Radical America - Vol 9 No 3 - 1974 - June July

8/8/2019 Radical America - Vol 9 No 3 - 1974 - June July

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AFRICAN LBERATION & U.S WORKERS

ICLAERC

vol 9, no. 3

U@1 u ySOUTlf/(AI[OAL

$100

SLAVERY AND RACSM N THE .S.

REVOLUTIONARY ARGENTINA

. . MORE ON BUSING IN BOSTON


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RICLAE

May-une, Volume Number

AMERICAN WOKERS AND LIBERATIONSTRUGGLES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA:

THE BOYCOTT OF COAL AND CHROMEEileen Whalen and en Lawrence

REVOLUTIONAR Y TRADE UNIONISM INARGENTINA: INTER VIEW WITHAUGUSTIN TOSCOChristopher nowles

WHUMPor THE DEATH OF DAVID ROCEFELLER

Wilson Roberts

" . THEY WOULD HAVE DESTROYED ME:SLA VERY AND THE ORIGINS OF RACISMTheodore Allen

RACISM AND BUSING IN BOSTON:COMMENTS AND CRITICISM

: D/ G1/S

38

Eiors Frank Brohea, Margery Davies Lina Goron, Jim GreenMichael Hirsch Allen Huner Jim Kaplan Donna Karl Jim O'Brien

Associae iors aul Buhle llen DuBois Macello Galeoi Marinlaberan Mak Levian Mario Monano, Mark Naison Brian eerson Wesley rofi heila owboham, an Weir

RADICAL AMECA Publishe bi-monhly a 60 Union quare, omervile Machuses 02143 (MAILN ADDE PO Box B NCambrige Maachuses 02140) ubscripion raes: $5 per year $9for wo years $12 for hree years; wih pamphles $10 per year Doubleraes or insiuions Free o prisoners Bulk raes 40% reucion romcover price for five or more copies Booksores may orer on a consignmen basis

econ Class posage pai a Boson Maachuses an aiional mailing offices


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American Worke and LiberaonStruggles Southe Afica:T By f l d m

Eien Wan & Ken Laence

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HE HE SELE EGIME SOUH AIA

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v fom Bunsd n Baon ou) fomd an allanc pdomnanly blac locals 1 8 and 8 of Innaonal Lonsomn s Assocaon o mbao

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s dmands css cmaxd n a 99 pcn ffc-v sudn boyco of Soun, follod by ass and faal soon of o sudns, nv Sm and Lonad Bon by dpus on ovmb 6 972

un 97 and 1974 black docs n Balmo, sup-pod by black and dmonsaos, padly fusd o unload com and nckl fom Zmbab. Sann fall of '7 boyco coalons fomd n Pladlpa

and Balmo la oolk and ok By spn 74 coalon oanzaons all up and don EasCoas On sp Afcan Sun, as focd o un backo Afca, und o Balmo a scond m as nounloadd, sald o Pladlpa lonsomn fusd o unload , and as fnally unloadd n Boson amdboyco dmonsaons O sps scduld o unload n

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BG MASS SPPO

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HE COA BOYCO

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Brmngham mnrs monsra agans h Souhrn Company Phoo

rl Dor /A Souhrn Pao

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mpnc bck mn s n ffs ppuy f sus cn mns n su ffcn bn su ns csm n ns n n M

*It is necessary however, o sharply repudiae hose on e lef whouse his as n excuse for opsing he ycot One criicism reallyisn' woy f a eply, since is "facs fly in he face of reality isising a frican reoluionaries haven call for his yco! TheAfrican iberain moemen has en calling for sancions for yearsas we indicaed a he ginning f is aricle and worldwide supporhas en based un is srate.

Aner criicism is more serious suggesing a here is no dif ference ween e coal yco d e aemps by e garmen workes' nions keep ou pajamas from Taiwan. B is really ils down a racist d caviistic aysis Reading lie wuld never gess a here was an Africn liration stggle ing on ha i hasa base of srt in e Uni States, and a Afro-Americans have been may fr eir rle in ildin

While it wold certainly tagic e MWA were able dseam e rgeois media caai blame employment n wrkers from Hai Meico, d elsewere (as e n Farm Workes as dne) r on he io of foreide gs (as he UAW

USW LGWU ACWA and oe ions ave dne) is sill imporan recoize e onesidness f is analsis. Een if e UMWAleaership dese e enire crit for he ycot it would sill imant iicae one proessive aspect of ese deelpments:is is e irst time in more h wentyfve ars a the UMWA has

tried proec is members' bs. Under Lewis and Boyle te UMWA eled e ca peratrs pt is members t of wr.


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BLAC COAL MIES HE S

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HE HISOY

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itout te cobotio of te MA edesip JoL Leis d oy Boye e k d fie d ot yet gu to esset its poe toug tee ee occsiosigs of discotet e oig picket oeet of te e-y sities is pobby te best ko epe

ie te oig pickets ee tyig to keep uio epesettio d uio beefits i te tuck ie es ofste etucky tt d bee itte of by te M Aedesip ote ies ee becoig disguted bouticesigy usfe coditios i te ies

is setiet bust ito te pubic ie fooig te

igto ube 9 eposio i oebe 968 ee78 ies ee kied spite of oy Boyes ttept tobsoe Cosoidtio Co Copy of esposibiity fote disste ss pessue deeoped fo stict s po-idig fo sfe opetio of co ies it igid efoceet of te

e poitic epessio of tis pessue s ogizedd stegteed by Disbed Mies d idos e e

sut s te 969 ede Co Mie Het d Sfety Acte k d fie iitcy took o ss ccte i

ebuy d Mc of 1969 e 4, ies idcttedi est Vigii e stike sted fo 3 dys d teies etued to ok oy fte te goeo d sigedte Bck Lug bi ito Atoug te stike euptedspoteousy te poitic goudok fo it d bee o-gized by te Bck Lug Associtio

bot of tese ogiztios Disbed Mies didos d te Bck Lug Associtio bck iesee eected s te edes Disbed Mies d idosof Soute est Vigii s eded by Robet Pye os sice so bee eected pesidet of te BLA i Beck-ey Ces Books s te fist pesidet of te etieBLA Bi otigto ete of te ies stugge i

H Couty etucky s eected pesidet of te etucky BLA d te seed s fout pesidet of te fou-stte BLA

is is ipott eidece of ( te cuci sigificceof bck ies ee ee tey e ioity i fogigtese stugges d poidig te it iitt bckboe d (b tt tis edig oe is ecogized d sup

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H SUO ODY

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us oug o voi ivil igs lwsuis is is icully vi i Sou W Vigii w is lg blck oulio

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o s um igs commissios o iig iscimiio bu so f wi oo lil sul wiou usigis lvg icly o col comis

H GOS AMAG

A ow i cmig o so Azi col UMWAis miulivly oouisiclly ssig blck

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poec e ob of meic e o wie people ecim of e Sou fic goveme y MW oppoiio o cim i plye ow o o o ik

loig y uppo fom wie ci ee wo uppoob poecioim

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Revolutiona Trade UnionismIn Argentina: Iv Augu T

Chtopher Knows

L mc usully cpus wol o oly wspccul gull co o mly coups s sul cuc ols py by lbo movms ollbo suggls ougou co usm o ly go

m ugus osco s fm o fw popl ou-s g y s o of mos mpo muo s couy wos lbo movm s lg-y fo s umps byls . ugus osco s b

l o Lg ow Uo (Lu y Fu) usl cy of Coob fo mo c Hs p-uo s osc Ms l of spu -gy cosscy s g m ol cogowl ls govms v o ul gg ow s o of o ml uos wcv b v o k ov o os fom s os govm sgcc o gus

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fnie otodoy ic l se e ecectic oeentfo distegion

eseny e eonst g s dy dded sestes t s st beteen eost ty olcn ndeonst C o ledes e cis ed by eost y ede si nd eio ste Al-eto oco coto os ey goeet oss ndog esidenil Secety os Loez eg e diecconol oe se geney cceted s n otodo e-os sybo gtist lbo s ed by te ed of e oe

f et oes non O Loezo Mige eeingtt e lo beccy s been egleced by e oltcis Mige s ee dendig oe cito n egoee eseclly in econoc decsos e oiti-cis od e se oe it e oosion iessecifcy e dic y it ge idde-clss se ge te bigge se A eonistcolton t C soeig en tteed efoe sdet old gey sengten te goent d ecisee lest eiy oee oenzo gelconts o stong ity bcng nd gns fo -tcy teeng positon

e giy of ts sl ii e igtis eoniss s secody to e iy e oltics nd e deonse gst te eons ef incdng e iint

nos eois o is d te os geilgos e eession of te ef egn fte Hectopo s foced to esgn d s eceed etssc so fo e ed foces t s ent n l-o cgn to be e tnt ons sc s e ines so onlis d tdent ios n eoAes e sg oes n cn te elecc oed to oes n do nd e stee okes i Vl

Costcn ese nos nd ge nbe of n dfe ote ons ioety ejct te igtng ede of e C d te ecooic lces t dees

e ee on s lso eled te fede teoe ofs lefleng oc goenes te escgof te dtonlly efs onl estes y oenyfscst deooges te stdon of oe doe dy nes

es d gzes e esblsen of ste of sege


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and an allo wa again gilla gop uch a hvai Popl Rvolionay Amy (ER P) h Pon-

i Monono and h Poni Amd Foc (FAP) alladding p o h mo v pion in Agnin hi-oy Th Agnin Ani Communi Allianc (AAAa ighwing oi dah qad alon i ponibl foov 300 md of lfi in h n monh af Pn'dah.

Th dvloping ggl of h milian nion can bb n in Cdoba on of h mjo indial cn

o Agnina ( mp) Th povincial capial of Cdobaha bn a cn of mlian nion ianc ding P-on il and now o h ighwing akov inpid by

Pon and bing caid o by abl.

Cdoba i h oi of Agnina 500 ml nohwof Bno Ai wih a poplaion of 700000 i wa lc-d in h mid50 o ho h iv aomoiv in-

dy p in Agnina by Noh Amican and opanaomk. Thi indilizaion ook plac af Pnovhow h pmiing h dvlopmn of a highlykilld and concnad ban polaia omwha indpndn of h CT hgmony. Thi ha gaind Cdoba hpaion of bing Agnina ociali povinc whlfi ida oh han Ponim a no conidd ana-hm

n fac h lcd lad of h wo mo ipoan nion Agn Toco of igh and Pow and Rn Sala

manca of h aowok (SMATA) a dclad Maiand vaio oh nion a conolld by lfi PoniToco i no a mm of any liical pay hogh wihqalificaion On cold a ocia hi lin wih ha of hmilian (a oppod o h bacaic and dominan) wingof h Comni Pay (PC ) Many of h Ligh and Powmilian blong o h PC whil h moiy a Poni. A mall pcnag blong o h Monono o ERPLigh and Pow and SMTA in o h cc wihwhich hy hav avoidd diviiv caianim wihin hnion Thi cc i aibd o h powfl lad-hip boh mn povid Salamanca i a mm of h Rv-olionay Comni Pay (PCR) a Maoioind v-

olionay pay cnd in Cdoba Anoh goup im


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Sometme after ths dscovered daectca materasmthat s Marxsm defe my phosophca sto as

Marxst the potca sese am a socast practceour strue s to acheve broad uty amo worker popu-ar, ad democratc sectors to ht the prcpa eemy atthe momet : fascsm Questo : How do you see Perosm reato to thetradeuo movemet ?

Tosco : Perosm was a mutcass movemet, ad to theextet that the ecoomc stuato post Word War Ar

eta made t ssbe, t was pst But we beevethat the eerazed crss of the captast ad mperastsystem partcuary depedet coutres atAmerca creates a crss for pusm whch s eve

more seousTodays Perosm s ot that of the frst two presde

ces of Per The democracy brouht about by the resstace to the mtary remes deeerated rapdy The most

reactoary roups have come to domate the overmet,ad the repressve machery has oce aa bee turedo the puar sectors Now, wth a sttutoa madate,they are try to mpose the same cy empoyed by themtary

You ca see the stuato terms of eectos For ustday's Perosm s ot the 00000 votes whch t re-

ceved ast year Those votes are a kd of memora toPer


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"

"

Esape. Graphic Culver

tures

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o cte one example n 68 Sundry merchants ossessng estates n Amerca were anxous lest the enforcemen

of the antkdnappng laws in England nhbt the flow obondservants to the colones hey urged consderaton ofthe fact that Uevery whte man's work at tobacco for a years worth (seven pounds sterlng) to the kng. hat wasjust the part of the proft that went to the kng and dd notnclude the profts of the panters shipmasters and mer-chants When we note that Euroean bondservants wereselng at less than three pounds per year of unexpred

term and that ther mantenance came to practcally nothngwe can see how remuneratve ther exploton was for theowners

But lbor s labor, smoke the ppe or snff the snuff: tastethe sugar or rice You cannot tell whether Afrcan Englshor Irsh labor made t for you he renewal of nterest nwhte men for bondservants was, therefore not due to anyspecal qualtes of ther labor wer n whch they werethe same as the Afrcans.

VI

he reason was smple. he specal demand for whteservants was now prmarly to people the country toserve n the mlita to serve as a basc means of socal

control based o the perpetual and hereditary bondserv-tude of Africans and AfroAmercans here are lterallyscores of documents n the records of the tme which attestto ths fac. menton a few

he same lette from merchants possessng estates nVrgna and Maryland made the nt that they have nowhte men to superntend our negroes, or repress an nsurrecton of negroes , " he Council of rade and Planta

tons reported to the King on September 8 172 that nSouth Carolna *black slaves have lately attempted and werevery near suceedng in a new revoluon and therefore,t may be necessary to prose some new law for encouragng the enteranment of more whte servants n thefuure e mlta of hs provne does t onsst of ave2000 men " n hs preface to volume sxteen of theCalen-

dar ofS Ppr

Fortescue wrtes that by 1 69798, The

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system of defense by white servants had broken down Thedefense of the West Indies " he tells s, depended, apart

from the fleet entirely on te militia, which was composedof white servants Bt the island plantation colonies werefinding it impossible to hold ropean servants once theirtime was ot becase of the strict limits of land avaiablefor occpation by freedmen The record is repete with direprononcements on the conseqences of the relatively smalland diminishing nmber of white men in those islands n688 the Governor of Barbados complained of the Qaker

planters failre to maintain their fair share of te nmberof white bondservants reqired to sppress the danger ofan insrrection by negroes. " The Governor of Jamaicawrote to the Prine of Wales on 24 September 76 that hisisland was almost defenceless, as well from the wantof white people to prevent any insrrection of the Negroesas ships of war to secre the coasts trade and naviga

tion

" The ose of Commons on November 69received a petition of divers merchants masters of ships

planters and others, trading to foreign plantations setting forth that the plantations cannot be maintained withota considerable nmber of white servants as well to keepthe blacks in sbjection as to bear arms in case of an in-vasion "

Parliament, in 1 7 1 7 responded to these cries of alarm

by making transportation to bondservitde in the plantationcolonies a legal pnishment for crime Persons convictedof felonies for which the death penalty cold be imposedcold instead be sentenced to forteen years transportationto the American plantations Persons convicted of lesseroffenses were liable to seven years servitde A stdy citedby A Smith, for the years 7291 770 indicated that atleast seventy per cent of those convicted in the Old Baileycort in ondon were sent to Maryland and Virginia Thenceforth is Maesty s pass engers constitted a large proportion of the white bondservant poplation in the sothernplantation colonies being a majority of those arriving fromngland Nevertheless the majority of the total nmber ofropean bondservants coming to the sothern colonies(inclding those who originally disembarked at Philadelphia

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or other onSouth ports) were for the greatr part of theeghteeth cetur Irsh Germas ad Scots sde from

convcts the umber of uropean bondservats Maryland more than doubled betwee 1 707 ad 1 755 Whereas theumber of whte servants Vrga n 708 was neglgbleGovernor Gooch reported to the home goverme that greatumbers of bodservants whte as well as black had beemported nto that colony sce 1 720 Separate bondservatstatstcs are lackng for South Carolna except for 1708when out of a pulaton of nearly ten housad there wereonly 20 uropean bonds ervats owever t s geerallagreed that a maorty of the uropeas comng to the coloes were bodservats therefore as the whte populato of South Carola creased from 4000 to 25000 between 708 ad 755 the whteservant mmgrato musthave amouted to several thousand 6)

VII

The bourgeose could get uropea bodservants tocome to the souther coloes but how was t to avod a-oher Bacon s Rebellon or Servats Plot whch frcaad ropean bodservants would o challengg therulng elte ? ow was the bourgeose to turn that old stu-aon aroud break up the soldarty of black ad whte ad

then enlst the poor whtes the socal cotrol apparatuso the rulg clas s ? Professor Morga at oe nt theartcle prevously cted comments as follows : do notmean to argue that rga delberatel turned to frcaslavery as a means of preservng and extendng the rghtsof nglshme. Qute rght but reverse the order of theclauses ad o have a profoudl correc statemet Theplataton bourgeose delberately exteded a prvleged

status to the whte or of all categores as a meas ofturnng to frcan saver as the bass of ts sstem ofproducto.

The s eveteeth century nglo merca plantatonbourgeoe drew the color le betwee freedom and slaver a le that had ot prevously exsted uder glshcustom or law (7 ames C Ballagh hs wellkow

old essa Hstory of Slaveryl!rga, frst publshed5


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in 902 deailed how he Virginia Assembly in a longseries of saes firs drew and applied he color

line as a limi pon varios social and poliical righs andfinally narrowed is applicaion definiely o he negro racewih respec o libery and csomary or legal privilegesand righs " This drawing of he color line was accomplished by defining who was o be a slave hen of corseeverybody else wold be by definiion a nonslave Theprocess ook place over a period of nearly half a cenry

n 662 he Virginia Assembly decreed ha all personsborn in Virginia were o follow he condiion of he moherThis was a direc resl according o Ballagh of fornicaion" of nglishmen wih Negro women b i was also inended as a deerren o he female" nglish or as hehisorian Philip Brce p i I is no grond for srpriseha in he seveneenh cenry here were insances ofcriminal inimacy beween whie women and negroes Many

of he former had only recenly arrived from ngland andwere herefore comparaively free from race prejdice " was in his connecion ha he very firslegislaive enacmen of whieskin privilege for whie laborwas passed when by exclding whie women bondservansfrom he lis of axable persons he Assembly provided forhe general empion of whie women ondservans fromfield work n 662 inerracial fornicaion by Chrisianmen was made pnishable by a fine doble he amonoherwise imsed fo ha offense In 05 a whie servanwoman became liable o five years added servide for hisoffense and he son or dagher born in resl of hecrime" was o be a bondservan nil he or she becamehiryone years of age

Afer 60 bapism in Chris in Virginia was o have no

emancipaive effec in his world B his lef sill freehose Negroes who came from Spanish Porgese or nglish erriory already bapized n 680 herefore he Virginia As sembly decreed ha imred servans were slavesnless hey had been born of Chrisian parens in a Chrisian land and firs prchased by a Chrisian Tha seemedo cover all coningencies excep for he limiederm blackbondservans free Negroes and Indian slaves n 05 he

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las step was aken All servants who were bouh.!ecounry by sea or land were o be slaves unless hey came

as hreestar Chrstans as specfed n he 1 680 law. Onlyblacks were slaves no Indans n Vrgna 8)

There remaned he queston of he free persons of colorBut her son was clearly defned as one of a lowersaus han any whte person. In 170 for nsance the lawforbade any Negro o own any whe servan. In 1723 freeNegroes who had unl hen been voers on he same bass

as whtes, were deprved of hs rgh. Some years latereuenan Governor Wllam Gooch jusfed hs and otherspecal deprvaon of rghs o free Afro Amercans Thepurpose he explaned was o fx a brand on free negroesand mulaoes because) a dsncon ought o be madebeween her offsprng and he descendans of an nglshman e deplored he pre of a manumed slave wholooks upon hmself mmedaely on hs acqurng hs free

dom o be as good a man as he bes of hs neghbors."Gooch was deermned to break ha smple prde and opreserve a dsncon between hem free Negroes) andher beers. " The Councl of Trade and Planaons n

ngland who had asked he queson ndcaed ts satsfacon wh he answer

The whteskn prvleges of he poor free whtes were

smply reflexes of he dsables mposed on he Negroslave o move abou freely whou a pas s to marry whout any upperclass consen to change employmen o voen electons n accordance wh the laws on qualfcaonso acqure propery and las bu no leas n hs paralls, he rght of selfdefense

No only he free whes bu he whe bondservanswere gven prvleges n relaon to he Afrcan In 1680

he Vrgna Assembly repealed all penales ha had beenmposed on whe servans for plunderng durng Bacon sRebellon. The language of he ac mplcly excluded fromhs benef any AfroAmercan freedmen or lmedermbondservans who had aken part n he Rebellon. Negrochldren were made hable hence workable a welveyears of age le whe ndservans were exemp unlhe were foureen


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In 1680 Negroes were forbidden to c rry arms, defensiveor offensive. In 1 705, the specified freedom dues for a white

bond-servant included a musket. In 1 680, the law providedthat any Negro who raised his or her hand against anyChrisian whi wold be liable o receive hiry lashes,well laid on Under he law of 705 a whie servan raisinga hand against the master mistress .Qverseer was liableto an extension of a year of his or her servitude. Under thesame law the killing of an AfroAmerican lifetime bond-

servant was legal if the bondservant resisted correction "by the master or his agent. Here is a classic clear distinc-ion beween race and class oppression

n 1 68 i was made legal o kill a fgiive Negro bondservan if he or she resised recapre n 705 he lawspecified ha a whie servan migh no be whipped nakedexcep by order of a Jsice of he Peace. The same lawgave he whie bondservan he righ o seek legal redress

agans he maser for severiy of reamen or for inadeqacy of provisions

n 705 whie bondservans pon compleion of heirerms of servide, were o receive nder he law he following freedom des men, 1 0 bshels of corn 30 shillingsin money and a mske worh 20 shillings women, 15bshels of corn and 4 0 shillings i n money The AfroA mercan laborers were no o receive freedom des since heywere no o have freedom (9

X

n 692 represenaives of Virginia in ngland made hen ha Virginia and Maryland, being on he coninencold no keep he bondservans nder conrol so simply

as he ahoriies cold do on he island colonies of heWes ndies wih he help of he flee F rom Virginia repors of insrrecionary plos by Negroes became freqenThe edior of he Calendar of Sae Papers descrbes Virgnia in 72829 as a commniy filled wih anxiey and inconsan dread on his accon

The experence of acon's Rebellon ad shown ha heconinenal clones were oo far from ngland o be con

rolled by roops based in he Moher Conry The Crown

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he or whites when on patrol dty were to receive payaccording to that scale

And paid for what ? to crsh plots and rebellions schas their own grandfathers may have taken part in along withblack bondservants fifty years before

x

Bt their own position visavis the rich and werfl

the matter that lay at the root of that old ci vi strife wasnot improved bt weakened by the whiteskin privilegesystem hat system after all was conceived and instittedas an alernative method to that of Grantham and Berkeleybt with precisely the same aims and same effect On thatwe have the most nimpeachable testimony

n 83 less than a hndred miles from the spot wherethe for hndred nglish and Negroes in Arm es " had

wanted to shoot Berkeley's mendacios Captain or ct himin pieces there occrred that brief proletarian prisingknown as Nat rner's Rebellion hat event sent a premonitory shdder throgh the frame of the United Statesrling plantation borgeoisie t broght to the srfacethoghts and dreads not ordinarily sken All that winterand spring of 1 8 3 1 32 the Virginia egislatre and the

press debated the meaning and possible conseqences ofthis battle cry of labor enslaved hey were looking to theirdefenses and they talked mch of the poor whites

J Randolph, nephew an d namesake of the athor of theDeclaration of ndependence pt the rhetorical qestion tohis fellow legislators n whom is to fall the brdenof this defense (against slaveproletarian revolts) not pon the lordly masters of their hndred laves who will

never trn ot except to retire with their families whendanger threatens No sir it is to fall chiefly pon thenonslaveholders patrolling nder a complory processfor a pittance of seventyfive cents per twelve hors

G rge W Smmers of Kanawha Conty made many inthe ose of Delgates wince n the charactr of Patroles he said the or white is ths made to fold tohis bosom the adder that stings him Smmers of corse

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was as opposed as all the rest of the members to freeingthe poor white of the adder" by establshing equality of

black and white labor in VirginiaCivis an Eastern Virginia slavehoder, inted out thatin his part of the state more than half the white minorityhad little but their complexion to console them for beingborn into a higher caste "

Another slaveholder who signed himself with the pro-phetic name Apmattox ske of the status of the whiteworkers in terms surely even wiser than he knew :

. forced to wander vagabonds around the confines of so-ciety finding no class which they can enter because for theone they should have entered, there is substituted an AR TIF CIAL SYSTEM of labor to which they cannot attach themselves. (10 )

Profoundly true ! The artificia, i e unequal system ofabor prevented them from entering their own cass byattaching themseves" to the proletarian cass strugge

n these Virginia debates we hear published to the worldthe social degradation tha a century and a half of whitesupremacy had brought to the or whites who had forgot-ten those bloodvows sworn by the triumphant light of theJamestown fire and in the gloaming waiting for Grantham.

FOOTNOTES

For publication here o referenes have oensed andgreatly reduc A stdard referce used in this essay is e CAENDAR OF STATE PAPERS CONIAL, published by e Brish Public Record Ofe The source for e laws o Virnia frequently idin e text is W W. Hening, STATUTES-ATLAGE OF VIRGINIA 11Vols; Rich 1799 -1814). A olete set of references an obined by wring to RADICAL ARICA)

1 Edmd S Morgan d T H Breen have recently de notableontributis integral ory of early colia history by sugesting a nnection tween e sial turbulence in Virginia tween1660 and 12 inling Baon's Relion d e estlishment ofraia slavery (e Morg "avery d Frm : e AmerianParox, JOURNAL OF ACAN STORY, Je, 1972; d Breen,A Ch r Fore Race Relaons in Virginia, 16601710,JOURNAL OF CIAL SORY, Fl 1973) I seems to , wever,

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at eir eorts fail fundamentally to estalish at connection, andtheir well- arments trail off into unhelpful inde misleadin

speculations. This essay is aet, y a re-siftin of fmiliar materials in a different lit, discoer at crucial link.2 e slaeryas -capitalism" school of Aric historians in

cludes W. E. B. is Ulrich nnell Phillips, wis C. Gray oerW. u, Carl N. ler d Winthrop D. Jordan. Eric Williams andC. L. . James iew Cari slaery in the same lit. Karl Marinarialy referr to e Americ plantation economy as cpilistenterprise. one accepts is iew, ere is no reason for denyin ate slaeholders were capitalists a plantion urisie and eslae s were proletarins. Of course at form of lar was a contradiction of e asic requisis of eneral citalist deelment a contradiction at was pured away in e Americ Ciil War. Thefact reains at for time at form of lar was t arrier torid citalist accumulation, ut its main enine. Finally academicconsiderations aside e question of who is or who i not a proletarian hs asolutely no siificce ecept in relation to the classstrule conduc y properyless larers aainst teir capilisteloiters. Such larers constied e majority of the reels in theCiil War phase of Bacon's ellion and of the enre population ofthe plantation colonies.

3. Iort pulished accounts of Bacon's elli are to fodin Wlcom E. Washu, GOENO AND EBEL (ChapelHill 1957) d Chles M. Andrews ed, NAAIVES OF T INSUECTONS 16751690 (New York, 1915) Uulished sources include Captain Gram's Accot" in the Bath Mss. ol. LXXIfolios 301302 d e Geore N Chalmers Collection Leters eltin to irinia I folio 49 in the New York Pulic Lirary

4. Winrop D. Jordan, in his WTE OE BLACK (Chpel Hill,196), suests this same questi d kes e srted assertion at e plntaon owners could hae ensla nonEnlish Europes if e owners had en ale to conceie of such a monstroustransression aainst whi Chris fellowship. nce I here occied in presenn sie eses I leae lemics aside. Just onenote : Whier-white" tl slaery was instituted in Britain,for Scoish cl miners d salt worers in 1606, a ar foreJames was founded, and it wa not coletely eed until 1799. Only

ojectie diicuties, not ral or ria principles, prented a widerpractice of e system d eenlly were decisie in r autits discontinuce. e Slaery in Mode Scotd, ENBUGH EEW Vol. 19 (199), pp. 119-14

5 he st imrtt secon sources on Eupe ndserantsin Colonia Arica are A E. Si, CONIS NDAGE : WSEIUDE COIC LABO IN ACA, 1607-1776 (ChlHill, 1947); ichard B. Morris, NNT AND LABOR IN EALYARICA (New York 1947); d Marcus W. Jeen, LARING AND

DEPENDENT CLAES IN COAL AICA, 1607173 (Chic

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ers as deliraly instit n oer defi d establish white rae as a soial ontrol formaon Thi, t onsequene was

not ony ruius e interests of roAmerian worers, but wasalso disastus (nnets wo) for e whi worer Others (suhas e Hlins, Morg d reen) state e irst two ints to somedegree, b ly nnett ombes all three

Alo lea of ennets essay only a few wees o, e samethree essens hae inform own proah in a hae foreera ars en engaged in wring (and of whih is present artileis a spnof, on e oigin of raia slery, whi supremay and esystem of rai priileges of white lar in this ountry

The oarae sdy of e systems of soia ontrol n the ariousslae-lr pltion olonies in e Amerias oined with a studof aons Rellion, its origin d aerma, an ontribute muh toe resolion of the question, in faor of delirate hoie andagainst deision n e ontinenl antation olonies(Virginia was paeseter) e AngloAmeri ling lass drewe olor le tween freom slaery on lines any trae ofrian estry arried e presuon of slaery The same Anglomeri lg lass drew e freedomslaery lie differenty

amaia rbas (as did oer Euroa rulig lasses elsewher e Amerias) e r whi ame not only eonomially butpolitially d soially, marginal e ritish West ndies generallyn e sou ontinental olonies the urgeoisie ame to base theirsystem of soia ontrol un e white proletarian d semiproletari d subsistene agriulra lasse n e souhe plantationolonies e free rson of any degree of rian estry was fordn illega or semilegal ss, as a general rule The sae AngloAmeri lng urgoisie delirately reat d nurred this

grop as a titurgeois er-tl stram in e Carriisld ieties ese e all deisie dienes whih t elained t basis of pslogy or English ulral herite

Finally, re import, while e AngloAmer urgisieh by er prior eeriene in Proidene (ahamas) arbados,le e profibility of atng, or seeng uate, egro andslae, e masses of Euro(at at stage alst l English)ndse n Virginia had not at that it of iew nstead theyntermarri, onspired r away, d finally reo inarms togeth

er w sets Raial slaery ould t hae estedand did not est, under se irumsnes Under suh irumses, at sole e ar problem by inreasing enmr of ri ndsets, dung em riry lifetimeseie, m t in prutie lar se of the soiety wod hae en lie putout e amesw fire wi esene

8 Calina, in e earliest ars of e oly, ndians wereenslaed esiely was eer the ase in oer olonies

t is rae was, on e whole, oterrutie for a numr

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two easons fo its uncompomising stand agans acism

and fo an analyss so ooted n the actual events and focesthat have shaped this issueee in ouisville we face school desegegaion by cou

ode soone o lae and hope to apply some of my undestanding of the Boson situaion o developing a usefulanalysis of the situaion hee.

One hing that the left evades in ts atempt to come tosome abstact citique of busing e s tha whethe onot busing is atacive ideal o conguent with ones cuent position on the naonal queson it does happen to beight now he cutting edge of a long had fought and veyboadly engaged n stuggle by the black communiy ofBoston fo a bette educaion fo the childen And it isbeing atacked such. To be sue hee ae politcal optuniss in he black communiy iding he is sue buthe people buil i and n fact in such a down to eath andgass oos way that they ae no known to he es of thecounty llen ackson filled headlines in my youth butwho on the lef has head of he ?

Als ciical is you pesentaion of the old line Demo-caic pay machine My gandmohe Godblessed eitheames Michael Culey o ohn McComick fo givng somemembe of he famly a job once when imes wee ough.

When kept heaing the shill cy of how he icksKeigan clique was demagogically exploiing he fascst aspecsof uling class ideology this suff tends o go in one eaand ou he othe . Anyway a some poin said o myself wai a minute these ae people know about f they don tstill live in Souhie thei mohe does fo sue They aevey finely tuned to the aspiations of thei base and veyesnsive o i Demogogc they may be but hey ae not

ceaing acism ou of nohing o nowhee and hei liical stength does indeed es on he abiliy o povidesome edge o advantage fo thei pula base ove othesegmens of he populaion.

will close hee This is no a hoough ciique bu fo he ing of uth hank you.

66

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auie ugheyuisville Kenucky


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they let the mas s o black studets utouched additioMTCO ad the commuity schools did ot threate thestatus quo or these easos the Bosto School Committeewas peectly willig to allow their existece

Bill Owes ow the irst black state seato i Massachusetts histoy was oe o the parets origially ivolvedi ogaizig the ist commuity school the New Schoolor Childre Presetly, Seator Owes publicly expressessuprt o the ull implemetatio o the desegregatio

order o both the studet ad teacher levels cocomitatwith a qualitative improvemet o the city s schools t isclea ater more tha a decade o stggle that oly citywide itegratio gives the black commuity ay ssibilityo attaiig equal educatio withi the school system speset structure

Thus though there are may withi the black commuitywho do ot avo massive busig o their childre they

kow that te yeas o struggle o their part ad cotiualresistace by the School Committee leaves them o alterative except to support the desegegatio madate hadeddow by Judge A Garity.

Robert JoesRoxbuy, Massachusetts

To the editos

od you editoial statemet Racism ad Big iBosto by Jim Gree ad Alle uter very helpul othe ollowig easos :

The backgoud iomatio showed historically howthe Bosto bougeoisie bilt racism ito the public schoolshis is a essetial it o people who wat to uderstadhe imtace o acism to the lig class as a tool toeep the wokig class divided ad weak

2 Moe impotatly howeve the statemet showed thespeciic was i which the imsitio o racism ad racistpivileges by the lig clas s esulted i today ' s reality

By pttig white wokigclass racism i cotext it is easy

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to see the ways n whch workers o the oppressor naton(whtes) are, n enn s words partners o ther own

bourgeose relatve to workers o the oppressed naton(blacks ) (And ths n turn serves to reute those on the letwho clam that racsm s smply a set o bad deas " Marxsm nssts that deas become materal realtes, andthat they do so precsely when they are taken up by mas seso people)

(3 ) By showng that the busng decson was a partalvctory n a long struggle waged by Bostons black massesthe edtoral s an excellent rebuttal to those who dsmssbusng as a captalst plot a ve whch has ganed somecurrency n the past year

4 Inadvertently thnk, Green and unter showed methat the reason why the ascsts have to make ther counterattack n a place lke Boston s probably because, or thetme beng at least, they have been routed n areas o heavy

black majorty (I am speakng here only o the struggle nthe schools not n polt generally. ) By analyzng the materal weakness as well as the strength o the schoolstruggle, t s possble to make a good guess why Bostonnot Alabama or Msssspp, was the target ths tme

Despte the strength o the analyss, however, I don'tthnk t ollows so readly that the only hope or workngclass unty s located n the struggle aganst segregaton

though that s necessarly the present battleground It smportant to realze that the Boston struggle o the pastyear has been essentally deensve n nature a trueemergency, n whch the most hetant ally s better thannone at all It would be wrong to vew ths as a strategy orlberaton, even t s true that the racsts have suered amajor deeat.

When the theater o struggle s broadened beyond Boston,and s deepened to nclude every aspect o le t may thenbe that the black masses wll opt or ndependence and whowll we (whtes ) be to say they are wrong ? In act we musteen now ght or ther rght to do so I have no doubt thata lberated black naton n North Amerca wll add werulmomentum to the most noble aspratons o whte workersas well provdng a lvng example that there s a lght o

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frdom at th nd of th tnnl and that t nd not b sofar away.

* * * * *

As much as I dtst crtcs who rvw what an authorddnt wrt rathr than rvwng th contnts of th workI hav to admt that I was lft danglng at th nd of myradng of th dtoral By falng to pt forward a programof acton t ylds to thos crtcs who attack ths ln byaccusng ts (wht) proponnts of smply chrng from th

sdlns whl th black masss conduct thr strggl.Whn calld upon to do so wht lftsts mst and shold

moblz and march shouldr to sholdr wth black andbrown popl to buld th mass movmnt aganst racsmo any manfstaton of racton Bt that s not nogh Wmst also on th fght aganst racsm n othr concrtways n th vry placs whr th nfcton s most vrlnt. Th statmnt draws a blank hr.

I was spcally plasd to rad Osawatom whrth Wathr Undrgrond told how thy pntratd thscrt concls of th nmy and xposd th class raltyof organzd racsm to th lght of day (and n th procssdmystfd and waknd t) Ths of cors s only onof many possbl programs of acton bt t suggts manyothrs for whch wht radcals ar nqly sutd.

Th pont s that whl thr can b no rvoltonarymovmnt wthot rvoltonary thory th corollary salso tru Rvoltonary practc s th prfrrd frtlzrfor th nxt stag of r movmnts dvlopmnt Racsmand Bsng n Boston s proof that th analytcal tools havbn mastrd. It s now tm to draw th conclsons andact n thm

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Police escort for chidren at Mackey School, Bosto. Photo : ChristianScience Moitor

o the editos :

As a teache in Boston, Ive had long agments with litical fiends this yea t seems to e tat many adicalsand libeals have esnded to the anibsing sentimentwith jdgments hat wee appopiate ten yeas ago whichis pobably the last time many of s wee seiosly cononing the poblems o acism he eft has been qick todge people as acists, while inoing the segegatedwolds in which we oselves often live wok and play

he main disageement I have with the aticle is with itspolitical conclsion : that the pioity fo the left is to confont and change the white acists of ston believe schstategy by itself will not wok and that the goal is soonedimensional that it is wong nstead of moalizingpple shold stat to wok on a stategy tha might hlpthe Boston woking people black and whie who aecaght in his sitation

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Boston is a systm whr dprivd thnic groups ar stagainst ach othr compting for jobs mony and social

status untr and Grn corrctly documnt how importantwhitskin privilg is in a situation lik this oday thBoston whit popl who ar bing forcd to giv up thirsgrgatd nighborhood schools bliv th court dcisionis punishmnt for bing poor or working class hy arfurious bcaus thy corrctly undrstand that if thy had alittl mor mony thy could fl from th city lik othrmmbrs of thir familis who hav mad it (Approxi

matly 7000 studnts hav lft Boston as a rsult of thfirst part of th plan Many whit parnts who rmain hrar bittr bcaus thy fl that thy hav bn forcd intoa cornr by inflation unmploymnt Garrity s ordrPhas I of this busing plan intnsifid thir racism bcaussom nighborhoods wr busd havily otrs not at allMany parnts hav said to m I wasn't a racist bforbut this forcd busing is wrong and I guss I'm a racistnow

I 'm not trying to justify popl who ston black childrnor thos who want to kill niggrs I 'm saying that thforc bhind thos attacks coms at last partly from dspration o prach to such popl is condscnding andit sms that confronting" thir racism hlps larizthm to th right It is important that w accpt a mor

complicatd rality in ordr to work with popl to build astratgy that will mak things bttr

On xampl is th statistics which show twic as manyblacks gtting suspn


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parens aware ha her chldren are beng racked o mchlower expecaons han sbrban kds. A possble sraegyfor he nex cople of years wold be o bld a whe/blackallance workng for schools ha wll nvolve kds whleeachng hem essenal sklls. s obvos o me a wheparens wll only be wllng o gve p rallyng arond herneghborhood schools f hey belve ha negraon canoffer somehng posve o her kds.

Marya evenson

wh help from Andy awley

Boson Massachses

T he edors

Te doral Saemen on Racsm and Bsng n s

on was mos helpfl and nformave. One ambgy orgap remaned hogh. Nohng was sad abo a concreeperspecve for wnnng he whe workng class o a program of jon weandblack acon for beer edcaon am ceran s re ha no reorcal calls for blackwhe ny wll erase he fac a he mmedae effecof he bsng crss has been o ncease enson beween

black and whe wokes (page 32. B wold be sllmore rheorcal and absrac o aack whe workers n hename o class ny.

n parclar he edoral fals o ake a sand beweenwo alernves Shold whe workers be asked o gvep prvleges wch esl from nsonalzed racsm ?2 Shold a demand be made for a hger level of edcaonhosng and employmen whch wold benef blacks more

han whes so as o make boh eal b wold benefwhes as well ?

srongly favor he second alernave Ths mg meansayng for example The aveage cos per ppl n predomnanlywhe schools s Y (o gve fges on page X s hgher han Y Or demand s a n every schoolof e cy e aveage expende per ppl sold be nolower han Z Z s ge an boh X and Y To brng X and

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974, the United States Spreme Cort reected the approachof treating inner city nd sbrbs as one administrative

nit glas Brennan White and Marshall dis senting The same approach is reqired to taxation It may be thatBoston has always had and has even more today an inadeqate tax base The indstries along ote 28 shold betaxed to improve the schools in Boston becase these indstries se the labor force edcated in the Boston schools.This can be done by increasing the property tax assessment Indstries are characteristically nderassessed In

Gary Indiana for instance the amont by which UnitedStates Steel is nderassessed jst abot eqals the deficitof the Gary school system.

I am not close enogh to the sitation to dge how scha tax program might relate to the bsing controversy. I amclear thogh that only sch a tax program holding thepromise of better edcation for every Boston school childoffers a way toward the nity of white and black workers inthe long rn.

To the ditors :

Staghton yndChicago Illnois

One of the serios weaknesses of socialist analysis of theracial qestion has been the absence of discssion on theneeds of the white working class and how these may relatein broader terms to the needs and aspirations of AfroAmericans and other minority grops. The Boston crisis is

no different The white working class perceives bsing asan invasion into their neighborhoods a process which theyadd will lead to their disintegration. The neighborhood theblock is one of the few remaining spheres of social lifewhere people retain a measre of control and decisionmaking wer. The schools the chrches and commnitycenters the block associations the shops are all constrcted into an organic whole which is the neighborhood and

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whch provdes the resdent wth a sense of meanng anddentty. When these nstttons are threatened from theotsde resdents react qckly The Boston bsng crssrepresents ths knd of reacton To say that the I , , qes-ton of neghborhod schools s not the sse n Boston btthat Racsm s gnores a werfl set of realtes whchreman bred beneath the racal sse and that s thegrowng eroson of local control The bsng sse has alsoserved as a vehcle for the more conservatve elements of

the rlng class to more effectvely tghten ther controlover the whte workng class by steerng ther attenton toblacks The racal dmenson s mportant bt wll lead nowhere f rgdly adhered to We mst get at the core of theproblem of racsm and ssect the whte expresson ofracsm to ncover ts deeper meanng The ston ofGreen and nter whch spports bsng at all costs wllnot lead to the knd of poltcal nty of the black an whte

workng class whch they srely spport They have gnoredthe falre of poltcal strateges blt arond ntegratont was precsely becase of ths falre that AfroAmercans trned toward more mltant means to acheve therdemocratc rghts ; and these other means of poltcal strg-gle are not gven the same accord as the bsng strategyMoreover the athors assme that the bsng strategy s acentral ngredent n secrng qalty edcaton for blacksa conclson whch mst be qestoned Bsng s opton ot o a large nmber of optons open to blacks To accept bsng wthot examnng othe optons leads one tognore a crcal realty n black commntes : how canblack chldren secre qalty edcaton n ther own neghborhood schools wthot beng bss ed ? ow mght a broad-er poltcal movement develop arond local control of

neghborhood schools and ts fnancg ?Althogh the athors arge that bsng s one way ofachevng better edcton for (black) chldren they do notpresent other alternatves f bsng s one way what arethe others ? Ths s an ndcaton of the s eros gap we haen the stdy of ltcal strateges concerned wth racalsses Moreover sng s a part of the atonal strategyof ntegraton whch has been abysmally defcent n act

alzng real change and eqalty Te lack of alternatve

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postons harne sses the Radcal Amerca poston to theconventonal lberalsm they are attackng qal edcaton

wll lead to mproved edcaton whch n trn wll lead tomoblty and eventally party wth whtes There s nothngn ths poston to dstngsh t fro say the NAAC P Theyhave provded an nterstng case for the economc fondatons of whte workngclass racsm n Boston bt theyhave not drawn the proper poltcal conclsons from thereconomc analyss Integraton and the bsng whch s apart of t no longer speaks to crrent poltcal realtesand cannot lead to a solton of the racal crss In thernarratve of black selfactvty the edtors have faled tolocate the central sse for blacks and that s commntycontrol and partcpaton Drng the last ten years Bos tons black commnty has demonstrated a profond wllngnes s to ndertake control of ther nstttons and tocreate new ones ow can ths energy be lnked wth the

whte concern over powerlessness to create a new alternatve to bsng ?Blacks mst renstate the demand for commnty con

trol of ther local schools ; whtes mst come to spportths for blacks also and work together arond restorngcontrol to local commntes The Bsng poston can leadnowhere for t prevents s from nderstandng the realsorce of dscontent n whte commntes, ther lack of

power n afectng the corse of ther lves and the poltcal werlessness of black commntes who mst rely onthe force of the law " and no on ther own resorcesWorkng class nty can only be blt arond poltcal nterests The nablty of both grops to determne ther ownlves and nstttons s the knd of ltcal nterest bothgrops share, and whch can be developed nto some knd ofltcal allance Sch an allance wold actvate everydaypeople nto ltcal partcpaton and dscsson precselybecase they have a stake n sch an allance Sch an allance of black and whte arond mtal nterests wold crackblack poltcal oprtnsm whch rests on whte lberalsprt and t wold thwart the local reactonary whtepoltcans who acheve ther sccess by manplatng thefears and anxetes of whtes Ths ltcal cooperaton

wold be te frst stage n what wll be a long and dffclt


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strue of peope movin to recover their institutions froofficias and bureaucrats who merey earn their saariethere oitics and interests the two are intertwined hebusin stratey is a retreat from thi, eadin down a pathof a framented and raciay divided workin cass his isthe issue in Boston

ric erkinsNew York New York

o the editors

Busin and Racism in Boston has to be acknowededas an outstandin contribution his is by virtue of the factthat it is the ony pubication to date that has correctyidentified the materia basis of the antibusin forces com

mitment to racismhe major strenths of the artice can be identified asthe foowin the emphasis on the roe of the peope of theBack community in their mutifaceted strue to improvethe education of their chidren; the historica overview ofthe deveopment of the itica economy of Boston and howit has interacted with the strue of the Back and Whitesectors of the workin cass the strippin away of the non

racist pretenses of the antibusin forces and the reconition of the defense of white skin priviees as the drivin impuse behind the oranized and sustained racist attacks on Back peope and their hard won dvances

owever it is in this area of white skin priviees thatthe statement is seriousy deicient n readin the articeone woud think that the use of white skin priviees werea oca affair under the contro of the oca antibusin frces t is important to expain that this is not so he system of white skin priviees is a nationa phenomenon consciousy utiized by the entire capitaist cass and not justthe riht win of that cass he constant aim of that casis to divide and rue the workin cass

Further it needs to be emphasized that this consciousystemic use of white skin priviees is imsed un thewhite workin cas Whte worker do not choose the sys

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te of privileges Tey may coose to actively defend tesystem as do te antibusing forces Or tey may cooseto passively acquiesce to tem as do te bulk of witeworking cass families in Boston inay, tey may cooseto repudiate tem, as a sma minority presenty do But,tey do not coose to set up te system of privileges be-cause tat is a policy option tat rests in te firm grip ofte capitalists

or tis rason wite workers do not ust imagine tat

conditions deteriorate wen Blacks are moved into an areaSuc deterioration does in fact appen Normay Blacksare moved into a previously a wite strongold as a matter of capitaist poicy eg blockbusting not troug anyresponse to teir demands Tis is wy busing representsa victory for Blacks since it is a response to teir de-mands It is part of tat policy to aow conditions to deteriorate in te newy opened areas wie improving tem

marginaly n remaining allwite working cass areasTis refects te dialectical nature of wite skin privileges tere is no discrimination against Blacks witout discrimination for Wites at te same time ! Wite workers active-ly or passivey defending tat dialectic realize only a marginal advantage.

ollowing from all tis is te fact tat te true nature oftese privileges is contradictory ie tey are not reallyprivileges but are in fact vicious traps wic od back teentire working class Te more Wite workers supporttem te worse teir own conditions Wat kind of educa-tion is going on in Sout Boston ig Scool tis year ?Tus tey are privileges ony in te sense tat bait in atrap is a privilege to te unwary animal n sort tey arecounterfeit privieges and it is in bot te sort term and

te long term interest of te Wite workers to repudiatetemUnderstanding tese factors is crucial to te real strug-

gle for BlackWite working class unity troug equalityack of suc understanding can only lead to grave errorsconcerning wat needs to be done in te present crisis inBoston Te concluding segment of te editorial statementis a specific example of one type of error, since it present

an overly optimistic impression as to te eventual outcome

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of the crrent strggle in BostonOf corse bsing represents a defeat of a wanng patron

age machine owever, rght now the ltimate otcomrests almost entirely n the capacty of the lberal orcesbehnd Jdge Gaty to stand rm and toghtot n theface o the antbsng forces Ths last statement s notintended to belittle the strength and leadershp of the peopleof the Black commnity owever t mst be stressed thatBlacks in Boston consttte only 6 1 8% of the total poplation If, in the context of ths nmerical minorty stats, the

liberal alles of the Black people waver and fold n the nterest o social peace the station of the Black commnitys almost certain to deteriorate and regress

The efforts of organzed White working class forces schas womens centers welfare grops, tenant nons foodcoops, etc will have to simltaneosly concentrate on internal edcation of their membership and seek to wn overthe large masses of White working class families that passively acqiesce to the privileges to a sition which repdiates the privileges by actvely recognizing and spportingBlack peoples' demands as the genine demands of the entre working class Only in this way will the working classbecome strong enogh to ensre that the lberals will notwaver and fold In other words it is only in this way that aproper correlation of forces will be bilt p to negate the

nmercal weakness of the Black commnityOne seros barrier which stands in the way of this eventality is the role of the White liberals vsavs the Whiteworking class Since they are liberals and therefore n themainstream of capitalist society it is no more in their n terest to see a nited working clas s than it is in the nterestof the overt racsts of the antibsing forces. In fact a dvided workng class is in the interests of the lberals The

Whte lberals sprting bsing come almost exclsivelyfrom the ranks of the professional and managerial classeswhich derive their income and power by servng the interests of capitalist society

These White liberals solve this dilemma of spportingBlack demands while keeping the working class divided bythe simple expedient of seeking to mse a nonviolent social peace policy on the efforts of the White working clas

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to organize support or the Black community his policyis rooted in an explanation o racism primarily in erms o

personal prejudice and bigotry Ultimately this social eacestance can only serve to deepen the division o he workingclass. On the one hand it represents gross irresponsibiliygiven the capacity o the antibusing orcs to use violenceOn the other hand it represents an attempt to create conditions in which a Whie working class tails ater the proessional and managerial classes hus opting or a oresubtle orm o white skin privileges.

his is not to suggest that White working class groupsshould not link up with White liberals to support Black people or one thing the liberals are already there supporting Blacks And a popular ron can provide the numbersto deal with the racist orces o he antibusing crossclassalliance owever, White insurgents must understand whichallies constitue a proper nited ront and be ready to os

er the interests o that ront y means necessar whenthe time comes In the inal analysis it is only a uniedworking class ha ulimaely has a vested inerest ingenuine social peace ie when the working class is in conrol

Art Standleyrchester Massachusets

My thanks to Sue Braswell o he Cambridge enants Organizing Committee and Charlie Allen o ard imes orsuggesions concerning he conent o his commentary AS.

o the ditors

he Radical America ditorial Staement, Racism andBusing in Boston" is correct in its analysi he questionlet unouched by the editorial is what do we do ? We musbe hones enough o admit we have suered a deea so arPossibly quie a serious one n Boson he demands oblacks or equaliy have been deeaed by mass racis ac

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ions by whies The righwing enial o he siaion isermos Aemps will be made o exend he deea o

every black gain everywhere o bild a naional whiepower" movemen Is base will no be simply he NaziPary and he KKK, which RA ins o were snlingarond Boson They are lile more han a sideshow inAmerican polii B ROAR is now rying o exend iselino a naional organizaion I is planning a naional rallyo 30000 his smmer There will be oher ROARs Andhey have money behind hem

is re ha bsing is no a rling class plo o dividehe working class as some le grops allege b raher herel o black srggle B i is also re ha he rlingclass creaed he condiions ha ineviably pied blacksagains whies They coninally redce he crmbs availabe o boh in order o increase heir own share o he pieThis siaion ends o make black and whie working peopleview each oher as enemies, and niy more dicl oachieve

As he crren capialis crisis deepens hey will have oighen he screws on workers sill rher This will ineviably mean indeed i has already mean an escalaiono he class srggle As he rling class becomes moredesperae i will resor o more desperae measres andlimaely o ascsm ascism which involves he oal

desrcion o all working class organizaion, is a erm hais hrown arond oo loosely by he le is a lasdichcapialis resnse in a period o crisis s base will behe racis movemen hey will have kep alive nil heyneeded i is no bsing b he racis resnse o bsing which holds back a nied clss srggle A bale hisoric dimensions is being ogh and we los a rond inBoson

So, why did we lose and how do we rn i arond ? Thekey is milian working class acivy led by black workers.

whie workers are won o he racis ascis movemenwe are los B here is no reason o hink hey will be.American workers have been conservaive and apaheic orhe pas decades This conservaism has been based on heposwar prosperiy par o which rickled down o he

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workrs and providd thm with a rlativly dcnt andrglarly rising standard of living h trickl rachd

black workrs too who saw rising standards of living andnw jobs opnng p to thm in that prio In part this wasa rslt of th black protst of th sixtis bcas vnwith th prosprity thr wr shortags and povrty Whitworkrs wr shildd from ths by racism hy accptd and took advatag of th racist idology as a mansof allviating thir own xploitation Racist opprssioncshiond thm from layoffs from th worst jobs thworst hosing schools tc his cshion as RA points otprovids th matrial basis for th racism of whit workrs h rslt of cors is that whit and black workrsar kpt apart do not join in strggl against th capitalistclass and ths lav it scr in its rl and lav th living and working conditions for both of thmslvs far worsha thy wold othrwis b

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B his prosperi is now disappearing Real wages areplmmeing working condiions deerioraing nemplomen

raes skrockeing There is no end o hese i sigh becase ssained capialis prosperi sch as we knew i isgone orever The desperaion o eeling his prosperislipping awa leads o evens sch as occrred in BosonI is he same eling which also makes possible a niedblack and whie igh agains he exploiers who creae hecondiions and agains capialism isel

B ha reqires a igh To reverse he decline in livingsandards working condiions ci services reqires anassal on he capialis class Tha means a program hasas make he capialiss pa no s. is cerainl appropriae o make demands on he governmen in order o expose i b we ms remember ha we have onl orseveso rel pon and no he capialis sae

As RA poins o srggles led b blacks over is ses in

he schools had been oined b whies And when PariciaBonner ons ran or he Schoo Commiee on a paormo commni conrol o he schools she received a sbsanial amon o sppor rom whies as wel as backs

There was a whole hisor o srggle which la behindhe cor si and he rling in avor o bsing The si isel was he bab o he N AC P which had no paricipaedin he earlier acivi According o RA his ws becase o

is weakness. Wha RA means b his is he NAA C Ps acko nmbers dring he sixies B i is imporan o ndersand ha he reason or he NAACP's lack o nmbers wasis oliical weakness The selacivi o he black masseswhich dominaed evens in Boson and mos everwhere

else was no he NAACPs cp o ea The and heir riendsin he Democraic Par black cacs preer obbing corsis governmen aid and when neces sar conroled demonsraions Tied o he srcre o capialism and o heDemocraic Par which is he main giding insrmen oAm erican capialism he cod no be or an aciviwhich challenged or hreaened i So he shied he locso he srggle rom he acivi o he back masses o hecors no as a spplemen o he srggle b as is repacemen

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A havng nad and on e cou su dd ey a-emp o ppa pople fo a ould appen ? Dd hy

call mngs of h black communy and oganz o dnd h black clden n case y should mee -ssanc ? Dd hy cay ou mass dmonsaons demand-ng a Boson School Commee mplmen po-gam ? Dd hy mak any appal o h okes ? Ddy amp o ach m by clealy sang a s movas no bng made agans m bu agans e capalsxplos ho gougng bo of hem a as bu

h s mov n a suggl fo qualy ducaon o b pado by h capals class, a suggl ha ould benfblack and h oks ? Dd hey call upon oks o on m n h suggl, ponng ou a aas equd fo uny s blacke qualy and hsuggl o ?

No hy dd no nsead us cous and copsand h amy Igno ha hn ey a bough n hy llnvably b usd agans h blacks Agans selfdefns eos o h blacks hmslvs s only fossuch as s hc could cae a coalon of blacks andhs f s no suggl o blacks fghng fo qual-y and ghng o b condons o blacks and sh can b no movemn o hc hes can b on Buh NA AC P sagy s o say passv nd le appa as

smply an assaul on h oks Rsul nsan defa.h sag s he sam as has bn o decads, sam as y usd n h cvl gs movmn n f-s and s xs s o us h fdal govnmen as abang am agans local nansgence Wh hyachvd can suls alough hse basd on hmlan acvy of masss of blacks o qunly ookngs no h on ands n fac h NAACPs unllng-

nss o ly un hs ocs s h ason fo s clpsdung ha pod Bu ha as a pod o capals x-panson Capalsm as boomng n h Souh And s uh succss qud gng d o som o h pas aonals nc govnmn sup o blac cvl ghso expc ha pan o connu no n h os capal-s css snc h 930s s lunacy socalld allancas alady bon vcably hn yndon shall

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overcome " Jonson sent n e army o crus e Derotrebellon of 7 ere s no prospec of s beng revved

by Ford, e courts e Congres or anyone else. t s adead leer.

e NAAC Pblack caucus leadersp s a errble mped-ment to e struggle At eac step ey old back e blackmasses and do not lead em ey make te forgng oforkng class uny roug sruggle an mpossbly a ame en t s bo possble and val.

Some years ago e used to ave to argue ta te ork-ng class ad a poenal to cange te socey o sruggleaganst s condton Many n e lef acceped e lberalargumen ta te orkers ad been boug off ad beenbourgeosfed". oday only a madman ould make aargumen e ragedy of te sxtes as at en blacksen no moton te orkers ouldn' move em.ey ere stll comforable t prospery. oday e

orkers are movng along t blacks no opposon erecen unemploymen demonstraton n Wasngton s ampleproof of tat No only dd some 60000 orkers so up nWasngon for e larges orkers demonsraton n dec-ades no only dd a fe tosand rank and fle orkers nvade te arena and force te rade unon bureaucracy ande Democrac Pary acks o gve up er offcal alks c ere nong but alk bu ey ere also ceeredby e tousands of oer orkers o ere not ye readyto sep don nto e arena ese ere e same orkersblack and te, c e NAAC P and black caucus leader-sp refused o organze.

s no lnger a queson of poenal. s a realy Waremans s o forge e lnks.

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dl spns

W skd sl ppl snd u dl nRcm nd Busng n Bsn, nd pnd h snss cd bcus h s mpn qunsnd dffcul lcl pblms W cnn spnd chccsm h bu ll cmmn bfl n hlppng s f cncn n h smpsum.

Ms f h cmmns ccl pn u h nd g

bnd mls nlyss f h pblm nd dlp sg f cmbng csm , h gnz f h lf n Bsn s n sng nugh ds nh lg nugh kngclss bs cnsuc ndmplmn n ll sg h culd fundmnll l h sun Blckld ns dd fc h cus dsgg h schls bu nh h lf n h blckcmmuny culd subsnll ffc h cnus f h

dsggn pln pn h ppsn dsgg-n fm bcmng n gnzd cs fc W sh hsuch sg culd b dlpd quckl nd mplmndffcl bu hs ll nl hppn hn h gnzns d nd bl c u n ffc sg.

h spns dsggn n Bsn s h cungdg f nnl mgnc f csm h hs gn-znl s n h h kng clss Nnll ndcly h lf hs pu ng n kng n h mssm chs gns csm lfld dmnsn n Dcmb 4 94 nd h N C P dmnsn n M 95 Whn h Bsn slf s much ng hs gnn ncs k n h ld xsng lf kplcgnzng pcs nn unns nd us cmmungups Ms f hs gups h kn pncpld snd

gns csm dung h busng c s s nd plng l n psng nd undcung csm n sl sc-ns f h c h spnc lf fugh f h nnf blngul pgms n h publc schls hch hnd b h dsggn pln s mn hlcl gups cnnu h ncs k n h cm-muny nd kplc gnzng nd, h ssbl n- ad fgh f ducnl mpmns hs k

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mus cnnue empsze e mpnce f supnge blck suggle f equl gs nd e cncuensuggle gns segegn

In ng e edl e ped elp lcl lef gupsnd e sclss undesnd e cuses f e busngcss We nssed e fg gns csm s g nself nd s mpn n clss ems becuse elps n e mel dffeences dvde kes by sng e cndns f e ppessed secs We

e dd n cll f negn pe se e d nss mus be defended s ne f e pns vlble blcksnd e ppessed gups n ny cse e dd n feel s e le f e sclss pse e cec slun e pblems ese gups fce

Ou cle exmned decde f Bsn sy n ce pns ee emped bu n e end ee n successful nly benefed smll p f e blck cmmu

ny e desegn pln s n p e esul f NAAC cu nves, nd eflecs e lbelsm nd negns pn f gnzn We gee ckumn e NAAC mus be veed cclly bu ed n nk s pmnence lds bck e clss suggle; s e eflecn f e ekness f blck kngclss gnzn lclly nd nnlly n Bsnmny blcks fv cmmuny cnl f scls ve enegnsm f e NAAC bu s seem unelscn n Bsn, c s smll blck ppuln Fueme, Bsn s blck cmmuny s seen e cudeeddesegegn s n mmede ppuny mpve eme cndns f educn

Alug e empszed e ecny nue f ee c gups ppse busng, e d n see e

kes s evcbly cs ndeed n l f e epeple ppse busng e cnscusly cs ROAR nde suc gups e cnscusly cs nd e kes cvely supp em e n nly psng busng;ey e epng peseve e mel dvnges ccue es n e b nd usng mkes We d nbeeve, eve e sclss sud e ff ee kng css Scss suld cnnue k

e kes und mmede me demnds u

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scrfcng nhng on h rc quson n orr o kpoc c sr n h coun s W ro hor o urg h f no o os sgh of h rcs ssu n s oc ork h hs

In orr o rch n urn roun hos h orkng-css op ho r no no n rcs groups socssn o unrsn probs fro hr pon of ooW n o nz hr conoc probs, hr hncrons prns of coun f c n ffc

srg ns o r ss concrns of hs s sbcks n hough h pop r no r bng sko g up nhng subsn, us rz h nof hr s r bng sru b h busng cr ss Hor uch of h sruon hs bn cus b h rcsrsponss o busng boh b groups such s ROR n bh schoo nsron s Mr Lnson pons ouh s s bck chrn r bng hss n schoos

f h uro n n h snc of hsgrncs ns h hr b n nb n ongong nson n h rcc of socss ho ork h horkngcss pop In h ong run css un ofn rqurs supor for sons h k poc cor ffcu n h shor run hs ns h h r s n cc csons of socss ofn bf h nson n confc

W srss h s su of rcs bcus hnk s cru-c for h f o suppor h ns of oprss groupshs s ffrn fro skng nu h orkrs og up prgs h h W o no sk sfnfro nus ; sk coc supor for h sruggs of orss grous hs s h ohr s of skngh orkrs o g sohng up s skng h o

suppor chngs h r n h nrs of h ho cssn n h nrs of prcur opprssscors.

h ffrncs h orkrs cn on b orcohn h orkng css sf W b h nshngh ffrncs ncrss h rospcs for css un nks or ssb for h orkng css nu ok conro of h soc. Mr ffrncs h

orkrs n rs of scrnon n obs, housng ccss

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to blic sevices like education and teatment by te stateae mao stmbling blocks in te ay o ide class nity.

In tis egad dieences based on seual etnic and na-tional lines also lay divisive oles

e stuggle o class nity is imotant becase tegeate te nity o te class te geate its ability tostggle collectively and te geate its oe Wen teoking class is divided and ite okes as a go eceive ige ages tan black okes catalists ae bet-te able to it ites against blacks In te Sot o e-

amle tee is a aticlaly blatant dual labo maket inic most o te betteaying jobs ae eseved oites ile te blacks ae oced to take te loeayingless desiable jobs But in tis kind o segegated labomaket te ages o ites ae deessed along it toseo blacks Wit te beakdon o tis dal maket te agega naos and te ages o bot gos incease tis

as aleady aened in some cases Similaly a segegated scool system like te one in Boston educes teality o edcation o ites as ell as blacks and blocksniied action o edcational cange

n te sot n te victoies o oessed gos in teoking class may come at te eense o ote sectos ote oking class Neveteless tese victoies ceate temateial conditions o geate unity Wit geate unity

te oking class ould be able to oce te caitalist classto ay o tese gains In Boston scools tis ould meantat te additional costs o imoved edcational acilitiesbette instuction and ogams it cltual divesityold be aid o by te caitalists

e moe te oking class is divided te less te caitalist class as to ay o aticula advances in cetainsectos; te moe te oking class is united te moe tecaitalists ill be oced to ay Racism is a condition tateetuates disunity Te igt o geate equality is tusa necessay asect o te igt o libeation Futemoete igt o geate euality is igt in itsel We do notsee te stuggle against a disciminatoy dual scool system as an attack on te etnic and cultul aunmy eite ites o blacks Te same stuggles o blck stud

ies bilingual instuction and inceased communiy con

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trol will have to continue under a desegregated school sys -

tem. This is not liberalis m Liberals would create meri-

tocracy; socialists would create equality based on working-class wer That is why cooperation with liberals can only

be tactical and the independence of socialists in those alli-

ances must be maintained.

The desegregation of schools will not necessarily lead to

an immediate increase in workingclass unity; it may not

even lead to an immediate desegregation of jobs let alone

neighborhoods, and it certainly will not lead directly to so-

cialism It is however an imrtant aspect of a socialist

strategy because it will strike another important blow at

the kind of segregation that divides workers and limits the

possibility of collective action Too often militants within

workingclass movements have avoided the race question

We want to reemphasize that it is impossible for a social-

ist ovement of workers to succeed without actively fight-

ing against racism.

Jim Green and Allen Hunter

for the RA editors

LAURIE DOUGHERTY works with the Southern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) offce staff in Louisville, Kentucky ROBERTJONES teaches Afro-American Studies at Brandeis University. He haslied in Roxbury for a decade and has been active in the black community as a teacher and organizer KEN LAWRENCE is a SOUTHERNPATROT staff writer based in Jackson Miissippi MARYA LEVEN

SON is a igh school teacher in Boston and active in the Boston Teacher Union STAUGHON LYND does political work in the Chicago/Garyarea and is coditor of RANK AND FLE a collection of personal histories of the CIO ERC PERKNS studies black hstory and lives and

works in New York City ART STANDLEY is a wlfare and tenants'movement activist in the Dorchester section of Boston JACK TRA UTMAN is a member of the nternational Socialists National ExecutiveCommittee

92


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J O U R N A L O F

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Previosly publhd ni l lL' Al1I

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by David A Geb

RETIA RMARKS N ARAMERIAN URA

NA INAISM

by Ernst Mkalimo

M M U N I S M A N D B A N A I N A I S M I N T H

EPRSSIN: A S E H A R EM

by Mark Nson

HIGH AN RAZY NIG G ER S: ANI-RAINA SM N ERJNES

by loyd W. Bow

othcomng:

N AN PIIS

by os Anl Guerz

TREATIES & FSHNG RIGHTS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVEby Hank Adams

BRACIAL POTCS IN THE SOUTHby Jonny Fod and Donald Hayurst

Subscripion Infomaion $8.00 p voum (4 issus);

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RI

An independent Marxi joual in its 8th year published by a

collective of twele socialis, featuring in-epth analyses thehistory and current condition of the working class i NohAmerica and Western Europe with a special emphasis on thechanging role of women and Third World People repos oshopfloor and community organizing essays o the history andpolitics of radicalism and feminism plus debates on cuentdeelopments in socialist theory and popular culture

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Radical America - Vol 9 No 3 - 1974 - June July

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Transcript of Radical America - Vol 9 No 3 - 1974 - June July