Ralf Beerens MSc. VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands Institute for Safety Science
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Transcript of Ralf Beerens MSc. VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands Institute for Safety Science
Urban Search and Rescue: Preparedness and Coordination
When Structures Collapse
An analysis of Preparedness and Coordination for receiving USAR-assistance in
The Netherlands, Sweden and Estonia
Ralf Beerens MSc.VU University Amsterdam
The Netherlands Institute for Safety Science Fire Services & Crisis Management Academy
Agenda
• Rationale and Scope• Literature Review• Methodology • Results and Analyses
– The Netherlands– Sweden– Estonia
• Conclusion and Recommendations • Discussion / Q&A
Rationale: • Significant increase in events that might cause structural
collapse and/or entrapment (EM-DAT 2007)
• United Nations GA Res. 57/150 • UN “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015”• National and International focus on Disaster Response
Preparedness
Rationale and Scope (1)
Aim: • “To compare the coordination mechanisms and related
preparedness measures of three European countries”
Countries compared:
The Netherlands Sweden Estonia
Rationale and Scope (2)
Rationale and Scope (3)
UN INSARAG Guidelines
The Netherlands Sweden Estonia
Comparative Case Study Research
National Structures(Law/Policy)
National Structures(Law/Policy)
National Structures(Law/Policy)
Local/ Operational USAR-Procedures
Local/Operational USAR-Procedures
Local/Operational USAR- Procedures
European UnionUSAR Council
Resolutions
Operational/Local Level
National Level
International Level
Definitions used:
• “Locating, reaching, (medically) treating, and safely extricating deeply entombed survivors of collapsed structures”
• “…distinguishes from other emergency rescue entities by its unique capability to overcome the impediments caused by steel, reinforced concrete and other heavy construction to locate victims and effect rescue”
(Barbera and Macintyre 1996)
Literature Review
National Disaster System
Rapid Response Mechanism
USAR-Response System
Effective and Efficient International Coordination:
• Important issues: – Time – Management– Communication – Media – Resources/Technology/Capacity – Knowledge/Understanding – Situational/Disaster Dynamics
(Bäckström and Christofferson 2006, Chiu et al 2002, De Ville de Goyet 2002, Erdogan 2006, Katoch 2006, Macintyre, Barbera and Smith 2006, Morris 2006, Perry 2003, Romundstad et al 2004)
Literature Review
International Coordination:
• Political Environment:– United Nations: UN GA Resolutions (46/181,
57/150)– INSARAG Guidelines and Methodology 2006– European Union: Community Civil Protection
Mechanism (Council Decisions 2001, 2003 and a recast of those in 2007)
– National Political Disaster Preparedness and Response Structures
Literature Review
Methodology (1)
1. Desk Research:– INSARAG guidelines and methodology (2006)– European Union Council resolutions (2001 and 2003)
Preparedness
Mobilisation
Operations
De-mobilisation
Post-Mission
UN INSARAG Methodology Cycle
2. Conceptual Framework and Model Development
Methodology (2)
Methodology (3)
3. Diagrammatic Modelling
• Using various complex research modelling processes
• Showing logical linkages between the various mechanisms on a local/field, national and international level, with an emphasis on:– Chain of Command & Control– Planning– Flow of Information– Request for assistance– Granting for assistance– Coordination
Methodology (4)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Methodology (5)
5. Expert Interviews - The Netherlands (Van der Weide)- Sweden (Norlin)- Estonia (Teder, Salong and Paju)
6. Analysis of the Interviews using diagrammatic modelling in order to develop a practical “country model”
7. Compare the three National Country Models with the “International/EU USAR Model” using “pattern matching” (Trochim 1989)
Results and Analysis
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
The Netherlands
The Netherlands
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
UNDAC
Police Force
Fire Services
Medical Services
Public and Private Bodies Op
erat
ion
al
Lea
der
(C
OP
I/OT
)
MayorDisaster Plan
Disaster Relief Plan
Queeen’s Commissioner/PCCProvincial Coordination Plan
Ministry of the Interior & Kingdom
Relations/NCC
Other Ministries/ DCC
GRIP-Procedures
LOCC
USAR.NL
Disaster Act (WRZO)
International USAR Teams
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
Regional Policy Team (RBT) / RCC
Municipal Policy Team (GBT)
LEMA
INSARAG National Focal Point
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
The Netherlands
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
UNDAC
Police Force
Fire Services
Medical Services
Public and Private Bodies Op
erat
ion
al
Lea
der
(C
OP
I/OT
)
MayorDisaster Plan
Disaster Relief Plan
Queeen’s Commissioner/PCCProvincial Coordination Plan
Ministry of the Interior & Kingdom
Relations/NCC
Other Ministries/ DCC
GRIP-Procedures
LOCC
USAR.NL
Disaster Act (WRZO)
International USAR Teams
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
Regional Policy Team (RBT) / RCC
Municipal Policy Team (GBT)
LEMA
INSARAG National Focal Point
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Sweden
Sweden
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
UNDAC
Plan of Action(municipality)
Specific Disaster Plans (county)
Police Force
Fire Services
Medical Services
Public and Private Bodies
Rescue Leader / Rädnningsledaren (municipal or county level)
SRSA
Ministry of Defense GovernmentCivil Protection Act
2002
International USAR Teams
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG National Focal Point
Swedish USAR (SRSA)
LEMA
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Sweden
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
UNDAC
Plan of Action(municipality)
Specific Disaster Plans (county)
Police Force
Fire Services
Medical Services
Public and Private Bodies
Rescue Leader / Rädnningsledaren (municipal or county level)
SRSA
Ministry of Defense GovernmentCivil Protection Act
2002
International USAR Teams
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG National Focal Point
Swedish USAR (SRSA)
LEMA
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Estonia
Estonia
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
UNDAC
Crisis Management Plan(Municipalities and Cities)
Crisis Management Plan(County)
Crisis Management Plan(National)
Local Governement (Crisis Com.) County Governement (Crisis Com.)
Rescue Work Coordinator
Emergency Situation Response Coordinator
Rescue Board
Governement (Crisis Com.)
Ministries
Police Force
Fire Services
Medical Services
Public and Private Bodies
Regional Rescue Center
Em
erg
en cy
C
ent
er
EDRT/USAR
Emergency Preparedness Act 2002Emergency Situation
Act 1996
International USAR Teams
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
RDC RDCOSOCC
LEMA
INSARAG National Focal Point
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Estonia
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
UNDAC
Crisis Management Plan(Municipalities and Cities)
Crisis Management Plan(County)
Crisis Management Plan(National)
Local Governement (Crisis Com.) County Governement (Crisis Com.)
Rescue Work Coordinator
Emergency Situation Response Coordinator
Rescue Board
Governement (Crisis Com.)
Ministries
Police Force
Fire Services
Medical Services
Public and Private Bodies
Regional Rescue Center
Em
erg
en cy
C
ent
er
EDRT/USAR
Emergency Preparedness Act 2002Emergency Situation
Act 1996
International USAR Teams
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCSS / V-OSOCC
RDC RDCOSOCC
LEMA
INSARAG National Focal Point
Conclusions & Recommendations
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
EU Council Resolutions
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
EU-MIC / CECIS
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINTEU Civil
protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Conclusions & Recommendations
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Conclusions (Field/Local & National)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Recommendation 1:Embed USAR Teams in
Local/Regional Preparedness and Respons Structures to
enhance familiarity and coordination. Also link USAR to
the country’s risk profile.
Conclusions (Field/Local & National)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Recommendation 2:USAR knowledge on a National
level among emergency responders should be mapped
and procedures should be developed to increase their
awareness in cooperating with international USAR responders
Conclusions (National & International)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Recommendation 3:Compare National Mechanisms
with their international counterparts and explore
(partially) integration of the mechanisms to assist incoming
international USAR teams.
Conclusions (National & International)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Recommendation 4:- Use the operational USAR
structure as a blueprint for other national rapid specialist
emergency teams.- Increase international
cooperation and enhance understanding.
Conclusions (National & International)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Recommendation 5:USAR response team
capabilities should be mapped incl. cooperative international training and exercises through
National Focal Points within the Government
Conclusions (National & International)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
ProgrammeRecommendation 6:The definition of USAR should be opened for further discussion with
a broader prospect for its operational use within the urban and built environment e.g. more emphasis on standard LEMA-
procedures
Conclusions (International)
LEMA
INSARAG Guidelines
and Methodology
Domestic USAR
UNDAC
UN OCHA / FCCS / V-OSOCC
International USAR Teams
DISASTERPREPAREDNESS
PLANNING
RDC RDCOSOCC
INSARAG NATIONAL FOCAL POINT
EU Council Resolutions
EU-MIC / CECIS
EU Civil protection Modules (USAR)
EU of Pooling
Capabilities
EUTraining
Programme
Recommendation 7:Outline similarities between EU
and UN and establish an agreement in order to strengthen
effective and efficient coordination and response
Areas for further Research
• Research should be carried out to explore preparedness and coordination approaches during (USAR) disasters benefiting efficient and effective (inter-)national (USAR) assistance saving time, lives and money.
• Academic research comprises and stresses the pratical experiences.
• It helps to establish an effective and efficient organisational coordination on all levels.
• Academic research can easily cross (political) borders
… a Challenge for INSARAG ?!
My areas of interest and future research:
• Effectiveness and Efficiency in Disaster Management– Instrument/Tool development for effective and
efficient preparedness and response mechanisms based on e.g. risk analysis and cost-benefit-analysis
Future PhD Research Project
Address:
VU University Amsterdam
Faculty of Social Sciences
Crisislab
T.a.v. Ralf Beerens
De Boelelaan 1081
1081 HV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Internet:
E-mail:
or
Websites:
www.ralf-online.tk
www.usar.nl
Virtual OSOCC
Discussion/Q&A Contact Information
In cooperation with:
Special thanks to: