Radical D

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Radical D

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Chapter 6 section 3 pp. 176-Chapter 6 section 3 pp. 176-181181

Setting the SceneSetting the Scene Someone who had left Paris in 1791 and returned in Someone who had left Paris in 1791 and returned in

1793 could have gotten lost. 1793 could have gotten lost. Almost 4,000 streets had new names.Almost 4,000 streets had new names. Louis XV Square was renamed the Square of the Louis XV Square was renamed the Square of the

Revolution.Revolution. King of Sicily street, named for the brother of Louis XVI, King of Sicily street, named for the brother of Louis XVI,

had become the Rights of Man Street.had become the Rights of Man Street. Renaming streets was one way that Jacobins tried to Renaming streets was one way that Jacobins tried to

wipe out all traces of the old order.wipe out all traces of the old order. In 1793, the revolution entered a radical phase. For a In 1793, the revolution entered a radical phase. For a

year France experienced one of the bloodiest regimes in year France experienced one of the bloodiest regimes in its long history as determined leaders sought to extend its long history as determined leaders sought to extend and preserve the revolution.and preserve the revolution.

The Monarchy AbolishedThe Monarchy Abolished

Dismal news about the war Dismal news about the war heightened tensions. heightened tensions.

Well trained Prussian forces Well trained Prussian forces were cutting down raw French were cutting down raw French recruits. recruits.

Royalist officers deserted the Royalist officers deserted the French army, joining French army, joining emigresemigres and others hoping to restore and others hoping to restore the king’s power.the king’s power.

Outbreaks of ViolenceOutbreaks of Violence On August 10On August 10thth, 1792, a crowd of Parisians stormed the , 1792, a crowd of Parisians stormed the

Tuileries and slaughtered the king’s royal guards. The royal Tuileries and slaughtered the king’s royal guards. The royal family fled to the legislative assembly.family fled to the legislative assembly.

Citizens attacked prisons and killed Nobles and Priests Citizens attacked prisons and killed Nobles and Priests accused of political offenses, along with “normal criminals”.accused of political offenses, along with “normal criminals”.

The attacks became known as the “September Massacres.”The attacks became known as the “September Massacres.” Historians have different views on the people that carried out Historians have different views on the people that carried out

the attacks, some call them “bloodthirsty” others call them the attacks, some call them “bloodthirsty” others call them revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

The French RepublicThe French Republic Radicals called for the election of a Radicals called for the election of a

new legislative body called the new legislative body called the National Convention. National Convention. SuffrageSuffrage - - the right to vote, was to be the right to vote, was to be extended to all male citizens, not extended to all male citizens, not just property owners.just property owners.

On September 1792, a convention On September 1792, a convention met that wanted to abolish the met that wanted to abolish the monarchy and declare France a monarchy and declare France a republic. The Jacobins, who republic. The Jacobins, who controlled the Convention, set out controlled the Convention, set out to erase all traces of the old order. to erase all traces of the old order. They seized lands of nobles and They seized lands of nobles and abolished titles of nobility.abolished titles of nobility.

This new legislative body was more This new legislative body was more radical than anyone expected.radical than anyone expected.

Death of the King and Death of the King and QueenQueen

DDuring the early uring the early months of the months of the Republic, the Republic, the Convention also put Convention also put Louis XVI on trial as Louis XVI on trial as a traitor of France. a traitor of France.

He was later put to He was later put to death in January death in January 1793 in a public 1793 in a public square in Paris.square in Paris.

Death of the QueenDeath of the Queen

Marie Antoninette was Marie Antoninette was executed in October of executed in October of 1793.1793.

She showed great She showed great dignity as she went to dignity as she went to her death.her death.

The press celebrated The press celebrated her death.her death.

Crown Prince Louis XVII Crown Prince Louis XVII died of unknown died of unknown causes in the dungeons causes in the dungeons in 1795???? At age 10.in 1795???? At age 10.

The Convention Defends the The Convention Defends the RepublicRepublic

IIn 1793, danger threatened n 1793, danger threatened France on all sides. The France on all sides. The country was at war with most country was at war with most of Europe, including Britain, of Europe, including Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia.Prussia.

Priests led peasants in Priests led peasants in rebellion against the rebellion against the government in France.government in France.

In Paris the In Paris the Sans-Culottes Sans-Culottes demanded relief from food demanded relief from food shortages.shortages.

The Convention was bitterly The Convention was bitterly divided between Jacobins and divided between Jacobins and a rival group, the Girondins.a rival group, the Girondins.

Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety The Convention created the The Convention created the

Committee of Public Safety. Committee of Public Safety. The 12-member committee had The 12-member committee had almost absolute power as it almost absolute power as it battled to save the revolution. battled to save the revolution. The committee prepared The committee prepared France for a war, issuing a France for a war, issuing a levlevée en masseée en masse, or mass levy , or mass levy that required all citizens to that required all citizens to contribute to the war effort.contribute to the war effort.

Soon, French armies overran Soon, French armies overran the Netherlands. They invaded the Netherlands. They invaded Italy.Italy.

European monarchs shuddered European monarchs shuddered as the revolutionaries carried as the revolutionaries carried “freedom fever” into “freedom fever” into conquered lands.conquered lands.

RobespierreRobespierre Robespierre, a shrewd lawyer and Robespierre, a shrewd lawyer and politician, rose to leadership of the politician, rose to leadership of the Committee of Public Safety. Committee of Public Safety.

Among Jacobins, his selfless dedication to Among Jacobins, his selfless dedication to the revolution earned him the nickname the revolution earned him the nickname “The Incorruptible.” “The Incorruptible.”

The enemies of Robespierre called him a The enemies of Robespierre called him a tyrant.tyrant.

Robespierre had embraced Rousseau’s Robespierre had embraced Rousseau’s idea of the general will as the source of all idea of the general will as the source of all legitimate law. He promoted religious legitimate law. He promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery. toleration and wanted to abolish slavery.

He was popular with the Sans-Culottes, He was popular with the Sans-Culottes, who hated the old regime as much as he who hated the old regime as much as he did. He believed that France could achieve did. He believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through the use a “republic of virtue” only through the use of terror.of terror.

““Liberty cannot be secured, unless Liberty cannot be secured, unless criminals lose their heads!”criminals lose their heads!”

The Reign of The Reign of TerrorTerror Robespierre was one of the chief Robespierre was one of the chief

architects of the Reign of Terror, which architects of the Reign of Terror, which lasted from about July 1793 to July 1794. lasted from about July 1793 to July 1794. Revolutionary courts conducted hasty Revolutionary courts conducted hasty trials. Spectators greeted death trials. Spectators greeted death sentences with cries of “Hail the sentences with cries of “Hail the Republic!” or “Death to traitors!” Republic!” or “Death to traitors!” Perhaps 40,000 people died during the Perhaps 40,000 people died during the terror. Most were peasants involved in terror. Most were peasants involved in riots or revolts and were executed.riots or revolts and were executed.

The engine of the Terror was the The engine of the Terror was the guillotineguillotine. Its fast falling blade . Its fast falling blade extinguished life instantly. A member of extinguished life instantly. A member of the legislature, Dr. Joseph Guillotin had the legislature, Dr. Joseph Guillotin had introduced it as a more humane method introduced it as a more humane method of beheading that an uncertain axe, but it of beheading that an uncertain axe, but it quickly became a symbol of horror.quickly became a symbol of horror.

Reign of Terror Reign of Terror cont.cont.

Weary of bloodshed and Weary of bloodshed and fearing for their own fearing for their own lives, members of the lives, members of the Convention turned on Convention turned on the Committee of Public the Committee of Public Safety. Safety.

On the night of July 27, On the night of July 27, 1794, Robespierre was 1794, Robespierre was arrested. The next day arrested. The next day he was executed. he was executed.

After the heads of After the heads of Robespierre and other Robespierre and other radicals fell, fewer radicals fell, fewer executions took place.executions took place.

Reaction and the DirectoryReaction and the Directory The Constitution of 1795 set up a five-The Constitution of 1795 set up a five-

man Directory and a two-house man Directory and a two-house legislature elected by male citizens of legislature elected by male citizens of property. property.

The middle-class and professional The middle-class and professional people of the bourgeoisie were the people of the bourgeoisie were the dominant force during this stage of the dominant force during this stage of the French Revolution. French Revolution.

The Directory held power from 1795 to The Directory held power from 1795 to 1799. Weak but dictatorial, the 1799. Weak but dictatorial, the Directory faced growing discontent.Directory faced growing discontent.

As chaos threatened, politicians turned As chaos threatened, politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular to Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular military hero who had won a series of military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy. in Italy.

Before long, Napoleon would become Before long, Napoleon would become ruler of France.ruler of France.

Women in the RevolutionWomen in the Revolution Women of all classes Women of all classes

participated in the participated in the Revolution. Working-class Revolution. Working-class women protested and women protested and fought in street battles. fought in street battles.

Women formed their own Women formed their own political clubs. political clubs.

A few women, like Jeanne A few women, like Jeanne Roland, were noted Roland, were noted leaders. Roland leaders. Roland supported the revolution supported the revolution through her writings, her through her writings, her salon, and her influence salon, and her influence on her husband, a on her husband, a government minister.government minister.

Rights for WomenRights for Women Many women were Many women were

disappointed when the disappointed when the Declaration of the Rights of Declaration of the Rights of Man did not grant equal Man did not grant equal citizenship to women. citizenship to women.

Olympe de Gouges, a Olympe de Gouges, a journalist, demanded equal journalist, demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women. “Woman is Rights of Women. “Woman is born free and all her rights are born free and all her rights are the same as those of a man.” the same as those of a man.” After opposing the Terror and After opposing the Terror and accusing certain Jacobins of accusing certain Jacobins of corruption, Gouges was sent to corruption, Gouges was sent to the guillotine. the guillotine.

Women did gain rights for a time. The government made divorce easier, a move that was aimed at weakening Church authority. The government also allowed women to inherit property.

SetbacksSetbacks As the revolution progressed, As the revolution progressed, women’s right to express their women’s right to express their views in public came under attack. views in public came under attack.

In 1793, a committee of the In 1793, a committee of the National Convention declared that National Convention declared that women lacked “the moral and women lacked “the moral and physical strength necessary to physical strength necessary to practice political rights.practice political rights.

“ “Women’s revolutionary clubs Women’s revolutionary clubs were banned and violators were were banned and violators were arrested. arrested.

Women were imprisoned and sent Women were imprisoned and sent to the guillotine. Among these to the guillotine. Among these woman were women like Gouges woman were women like Gouges and Roland. and Roland.

As Roland mounted the steps to As Roland mounted the steps to the Guillotine she cried, “O liberty, the Guillotine she cried, “O liberty, what crimes are committed in your what crimes are committed in your name!”name!”

Changes In Daily LifeChanges In Daily Life By 1799, the 10-year-old By 1799, the 10-year-old

French Revolution had French Revolution had dramatically changed dramatically changed France. France.

It had dislodged the old It had dislodged the old social order, overthrown social order, overthrown the monarchy, and the monarchy, and brought the Church brought the Church under state control. under state control.

Social Titles were Social Titles were eliminated. eliminated.

To show revolutionary To show revolutionary spirit, parents gave their spirit, parents gave their children names like children names like Constitution, Republic, or Constitution, Republic, or August Tenth.August Tenth.

NationalismNationalism Revolution and war gave the French Revolution and war gave the French people a strong sense of national people a strong sense of national identity. In earlier times, people had felt identity. In earlier times, people had felt loyalty to local authorities. As monarchs loyalty to local authorities. As monarchs centralized power, loyalty shifted to the centralized power, loyalty shifted to the king or queen. Now, the government king or queen. Now, the government rallied sons and daughters of the rallied sons and daughters of the revolution to defend the nation itself.revolution to defend the nation itself.

NationalismNationalism, a strong feeling of pride , a strong feeling of pride in a devotion to one’s country.in a devotion to one’s country.

By 1793, France was a nation in arms. By 1793, France was a nation in arms. From the port city of Marseilles, troops From the port city of Marseilles, troops marched to a rousing new song. It urged marched to a rousing new song. It urged the “children of the fatherland” to the “children of the fatherland” to march against the “bloody banner of march against the “bloody banner of tyranny.” This song, “La Marseillaise”, tyranny.” This song, “La Marseillaise”, would later become the French national would later become the French national anthemanthem

Social ReformSocial Reform Revolutionaries pushed for Revolutionaries pushed for

social reform and religious social reform and religious toleration. They set up state toleration. They set up state schools to replace religious schools to replace religious ones and organized system to ones and organized system to help the poor, old soldiers, and help the poor, old soldiers, and war widows.war widows.

The Convention tried to de-The Convention tried to de-Christianize France. It created Christianize France. It created a a SecularSecular-- or nonreligious, or nonreligious, calendar with 1793 as the Year calendar with 1793 as the Year one of the new era of freedom.one of the new era of freedom.

The ArtsThe Arts In the arts, France adopted a grand classical style that In the arts, France adopted a grand classical style that

echoed the grandeur of ancient Rome. echoed the grandeur of ancient Rome. A leading artist of this period was A leading artist of this period was Jacques Louis DavidJacques Louis David. .

He immortalized on canvas such stirring events as the He immortalized on canvas such stirring events as the Tennis Court Oath and, later, Napoleon’s coronation. Tennis Court Oath and, later, Napoleon’s coronation.

David helped shape the way future generations David helped shape the way future generations pictured the French Revolution.pictured the French Revolution.