La société inuit menacée de dissolution par l'école et l'argent derek rasmussen
REACTIONS DE DISSOLUTION ET DE PRECIPITATION EN … · 50 mL d’eau distillée 1 pointe de spatule...
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50 mL d’eau distillée 1 pointe de spatule d’hydroxyde de calcium Ca(OH)2(s) Dissolution totale Ca(OH) 2(s) H2O -! Ca 2+ (aq) +2HO - (aq) 50 mL d’une solution aqueuse d’ions Ca 2+ et HO - 50 mL d’une solution aqueuse d’ions Ca 2+ et HO- Hydroxyde de calcium Ca(OH)2(s) Dissolution limitée Ca(OH ) 2(s) H 2 O ⌧ Ca 2+ (aq) +2HO - (aq) 50 mL d’une solution aqueuse saturée d’ions Ca 2+ et HO - Hydroxyde de calcium solide Etat d’équilibre final hétérogène caractérisé par le produit de solubilité K s = a(Ca 2+ (aq) ) ⇥ a(HO - (aq) ) 2 a(Ca(OH ) 2(s) ) =[Ca 2+ ][HO - ] 2 Généralisation: pour un solide ionique (ou précipité) ApBq(s) en équilibre hétérogène avec ses ions constitutifs A p B q (s) pA n+ (aq) + qB m- (aq) Dissolution Précipitation K s = a p (A n+ (aq) ) ⇥ a q (B m- (aq) ) a(A p B q(s) ) = [A n+ ] p [B m- ] q (c ◦ ) p+q =[A n+ ] p [B m- ] q Produit de solubilité K s On définit aussi pK s = - log(K s ) Solution saturée Produit de solubilité Quantité de solide qu’on peut dissoudre dans un litre de solution à une température donnée. s s’exprime en mol.L -1 ou de façon massique en g.L -1 . Condition d’existence d’un solide Q0 Q0 = Ks A p B q(s) ⌧ pA n+ (aq) + qB m- (aq) L'équilibre est réalisé On met en présence deux solutions contenant les ions A n+ et B m- et on calcule le quotient de réaction initial Q’ 0 de la réaction Q 0 < K s ⇒ Solution non saturée Pas de précipité Q 0 > K s ⇒ Précipitation jusqu’à ce que Q f = K s Diagramme d’existence d’un solide A p B q(s) ⌧ pA n+ (aq) + qB m- (aq) Soit la réaction On fixe, par choix, la concentration en ions A n+ : [A n+ ] = c 0 On cherche la valeur minimale [B m- ] min de la concentration en ions B m- pour laquelle apparaît la première particule de précipité telle que Q = c p 0 [B m- ] q min = K s On trace ensuite le diagramme d’existence du solide A p B q(s) pB = - log([B m- ]) pB max = - log([B m- ] min ) Domaine d’existence du solide A p B q(s) Pas de solide A p B q(s) Le solide A p B q(s) existe si [B m- ] > [B m- ] min donc si, avec pB = - log ([B m- ]): pB < pB max = - log ([B m- ] min ) Facteurs influençant la solubilité Effet d’ion commun Si on dissout le solide A p B q(s) dans une solution contenant initialement des ions A n+ (ou des ions B m- ), la solubilité s de A p B q(s) diminue notablement. Illustration du principe de modération de LE CHATELIER: les ions déjà présents dans la solution s’opposent à la dissolution du précipité. pH A p B q(s) ⌧ pA n+ (aq) + qB m- (aq) Soit la réaction Si les ions A n+ (ou les ions B m- ) présentent des propriétés acido-basiques alors la solubilité s de A p B q(s) est sensible au pH. Par exemple: • Si les ions B m- présentent des propriétés basiques et qu’on ajoute des ions oxonium, le pH diminue et les ions B m- sont consommés par la réaction acido-basique Grâce au principe de modération de Le Chatelier, on comprend que l’équilibre de dissolution est déplacé pour former plus d’ions B m- : la solubilité s de A p B q(s) augmente. • Réciproquement, si les ions B m- présentent des propriétés acides, c’est une augmentation du pH qui provoquera l’augmentation de la solubilité s de A p B q(s) . Processus de dissolution d’un cristal ionique La molécule d’eau est polaire: l’oxygène étant plus électronégatif que l’hydrogène, les électrons des liaisons O-H sont davantage localisés sur l’oxygène. L’oxygène porte alors une charge partielle 2 δ - tandis que chaque hydrogène porte une charge partielle δ +. La molécule d’eau peut ainsi être vue comme un dipôle électrique qui va interagir avec les ions d’un cristal ionique. Dans le cristal, la cohésion entre les ions est assurée par la force de Coulomb (interaction électrostatique). Cette force est environ 80 fois moins intense dans l’eau que dans l’air: les ions de la surface du cristal sont « fragilisés » et vont pouvoir interagir avec les molécules d’eau du solvant (interaction ion-dipôle: les anions du cristal interagissent avec les extrémités positives du dipôle eau et réciproquement). Arrivée de molécules supplémentaires pour empêcher le retour des ions dans les cristal: les ions sont solvatés . Répétition du processus jusqu’à saturation de la solution REACTIONS DE DISSOLUTION ET DE PRECIPITATION EN SOLUTION AQUEUSE O H H δ+ δ+ 2 δ- - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B m− (aq) + H 3 O + (aq) ⇋ HB (m−1)− (aq) + H 2 O (solv) pA n+ (aq) + qB m− (aq) ⇄ A p B q(s) Q′ 0 = 1 [A n+ ] 0 [B m− ] 0 qu'on compare à K ∘ = Q′ eq = 1 [A n+ ] eq [B m− ] eq = 1 K s Q’0 Q’0 = K° Q’ 0 < K° ⇒ Précipitation jusqu’à ce que Q’ f = 1/K s Q’ 0 > K s ⇒ Solution non saturée Pas de précipité Evolution sens direct Evolution sens indirect impossible car le solide est initialement absent Equilibre réalisé On présente plus classiquement les choses en raisonnant sur Q 0 = 1 Q′ 0 =[A n+ ] 0 [B m− ] 0 qu'on compare à Q eq =[A n+ ] eq [B m− ] eq = K s Evolution sens indirect Evolution sens direct impossible car le solide est initialement absent Solubilité s
Transcript of REACTIONS DE DISSOLUTION ET DE PRECIPITATION EN … · 50 mL d’eau distillée 1 pointe de spatule...
50 mL d’eau distillée
1 pointe de spatule d’hydroxyde de
calcium Ca(OH)2(s)
Dissolution totale
Ca(OH)2(s)H2O�! Ca2+(aq) + 2HO�
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solution aqueuse d’ions Ca2+ et HO-
50 mL d’une solution aqueuse
d’ions Ca2+ et HO-
Hydroxyde de calcium Ca(OH)2(s)
Dissolution limitée
Ca(OH)2(s)H2O⌧ Ca2+(aq) + 2HO�
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50 mL d’une solution aqueuse saturée d’ions Ca2+ et HO-
Hydroxyde de calcium solide
Etat d’équilibre final hétérogène caractérisé par le produit de solubilité
Ks =a(Ca2+(aq))⇥ a(HO�
(aq))2
a(Ca(OH)2(s))= [Ca2+][HO�]2
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Généralisation: pour un solide ionique (ou précipité) ApBq(s) en équilibre hétérogène avec ses ions constitutifs
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pAn+(aq) + q Bm�
(aq)<latexit sha1_base64="3O8kTQIrAqpKcMdRaWT8zWaqV/Y=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3O8kTQIrAqpKcMdRaWT8zWaqV/Y=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3O8kTQIrAqpKcMdRaWT8zWaqV/Y=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3O8kTQIrAqpKcMdRaWT8zWaqV/Y=">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</latexit>
Dissolution
Précipitation
Ks =ap(An+
(aq))⇥ aq(Bm�(aq))
a(ApBq(s))=
[An+]p[Bm�]q
(c�)p+q= [An+]p[Bm�]q
<latexit sha1_base64="9THKuugvX2l4XhUK+DMZlE1zl0g=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="9THKuugvX2l4XhUK+DMZlE1zl0g=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="9THKuugvX2l4XhUK+DMZlE1zl0g=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="9THKuugvX2l4XhUK+DMZlE1zl0g=">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</latexit>
Produit de solubilité Ks
On définit aussi pKs = � log(Ks)<latexit sha1_base64="RzpwokTWDnaLRGy7QjqPQOY4c88=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="RzpwokTWDnaLRGy7QjqPQOY4c88=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="RzpwokTWDnaLRGy7QjqPQOY4c88=">AAAC2HicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pf0S7dDBahLiyJCLoRCm4ENxXsA20pSTqtoXmRTIRSBHfi1h9wq18k/oH+hXfGFNQiOiHJuefec2buXDvy3EQYxmtOm5mdm1/ILxaWlldW1/T1jUYSprHD607ohXHLthLuuQGvC1d4vBXF3PJtjzft4bHMN695nLhhcC5GEe/41iBw+65jCaK6ejE67SbsiO2ythcOWJmina5eMiqGWmwamBkoIVu1UH9BGz2EcJDCB0cAQdiDhYSeS5gwEBHXwZi4mJCr8hw3KJA2pSpOFRaxQ/oOKLrM2IBi6ZkotUO7ePTGpGTYJk1IdTFhuRtT+VQ5S/Y377HylGcb0d/OvHxiBa6I/Us3qfyvTvYi0Meh6sGlniLFyO6czCVVtyJPzr50JcghIk7iHuVjwo5STu6ZKU2iepd3a6n8m6qUrIydrDbFuzwlDdj8Oc5p0NirmEbFPNsvVcvZqPPYxBbKNM8DVHGCGurkPcIjnvCsXWi32p12/1mq5TJNEd+W9vABzEOVUw==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="RzpwokTWDnaLRGy7QjqPQOY4c88=">AAAC2HicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pf0S7dDBahLiyJCLoRCm4ENxXsA20pSTqtoXmRTIRSBHfi1h9wq18k/oH+hXfGFNQiOiHJuefec2buXDvy3EQYxmtOm5mdm1/ILxaWlldW1/T1jUYSprHD607ohXHLthLuuQGvC1d4vBXF3PJtjzft4bHMN695nLhhcC5GEe/41iBw+65jCaK6ejE67SbsiO2ythcOWJmina5eMiqGWmwamBkoIVu1UH9BGz2EcJDCB0cAQdiDhYSeS5gwEBHXwZi4mJCr8hw3KJA2pSpOFRaxQ/oOKLrM2IBi6ZkotUO7ePTGpGTYJk1IdTFhuRtT+VQ5S/Y377HylGcb0d/OvHxiBa6I/Us3qfyvTvYi0Meh6sGlniLFyO6czCVVtyJPzr50JcghIk7iHuVjwo5STu6ZKU2iepd3a6n8m6qUrIydrDbFuzwlDdj8Oc5p0NirmEbFPNsvVcvZqPPYxBbKNM8DVHGCGurkPcIjnvCsXWi32p12/1mq5TJNEd+W9vABzEOVUw==</latexit>
Solution saturée Produit de solubilité
Quantité de solide qu’on peut dissoudre dans un litre de solution à une température donnée. s s’exprime en mol.L-1 ou de façon massique en g.L-1.
Condition d’existence d’un solide
Q0Q0 = Ks
ApBq(s) ⌧ pAn+(aq) + q Bm�
(aq)<latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit>
L'équilibre est réalisé
On met en présence deux solutions contenant les ions An+ et Bm- et on calcule le quotient de réaction initial Q’0 de la réaction
Q0 < Ks ⇒ Solution non saturée Pas de précipité Q0 > Ks ⇒ Précipitation jusqu’à
ce que Qf = Ks
Diagramme d’existence d’un solide
ApBq(s) ⌧ pAn+(aq) + q Bm�
(aq)<latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="sEmFpp/ffyIz6xR3mXkWEKKu7A8=">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</latexit>
Soit la réaction
On fixe, par choix, la concentration en ions An+ : [An+] = c0
On cherche la valeur minimale [Bm-]min de la concentration en ions Bm- pour laquelle apparaît la première particule de précipité telle que
Q = cp0[Bm�]qmin = Ks
<latexit sha1_base64="l35m/duG7xBeawGIIfB3Qs/vlUI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="l35m/duG7xBeawGIIfB3Qs/vlUI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="l35m/duG7xBeawGIIfB3Qs/vlUI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="l35m/duG7xBeawGIIfB3Qs/vlUI=">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</latexit>
On trace ensuite le diagramme d’existence du solide ApBq(s)
pB = � log([Bm�])<latexit sha1_base64="VY1dsQbbyxfV7hawOVL55i52tcI=">AAAC2nicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfUXHlJliUurAkIuhGKHXjsoJ9QFtLkk5raF4kE6GUbtyJW3/ArX6Q+Af6F94ZU1CL6IQkZ86958zce63QdWKu668ZZWZ2bn4hu5hbWl5ZXVPXN2pxkEQ2q9qBG0QNy4yZ6/isyh3uskYYMdOzXFa3BmciXr9hUewE/iUfhqztmX3f6Tm2yYnqqFthWTvVDrSWG/QLzfLVyDsYt/c7al4v6nJp08BIQR7pqgTqC1roIoCNBB4YfHDCLkzE9DRhQEdIXBsj4iJCjowzjJEjbUJZjDJMYgf07dOumbI+7YVnLNU2neLSG5FSwy5pAsqLCIvTNBlPpLNgf/MeSU9xtyH9rdTLI5bjmti/dJPM/+pELRw9nMgaHKoplIyozk5dEtkVcXPtS1WcHELiBO5SPCJsS+Wkz5rUxLJ20VtTxt9kpmDF3k5zE7yLW9KAjZ/jnAa1w6KhF42Lo3xpLx11FtvYQYHmeYwSzlFBlbxHeMQTnpWWcqvcKfefqUom1Wzi21IePgATRZY3</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="VY1dsQbbyxfV7hawOVL55i52tcI=">AAAC2nicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfUXHlJliUurAkIuhGKHXjsoJ9QFtLkk5raF4kE6GUbtyJW3/ArX6Q+Af6F94ZU1CL6IQkZ86958zce63QdWKu668ZZWZ2bn4hu5hbWl5ZXVPXN2pxkEQ2q9qBG0QNy4yZ6/isyh3uskYYMdOzXFa3BmciXr9hUewE/iUfhqztmX3f6Tm2yYnqqFthWTvVDrSWG/QLzfLVyDsYt/c7al4v6nJp08BIQR7pqgTqC1roIoCNBB4YfHDCLkzE9DRhQEdIXBsj4iJCjowzjJEjbUJZjDJMYgf07dOumbI+7YVnLNU2neLSG5FSwy5pAsqLCIvTNBlPpLNgf/MeSU9xtyH9rdTLI5bjmti/dJPM/+pELRw9nMgaHKoplIyozk5dEtkVcXPtS1WcHELiBO5SPCJsS+Wkz5rUxLJ20VtTxt9kpmDF3k5zE7yLW9KAjZ/jnAa1w6KhF42Lo3xpLx11FtvYQYHmeYwSzlFBlbxHeMQTnpWWcqvcKfefqUom1Wzi21IePgATRZY3</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="VY1dsQbbyxfV7hawOVL55i52tcI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="VY1dsQbbyxfV7hawOVL55i52tcI=">AAAC2nicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfUXHlJliUurAkIuhGKHXjsoJ9QFtLkk5raF4kE6GUbtyJW3/ArX6Q+Af6F94ZU1CL6IQkZ86958zce63QdWKu668ZZWZ2bn4hu5hbWl5ZXVPXN2pxkEQ2q9qBG0QNy4yZ6/isyh3uskYYMdOzXFa3BmciXr9hUewE/iUfhqztmX3f6Tm2yYnqqFthWTvVDrSWG/QLzfLVyDsYt/c7al4v6nJp08BIQR7pqgTqC1roIoCNBB4YfHDCLkzE9DRhQEdIXBsj4iJCjowzjJEjbUJZjDJMYgf07dOumbI+7YVnLNU2neLSG5FSwy5pAsqLCIvTNBlPpLNgf/MeSU9xtyH9rdTLI5bjmti/dJPM/+pELRw9nMgaHKoplIyozk5dEtkVcXPtS1WcHELiBO5SPCJsS+Wkz5rUxLJ20VtTxt9kpmDF3k5zE7yLW9KAjZ/jnAa1w6KhF42Lo3xpLx11FtvYQYHmeYwSzlFBlbxHeMQTnpWWcqvcKfefqUom1Wzi21IePgATRZY3</latexit>
pBmax = � log([Bm�]min)<latexit sha1_base64="T9ECpOTC+eLN9xdqQddu8TznVhs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="T9ECpOTC+eLN9xdqQddu8TznVhs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="T9ECpOTC+eLN9xdqQddu8TznVhs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="T9ECpOTC+eLN9xdqQddu8TznVhs=">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</latexit>
Domaine d’existence du solide ApBq(s)
Pas de solide ApBq(s)
Le solide ApBq(s) existe si [Bm-] > [Bm-]min donc si, avec pB = - log ([Bm-]):
pB < pBmax = - log ([Bm-]min)
Facteurs influençant la solubilité
Effet d’ion commun
Si on dissout le solide ApBq(s) dans une solution
contenant initialement des ions An+ (ou des ions Bm-), la solubilité s de ApBq(s) diminue notablement.
Illustration du principe de modération de LE CHATELIER: les ions déjà présents dans la solution s’opposent à la dissolution du précipité.
pH
ApBq(s) ⌧ pAn+(aq) + q Bm�
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Soit la réaction
Si les ions An+ (ou les ions Bm-) présentent des propriétés acido-basiques alors la solubilité s de ApBq(s) est sensible au pH. Par exemple:
• Si les ions Bm- présentent des propriétés basiques et qu’on ajoute des ions oxonium, le pH diminue et les ions Bm- sont consommés par la réaction acido-basique
Grâce au principe de modération de Le Chatelier, on comprend que l’équilibre de dissolution est déplacé pour former plus d’ions Bm-: la solubilité s de ApBq(s) augmente.
• Réciproquement, si les ions Bm- présentent des propriétés acides, c’est une augmentation du pH qui provoquera l’augmentation de la solubilité s de ApBq(s).
Processus de dissolution d’un cristal ionique
La molécule d’eau est polaire: l’oxygène étant plus électronégatif que l’hydrogène, les électrons des liaisons O-H sont davantage localisés sur l’oxygène.
L’oxygène porte alors une charge partielle 2δ- tandis que chaque hydrogène porte une charge partielle δ+.
La molécule d’eau peut ainsi être vue comme un dipôle électrique qui va interagir avec les ions d’un cristal ionique.
Dans le cristal, la cohésion entre les ions est assurée par la force de Coulomb (interaction électrostatique). Cette force est environ 80 fois moins intense dans l’eau que dans l’air: les ions de la surface du cristal sont « fragilisés » et vont pouvoir interagir avec les molécules d’eau du solvant (interaction ion-dipôle: les anions du cristal interagissent avec les extrémités positives du dipôle eau et réciproquement).
A r r i vé e d e mo l é cu l e s s upp l émenta i r e s p ou r empêcher le retour des ions dans les cristal: les ions sont solvatés.
Répétition du processus jusqu’à saturation de la solution
REACTIONS DE DISSOLUTION ET DE PRECIPITATION EN
SOLUTION AQUEUSE O
HHδ+δ+
2 δ--
+
-- - - -
- - - -- - - -
- - - -
- - -- - - -
- - - -
-- - -
--
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Bm−(aq) + H3O+
(aq) ⇋ HB(m−1)−(aq) + H2O(solv)
pAn+(aq) + qBm−
(aq) ⇄ ApBq(s)
Q′�0 =1
[An+]0[Bm−]0qu'on compare à K ∘ = Q′�eq =
1[An+]eq[Bm−]eq
=1Ks
Q’0Q’0 = K°
Q’0 < K° ⇒ Précipitation jusqu’à ce que Q’f = 1/Ks
Q’0 > Ks ⇒ Solution non saturée Pas de précipité
Evolution sens direct
Evolution sens indirect impossible car le solide est initialement absent
Equilibre réalisé
On présente plus classiquement les choses en raisonnant sur
Q0 =1
Q′�0= [An+]0[Bm−]0 qu'on compare à Qeq = [An+]eq[Bm−]eq = Ks
Evolution sens indirect
Evolution sens direct impossible car le solide est initialement absent
Solubilité s
