RANI CHANNAMMA UNIVERSITY, BELGAVI

SYLLABI FOR B.SC.I & II SEMESTER GEOLOGY (OPTIONAL )

(w.e.f. 2011 Onwards).

S. No.

Paper Code Title of the Paper Marks Exam Time

Inst. Hrs/ week

Theory/ Practical

Internal Total

B.Sc Semester I 1. UG-GEOL- I A. DYNAMIC GEOLOGY

B. FIELD GEOLOGY C. MINERALOGY

80 20* 100 3 hrs 5

2. UG-GEOL-PR-I PRACTICAL : STUDY OF TOPOSHEETS, CLINOMETER; GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MODELS; MEGASCOPIC STUDY OF MINERALS

40 10** 50 4 hrs 4

B.Sc Semester II 3. UG-GEOL-II A. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

B. OPTICAL MINERALOGY 80 20* 100 3 hrs 5

4. UG-GEOL-PR-II Practical II : A. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY & B. OPTICAL MINERALOGY

40 10** 50 4 hrs 4

* Theory Internal 20 marks covers: Two theory tests (20 marks reduced to 10 marks);

**One Practical internal test (20 marks reduced to 10 marks).

a) Student batch: As this is a semi technical and at present available only at GSS

College, each batch should consist of not more than 6 students for the regular

practical classes.

b) Study Tour: There will be a Geological Study Tour to the places of geological

interest mainly to study the field occurrence of geological features. It carries 5 marks.

Each student shall submit a consolidated study tour report along with the journal. The

time spent in the field shall be of FOUR-FIVE days (minimum 8 hours per day)

during each SEMESTER.

c) Practical Record: Submission of a well-maintained Journal of the Practical Work

done during the semester is necessary before the Practical Examination.

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d) Assignments: The students will be given assignments, which are to be submitted

during the practical examination. All this carries 10 marks including viva-voce.

NOTE: For computation of workload due to fieldwork/study tour undertaken, one day of fieldwork undertaken in one academic year will be deemed to be equivalent to ONE LECTURE PERIOD PER WEEK.

NATURE OF THEORY AND PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

a) Theory Examination: (Total 100 Marks)

There will be one theory paper of 80 marks in each semester.

Each paper will contain Four Sections, which are to be written in the same answer

book.

Section A: Multiple choice/objective type – FIVE questions (2x5 = 10)

Section B: Definitions/two sentence answers – Any 10 out of 12 (2x10 = 20)

Section C: Short answers (about 5-10 lines – Any 4 out of 6 (5 x 4 = 20)

Section D: Descriptive answers (about 20-25 lines) – 3 questions with OR in each

(3x10=30)

The remaining 20 marks in the theory is: Internal Assessment Marks –

Theory (10 marks): Two internal tests of 20 marks each reduced to 10 marks.

Internal Assignment/Seminars/Student project work (10 marks): Students are given

assignments/seminars on the subject taught or a student project work.

b) Practical Examination: Total 50 Marks.

Practical examination will have 3 sections of 10 marks each. (3x10=30 marks)

Practical Record (Journal), Study tour report and Viva Voce: (10 marks).

Practical Internal test: One internal test of 20 marks reduced to 10. (10 Marks)

Following combinations of subjects can be best suitable for GEOLOGY, under any

three available options. PMG, CBG, CGComp, CZG, MGComp,

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1. OBJECTIVES: Introduce the ward to the geological processes, earth

resources, our natural environment and the human interactions from a

geological perspective. Topics to be covered will include; Earth Materials and

Structure, Human interactions with nature, Environmental Hazards, Pollution

of the Environment, Natural Resources, Energy Sources and their exploitation.

Through these objectives the students will achieve the following know how:

• Develop the understanding of earth and its material.

• Develop greater self-awareness of personal role regarding environmental

issues.

• Increase awareness of environmental issues and how they affect society.

• Develop skills and insight into critical thinking and situational awareness of

surrounding environment.

• Gain an understanding of the physical processes that operate in and on earth.

• Understand the interactions between humans and the geological processes.

• Understand past, present, and future environmental issues and how they affect

the earth and our society.

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B.Sc (GEOLOGY OPTIONAL) SEMESTER I

UG GEOL-I A. DYNAMIC GEOLOGY;

B. FIELD GEOLOGY C. MINERALOGY

Max. Marks: 80 Total teaching hours: 70 (5 hrs/week)

A. Dynamic Geology

1. Introduction: Definition of Geology, branches of geology, role of geology in the

development of mankind.

2. Origin of Earth : Nebular– Planetesimal; Big bang theory, cooling and

consolidation of earth.

3. The age of the earth – Relative age: sedimentation, paleontological records.

4. Absolute age: radio activity, half life period, Uranium-lead and C-14 methods.

5. Interior of Earth: Interpretation of interior of earth using seismic waves,

Mohorovicic and Gutenberg discontinuities. General description of Crust, Mantle

and Core.

6. Geological Agents: Epigene and Hypogene agents.

7. Epigene agents: atmospheric- heat, gases, moisture, surface-subsurface water, sea

water, wind and ice.

8. Hypogene agents: Internal heat, hydrothermal solutions, magma.

Epigene Processes

1. Weathering: Definition, agents of weathering- Physical, Chemical and

Biological.

2. Types of weathering: Physical weathering- frost action (wedging and heaving);

thermal weathering- spheroidal weathering (exfoliation); action of gravity- scree,

talus, solifluction.

3. Chemical weathering: Water as a chemical agent. Oxidation, hydration and

carbonation.

4. Biological weathering: Action of plants, animals and man. Products of

weathering-formation and types of soil.

5. Erosional Features: Mesa, butte, plateau (table land), and badland.

6. Wind – Geological action of wind- erosion, transportation and deposition.

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7. Erosion and Erosional features- deflation- winnowing action, oasis, playas.

Abrasion- ventifact, honeycomb structure, pigeonhole structure, pedestal rocks,

yardang, pinnacles/ inselberg. Attrition- millet seed sand.

8. Transportation - Suspension, saltation, traction/rolling.

9. Deposition and depositional features: sand dunes- longitudinal, transverse

dunes, barachans, loess deposit.

10. River- Origin of River. Stages of River: Initial stage- runoff, streamlets; Youth

stage - water fall, cascade, and river capture/piracy, V-shape valley, canyon/gorge,

pot hole; Mature stage- lateral cutting, meandering, oxbow lake, natural levee,

flood plain, shoals, alluvial fan; and Old stage- base level of erosion, meandering

scars and delta.

11. Geological action of River- erosion: hydraulic action- abrasion, attrition,

corrosion; Transportation: solution, suspension, saltation and rolling.

12. Drainage patterns: dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, braided.

13. Glaciers – Definition, snow field, snow line, neve/fern, ice.

14. Formation of glacier, avalanche. Movement of glaciers, types of glaciers – valley

glacier, piedmont glacier, ice sheet.

15. Surface features: Creavasses, types of creavasses – bergshrund, longitudinal,

transeverse and marginal.

16. Geological action of glacier: erosion – abrasion, excavation/valley plucking,

frost wedging and scraping; Erosional features- cirque/corrie, arête, horns, U-

shape valley, hanging valley, rochesmoutonnee.

17. Deposition – depositional features: moraines- lateral, medial, terminal/end,

ground moraines, tillite, erratic/perched block.

18. Glacio-fluvial deposits- Outwash plain, kettle hole, kames, drumlins, eskers.

19. Lake – Brief description and Origin of lake: tectonic and non tectonic lakes. Lake

deposits.

20. Sea – waves, tides and currents

21. Definition of coast, shoreline. Classification of shore lines: emergent and

submergent; Coastal landforms: beach, island, spit, barrier beach, tombolo,

headland, estuary; Oceanic deposits.

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Hypogene Processes

1. Volcanoes: Definition – typical volcano. Classification of volcanoes: active,

dormant and extinct.

2. Types of volcanoes: Cinder cone, composite or strato volcano, shield and lava

domes.

3. Types of eruptions: fissure and central eruptions.

4. Products of volcano: liquid (lava), solid (cinder, lapilli, vocanic bombs, aa, ash)

and Gases. Effects of volcano.

5. Earthquakes: Definition – focus and epicenter. Seismic waves: body (P & S) and

surface waves (Love & Rayleigh); Causes- non tectonic (volcanic, landslides,

explosions) and tectonic: elastic rebound theory; classification based on depth of

epicenter; intensity: Mercali and Richter scale; seismograph and seismogram;

seismic belt of India; effects of earth quake, tsunami; and prediction of

earthquakes.

6. Continental Drift and Plate Tectoncis: Principle of isostasy, concept of Pangea,

Laurasia and Gondwana. Wegener’s continental drift theory with jigsaw fit,

lithological and fossil evidences.

7. Sea floor spreading and plate tectonics- kinds of plate margins-

convergent/subduction, divergent and transform fault boundaries.

B. FIELD GEOLOGY

1. Clinometer Compass: Sketch, description and its use. Field Equipments-

Hammer, pocket lens, haver sack, clinometer and Brunton compass, GPS,

measuring tape, toposheet. Preparation of geological map with conventions and

report.

C. MINERALOGY

1. Definition of mineral. Study of physical properties of minerals: Properties

depending upon light- color, streak, diaphaneity, luster.

2. Properties depending upon state of aggregation- form- columnar, lamellar and

granular.

3. Imitative shapes- reniform, botryoidal, mamillary, amygdaloidal, vesicular,

dendritic, stalactitic and stalagmitic.

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4. Forms- Isomorphism, polymorphism, pseudomorphism.

5. Properties depending upon cohesion and elasticity - Cleavage, fracture, hardness

(Moh’s scale of hardness) and tenacity;

6. Other properties: taste, odour, feel, magnetism, electricity.

7. Specific gravity- definition, Walker steelyard balance.

8. General characters and uses of following group of minerals:

i. Quartz

ii. Felspar and felspathoid

iii. Mica

iv. Pyroxene

v. Amphibole

vi. Olivine

vii. Garnet

Max. Marks: 40 Time: 4 hrs/week Total 50 hrs

PRACTICALS: Interpretation of Toposheet, Use of Clinometer compass.;

Geomorphological Models; and Mineralogy. Demonstration of Brunton compass and

GPS

1. Interpretation of topographical maps; latitude-longitude, conventions, relief,

drainage, settlement, transportation and communication.

2. Describe the following geomorphological models with neat sketch and labeling:

Stages of river- Initial, Youth, Mature and Old stage; coastal landforms (beach,

island, headland, barrier, tombolo, estuary and bay); shoreline of submergence and

emergence; typical volcano; karst topography; glacial landforms.

3. Mineralogy: Study of general characters and uses of following minerals.

Quartz- Rock Crystal, Amethyst, Chalcedony, Agate, Flint, Jasper, Opal. Felspars-

Orthoclase, Microcline, Plagioclase; Zeolites- Natrolite, Stilbite; Mica- Biotite,

Muscovite, Pyroxene- Hypersthene, Augite, Diopside; Amphibole- Hornblende,

Olivine, Garnet; Calcite, Dolomite, Magnesite, Kyanite, Corundum, Beryl,

Tourmaline, Talc, Serpentine, Asbestos, Barites.

4. Determination of specific gravity by Walker steel yard balance.

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5. Demonstration: Taking bearings with the help of Brunton compass, Clinometer

to find out dip and strike of the beds (attitude of beds). Taking bearing with

Global Positioning System (GPS).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Principles of Physical Geology A. Holmes

Geomorphology V.K. Sharma

Aspects of tectonics K.S. Valdiya

Environmental Geology K.S. Valdiya

General Geology Radhakrishanan. V

A text book of Geology Mahapatra, G.B

Text book of Geology P.K.Mukherjee

Text book of Geology A.K.Datta

Engineering Geology Parbin Singh

Rutley's Elements of Mineralogy H.H. Read

Dana's Text book of Mineralogy W.E. Ford

Mineralogy Berry & Mason

Mineralogy for students M.I. Batty

Field Geology Lahee

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B.Sc II SEMESTER

UG GEOL – II

A. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

B. OPTICAL MINERALOGY

C. INDIAN MINERAL DEPOSITS

Max. Marks: 80 Total teaching hours: 70 (5 hrs/week)

A. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

1. Definition of crystal, morphological characters of crystal – face, form, edge, solid

angles, Euler’s law.

2. Interfacial angle, Contact Goniameter and its use.

3. Symmetry characters– Plane, axes and centre. Crystallographic axes, axial ratio

and notation. Parameters- Weiss parameter, Miller indices.

4. Study of crystal forms of normal classes of all six crystal systems- Isometric,

Tetragonal, Hexagonal, Orthorhombic, Monoclinic and Triclinic.

5. Twinning: Types of twins- simple, contact and penetrating twins.

B. OPTICAL MINERALOGY

1. Nature of light – Electromagnetic wave. Ordinary and polarized light –

Reflection. refraction and refractive index, critical angle and total internal

reflection. Double refraction.

2. Relative refringence and its determination by Beckeline method- central

illumination and oblique illumination.

3. Polarisation: polarization by reflection, Brewster’s law - polarization by

refraction,

4. polarization by absorption.

5. Construction of Nicol Prism – Behavior of light in the microscope without

mineral, with isotropic mineral and with anisotropic mineral.

6. Petrological microscope: Introduction to parts of microscope. Preparation of thin

section.

7. Optical properties of mineral: in plane polarised light- colour, pleochroism,

form, cleavage, fracture, relief.

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Properties in analysed/ crossed nicols- Isotropism and anisotropism, Interference

Colours Birefringence, Extinction, Zoning and Twinning.

8. Extinction - Definition, types of extinction- straight/parallel, inclined/oblique,

symmetrical, undulatory/wavy, determination of extinction angle.

9. Optical accessories– Quartz wedge, gypsum plate and mica plate.

C. INDIAN MINERAL DEPOSITS

1. Ore Mineral: Definition of ore mineral, ore, gangue, tenor.

2. Introduction to metallic and non metallic ore minerals.

3. Introduction, Mineralogy, Uses and distribution of following ore minerals in India.

Metallic: Iron, Manganese, Copper, Aluminium (Bauxite), Gold

Non Metallic: Origin of Coal, types of coal, uses and its distribution in India.

Origin of Petroleum, Migration, accumulation, uses and its distribution in India

4. Gemstone: Definition, Specifications, Types and uses.

5. Raw materials used in: Refractories, Ceramics, Abrasives, Cement.

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PRACTICALS II: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY & OPTICAL MINRALOGY

Max. Marks: 40 Time: 4 hrs/week Total 50 hrs

1. Crystallography: Forms of a crystal: face, edge, solid angle, Euler’s law,

Interfacial angle with the help of contact goniometer. Study of elements of

symmetry of crystal models of normal classes of six crystal systems:

Isometric/Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Monoclinic, Triclinic

systems.

2. Optical Mineralogy: Optical properties (under plane polarized and analysed

light) of following minerals- Quartz, Orthoclase, Microcline, Plagioclase,

Muscovite, Biotite, Hypersthene, Augite, Hornblende, Olivine, Kyanite, Calcite,

Zircon, Tourmaline, Corundum, Sillimanite, Chlorite, Garnet, Magnetite,

Hematite.

3. Determination of Extinction and Cleavage angle under microscope.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

Rutley's Elements of Mineralogy H.H. Read

Dana's Text book of Mineralogy W.E. Ford

Mineralogy Berry & Mason

Mineralogy for students M.I. Batty

Optical Mineralogy E.E. Wahlstrom

Optical Mineralogy F.F. Kerr

Elements of Optical Mineralogy A.N. Winchell

Engineering Geology Parbin Singh