By AcepUR

Why Reading?Reasons:1.23456etc

Kinds Of Reading MaterialsSerious:

Fun:

Hobbies:

Reading difficultiesStructureVocabularyStyleCultureIdeas

So what is Reading?DefinitionGoodman (1975:12) defines reading as a psycho

linguistic process that starts with a linguistic surface representation encoded by a writer and ends with meaning which the reader constructs.

Rahayu(1994:2) states that reading is not simply understanding letters or words, but also the meaning.

Sukoco (2007:2) “fungsi tertinggi otak manusia, hanya manusia yang dapat membaca…proses belajar berdasarkan pada proses membaca”

Reading ProcessWhy understanding this?To reduce difficulties in readingHow does the brain work?

Types of reading processBottom-up: Data drivenHow does this operate?1. Eyes look2.Letters identified and sounded out3. Words recognized.4. words allocated to grammatical class and

sentence structure5. sentences give meaning 6. Meaning leads to thinking

Top-down: Conceptually drivenHow does this operate?1. Eyes look2.Thinking-predictions about meaning3.Sample sentence as a whole to check

meaning 4. To chech further, look at words5. If still uncertain study letters6. Back to meaning predictions

SchemataWhat?Some definitions:Anderson(1988:39)”an active organization of

past reactions or past experience”Rumelhart(1980:34)” a data structure for

representing the generic concept stored in memory”

Carrel(1983:”background knowledge”

Roles of Schemata1. Filling the gaps in a text so schemata

permit a coherent interpretation2. Help to understand a passage which is

vague3. Understanding controler

Alternative ReadingAlternative?Interactive or intregatedWhat?The combination of B – U and T-D

Reading aloudOld passioned?Still useful to check1.pronunciation2.Progress3. clarificationBut not understanding!!!

Silent ReadingTwo possibilities:UnderstandMisunderstand

Reading StrategiesFind Reasons for readingFind reading problemsRemember the types of reading processThen solve by the right techniquesWhat techniques?

Reading techniquesScanningWhat?SkimmingWhat?

Implications of teaching ReadingPre-readingHow?1. Motivating students:the importance of

reading2. Introducing Vocab., structure, and cultureWhile/whilst-readingHow?

1. Give general understanding of the texts2. Then move to smaller unit; a paragraph,

sentences which may help the reader to understand a word.

Post –readingHow?1. Transfer information from the text to the

students’ knowledge2. Then relate it with speaking activities;

discussion, role play, kit etc. writing;essayUnderstanding the texts will be achieved.

DiscussionQuestions

Bibliograhies Adam. 2009. Brains :Quantum learning in http://www. Google.com. Anderson, R.C and Pearson. 1988. A schemata theoretic view of basic processes in reading

comprehension. Cambridge University Press. Carrel, P. 1983 and 1988. Schemata theory and ESL reading pedagogy. Cambridge University

Press. Davies, F. 1995. Introducing reading. Middleessex. Penguin Group. Eskey, D.E. 1988. Holding in the bottom: An interactive approach of second language. CUP. Goodman, K.S.1988. The reading process. Cambridge University Press. Rahayu, Acep.U. 1995. Bottom-Up and Top-down Raeding. Unpublished paper. Leeds, UK. Rahayu, Acep.U. dan Rahmanto, A. 2008. Strategi membaca mahasiswa D-4 dan Pasca Sarjana STP

Bandung. Penelitian Diknas Rumelhart, D.E.1980. Schemata:the building blocks of cognition in Spiro, B. (ed) 33-58 Sukoco, G.I. 2007. Seminar bagaimana mengajar bayi anda membaca. In http://www.mail-

archieve.com