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r einvent the toilet challenge: urine treatment environmental sustainability REU 2013
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Transcript of r einvent the toilet challenge: urine treatment environmental sustainability REU 2013
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By: Alyssa Ruiz
Mentor: Dr. Tesfa Yacob
PI: Dr. Karl Linden
REINVENT THE TOILET CHALLENGE: URINE TREATMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY REU 2013
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2.5 billion people practice open defecation or lack adequate sanitation facilities
Poor sanitation contributes to 1.5 million child deaths from diarrhea each year
Main Objectives radically change our world’s current sanitation state
through innovative discoveries that convert our waste into viable resources
decrease the statistic of child mortality that societies around the globe are facing and to improve the quality of life in these communities
ABOUT THE CHALLENGE
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Contains the majority of the nutrients (N & P) excreted from our system
Approximately 158 different chemical components, including electrolytes, nitrogenous compounds, vitamins, hormones, organic acids, and other various compounds
Focus on Ammonia present after microbial urea hydrolysis
Urea() Total Ammonia majority of total N compounds causes pH increase more = higher inactivation
BACKGROUND: URINE
hydrolysis
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Source separated toilet utilize the properties
found in urine create biochar energy efficient
Main source of pathogens in source separated urine comes from misplaced feces
Source separated urine high potential for regrowth
Less water compared to latrines
Daily sanitation End Product = Fertilizer
ABOUT THE SYSTEM
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Experiments have shown disinfection over long periods of time (weeks) at low temperature and varying ammonia concentrations
Assess short term (hours) disinfection with these variables
1. the optimum concentration of ammonia2. the intensity of heat treatment3. the duration of the application of heat treatment
Assess the potential for regrowth in urine
0BJECTIVES
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Two surrogates used from frozen cultures E. coli Famp MS2
Enumeration Methods Membrane Filtration - E. coli Famp Agar Plating - MS2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Initial Experiment: 40°C & 60°C over 1 hr Surrogates: E. coli & MS2Total Ammonia Concentration: 2 g/L
EXPERIMENTS: PRELIMINARY DISINFECTION
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RESULTS: PRELIMINARY DISINFECTION
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
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Urine spiked with E. Coli Famp, Heat Disinfection, 2 g/L TNH3
40 °C
60 °C
Time (minutes)
log
CFU/
10
mL
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RESULTS: PRELIMINARY DISINFECTION
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 00
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Urine Spiked with MS2, heat Disinfection at 60°C, 2g/l tNH3
Time (minutes)
Log
pFU/
10 m
L
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Previous experiment shows 60°C more than enough while literature says must be above 45°C
Maximize efficiency Chose 50°C because previous data implied should
take less than one day - optimalCurious about a synergistic effect
3 treatment methods AH: Ammonia + Heat H: Heat Only A: Ammonia Only
Tested over 24 hours2.3 g/L NH3Two surrogates used: E. coli Famp & MS2
EXPERIMENTS: 50°C DISINFECTION
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RESULTS: 50°C DISINFECTION
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 60
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urine spiked with E. coli famp, heat Disinfection 50°C
AH
H
A
Time (hours)
log
CFU/
mL
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RESULTS: 50°C DISINFECTION
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 40
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urine spiked with ms2, heat Disinfection 50°C
AH
H
A
Time (hours)
log
pFU'
s/mL
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Factors that could support regrowth Contamination High abundance of nutrients found in urine
Tested 3 urine dilutions 1:0 (2.4 g/L NH3) 1:1 (1.2 g/L NH3) 1:5 (0.4 g/L NH3)
Tested 2 controls Positive: TSB growth media Negative: PBS
Designed to run for 21 days10^4 starting E. coli concentration
EXPERIMENTS: REGROWTH
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Sample Day 0 (avg log CFU/ 1 mL)
Day 2 (avg log CFU/ 1 mL)
Day 24 (avg log CFU/ 1 mL)
1:0 3.95 ± 0.14 0 01:1 3.99 ± 0.11 0 01:5 3.98 ± 0.15 0 0
TSB (pos) 4.38 ± 0.03 9.29 ± 0.13 NAPBS (neg) 4.07 ± 0.14 3.05 ± 1.71 2.56 ± 0.03
RESULTS: REGROWTH
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First of these types of experimentsSynergistic effect proven
significant in short term urine disinfection implications for other avenues: passive solar heating
Further test synergistic effect with varying ammonia concentrations
Regrowth experiments with spiking before heatShort, low heat + storageOther surrogates – Enterococcus, ascaris, eggs
CONCLUSIONS & FURTHER EXPERIMENTS
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NSF REU ProgramCU Boulder – Dr. MontoyaBill & Melinda Gates FoundationDr. Karl LindenDr. Tesfa YacobRyan MahoneySara BeckCori OversbyLinden/Gates Team
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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"B i l l & Mel inda Gates Foundat ion." Water, San i tat ion & Hyg iene . N .p . , n .d . Web. 8 June 2013.
<http : / /www.gates foundat ion.org/What -We-Do/G lobal -Deve lopment/Water-San i tat ion-and-Hygiene>.
"Hach – Manufactures Water Qual i ty Tes t ing and Analyt ica l Ins truments & Reagents ." Hach –
Manufactures Water Qual i ty Test ing and Analyt ica l Ins t ruments & Reagents . N .p . , n .d . Web. 8 June 2013. <http : / /www.hach.com/>.
Höglund , C . e t a l . "Evaluat ion of Faecal Contaminat ion and Microb ia l Die -Off in Ur ine Separat ing Sewage Systems." Water Sc ience & Technology 38 .6 (1998) : 17-25. Pr int . Putnam, David F. “Compos i t ion and Concentrat ive Propert ies of Human Ur ine .”
(1971) : n . pag. Goog le Scholar . Web. McCartney, Dary l , and Kr is t ine M Wichuk. “A Review of the Effect iveness of Current
Time– Temperature Regulat ions on Pathogen Inact ivat ion Dur ing Compost ing .” J ournal o f
Env i ronmental Eng ineer ing and Sc ience 6.5 (2007): 573–586. CrossRef . Web. Udert , K . M. et a l . “Fate of Major Compounds in Source-separated Ur ine .” Water
Sc ience & Technology 54.11–12 (2006) : 413-20. Pr int . Vinnerås , B jörn e t a l . “ Inact ivat ion of Bacter ia and Vi ruses in Human Ur ine
Depend ing on Temperature and D i lut ion Rate .” Water Research 42 .15 (2008) : 4067–4074. CrossRef .
Web.
REFERENCES
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“OUR GOAL: to enable universal access to sustainable sanitation services by supporting the development of
radically new sanitation technologies as well as markets for new sanitation products and services.” –
Gates Foundation
QUESTIONS?