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Realization of Energy HarvestingRealization of Energy HarvestingRealization of Energy Harvesting Realization of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EHWireless Sensor Network (EH--WSN) WSN) -- with special focus on the energy with special focus on the energy
harvesting systemsharvesting systems
Presented by
Yen Kheng Tan and A/Professor S.K. PandaDepartment of Electrical & Computer Engineering
National University of Singapore (NUS)[email protected]
Research MotivationsUbiquitous/Pervasive computing (Invisible/Disappearing)– As people find more ways to incorporate these inexpensive, p p y p p ,
flexible and infinitely customizable devices into their lives, the computers themselves will gradually "disappear" into the fabric of our lives (http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/ofnote/11-02worldin2003.mspx)
– “Will we be surrounded by computers by 2010? Yes, but we won’t know it.” Bill Gates in ‘The Economist’, 2002
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
HealthcareBio-medicalEnvironmentMilitary
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Research Motivations (cont’d)Energy Harvesting/Scavenging Technology– “The pervasiveness and near-invisibility of computing will be p y p g
helped along by new technologies such as … inductively powered computers that rely on heat and motion from their environment to run without batteries.”
Bill Gates in ‘The Economist’, 2002– “The importance of energy harvesting has motivated the
German federal government to include the topic in its €500 million (about S$1 billion) research support program.”
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
EE Times article, 2007
Goal: To investigate energy harvesting technologies that can power tiny pervasive computing devices indefinitely in a smart environment
Architecture of Smart Environment
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Reference: D.J. Cook and S.K. Das, ”Wireless Sensor Networks, Smart Environments: Technologies, Protocols and Applications”, John Wiley, New York, 2004.
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Sensor node has limited energy supplyHard to replace/recharge nodes’ batteries once deployed, due toQ
Design Challenges in Conventional WSN
- Number of nodes in network is high- Deployed in large area and difficult locations like hostile
environments, forests, inside walls, etc- Nodes are ad hoc deployed and distributed- No human intervention to interrupt nodes’ operations
=> Restricted resources available for collecting and relaying dataConfigure and/or reconfigure sensor nodes into network
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Network and communication topology of WSN changes frequently- Addition of more nodes, failure of nodes, etc
Tradeoff between Energy and Quality of ServiceLimited finite energy and demand for QoS
=> Prolong network lifetime by sacrificing application requirements such as delay, throughput, reliability, etc
Q
Q
Energy related matter in WSN- Power management for sensor node
Research Issues in WSN
g- Energy efficient protocols in medium access control (MAC) and
routing layersNetwork performance- Quality of Service (QoS) e.g. data throughput, reliability,
propagation delay, etc- Network security
Sensor network deployment
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
- Sensor network deployment- Real-time location estimation
WSN performances highly dependent on energy supply=> Higher performances demand more energy supply
=> Bottleneck of Conventional WSN is ENERGY
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Compare battery estimated life of a Crossbow sensor node operating at 1 % and 4 % duty cycles
Typical Power Consumption of a Wireless Sensor Node
Duty cycle = 1 %
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Duty cycle = 4 %
Longer operational lifetime => Require more energy supply => Higher energy storage capacity => Larger battery size
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) onlyEnergy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN)Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network
Finite energy source such as batteries
Energy manage-
ment circuit
Sensor nodes in WSN
Energy Harvest
-ing
Batteries => finite energy supply => limited WSN lifetime– Network failure occurs after some nodes go into idle state– Nodes go into idle state after energy supply exhausted
??? + Batteries => sustainable WSN lifetime$Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
EH + Batteries => prolong energy supply => sustainable WSN lifetime– Recharge batteries in sensor nodes using EH– Prolong WSN operational lifetime or even infinite life span$
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Power Aware EH-WSN Considerations
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Adapted from MIT, Chandrakasan et al.
Research Issues in EH-WSN1. Quality of service (QoS) under constrained energy supply
– Trade-off between energy consumption in sensor node & gy pQoS in WSN
– Determine optimal operating point e.g. optimal sleep and wakeup strategy => achieve highest system utility
2. Optimization of energy usage based on EH device behaviour– Harvested energy largely depend on ambient conditions– Optimize energy usage to satisfy QoS constraints under
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
p gy g y Qvarying energy supply
3. Cross-layer optimization– Energy optimization in WSN using EH in cross-layer fashion
e.g. energy-aware routing and MAC protocols 4. Integration with new wireless technologies
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Design and Development of EH-WSNObjective: Integrate energy harvesting systems into wireless sensor nodes target for specific applicationsg p pp– Investigate on various energy harvesting (EH) sources– Model and characterize the performances of energy
harvesters– Develop suitable power/energy management circuits
between energy harvester and load– Validate EH sensor nodes in practical applications
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
p pp
Finite energy source such as batteries
Power/ Energy
manage-ment
circuits
Sensor nodes in EH-WSN
Energy harvest
-ing sources
i.e. wind
Energy harvest
ers
Energy Harvesting Sources and their Energy Harvesters
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
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Existing Research WorksEH-WSN research– Indoor Solar EH (SEH) wireless sensor node for smartIndoor Solar EH (SEH) wireless sensor node for smart
environment– Outdoor Solar EH for military portable computing system– Vibration EH (VEH) wireless sensor node for condition
based maintenance of large equipment– Thermal EH (TEH) from human warmth for wireless
body area network
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
body area network– Wind EH (WEH) wireless sensor node for remote
sensing and management of disastersOther energy related research– Wireless energy transfer
Indoor SEH Wireless Sensor NodeExample of indoor testbed in Pavoda Cables
Issue on battery duration for non–cabled nodes→ even worst for large numbers of nodes (100-1000)
Introduce indoor solar energy
Michele Zorzi, 2008
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
gyharvesting for indoor nodesBulky size and heavy weightLarge area required by nonocrystaline solar panels
Dallas IEEE, 2007
Solar panels
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Indoor SEH Wireless Sensor Node (cont’d) Resistance Emulation using DCM boost converter to achieve MPPT during impedance matchingg p g
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
+
-
sTtv )(1
sTti )(1
2/411
2/411
M ratio, Conversion2
e
g
g
RRVV
KdVVM
++=
++==
ss
e
Ts
T
fdL
TdLdR
tvTtdtiss
22
1
2
1
e
22)(
)(2
)()(
R Resistor, Emulated
==
=
Indoor Solar powered sensor node
Battery-powered sensor node
Voltage waveforms of DCM DC-DC boost converterIndoor SEH Wireless Sensor Node (cont’d)
Vinductor (C3)
Vsolar (C4)PFM from VCO (C1)
1
2
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
DCM boost DC-DC converterVswitch (C2)1 2
3
3
9
Evaluate power harvested from solar panel with MPPT for various loading conditions (Vref = 0.93 V)
Indoor SEH Wireless Sensor Node (cont’d)
Rload VloadPharvested
w/emulator@Rload
Pharvestedw/Rload
Difference in harvested power
180 Ω 1.510 V 12.67 mW 8 mW 58.4 %
270 Ω 1.836 V 12.48 mW 6 mW 108 %
470 Ω 2.412 V 12.38 mW 3 mW 312.7 %
680 Ω 2 907 V 12 43 mW 2 mW 521 5 %
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Significant increase in power harvested with resistor emulator Rload // Re matches with Rsolar → fs changes, Re changes
680 Ω 2.907 V 12.43 mW 2 mW 521.5 %
1200 Ω 4.1 V 14.00 mW 1 mW 1300 %
3900 Ω 6.906 V 12.23 mW 0.32 mW 3721.9 %
Q
Outdoor SEH Portable Computing SystemDeployment testbed and experimental results
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Experimental TestbedCourtesy of DSO & NUS research team
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Primary Circuit Secondary Circuit
Maximize VEH Using SCE TechniqueIllustration of synchronous charge extraction circuit
Piezoelectric generator
Switch S closed
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Primary Circuit: Accumulated charges extracted from piezoelectric generator transferred to transformer, L
Secondary: Open-circuitCircuit
Switch S OpenPrimary Circuit: Open-circuit & generated charges accumulated in generator
Secondary: Stored energy in L Circuit gets released to
Cr & RL
Maximize VEH Using SCE Technique (cont’d)Piezoelectric generator
Vibration energy source
Vibration energy source
Shaker
SCEC
Latching CircuitAllows applications with higher power consumptions to be operated intermittently, rather than continuously
Bootstrap CircuitAccumulates sufficient energy in storage cap, which then provide the initial startup power to the control circuit.Buck ConverterRegulates the output voltage @5V
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Power consumption of control circuit ~300 μW (60μA @5V)
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Maximize VEH Using SCE Technique (cont’d)Performance of SCE technique
Theoretical results 8.8 mW
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Y.K. Tan, J.Y. Lee and S.K. Panda, “Maximize Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Using Synchronous Electric Charge Extraction Technique For Powering Autonomous Wireless Transmitter”, IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET 2008), 1254-1259, 2008.
Simulation resultsExperimental results 5.6 mW
6.7 mW
TEH from Human Warmth for WBANOverview of WBAN and its TEH system
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Human wrist
TEH system
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TEH from Human Warmth for WBAN (cont’d)Circuit design and video demonstration
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
D.C. Hoang, Y.K. Tan and S.K. Panda, “Thermal Energy Harvesting From Human Warmth For Wireless Body Area Network In Medical Healthcare System”, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2009, in-progress
System-level problems to be addressed- Fluctuating wind energy source → load energy requirement
WEH Wireless Sensor Node
Fluctuating wind energy source load energy requirement- Min and max wind speeds available → voltage regulation and
energy storage- Portability of wind energy harvester system → size and
weight- Energy consumed by wind speed sensing and wireless
communicating hem
e 2
hem
e 1
Wind turbine
Power management
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Motivation- Self-sufficient and sustainable by wind energy source- Compact and miniature wind energy harvester
=>Two WEH schemes implemented to power remote area wind speed sensor in disaster management application
ScSc
and RF transmitter circuits
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Video demonstrations on the wind turbine and wind piezoharvesting systems$
WEH Wireless Sensor Node (cont’d)
g y
Scheme 1: Wind turbine Scheme 2: Wind piezo
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Y.K. Tan & S.K. Panda, “A Novel Piezoelectric Based Wind Energy Harvester for Low-power Autonomous Wind Speed Sensor”, 33th Annual IEEE Conference of Industrial Electronics Society, pp.2175-2180, 2007.
R.J. Ang, Y.K. Tan & S.K. Panda, “Energy harvesting for autonomous wind sensor in remote area”, 33th Annual IEEE Conference of Industrial Electronics Society, pp.2104-2109, 2007.
Magnetic energy harvesting based on Ampere’s law and Faraday’s law
MEH through Inductive Coupling for WSN
y
AC power source
Gauss meter
Magnetic energy
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Y.K. Tan, S.C. Xie and S.K. Panda, “Stray Magnetic Energy Harvesting in Power Lines through Inductive Coupling for Wireless Sensor Nodes”, The Proceedings for the 2008 nanoPower Forum (nPF’08), Darnell Group, Irvine, Costa Mesa, California, 2008.
Resistor load bank
Magnetic energy harvesting circuit
Magnetic energy harvesting circuit
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Wireless Transmission of Power with Magnetic Resonance
Source Transmitting Receiving Load
Efficiency (%) vs Inductance (H)
50
60
70
80
y(%
)
Coilg
Coilg
Coil Coil
Efficiency (%) vs Capacitance (F)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
Inductance (H)
Effic
ienc
y
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Transmitting end
Receiving end
01.00E-15 1.00E-13 1.00E-11 1.00E-09 1.00E-07 1.00E-05 1.00E-03
Capacitance (F)
Efficiency (%) vs Conductor radius (m)
0102030405060708090
100
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01Conductor radius (m)
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
Efficiency (%) vs Distance (m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Distance (m)
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
Case Study ExampleWind Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Node
Modeling and Analysis– Modeling and Analysis– Design considerations– Implementation and hardware prototype– Live Demonstration
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
15
Fire behavior on the Bor Forest Island under the FIRESCAN fire research program
Wind Speed Distribution
p g
Nominal daily wind speed in the deployment location over a
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Nominal daily wind speed in the deployment location over a period of one monthWind speed high, wind energy harvester harvests energy for electronic circuitries and charge supercapacitorWind speed too low, supercapacitor acts like DC power source to power electronic circuitries
Functional Model and Power Equations of Wind Turbine
gearaeromech PP η=AvvFP 1 3== ρ
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
generatorgearpitchp
generatormechelec
gearpitchp
gearaeromech
CvR
VIPP
CvR
ηηθλρπ
η
ηθλρπ
η
),(21
),(21
32
32
=
==
=
vvvaaaC
CvR
CPP
AvvFP
p
pitchp
pitchpwindaero
Awind
2,)1(4
),(21
),(2
22
32
−=−=
=
=
==
θλρπ
θλ
ρ
16
Characteristic of Wind TurbineAC electrical power generated by wind turbine vs voltage and current under varying wind source
MPPT ptMPPT pt
y g
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
rvwherek
dtdiLRIV s
ssλωφω =++= ,Q
Does not exist any voltage or current reference point for maximum power harvesting over the range of wind speeds
Fixed reference V and I MPPT approaches are not applicable
AC electrical power generated by wind turbine vs load resistance under varying wind source
Characteristic of Wind Turbine (cont’d)
y g
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Maximum power extraction at optimal load resistance of 100Ω– Low optimal resistance => high output current EH sourceDeviate away from optimal loading, either very light or heavy loads, will result in significant drop in output power harvested
17
Overview of WEH Wireless Sensor Node
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Power Power management management
electronic electronic circuitscircuits
Resistance Emulation (RE) is based on the concept of impedance matching
Resistance Emulation Approach
p g
RRR //
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
LoadconverterbyEmulatedE RRR //=
bb DRRRwhereDR
R
RV
RV
osin
o
in
o
o
in
in
,)1(
12
22
⇒=
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=
=
18
Performance of resistance emulator for matching source Rs = 150 Ω with dynamic load (charging supercapacitor)
Performance of Resistance Emulator
s y ( g g p p )
Ropt = 150 Ω Pmppt = 7.5 mW @3.5 m/s
urce
resi
stan
ce (Ω
)
elec
tric
al p
ower
(mW
)
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Supercapacitor is initially uncharged, i.e. Rload = 0 ΩAs supercap is charged, Rload changes => dynamic loadRopt = 150 Ω remains and Pmppt = 7.5 mW @3.5 m/s achieved
Sou
DC
eLoad resistance (Ω) Duty cycle
Performance of resistance emulator for matching source Rs = 150 Ω with dynamic load (charging supercapacitor)
Performance of Resistance Emulator
s y ( g g p p )
ourc
e vo
ltage
(V)
Load
vol
tage
(V)
VV 1=
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
As supercap is charged– Vcap increases, but Vsource remains at Vmppt = 1.07 V– Rload changes, D changes to maintain Ropt = 150 Ω
So L
Load voltage (V) Duty cycle
il VD
V)1( −
=
19
Performance of WEH w/ and w/o resistance emulator in charging supercapacitor (act like a dynamic load)
Performance of Resistance Emulator
g g p p ( y )
w/ MPPT control
Vmax = 2.14 V
w/o MPPT control Vmax = 0.66 V 66.0sec)500()2
sec101514.2sec)500()1
,5.5
)1()(
/
max,
max,
cap
mpptw
cap
cap
t
capcap
VtV
VtV
VVFor
eVtV
τ
τ
==
=
==
=
−=−
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
constanttimechargingtheisτwhere
sec3911
//
/
mpptowmpptw
mpptow
ττ
τ
<<⇒
=
Demonstrate the effects of MPPT and WEH on the operation of a sensor node i.e. 1 sec per transmission
Performance of Resistance Emulator
p p@ 3.6 m/s wind speed
Vo, boost
Vi, boost
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
Ii, boost
w/o MPPTw/WEH
w/MPPTw/WEH
w/o MPPTw/o WEH
20
Live Demonstration
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
ConclusionsChallenges and research issues in a sustainable WSN – energy supply is the bottleneckWSN energy supply is the bottleneckIntegration of energy harvesting wireless sensor networkDesign considerations for energy harvesting systems in practical applicationsMaximize energy harvesting with dedicated power management solutions
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
management solutions
21
Thank you!
Questions and Answers
Realization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systemsRealization Of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network (EH-WSN) - with special focus on the energy harvesting systems
National University of SingaporeYen Kheng Tan