Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems of Horses F.C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MS Texas AgriLife...
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Transcript of Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems of Horses F.C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MS Texas AgriLife...
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Recognizing and Managing Common Health Problems of Horses
F.C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MSTexas AgriLife Extension Service
Texas A&M SystemCollege Station, Texas
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Cutaneous (Skin) Problems
Rain Gall Fungus (Dermatophilus)
Summer Itch Face-neck allergy
Gnats (Culicoides, Simulium) Skin Worms (Onchocerca)
Mane-tail allergy Gnats (Culicoides)
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Summer Sores Stomach worms (Habronema) Skin wounds Mucous membranes
Proud Flesh Wounds (irritation)
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Rain Gall, Dew Poisoning (Cutaneous Dermatophilosis, Streptotrichosis)
Agent – fungus (Dermatophilus) Actinomycete
Transmission – mechanical Vector – stablefly Vehicles – instruments
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Season – April – October (Summer)(rain, hot, high humidity, sweat, dew)
Effects – Serum Dermatitis Inflammation – crusts (paint brushes) Lower legs, thighs, croup, poll
(areas sweat, areas wet + fly bite)
Recovery – suppression November – March (Winter)
(activates annually)
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Diagnosis – paint brush lesions Culture
Management Dry conditions Bathe (remove lesions) Drying solution
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Summer Itch (Gnat Allergy)
Agent – gnats (Culicoides, Simulium) (Eggs, larvae, pupae – water, mud, decayed vegetation)
Season – April – October (Summer)
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Effects – allergic dermatitis
Hair loss Inflammation – papules, vesicles, pustules,
scabs Pruritus – self trauma Face, neck, chest, armpits, ventral midline,
flanks
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Ears Mane, tail Reaction to saliva (Hypersensitive Horses)
Recovery – November – March (Winter)(recurs annually)
Diagnosis Skin biopsy
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Management Reduce gnat exposure
Stall – Daylight to 10am
– 4pm to dark Fans, smoke, screens Skin oil – prevents biting, promotes healing
(petroleum jelly, glycerin) Insecticides, repellents
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Summer Itch (Cutaneous Onchocercosis) Agent – Onchocerca microfilariae
(Adults – ligamentous tissues – withers, legs, spleens – nonpathogenic)
Vector – common gnat (Culicoides) Season – April – October (Summer)
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Effects – allergic dermatitis Hair loss Inflammation – papules, vesicles, pustules,
scabs Pruritus – self trauma Bilateral symmetrical – face, neck, chest,
armpits, ventral midline, flanks Reaction to dead microfilariae in only
hypersensitive horses (universal infections)
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Recovery – November – March (Winter) (Recurs annually)
Diagnosis Skin biopsy
Management Reduce gnat exposure
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Summer Sores (Cutaneous Habronemiasis)
Agent – stomach worm larvae (Draschia, Habronema) Adults – stomach
Vector – common housefly, stablefly (Eggs, larvae, pupae manure, stall bedding, hay
waste, decayed vegetation) Season – April – October (Summer)
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Effects – granulomatous lesions Skin wounds Wet tender irritated skin Conjunctiva, prepuce, penis, vagina Proud flesh – hypergranulation of tissue Aberrant larvae – irritates tissue Worsens
rubbing (pruritus) irritation (flies, gnats, grass, tail)
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Recovery – noncomplete healing in winter, reinfection in summer
Diagnosis Biopsy
Management Control flies
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Digestive Problems
Foot founder (Bahia grass) Colic (cold front) Tying-up (oats feed) Chronic diarrhea (low roughage) Foal diarrhea (Strongyloides)
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Stumpsucker (boredom) (low roughage) Cribber (boredom) (low roughage) Bark chewing (hypervitaminosis) Ankle swelling (sodium imbalance)
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Infectious Disease Problems
Sleeping sickness – Encephalomyelitis EIA – Equine Infectious Anemia Rhinopneumonitis Influenza Lockjaw – Tetanus
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Strangles (Streptococcus) Salmonellosis (Salmonella) PHF – Potomac Horse Fever (Ehrlichia) EPM – Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
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West Nile Encephalitis
In U. S. A reportable disease
Viral Bird Disease – >100 Species Blue jays, crows, hawks Encephalitis death
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Transmissions Virus in bird blood Mosquito (>75 species) bite bird Virus in 1% mosquito salivary glands – 10 to 14 days
later Mosquito bite bird - virus in blood (carrier) Mosquito bite mammal – virus not in blood (dead end) 1% horses and people – encephalitis (death or recovery) 30% encephalitis horses – death (2 wks to 6 mos) 6% encephalitis people – death
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Incubation Period 3 to15 Days
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Horse WNE – Rabies Symptoms
Virus in brain Stumbling, staggering wobbling Leg weakness – falling Difficult rising – dog sitting Muscle twitching
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Horse WNE Diagnosis Blood, postmortem brain
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Horse WNE Vaccination Innovator® WNE killed vaccine (Ft Dodge) Recombitex® WNE recombinant vaccine
(Merial)
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Attack Mosquito Breeding Sites – Standing, Stagnant Water
Attack mosquito breeding sites Standing, stagnant water Eliminate junk (cans, jars, buckets, tubs, pots,
tires) Treat troughs, bird baths, low areas (Bt
Mosquito Dunks®)
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Swamp Fever (Equine Infectious Anemia) (EIA)
Agent – virus (Lentivirus) Transmission – mechanical
Vector – horsefly, deerfly Vehicles – needles, instruments
Season Peracute, acute – summer Chronic – year around Inapparent – year around
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Effects – anemia Peracute, acute – death Chronic – emaciation Inapparent – possible fever attacks
Recovery Lifetime infections (chronic, inapparent)
Diagnosis AGID (Coggins), CELISA serology
Management Reportable to TAHC Disposal or quarantine
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Hereditary Problems
HYPP Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
(Gene Defect)
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Horse Health Management Practices
Shelter Management Adequate housing
Open sheds Stalls (12’ x 12’)
Proper ventilation Protect against heat and cold Adequate exercise
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Environmental Management Prevent overcrowdedness Maintain cleanliness Maintain dryness Utilize composts
Stall bedding disposal Manure disposal Hay waste disposal
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Reduce dust Proper ventilation Protect against heat and cold
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Nutritional Management Adequate forages
Grass and/or hay Required supplements
Concentrates (grains) Protein supplements
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Free choice salt Clean water Proper hay/grain storage
Dry and rodent free
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Insect Management (horseflies, deerflies, stableflies, houseflies, mosquitos, gnats) Utilize composts
Stall bedding disposal Manure disposal Hay waste disposal
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Proper drainage Maintain dryness Routine insecticide applications
Premise chemicals (sprays, baits) Animal chemicals (sprays, dusts, repellents)
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Worm Management (strongyles, roundworms, pinworms) Prevent overcrowdedness Maintain cleanliness Utilize composts
Stall bedding disposal Manure disposal
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Maintain dryness Proper drainage Separate age groups Routine deworming (1 to 12 times per year or
continuous)
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Infectious Disease Management Avoid exposures
Isolate sick Diagnose and treat Diagnose and dispose
Quarantine exposed (2 to 8 wks.) Adjacent premise buffer zone Separate needles for injections Disinfect instruments (tattoo, bits, floats, twitch) Insect management Rodent management Separate feed-water utensils in travel
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Separate age groups Provide immunizations
WNV (1 to 2 times per yr.) VEWT (1 time per yr.) Flu (1 to 6 times per yr.) Rhino – respiratory/live (1 to 6 times per yr.) Rhino – abortion/killed (5, 7, 9 mo. pregnancy) Strangles – high risk (1 time per yr.)
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Care for new entry Prior to entry (3 to 6 wks.)
Pre-purchase exam Tests (EIA) Immunizations Deworm
After entry (immediately) Post-purchase exam Tests (EIA) Isolate (2 wk. minimum)
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Annual physical examinations Tests (EIA) (1 to 4 times per yr.) Dental care (1 to 2 times per yr.) Foot care (1 to 6 times per yr.)
Integrated management practices Shelter Environmental Nutritional Insect Worm Infectious disease
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Identify sources Horses Other animals Environment Vehicles Vectors
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Normal Vital Signs
Respiratory Rate 8 – 24 Heart Rate 36 – 48 RR:HR Ratio 1:4 – 1:2 Hydration 1 Capillary Refill 1 Mucous Membrane Color Pink Sweating None –
Slight Strength Strong Temperature 99 – 100
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Stress Vital Signs
Respiratory Rate >40 Heart Rate >72 RR:HR Ratio 1:1 – 2:1 Hydration >3 Capillary Refill >3 Mucous Membrane Color Pale-Blue Sweating Excess Strength Weak Temperature >105