenced kingdoms in effect, the male slaveswere most likely to be sold where female slaves became haremmembers or domestics.

• In general, during the early periods of the slave trade, Africansdid not SELL their own people, this changed by the mid-1700s.

The Slave “Experience”• Slaves became a significant portion of the population in the Americas• The journey for slaves to America on the Middle Passage was horrific

slave ships were packed full many slaves died on the journey .• Those that survived became plantation or even mine labor replacing

natives and indentured servants in the Brazil, Caribbean andSouthern US (Demographically, Caribbean islands and Brazil becamepredominately black)

• In America, distinct slave hierarchies emerged there was a differencebetween saltwater slaves (pure African) and Creole/mulatto slaves(mixed). Creole/mulatto slaves were more likely to win freedom andtheir were free people of color (many who had been fortunate to travelto Europe and become westernized rather than sold into servitude)

• Rebellions were not uncommon, particularly where slaves withcommon ethnicity lived (Brazil, Jamaica)

• Despite the negative effects of slavery, African societies STILLbrought with them their complete cultural identity (language, practices,religions) only family traditions were hard to re-establish, as mostareas lacked female slaves

The Decline of Slave Trade• Opposition to slavery grew out of

Enlightenment ideas and religioussentiment.

• Religious humanists such as JohnWesley and William Wilberforcebegan the early abolitionmovements in Britain at the end ofthe 18 th century

• In 1807, British parliamentoutlawed the slave trade

• The full end to slavery and slavetrade from Africa did not come untilthe end of the 19 th century.