R210A Spiritual Formation Revelation and Scripture Lawrence Pascual IPM.
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Transcript of R210A Spiritual Formation Revelation and Scripture Lawrence Pascual IPM.
R210ASpiritual Formation
Revelation and Scripture Lawrence PascualIPM
Outline
1. Questions2. Part 1: Revelation3. Part 2: Scripture 4. Part 3: Scripture Reading
Points
Point/Goal
Understanding that we are called and gifted by the Trinitarian God, let us consider how he speaks to us: Revelation and Scripture.
Objectives
Understanding Revelation The Role of Scripture Catholic Reading of the Bible
Part 1
Understanding Revelation Definition Catholic Application Implications
Faith and Revelation
Faith: a gift by which we accept of God’s self-communication: Christ
Revelation: a gift of God’s self-communication fully realized in and through Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit
Revelation
Latin: revelatio Greek: apocalypsis Literally: to unveil, or uncover
remove the veil as in marriage. Dis-closure
God’s self-communication
Revelation (CCC 50)
“By natural reasons man can know God with certainty, on the basis of his works. But there is another order of knowledge, which man cannot possibly arrive at by his own powers: the order of divine Revelation…”
Revelation (CCC 50)
“Through an utterly free decision, God has revealed himself and give himself to man. This he does by revealing the mystery, his plan of loving goodness, formed from all eternity in Christ, for the benefit of all men. God has fully revealed this plan by sending us his beloved Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.”
1 John 4:9-10
“…God sent his only Son into the world so that we might have life through him. In this is love: not that we have loved God, but that he loved us and his Son as expiation for our sins.”
Deus Caritas Est, 17
”[God] loves us, he makes us see and experience his love, and since he has ‘loved us first’, love can also blossom as a response within us.”
Revelation
In terms of communication Everyone can come to knowledge
about God naturally Revelation is fulfilled in Christ By love, God freely chooses to
reveal
Faith and Revelation
God loved us first, we respond with love
God self-communicates love, we respond with faith: the acceptance of God’s love
Approach to understanding
There have been various “answers” to the dilemma about Revelation.
Cardinal Avery Dulles, SJ, gives us a nice summary…
Theology has a Sociology
In Models of Revelation, Cardinal Avery Dulles, SJ, identifies five basic models of understanding Revelation.
Natural
“For what can be known about God is evident to them. Ever since the creation of the world, his invisible attributes of eternal power and divinity have been able to be understood and perceived in what he has made.” (Rom 1:19-20)
History
Miraculous or self-evident historical events E.g., the Exodus, parting of the Red
Sea God intervenes in natural order
through deed (historic event) and word (scripture)
Propositional
Communication of truths, which are then formulated in explicit propositions
E.g., “Jesus is the Good Shepherd” “Jesus takes care of his followers as a
faithful shepherd takes care of his sheep”
Doctrines
Similarities of the Models
Revelation is God’s free action whereby he communicates saving truth to humankind, especially through Jesus Christ as accepted by the apostolic Church As witnessed by the Bible As witnessed by the continuing
community of believers.
Theology has a Sociology
In his innovation, he proposes the understanding of revelation as “symbolic mediation.”
Symbolic Mediation
We do not encounter God directly (since God is transcendent)
Revelation mediated by some experience in the world, person, event, story, or natural phenomenon
Thesis Revelation never occurs in a purely
interior experience or an unmediated encounter with God.
It is always mediated through symbol
I. The Meaning of Symbol Symbol as an externally perceived
sign that works mysteriously on the human consciousness so as to suggest more than it can clearly describe or define.
Not just an Indicator (sign)
Symbol It is a special type of sign Allow us to bring indefinite number of
memories and experiences into a kind of focus
Requires full, conscious and active participation
Symbol Defined
A sign pregnant with a plenitude of meaning which is evoked rather than explicitly stated.
Note about Symbol
This isn’t “fictitious representation.” Most people think FAKE, but NOT in academic/theological understanding.
Don’t restrict it to “literary understanding.” Natural objects, historical persons, visible
artifacts and dreams can all be symbols.
Common Properties of Symbolism and Revelation
Symbol: Gives participatory knowledge Has a transforming effect Powerful influence on commitment
and behavior Introduces us into realms of
awareness not normally accessible to general communication
Participatory Knowledge A symbol speaks to us only
insofar as it lures us to situate ourselves mentally within the universe of meaning and value which it opens up to us.
(Makes you stop and think, even wrestle with the symbol)
Transforming Effect
Occurs insofar that it involves the knower.
It does something to us when we engage it.
“Wow, that’s deep...”
Powerful Influence to commitments and behavior
Stirs the imagination, releases hidden energies in the soul, gives strength and stability to the personality.
E.g. A National Flag or anthem
A New awareness
It gives rise to thought. “Opens up levels of
reality which otherwise are closed to us” –Paul Tillich
Revelation does these 4 things
1. Gives participatory knowledge 2. Has a transforming effect3. Powerful influence on commitment
and behavior4. Introduces us into realms of
awareness not normally accessible to general communication
Participatory Knowledge
To accept the Christian revelation is to involve oneself in a community of faith and thus to share in the way of life marked out by Jesus.
Transforming Effect
Christians come to perceive themselves as personally related to God.
Adopted members of God’s family and household.
Powerful Influence to commitments and behavior
The response to Revelation (faith) must express itself in conduct.
FAITH IN ACTION.
A New awareness
Revelation obviously gives insight into mysteries that reason alone cannot make sense of.
It’s still intelligible nonetheless.
Examples of Christian Symbolism
Examples of Christian Symbolism
Examples of Christian Symbolism
Point and Summary
The best way of understanding the concept of revelation is by “symbolic mediation.” It makes use of the strengths of each
model and overcomes their weaknesses. Symbol can be understood as “a
visible sign of an invisible reality.” Sound familiar?
Reflection
Communication theorists tend to say that “communication is symbolic.”
Experts say that in our communication: 10% is in actual words 30% is in sounds 60% is in the nonverbal
How is all of this insightful for our faith?
BREAK
PART 2
SCRIPTURE Vocab Observations Readings Discussion Theology has a sociology
Question
How would we connect our understanding of Revelation and Bible?
Vocab Overview Inspiration Tradition Scripture
Inspiration
Latin: Inspirare Literally: “to breathe in” How we understand “inspiration”
will affect how we understand Scripture.
Inspiration of Scripture
“…all Scripture is inspired by God, and is useful for righteousness, so that everyone who belongs to God may be proficient, equipped for every good work.” (Tim 3:16-17)
USCCB p. 32 (cont.)
The Sacred Scripture is inspired by God and truly contains the Word of God. This action of God is referred to as Inspiration.
(CCC 105, 107; DV 11)
God is the author of Sacred Scripture, inspiring the human authors, acting in and through them. Thus God ensured that the authors taught divine and saving truth without error.
Dei Verbum, 12
“In determining the intention of the sacred writers, attention must be paid to ‘literary forms for the fact is that truth is differently presented and expressed in the various types of historical writing, in prophetical and poetical texts’ and in other literary expression.”
Biblical interpretation
Bible was written by and for real people, living in specific historical contexts, to address particular individual and community needs
“The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose” (William Shakespeare, The Merchant
of Venice)
Biblical interpretation
Attention to Context E.g., “Fire!” Do you read a newspaper the same
way you read a magazine? A novel and textbook? Song and dictionary?
Biblical interpretation
A text without context is pretext We would be “reading into the text” Taking out context
“Jesus saves. I wonder where he shops.”
Biblical interpretation
Literal/Fundamentalist Historical and Literary Critical
Historical Social Political Cultural Literary
Which Method?
The “Literal” Method has been altogether rejected.
Pope Pius XII approves the Historical-Critical Method. Divino afflante Spiritu (1943)
BIBLE INTERPRETATIONA Concise History and Teaching of Catholic
Catholic History of Interpretation
0 500 1500 1800 1960 present
Fundamentalist
Historical -Critical
Hermeneutical
1600sFrench ScholarRichard Simon
Divino Afflante SpirituPope Pius XII
1944
The RPBC1964
DeiVerbum
1965
1970s“New” Biblical
Movement
Trent
Primary Sources of Teaching
Divino Afflante Spiritu (Pius XII, ‘44)
Roman Pontifical Biblical Commission (‘64)
Dei Verbum (Vatican II, ‘65)
Divino Afflante Spiritu (Encyclical by Pope Pius XII in 1944) Within the Bible, there are
different “forms”. It may be said that it’s a library of Israel and of the Church. (35-39)
Hence, aside from the ‘historical writings’ there is also poetry, drama, epic, parable, preaching etc.
The Roman Pontifical Biblical Commission (Under Pope Paul VI in 1964)
While the Gospels are substantially historical, they are not literally historical in every word and detail. (111-15)
The Roman Pontifical Biblical Commission (Under Pope Paul VI in 1964)
For the truth of the story is not at all affected by the fact that the Evangelists relate the words and deeds of the Lord in a different order, and express his sayings not literally but differently, while preserving (their) sense.
The Roman Pontifical Biblical Commission (Under Pope Paul VI in 1964)
X. Unless the exegete pays attention to all these things which pertain to the origin and composition of the Gospels and makes proper use of all the laudable achievements of recent research, he will not fulfill his task of probing into what the sacred writers intended and what they really said.
PBC, 1964 and 1993
Fundamentalism confuses the words of Scripture as the actual words and precise deeds of Jesus. This method does not account for the stages of Gospel development.
The Three Stages of Gospel Development
RPBC, 1964See Raymond E. Brown’s
Biblical Exegesis and Church Doctrine
The First Stage
Jesus himself spoke and acted in the context of his own place and time. He was a Palestenian Jew living two
thousand years ago.
The Second Stage The Apostles (Jews) adapted Jesus’
message to the people (Jews-Greeks) of their time Second Third of the First century (30-60AD) Translation into another language (Greek) An effort to make sense in other circumstances
(large cities of Roman Empire) They brought to the memories (of what
Jesus had said and done) the transforming enlightenment of their post-resurrectional faith in Jesus.
The Third Stage From the preaching the writers (or
evangelists) selected stories and saying that fitted their purpose in presenting Jesus to audiences of their time.
50AD-110AD Were not written simply as records
to aid remembrance, but written as encouragement to belief and life.
Dei Verbum (Vatican II, 1965)
Used RPBC as its guide Discussed Transmission of
Revelation Way of Reading Scripture
Point of Part 2
Applying “The symbolic understanding” of revelation in light of “theology has a sociology”, we ought to understand that the Word of God is not the Bible itself, but the message that it portrays.
In other words
Scripture is the word of God in the words of men. It is symbolically mediated. Scripture is inspired, but with the
limits of human words derived from a particular time and place.
Three Considerations when Reading Scripture
The Author The Text YOU, the Reader
The Gospels
Aren’t historical biographies of Jesus as we understand them today.
First and foremost, they’re theological reflections intended to strengthen the faith of their particular audiences.
The Gospels (Cont.)
A helpful way of understanding the design of the Gospels is the concept of Mugshots Portraits
The Mugshot
All you get are “facts” and “details” about the person.
The Portrait
Designed to illustrate an aspect or reality of their character. (Symbolic)
Point
First and foremost, the Gospels were written as “theological portraits” about Jesus.
Theological Portraits of Jesus
Mark: The Suffering Servant Matthew: The New Moses Luke: The Universal Messiah/Savior John: God in the Flesh
Is it correct to say that the Gospels are NOT historical? NO! They are historical in the truest
sense in that they are based on an actual Jesus of Nazareth.
This is different from measuring the Gospels to our modern standards of history.
Remember, theology has a sociology: These are Gospels written 2000 years ago throughout the Roman Empire.
Not knowing “exactly” what Jesus said
Though it would be nice… Even his own disciples didn’t get it.
Academic opinion always changes (as it should be)
Application:Symbolic Mediation
It honors historical inquiry and biblical studies of the person of Jesus
Doesn’t dwell on literal words Yet, allows the Gospels to speak to
us as Jesus did: symbolically. Gospels clearly illustrate that.
Reflection Questions
What is both consoling and challenging about the way God has chosen to transmit his Revelation?
How does the Church help you to understand the Bible?
Why might you say it makes perfect sense for Jesus to commission followers to carry on his saving vision? How do leaders of the Catholic Church continue the vision of Jesus in our times?
BREAK
Part 3: The Catholic reading of the Bible
PERFECT PLACE TO STOP PERFECT PLACE TO STOP
Short on time? Restless students?Short on time? Restless students?
Gospel Summaries
Gospel of Mark
Written sometime between 60-75 Tradition: Mark, follower and
‘interpreter’ of Peter. Identified as John Mark of Acts
Rome, where Christians were persecuted by Nero. Other places suggested.
Clearly writes to a community that experienced persecution and failure.
Gospel of Matthew
Written 80-90, give or take a decade Tradition: Matthew, a tax collector
among the Twelve. Wrote either the Gospel or a collection of the Lord’s sayings.
Antioch Region A Jewish-Christian Community with
clear tensions with the Orthodox Jews
Gospel of Luke
85, Give or take five to ten years Tradition: Luke, a physician, the
fellow worker and traveling companion of Paul.
Possibly Greece or Syria Gentile-Christian communities
affected by Paul’s mission
Gospel of John
80-110. Tradition: John, son of Zebedee,
one of the Twelve. The Beloved Disciple is not John. Likely the Ephesus area. Writing to a “Johannine”
community.
Where or where?
Mk:Rome
Mt:Antioch
Lk:Greece
Jn:Ephesus
PERFECT PLACE TO STOP PERFECT PLACE TO STOP
Short on time? Restless students?Short on time? Restless students?
Stuff to be aware of…
Why? Because the average Catholic High
School student is going over this material in their theology courses
Observation
Matthew, Mark and Luke The Synoptic Gospels Called this because they’re identical
Why?
Marcan Priority Note: A Theory, but widely accepted Shortest of the Gospels Mk has the most basic Greek Mt and Lk agree in their chronology
only when they agree w/ Mk Documents in the ancient
Mediterranean were normally expanded upon, not shortened.
Observations
MattLukeMark
John
243L243
MarkMark
Observations (another step)
MMatt Luke
“Quelle”
The THEORETICAL source of Jesus’ sayings.
Quelle means SOURCE in German “Q” for short
How Mt and Lk were written
Mark
LMQQ
Mark
Matt Luke
How Mt and Lk were written
Mark
LMQQ
Mark
Matt Luke
Implications of “Q”
Simply tells us that there was a Christian community solely interested in the sayings and teachings of Jesus.
Note, that this does not discount the other sayings of Jesus in the New Testament.
Other implications of Marcan Priority
The method of “redaction criticism” (a tool of historical-critical) becomes a useful tool for Bible interpretation.
The method looks at Matthew and Luke changed from the version of Mark.
In other words…
How does the changes of Matthew and Luke affect the narrative? This method is widely used and has
revealed a lot of insight about Matthew and Luke’s theological views (and intentions).
Example:
Read the Baptism story of Mark, Matthew and Luke.
What is the difference of the three? What did Mt/Lk do? What was the affect of the story?
PERFECT PLACE TO STOP PERFECT PLACE TO STOP
Short on time? Restless students?Short on time? Restless students?
The Letters of Paul
Written before the Gospels The earliest: 1 Thess
around 50 AD The latest: Romans
Around 57-58 AD
More stuff to be aware of… Historical scholarship has debated over
the letters of Paul, whether he wrote them or not.
Of those he did not write, the author apparently attributes to Paul (as inspired).
This was commonly accepted to be genuine authorship in the ancient world (theology has a sociology).
The Letters of Paul
UNDISPUTED AUTHORSHIP
1 Thessalonians Galatians Philippians Philemon 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Romans
POSSIBLY PSEUDONYMOUS
2 Thessalonians Colossians Ephesians Titus 1 Timothy 2 Timothy
Nevertheless…
The “letters of Paul” are accepted in the canon because of the sensus fidelium or the “sense of the faithful.” (CCC 904)
The Canon of Scripture is the library of the Church that reflects important aspects of the community. Esp. Faith and Morals.
Fascinating observations
Paul’s letters appear more “organized” as they chronologically progress. Romans (considered his last epistle) is
more theologically systematic than Thess (his first epistle)
Paul’s apocalyptic expectation tends to decrease as letters chronologically progress.
Travels of Paul
AD 36 Conversion to Christ
Damascus
Jerusalem
39 Visit to Jerusalem40-44 In Cicilia44-45 At Antioch
Antioch
Cicilia (area)
First Missionary JourneyPaul (46-49)
Derbe
Perga
Attalia
Paphos
Antioch
Antioch
Cyprus
Salamis
49 AD Council of Jerusalem
Second Missionary JourneyPaul (50-52)
Derbe
Philippi
Athens
Jerusalem
Antioch
Antioch
Caesaria
Thessalonica
CorinthEphesus
1 Thessalonians
Third Missionary JourneyPaul (54-58)
58-60 Arrested in JerusalemImprisoned in Caesarea60-61 Sent to Rome61-63 Prisoner in Rome64 DEATH
Jerusalem
Ephesus
GalatiansPhilippiansPhilemon1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansRomans
Derbe
Philippi
Athens
Antioch
Antioch
Caesaria
Corinth
ThessalonicaPaul’s 3-year stay at Ephesus[imprisoned?]
Exercise
Go over Synoptic comparison of “Q” Jesus’ Baptism Introduction of the Gospels