RCU INTESHIP GUIDELINES 2016

7/26/2019 RCU INTESHIP GUIDELINES 2016

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MANUAL OF INTERNSHIP PROJECT OF

MBA PROGRAMME

GUIDELINES GOVERNING INTERNSHIP PROJECT OF

MBA PROGRAMME

Student Internship Project CommitteeChairman : Prof. V. S. Chatapalli, Professor & Chairman, PG Dept.of Business Adm.: RCUB

Coordinator : Dr. N. Maruti Rao, Associate Professor, PG Dept. of Business Adm., RCUB

Member : Ms. Madhuri P. Hebbalkar, Director, AIMR, Sankeshwar

Member : Mr. Sandeep Nair, Dean Academics, Jain College, Belagavi

RANI CHANNAMMA UNIVERSITY

VIDYASANGAMA, Pune Bangalore National Highway-04

Bhootaramanahatti, BELAGAVI 591156


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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Objectives of Internship Project

3. Internship Project Guidelines

4. General Guidelines for Students

5. Role of Student Intern

6. Role of Faculty Guide

7. Selection of Internship Project

8. Guidelines relating to preparation of Project Report

9. Guidelines relating to submission of Project Report

FORMATS

A) Project Proposal Format

B) Weekly Internship Project Progress Report

C) Internship Project Evaluation Sheet of Internal Guide

D) Internal project Evaluation of Company Guide

E) Format of Project Report

F) Certificate Formats (Director/Internal Guide)

Annexure: Basics of Research Methodology


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Student Internship Project (SIP) Manual MBA Program 3

1. INTRODUCTION

MBA Internship Program (MIP) is an integral part of MBA curriculum.It is an extremely important activity for

management student. It enables all MBA students to hone their management skills. It gives an opportunity to the

student to apply the theoretical concepts in real life situations. The Internship Project also facilitates interaction

between the students and the industry and allows the student to have in depth knowledge about the working of an

industry. Students of MBA IIIrdSemester of Rani Channamma University, Belagavi has to undergo 8-week

Internship Project in companies immediately after the completion of IIIrdSemester end Examination.

It also carries a weightage of 4 Credit and the Credits are included in the IVthSemester Marks Card. The

Internship Project should be conducted by the students with all sincerity and dedication to get the maximum

mileage out of the opportunity. A well done Internship Project adds great value to the Curriculum Vitae of the

student. The experience of project training helps a candidate to improve his practical knowledge and to become

good manager/leader in the future. If the student completes the project successfully and satisfies company

management then there are more chances for him to be absorbed in the same company. Many students are very

much confused regarding project work. They are unaware of what actually a project is? How a project should be

done?, and How a project report is made?. Some students are also unaware about the project report guidelines

and content. In order to assist students, this manual is provided which contains detailed guidelines for preparation

and presentation of Project Report.

2. OBJECTIVES OF INTERNSHIP PROJECT

2.1. To gain first-hand knowledge of the day-to-day operations of the Organization.

2.2. To enhance employability skills among the Students.

2.3. To enable the Students to enhance his/her latent potentiality through experiential learning.

3. INTERNSHIP PROJECT GUIDELINES

3.1. The process of identification of the Project Topic/Organization should commence at the beginning of IIIrd

Semester (students to be encouraged at networking).


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3.2 The process of allocation of Internal Guide should be completed at the end of 2ndmonth of commencement of

IIIrdsemester. The affiliated B-Schools should submit the list of Internal Guide Allocation to PG Dept. of Business

Administration, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi in the third week of IIIrdmonth of IIIrdSemester.

3.3 Internship Project Orientation Training Program should be conducted for the benefit of students and Internal

Guide during the first week of last month of IIIrd semester. A team of experts comprising of faculty members from

the PG. Department of Business Administration, RCU, Belagavi and other Universities and from the Industry

should conduct the training programme. Internship Project Committee is responsible for finalizing the team of

experts for conducting training programme. The TA and DA, remuneration to the experts has to be paid as per

the university norms.

3.4 The students need to finalize the company on or before the closure of III

rd

Semester.

3.5 A personal interface with the Internal Guide to be arranged for giving a final shape to the topic and the objectives

of the project before the commencement of the IIIrdSemester Final Examination.

3.6 The project will start immediately after the IIIrd semester end examination.

3.7 The students need to finalize the topic in the first week of commencement of Project.

3.8 The Internal Guide has to visit the Organization for the interaction with the Company Guide and for guiding thestudent on the location at least once during the course of internship preferable within one month of commencement

of the project. The institution should sanction duty leave & TA&DA in case of outstation visit and conveyance

allowance in case of local visit for the Faculty Member.

3.9 The Internal Guide is expected to collect a feedback/evaluation about the performance of the students from the

Company Guide in prescribed Format. Internal Guide should also evaluate the performance of student in a

prescribed format and both the documents need to be submitted in a confidential manner to the Chairman/

Director. PG Department of Business Administration, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi.

3.10 While allocating students, please ensure that the Faculty Member shall have relevant experience to guide

student. An opportunity need to be provided to all Faculty Member working in the Institution.

3.11 Reports prepared without the continuous guidance from the Internal Guide are liable to be rejected.


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3.12 In order to ensure fairness and transparency in allocation of students to the concerned faculty members, internship

project work and evaluation of project report, the following guidelines/procedure is adopted:

a. All the affiliated B-Schools are required to send the List of Internship Projects covering details such as

student name, internal guide, title of internship project, organization, etc to PG Dept. of Business Administration,

Rani Channamma University, Belagavi on or before 10thday of commencement of Internship Project.

b. Project on same topic by students of affiliated B-Schools & PG Dept. of Business Administration, RCUB

is strictly prohibited. Therefore, the topics which are repetitive in nature will be reviewed and subjected to

modification. The list of Internship Project approved by Chairman, PG Dept. of Business Administration, Rani

Channamma University is final and the same will be communicated to affiliated B-Schools. However, the internship

project so undertaken by students is very big project (which demands more workforce or coverage of large

geographical area like census survey) than such projects will be permitted subject to approval of Chairman of PG

Dept. of Business Administration, Rabi Channamma University, Belagavi.

c. Every student must submitWeekly Reportto their Internal Guide and seek guidance from them on continuous

basis till the completion of the internship project.

d. Students must contact the respective internal guide at least once in a week regarding the progress of the

work done.

e. The Internship Project should have Industry Orientation and the work should be certified by the concerned

Organization, where the student has undertaken the internship project.

3.13. The Internship Report shall be submitted by the students as per the guidelines and format prescribed by Rani

Channamma University, Belagavi.

3.14. The institutions are required to adhere to the guidelines prescribed for Internship Project Report preparation

and submission.

3.15. Professors and Associate Professors of PG Dept. of Business Administration, RCU, Belagavi and Senior

Directors of affiliated B-Schools will be assigned with the responsibility of conducting viva-voce and they will be

termed as the University Examiners.

3.16. Internship Projects are evaluated by using two components Project Report Evaluation and Project Viva-

voce. Each component carries 50 Marks. Both components should be evaluated by the same Examiner.


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3.18. The Internal Evaluation Format of Company Guide should be sent to respective Company Guide along with

Internship joining letter requesting him to send the duly filled in Internal Evaluation Format at the end of the project

in a sealed cover directly to Director/ Chairman of respective B-School.

3.19. The Internal Evaluation Format of Internal Guide should be given to respective Internal Guide along with list of

students allocated to him requesting him to send the duly filled in Internal Evaluation Format at the end of the project

in a sealed cover directly to Director/Chairman of respective B-School.

3.20. The Chairman/Director of B-School is required to handover the Internal Evaluation Formats of students to

designated Examiner and finalizing the Project Report Evaluation Marks.

3.21. The Project Report should be sent to the examiner in advance so that the examiners are better prepared for

conduct of Viva-Voce. (Directors are requested to contact the respective University Examiners and arrange to send

the Project Reports on or before deadline stipulated for the same.

3.22. The affiliated B-School can identify a Faculty Member to assist the University Examiner in smooth conduct of

the examination duty.

3.17. Internal Evaluation Method is developed to evaluate the performance of student undergoing Internship Project.

The internal assessment will be done by Company Guide as well as Internal Guide as per the prescribed Format.

20% of weightage (combined together) assigned by Company Guide and Internal Guide will be the Internal

Assessment Marks. Therefore, the Examiner has to evaluate Project Report for 30 marks only. The Internal

Assessment Marks (out of 20) should be added to Project Report Marks to be awarded by the Examiner,

making the total Project Report Evaluation Marks equaling to 50 marks. Internship Project Evaluation Format is

as follows:


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3.23. The marks awarded in the Viva-Voce and the Project Report Evaluation should be sent to the Registrar

(Evaluation), Rani Channamma University, Belagavi in a sealed cover immediately after the Viva-Voce with due

intimation to the Chairman of PG Dept. of Business Administration, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi.

3.24. All the affiliated B-Schools are requested to adhere to the Calendar of Event of MBA IIIrdSemester Internship

Project.

4. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS

4.1. Hundred Percent attendance is compulsory for project work.

4.2. Student should submit a confirmation letter of allotment of Internship Project in a company.

4.3. The faculty of the respective college is a faculty guide for the student whereas the company guide is the person

under whom a student is doing his/her project in the company.

4.4. Student should avail a formal permission for leave from company guide.

4.5. Student should submit weekly reports to the faculty guide.

4.6. Students should conform to the rules and regulations of his/ her place of work.

4.7. Students need to be regular, punctual, honest, obedient and sincere at work.

4.8. Attend the office/ company in formal dress.

4.9. Students are expected to respect the officials of the company & their conduct should be appealing.

4.10. Submit reports at various stages strictly as per the Internship Calendar.

5. ROLE OF STUDENTS PURSUING INTERNSHIP PROJECT

5.1. Students should get an overview of the Company/Industry in which they are placed. This includes understanding

the core business of the company, organizational chart, key personnel in the company, manufacturing units, marketing

channels, financial policies, etc.

5.2. Obtain a copy of latest annual report and analyze the financial statement, wherever possible.


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5.3. Make an analysis of the company and prepare a SWOT Analysis.

5.4. Problem identification is based on your observation, conclusions and specific recommendations for which

consult your faculty guide and company guide.

5.5. Have continuous interaction with the Faculty Guide and Company Guide.

5.6. Always be polite in dealings and maintain cordial relationship with the Company Executives.

5.7. Be in touch with Company Guide and always be positive and open to suggestions.

5.8. Make notes of the important points during meetings/discussions.

5.9. Maintain strict confidentiality of Company information.

5.10. Be in touch with faculty guide to complete the tasks assigned in stipulated time.

5.11. Refer text books whenever required, to reinforce relevant concepts.

5.12. Never misuse the facilities provided by the company.

5.13 Take presentation as an opportunity to impress upon the host company and ensure its success.

6. ROLE OF FACULTY AS GUIDE

Role of the faculty guide is to facilitate the student to undertake a meaningful project work and provide necessary

academic guidance, and to facilitate evaluation, with the help of the company guide, while Internship Project is in

progress. The faculty as guide would be involved at stages of Internship project. The faculty as guide shall:

6.1. Collect Progress Reports from the respective students every week.

6.2. Familiarize students with evaluation Process, Parameters & Schedules.

6.3. Keep the students informed about their performance/progress in the project, their strengths and weaknesses

and also ways for improvement.

6.4. Be in touch with company guide to know the behavior and the performance of the student during Internship

Project.

6.5. Guide/facilitate student intern in achieving the targets/tasks during Internship Project assigned by the Company.

6.6. Faculty as guide should plan for mock presentations by the student interns by involving one of the company


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guides. This would help to correct any shortcomings on the part of student interns when the presentation is made to

the target audience.

6.7. Faculty as guide should visit the company once in a month to know the performance of the students.

7.SELECTION OF INTERNSHIP PROJECT

Students should be encouraged to take up Internship Project in the area work Experience: Product Development,

Process/System Development, ICT and Research based work which may be in the area of Finance/Marketing/

Human Resource/Operations. They should also be encouraged to take up the project in the area ofGovernment/

Social/NGO Sector. While selecting the Project Topic organizational requirements should also be kept in mind.

8. GUIDELINES RELATING TO PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT

8.1. On completion of the Project Work, student shall prepare a report with the following format.

8.2. The project report shall be prepared using word processor Viz. MS Word.

8.3. All the reports shall be in the printed format with the margin of 1.5" to the left and 1" margin on all remaining

sides.

8.4. The students shall use Times New Roman Font and the font size shall be 12, sub titles with 14 and main

headings with 16.

8.5. The report shall be hard bound facing sheet (only Royal Blue color) indicating the project title, name of the

B-School and month and year of admission (spiral binding not permitted).

8.6. An undertaking by the student to the effect that the work is independently carried out by him/her is essential.

8.7. The Internal Guide as well as company guide shall give a certificate to the effect that the candidate has worked

satisfactory under his /her guidance and also indicate that bonafide performance of the project by the student (on

letter head).


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8.8. A certificate by Director / Head of the Institution indicating the bonafide performance of the project by the

student to be enclosed.

8.9. Internship Report shall have the LOGO of the University (Mandatory)

9. GUIDELINES RELATING TO SUBMISSION OF PROJECT REPORT

9.1. Three hard copies of the Internship Project Report should be prepared by students pursuing Internship Project

and same should be submitted to their respective B-School.

9.2. One HARDcopy of the Internship Project Report to be submitted to The Chairman, Department of Business

Administration, Rani Channamma University.

9.3. Soft copy of Project List (area-wise) should be submitted by each affiliated B-School to the Chairman, PG

Dept. of Business Administration, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi.


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FORMATS


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NAME OF INSTITUTE

PROJECT PROPOSAL FORMAT

Name of Student :

Registration No. :

Cell No. & Email ID :

Area of Specialization :

Proposed Area of Project :

Title of the Project :

Name of Organization :

Name of Company Guide :

Remarks of Company Guide

on the Topic :

Cell No. & Email ID of Company G :

Name of Company Guide :

Remarks of Internal Guide :

Cell No. & Email ID of Internal G :

Tentative Date of Joining :

Date: Signature of Student

Company Guide Internal Guide

Signature of Director/Chairman

Coordinator

Internship Project Signature of Chairman

PG Dept. of Business Administration, PG Dept. of Business Administration,

Rani Channamma University Rani Channamma University

===========================================================================

Project Proposal format should be submitted to Chairman, MBA Dept. RCU, Belagavi for final approval. The viva-

voce will be conducted only for those projects which were approved by RCU, Belagavi.

A


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NAME OF INSTITUTE

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT NO.

Title of the Project:

B


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EVALUATION FORMAT FOR INTERNAL GUIDE

Date: Signature

(Name of Internal Guide)

C


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LETTER HEAD OF COMPANY GUIDE/ COMPANY

EVALUATION FORMAT FOR COMPANY GUIDE

Date: Signature

(Name of Company Guide)

D


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FORMAT OF PROJECT REPORT

FOR RESEARCH BASED WORK

(Total number of pages should not exceed 80 to 100)

E


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Name of Institute

Rani Channamma University,

Belagavi

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

xxxxx

SUBMITTED

(Name of the student in CAPITAL)

Reg. No.

Batch

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

Post Graduate Degree in MBA

MONTH, 200X-0Y


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TABLE OFCONTENTS Page. No

Declaration from student i

Certificate from Company Guide ii

Certificate from Internal Guide iii

Chairman/Director Certificate iv

Acknowledgement vChapter Scheme vi

List of Tables vii

List of Graphs viii

List of Charts ix

List if Abbreviations, if any x

Executive Summary xi

1. Introduction Approx No. of Pages. 10 -15

1.1. Background of the Study

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Objectives of the Study

2. Literature Review Approx No. of Pages. 5

3. Research Methodology Approx No. of Pages. 05-073.1. Research Design

3.2. Sample Design-Population, Sample Size calculation, Sampling method, Survey Method (If Used)

3.3. Data Sources

3.4. Hypothesis ( If any)

3.5. Data Analysis Tools (If used)

3.6. Limitations of Study (If any)

4. Company Profile4.1. Historical Background

4.2. Vision & Mission

4.3. Organizational Structure - Different Departments

4.4. Product /Service Profile

4.5. Area of Operation

4.6. Business Practices Finance/HR/Marketing/Operations

4.7. Current Status

4.8. Future Plans

4.9. Any Special Awards

4.10. SWOT Analysis

5. Data Analysis

6. Findings and Conclusions

7. Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix


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FORMAT OF PROJECT REPORT

FOR WORK RELATING TO WORK EXPERIENCE PRODUCT/SYSTEM/

PROCESS DEVELOPMENT, ICT

(Total number of pages should not exceed 80 to 100)


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Name of Institute

Rani Channamma University,

Belagavi

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

xxxxx

SUBMITTED

(Name of the student in CAPITAL)

Reg. No.

Batch

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

Post Graduate Degree in MBA

MONTH, 200X-0Y


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TABLE OFCONTENTS Page. No

Declaration from student i

Certificate from Company Guide ii

Certificate from Internal Guide iii

Chairman/Director Certificate iv

Acknowledgement vChapter Scheme vi

List of Tables vii

List of Graphs viii

List of Charts ix

List if Abbreviations, if any x

Executive Summary xi

1. Introduction Approx No. of Pages. 10 -15

1.1. Background of the Study

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Objectives of the Study

2. Literature Review Approx No. of Pages. 5

3. Company Profile

3.1. Historical Background

3.2. Vision & Mission

3.3. Organizational Structure - Different Departments

3.4. Product /Service Profile

3.5. Area of Operation

3.6. Business Practices Finance/HR/Marketing/Operations

3.7. Current Status3.8. Future Plans

3.9. Any Special Awards

3.10. SWOT Analysis

4. Product Development

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Problems Identification

4.3. Generating idea

4.4. Screening the Idea

4.5. Product Testing

4.6. Business Analytics

4.7. Marketability Tests

4.8. Product Development

4.9. Commercialization of Product

4.10. Post Launch Review

Or

4. Process/System Development

4.1. Introduction



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4.3. Data Collection

4.4. Structural Analysis

4.5. Process Analysis

4.6. Functional Analysis

4.7. Domain Analysis

4.8. Planning

4.9. Implementation4.10. Post Implementation Review

Or

4. ICT System Development

4.1. Introduction


4.3. Collection of User Requirements- Structural & Process Analysis, Functional Analysis

4.4. Developing ICT Vision

4.5. Identifying ICT Requirements

4.6. Develop ICT Strategy

4.7. Developing Software / Software Selection

4.8. ICT System Testing

4.9. ICT Implementation

4.10. Post Implementation Review

5. Conclusions

Bibliography

Appendix


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DIRECTORS CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Internship Report entitled (Project Title with name of the Organization)is an

individual work of (Student Name), RCU Examination Registration No ________________ of IIIrdSemester,

(Name of Institute),Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, now being submitted in the partial fulfillment of

requirement, for the award of the Degree of Master of Business Administration of Rani Channamma University,

Belagavi.

Date: Chairman or Director

F


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INTERNAL GUIDES CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Internship Report entitled (Project Title with name of the Organization)is an

individual work of (Student Name), RCU Examination Registration No. _______________ of IIIrdSemester,

(Name of Institute), Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, now being submitted in the partial fulfillment of

requirement, for the award of the Degree of Master of Business Administration of Rani Channamma University,

Belagavi under my supervision and guidance.

I further certify that the work is original work and student has made his best efforts to bring the work in this

format.

Date: Internal Guide


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ANNEXURE


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BASICS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Meaning of Research

It is a systematic and scientific inquiry of specific objective of the study.

2. Meaning of Business Research

Business research is a process of identifying a problem, collecting relevant information, collecting appropriate data,

analyze it to help the decision makers to take right decision.

3. Statement of the Problem

Statement of problem defines the core issue, peripheries of the study and the perspectives clearly. Descriptive/

Hypothesis testing research begins with a Question, whereas Explorative research, develops the question along the

study.

4. Identifying Research Problem

The following are the ways through which the research problem can be identified:

4.1. General Statement or Broad generalization.

4.2. Nature: Cause, reasons for Observation, points of Perception, History and Context.

4.3. Literature Survey: Knowledge base, narrowing the field, selecting the method and identifying the gaps.

Understanding the difficulties and limitations of the selected means and methods of study.

4.4. Idea Development: Discussions, Debates, Brainstorming with Colleagues, Co-researchers, 4.5. Experts

and the Guide

4.6. Rephrasing: Develop into an operational idea with a testable hypothesis. Establishment of causal relationship

and testable hunch.

4.7. Management Dilemma (Problem/Opportunity)

4.8. Management Question (How can we??)

4.9. A Research Question (Options??)

4.10. Investigative Question (What needs to be known?)

4.11. Measuring Question (What needs to be asked?)


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Points to be kept in mind while selecting the Research Problem

Avoid Controversial problem

Avoid Common / Trivial subjects

Avoid vague / Narrow based / Abstract

Select Feasible, Familiar and Practical on the basis of resource availability and acceptance of the Guides.

5. Objectives of the Research

a. Developing New Theories, Models, Systems, Process, Product/Service

b. Approving and disapproving the Existing Theories

c. Contributing to the Body of Knowledge

d. Forecasting

e. Indentifying Problem

f. Developing Solutions

g. Developing New Tools for Policy Decision

h. Identifying Best Practices to set the Benchmark

i. Revealing Trends, etc

6. Review of Literature

It is a review of published material to study about the concepts, theories, definition, previously done research

findings into the field of research. It includes books, journals, periodicals, thesis etc. the purpose of literature review

should be a) Understand the concept, b) Structure the study and c) to form the Foundation of the study. The

literature review may be Conceptual or Referential.

7. Components of Research Methodology/ Research Design

A. Population:A population is a collection of all the data points being studied. For Example, if we are studying the

annual incomes of all people in India, then the population under study would consists of data points representing the

incomes of each and every person in India.


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B. Sample: A sample is a part of a population, which is chosen to study and make the inference. For Example: If

population is annual incomes of all people in India, then samples would be, i) The annual incomes of all people

in Mumbai, ii) The annual incomes of all people in India over 40 years of age or iii) The annual incomes of the first

hundred people mentioned in your telephone directory.

C. Parameters:Any characteristics of population are called as parameters. For Example: Average life of a fluorescent

tube.

D. Statistic: Any characteristic of a sample is called as statistic. For Example: Average life of a fluorescent tube of

selected city (i.e. calculated over sample). The following notations are used to denote population parameters and

sample statistics.

E. Sampling: The process of inferring something about a large group of elements by studying only a part of it is

known as sampling. Sampling theory is the study of relationship between population and samples drawn from thepopulation and is applicable to random sample analysis.

F. Sampling Unit: It is a single element/ group of elements subject to selection in the sample.

G. Sampling Frame: It is a list of elements from which the sample may be drawn.

H. Sample Size: Sample Size is calculated by applying following formula:

Sample size for Mean

Sample Size i.e.

2

=

E

ZSn where

Z: standardized value that corresponds to the confidence level

S: Sample Standard Deviation or estimate of the Population Standard Deviation

E: acceptable magnitude of error (how precise the estimate must be)


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Sample size for Proportions

Sample Size i.e.2

2

..

E

pqZn lc= where

Z: confidence level in standard error units (e.g.: 95% confidence level, Zc.l

. =1.96)

S: sample standard deviation or estimate of the population standard deviation

E: acceptable magnitude of error (how precise the estimate must be)

Sample size may also be determined on the basis of managerial judgment or in comparison with the previous studies

of other researcher.

I. Sampling Technique:Sampling techniques are broadly classified into two categories i.e. Probability/ Non

probability.

J. Sampling Methods: The various sampling methods used by researchers are depicted in the following chart.

Non Random / Non Probability /Judgment Sampling: Here the sample is selected according to the judgment of

the investigators or experts. Hence there is certain subjectivity in the selection. Any sampling process which does not

ensure some non-zero probability for each element in the population to be included in the sample would belong to

the category of Non-Probability Sampling.

Random or Probability Sampling: All probability sampling methods ensure that each element in the population

has non-zero probability of getting included in the sample. The picking up the sample is totally insulted against the

judgment convenience or whims of any person involved with the study. That is why probability sampling procedures

tend to become rigorous and time consuming. It ensure that each element has a non zero probability of getting

included in the sample. There are four types of probability sampling.


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I. Simple Random Sampling: Conceptually, it is one of the simplest sampling designs and can work well for

relatively small populations. However, there are many practical problems when simple random sampling is used for

large population. In this sampling, each possible sample has an equal chance of being selected. Further, each item in

the entire population also has an equal chance of being selected. Suppose a population is of N elements and a

sample of n (


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Skip interval = Total Population / Sample Size

= 10000/ 500= 20

Let us start with number 9 from 1 to 20, then the sample would include 9, 29, 49, 69 9929, 9949, 9969 etc

III. Stratified Sampling: It is used when population is heterogeneous. In this case, the population is first subdivided

into several parts (or small groups) called strata. The strata are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive. Every

element of the population belongs to one stratum and not more than one stratum. It is more complex than simple

random sampling, but if allied properly can significantly increase the statistical efficiency of sampling. If you create

strata within which units share similar characteristics and are considerably different from units in other strata then you

would only need a small sample from each stratum to get a precise estimate of total income for that stratum. Then

you could combine these estimates to get a precise estimate of total income for the whole population.

Example: A retailer of electronic goods would analyze the bill copies according to items purchased viz, TVS, stereos,

VCRs etc. each products customers would form a strata. Strata in this case would be TV buyers, VCR buyers,

Stereo buyers. For each stratum random sampling would be done. It can be proportionate and disproportionate

stratified sampling. For Example, if you are interested in estimating the demand of non-aerated beverage in a residential

colony. We know that the consumption of these beverages has some relationship with the family income and that the

families residing in this colony can be classified as high-income, middle-income, low-income families. If we select

some members in the same proportional from each category, we would have used proportional stratified sampling.

On the other hand, if we know that there is a variation in the consumption of this beverage from one family to another

is relatively large for the low income category where as there is not much variation in the high income category, we

would pick up a smaller sample from high-income and larger sample in proportion from low-income. This is

disproportionate stratified sampling.

IV. Cluster Sampling: Here population is divided into clusters or groups and then random sampling is done for

each cluster. Cluster sampling differs from stratified sampling. In case of stratified sampling the elements of each

stratum are homogenous and in cluster sampling the elements of each cluster are not homogenous. Each cluster is

representative of the population.

For example: Suppose that the department of Agriculture wishes to investigate the use of pesticides by farmers in

India. A cluster sample could be different states in India. A sample of these states would then be chosen at random,

so all farmers in those states selected would be included in the sample. It can be seen here that it is easier to visit

several farmers in the same states than it is to travel to each form in a random sample to observe the use of


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pesticides. Mumbai city is divided into 5 zones. Each zone is a cluster in which we may have buyers of TV, VCR &

Stereo. From the addresses on the bills, we would classify the customers and we would then consider every item

within randomly selected customers.

K. Data Collection Methods:Data collection methods are broadly classified into two categories i. e. Primary and

secondary methods. Primary Data refers to collection of first hand data. Commonly used methods to collect primary

data are: i) Direct personal investigation, ii) Indirect personal investigation, iii) Information received through local

agencies, iv) Mailed questionnaire method and v) Schedules sent through enumerators. Secondary data refers to

compilation of existing data. It is the data that already exists which has been collected by some other person or

organization for their use, and is generally made available to other researchers free or at concessional rate. The

sources of secondary data include Websites, Trade Associations, Journals, Books, Government publications, Non

Government Organizations, Periodicals, Directories, etc.

L. Data Presentation Methods: Data can be presented with the help of tables and graphs. Commonly used

graphs are Bar graph, Line graph, Pie chart, Histogram, Scatter plot, Control charts etc.

M. Hypothesis: The hypotheses are often statements about population parameters like expected value and variance.

The hypotheses are classified into two categories i.e. Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis. The null hypothesis,

H0, represents a theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used

as a basis for argument, but has not been proved. The alternative hypothesis, H1, is a statement of what a statistical

hypothesis test is set up to establish. Hypothesis testing is done with the help of parametric and non- parametric

tests. A parametric test is used when the distribution of population is known. A non parametric test is used when the

distribution of population is unknown. Commonly used tests for hypothesis are Chi-square test, t-test for paired

data, F test etc.

N. Chi Square Analysis: Chi-square is a statistical measure with the help of which it is possible to access the

significance of the difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies obtained from some

hypothetical universe. Chi-square tests enable us to test whether more than two population proportions can be

considered equal. If we classify a population into several categories with respect to two attributes(such as age and

job performance), we can then use a chi- square test to determine whether the two attributes are independent of

each other. The Chi- square statistic is computed by using the formula


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2 = (f0- f

e)2/f

e

Where f0= observed frequency

fe= expected frequency

Determining Degrees of Freedom: 1) It is one of the prerequisite for using chi- square test 2) The number of

independent constraints determines the number of degrees of freedom (d.f), 3) If there are 10 frequency classes and

there is one independent constraint, then there (10 - 1) = 9 d.f, thus, if n is the number of groups and one constraint

is placed by making the totals of observed and expected frequencies equal, then, d.f.= (n-1), 4) When two constraints

are placed by making the totals as well as the arithmetic means equal then d.f = (n-2) and so on and 5) For

contingency table, d.f = (number of rows -1) (Number of columns -1)

Chi square Statistic: The value of chi- square statistic is found at the intersection point of number of degrees of

freedom and corresponding level of significance. This value denotes the area to the right end of tail.

Conditions for the Application of Test: 1)Observations recorded and used are collected on a random basis.

2) All the items in the sample must be independent. 3) No group should contain very few items say less than 10. If

the frequencies are less than 10, regrouping is done by combining the frequencies of adjoining groups so that the new

frequencies become greater than 10. Some statisticians take this number as 5, but 10 is regarded as better by most

of the statistician.

Chi-square Test: The various test of significance are based on the assumption that the sampling distribution follows

a normal distribution curve. However, it is not always possible to assume the distribution pattern from which

samples are drawn. To overcome this difficulty Chi-square test is used.

Chi-square as a test of goodness of fit: In 1990, Karl Pearson developed this test. This test is used to test

whether or not the observed frequency results support a particular hypothesis. The test can be used to identify

whether the deviations (if any) between the observed and estimated values can of a chance or some other inadequacies.

Steps involved in computing Chi-square (2) value:1) Setting up the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

2) Listing up the observed frequencies. 3) Calculate the expected frequencies if the data followed a given theoretical

distribution. 4) Find the value of chi- square statistic. 5) Determine the degrees of freedom = n-1. 6) Referring the

tables for the 2 statistic at n-1 degrees of freedom and significance level. 7) Comparing the test statistic value with

appropriate critical value from the table. 8) Accepting the null hypothesis if the value thus computed for the given

degrees of freedom and significance level is lesser than the critical (tabulated value), otherwise rejecting it.

Chi square as a test of independence: Many times, managers need to know whether the differences they

observe among several sample proportions are significant or only due to chance. In other words, a decision has to


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be taken whether these differences are significant enough to warrant setting up the hypothesis and testing it or

whether they are due to chance. This is mandatory as it has a bearing on the future of the firm

Steps involved in testing hypothesis: the followings steps are involved in testing an hypothesis: 1) Setting up on

Hypothesis. 2)Compare the observed and the expected frequencies. If actual and the expected values are nearly

equal to each other we accept the null hypothesis. If there is a large difference between the two values we reject the

null hypothesis. But mathematically, we employ the chi square statistic given by

2 = (f0- f

e)2/f

e

Where,

fois the observed frequency

fe

is the expected frequency.

If this value happens to be smaller, then we conclude that there is a little difference between the actual and theexpected frequencies and if the difference is large, then we conclude that the actual and the expected values are not

equal. Further this value is compared with the value obtained from the table.

O. ANOVA- Analysis of Variance: Statistical techniques used to test the differences between two or more means.

Comparisons of the means of two populations are easy with Z- test and T- test. Objective of ANOVA is to test

whether there is any significant difference between the means of various samples. ANOVA measures the variability

in data points within the samples and also measures the variance between the sample means. Two variations are

compared using F test. If the value of the F- test or the variability between the sample means and variability within

the samples is larger then, we can conclude that there is significant difference between the means of the samples.

Types of ANOVA Test: One- Factor ANOVA and N- Factor ANOVA

One- Factor ANOVA: It is used for the problems that involve evaluating the differences of mean of the dependent

variable for various categories of single independent variable. For Example, if a marketer wants to know whether

there would be any effect of various pricing levels (like Rs.3, Rs.5 & Rs. 7) on the product sales, where product

sales is dependent variable and prices are independent variables. Thus the marketer wants to know whether a

change in price would lead to a significant difference in product sales.

Process of ANOVA: 1)Formulate the hypothesis. 2) Null hypothesis: there is no difference between population

means and Alternative hypothesis: there is difference between population means. 3) Obtain the mean of each sample.

4) Find the mean of all the means i.e. grand mean 5) calculate the variation between samples denoted by SS

between


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SS between = =

k

i

kk XXn1

2)( where

kX - mean of each sample

X= mean of all means

6) Obtain the mean square of the variation between samples denoted by MS between using SS between

MS between = SS between / k-1 , where k-1 degrees of freedom between samples

7) Calculate the variation within the samples denoted by SS within

SS within = ))( 211 XX i + ))( 222 XX i + ))( 233 XX i + ))( 244 XX i8) Calculate the mean square of variation within the samples denoted by MS within using SS within

MS within = SS within/ (n-k) where n-k= degrees of freedom,

n no. of teams in the samples

k- no. of samples

9) Calculate the total variance denoted by SS

10) Determine F- ratio, F- ratio = MS between/ MS within

11) The F- ratio is compared with the corresponding value in the F distribution table. If the F- ratio is less than the

table value, we accept the null hypothesis that there is no difference between population means. If F- ratio is equal

or greater than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected.

P. Non Parametric Tests: Non parametric tests are also called as distribution free tests. Parametric tests are

used in case of normally distributed populations whereas Non- parametric populations are used in certain situations

in which the use of normal curve is not appropriate. Non parametric tests do not make an assumption about the

parameters of the population and thus do not make use of the parameters of the distribution i.e. the hypotheses of a

non parametric test are concerned with something other than the value of a population parameter. E.g. while testing

the two training methods, say A and B, for determining the superiority of one over the other, if we do not assume that

the scores of the trainees are normally distributed or that the mean score of all trainees taking method A would be a

certain value, then the testing method is called as non parametric test.

Types of Non Parametric Tests: 1) Rank sum test: a) The Mann Whitney U Test b) Kruskal Wallis test

2) The one sample runs test 3) Rank correlation


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The sign test for paired data: It is easiest test to use. It is based on the direction of the plus or minus signs of

observations in a sample, not on their numerical magnitude. It may be of one of the following two types: 1) One

sample sign test 2) Two sample sign test

1) One sample test: This test is applicable when we sample a continuous symmetrical population in which case the

probability of getting a sample value less than mean is 1/2 and the probability of getting a sample greater than mean

is also 1/2. To test the null hypothesis = H0

against an appropriate alternative on the basis of a random sample size

n, replace the value of each item of the sample with a plus sign if it greater than H0

and minus sign if it is less than H0

,

but if the value is equal to

H0,simply discard it

.Test the null hypothesis that these + or signs are values of a random

variable, having a binomial distribution with p = . When the sample is small, use tables of binomial probabilities and

when the sample is large, use normal approximation to binomial distribution.

2) Two sample test:It has important application when paired data is given. Each pair of values can be replaced

with a + sign if the first value of the first sample (say X) is greater than the first value of the second sample (say Y)

and sign if the first value of X is less than the first value of Y. In case the two values are equal, the concerning pair

is discarded. In case the two samples are not of equal size, then some of the values of the larger sample left over after

random pairing will have to be discarded.

Rank Sum Test: Two commonly used tests are the U test and the H test. U test is popularly known as Wilcoxon-

Mann Whitney test, whereas H test is also known as Kruskal Wallis test. Use Mann Whitney test when only

two populations are involved. Use Kruskal Wallis test when more than two populations are involved. Use of all

these tests will enable us to determine whether samples have been drawn from the same population (or from different

populations having the same distribution). The use of ranking information rather than pluses and minuses is less

wasteful of data than the sign test. Steps involved in this test: 1) Rank the data jointly, taking them as belonging to a

single sample in either an increasing or decreasing order of magnitude. 2) Usually adopt low to high ranking process

which means we assign rank 1 to an item with lowest value, rank 2 to the next higher item and so on. In case there

are ties, then assign each of the tied observation the mean of the ranks which they jointly occupy. 3) Find the sum of

the ranks assigned to the values of the first sample (call it R1) and also the sum of the ranks assigned to the values of

the second sample (call it R2). 4) Work out the test statistic i.e.Uwhich is given as below:

U=n1.n

2+

2

1)(nn 11 +- R

1,

Where n1&

n

2are sample sizes


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(R1is the sum of the ranks assigned to the values

of the first sample. It is immaterial which sample is called the first

sample. Whichever rank sum can be conveniently obtained can be taken as R1)

5) Assume the null hypothesis as the two samples come from the identical populations.

6) Assume alternative hypothesis as the means of the population are not equal. 7) If the null hypothesis that the

n1+ n

2observations come from identical populations is true, the U statistic has a sampling distribution with Mean

U =2

n*n 21

The Kruskal Wallis Test (H test): It is the extension of Wilcoxon- Mann Whitney test and used test when

more than two populations are involved. Steps involved in this test: 1) Rank the data jointly, taking them as

belonging to a single sample in either an increasing or decreasing order of magnitude. 2) Usually adopt low to high

ranking process which means we assign rank 1 to an item with lowest value, rank 2 to the next higher item and so

on. In case there are ties, then assign each of the tied observation the mean of the ranks which they jointly

occupy. 3) Find the sum of the ranks assigned to the values of the first sample (call it R1) and also the sum of the

ranks assigned to the values of the second sample (call it R2). 4) Work out the test statistic i.e. H which is given

as below:

H=)1(

12

+nn

=

k

i in

Ri

1

2

- 3 (n+1)

Where n = n1+

n

2+ +n

k

Ri being the sum of the ranks assigned to niobservations in the ith

sample

5) Assume the null hypothesis as the two samples come from the identical populations i.e. there is no difference

between the sample means. 6) Assume alternative hypothesis as the means of the population are not equal. 7) If

the null hypothesis is true that there is no difference between the sample means and each sample has at least five

items, then sampling distribution of H can be approximated by chi- square distribution with (k-1) degrees of freedom.

8) If the samples have less than 5 items, then chi- square distribution cannot be used. 9) If calculated H value

exceeds the concerned table value of chi- square at given significance level, then null hypothesis can be rejected.

The One Sample Runs Test: It was assumed that the samples were selected randomly i.e. chosen without preference

or bias. This test is used to judge the randomness of a sample on the basis of the order in which the observations are


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taken. A run is sequence of identical letters (or other kinds of symbols) which is followed and preceded by different

letters or no letters at all.

Steps involved in the one sample runs test:

1)Sequence the runs. For Example:if the applicants for advanced job training were to be selected without regard

to gender from a large population and they enter in the following manner, W, M, M, M,M, W, then this sequence

has three runs as :W MMMMW

2) Symbols used for a runs test: If a test of runs contains two kinds of occurrences, then,

n1= number of occurrences of type 1

n2= number of occurrences of type 2

r = number of runs

E.g. consider a pattern for the arrival of applicants: M, W, W, M, M, M, M, W, W, W, M, M, W, M, W, W, M

n1= 8 (number of women)

n2= 9 (number of men)

r = 9 (number of runs)

3) The sampling distribution of the r statistic. The number of runs or r is a statistic with its own special sampling

distribution and its own test. The runs may be of different lengths. The one sample runs test is based on the idea that

too many or too few runs show that the items were not chosen randomly. Mean of the sampling distribution of the r

statistic is given by,

r=

21

21

nn

.nn2

+

+ 1

The standard error of the r statistic is given by the formula,

r =

( ) )1nn(nn

)n-n-.n(2n.nn2

212

21

212121

++

4) Testing the hypothesis: The sampling distribution of r can be closely approximated by the normal distribution

if either n1or n

2is larger than 20.


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H0: the items are randomly mixed.

H1: the items are not randomly mixed

Standardize the sample r statistic,

Z =r

rr

Find the critical value from z table and test the hypothesis

Rank Correlation: The rank correlation coefficient is a measure of correlation that exists between the two sets of

ranks. It is a measure of association between the variables that we would not have been able to calculate otherwise.

It is used when data is not available to us in numerical form for doing correlation analysis but when the information is

sufficient to rank the data as first, second, third and so forth. The value always lie within 1 and -1,

1 indicates a perfect positive correlation and -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation

Steps involved in calculating Spearmans rank correlation coefficient:1) Assign the ranks to all the observations

from highest to lowest or lowest to highest. 2) If two or more values happen to be equal, then the average of the

ranks which should have been assigned to such vales had they been all different, is taken and the same average rank

is given to concerning value. 3) Record the difference between ranks for each pair of observations (di). 4) Take

square of these differences to obtain a total of di2 . 5) Calculate the coefficient of correlation by the formula:

r = 1 - {

)1(

62

2

nn

di}

Steps involved in testing hypothesis: 1) If n < 30, the distribution of r is not normal and use the values from table

of Spearmans rank correlation to determine acceptance and rejection areas. 2) State the null hypothesis as

H0: there is zero correlation in the concerned ranked data i.e. there is no correlation. 3) State alternative hypothesis

as H1: there is a correlation. 4) Two tailed test is appropriate. 5) At the given significance levels find out the critical

value. 6) Compare the calculated value with critical value to test the hypothesis. 7) If n > 30, the sampling distribution

is approximately normal with a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1

1

n thus

The standard error of r isr =

1

1

n

Refer the z table to test the hypothesis about the rank correlation.

Note: Students should be encouraged to read Research Methodology books and Business Statistics books


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8. Reference Format (Harvard Citation Style)

Books / E-Books

Pint Edition: Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill,

Sydney.

E-books:White, H 2002, The westernization of world history in Western historical thinking: an intercultural debate,

ed. J Rusen, Berghahn Books, New York pp. 111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-Book. [14 May

2009].

Company Information:Reports, Profiles

Example: Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis 2009, National Australia Bank Limited Company report. Available from:

Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis. [20 May 2009].

Conference Proceedings:Print, Online, Unpublished

Print: Riley, D 1992, Industrial relations in Australian education, inContemporary Australasian industrial relations:

proceedings of the sixth AIRAANZ conference, ed. D Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, pp. 124-140.

Online: Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval

and knowledge management, Proceedings of the twenty-first international conference on information systems,

pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June 2004].

Internet / Websites: Web page, Web Documents, Blogs, Images, Tables & Figures

Example: Australian Securities Exchange 2009, Market Information. Available from: . [5 July 2009].

Journal Articles:

In Print: Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities, Journal of

Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493.

Online: Liveris, A 2011, Ethics as a strategy,Leadership Excellence, vol. 28, no. 2, pp.17-18. Available from:

ProQuest. [23 June 2011].

Multimedia Formats

Video & TV Program: Crystal, L (executive producer) 1993, The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour (television broadcast)

11 October 1993, New York and Washington DC, Public Broadcasting Service.

Newspaper Articles:

In Print: Ionesco, J 2001, Federal election, The Advertiser 23 October, p. 10.

From a Database: Meryment, E 2006, Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own, The Australian 7

October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva. [2 February 2007].

From a Website: Hilts, PJ 1999, In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out, The New York Times 16

February. Available from: . [19 February 2000].

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