STRUCTURAL STEEL EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL

TECHNICAL INFORMATION & PRODUCT SERVICE

JANUARY 1997

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

for

STRUCTURAL STEEL WELDINGPRACTICES

This Guide provides a quick reference to codes and standards for selectedtopics regarding the welding of structural steel. The Guide mainlyaddresses welding practices, but contains some related design topics.Topics are grouped alphabetically, within the eight section titles in theStructural Welding Code--Steel, AWS D1.1-96.

The Guide consists of a Reference Table, Reference List, and Index ofTopics. To use the Guide, 1) locate the subject matter in the Index ofTopics, 2) find the topic in the Reference Table and note the correspondingreference list number and location, and 3) find the title of the referencelist number in the Reference List. Not all topics and topic locations arelisted. However, the topics listed and locations given should allow theuser to find most subject matter on welding practices.

The information presented in this Steel TIPs is for general informationonly, and should not be used without independent examination andverification of its suitability by the user.

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Safety Hazards present an welding and 1 Pg 2, Annex Jcutting 2a Pg 520

13 Pg 15 1-1

Structural Steel, Defined Elements of steel frame that 4 Pg 5support design load

Symbols Symbols to indicate joint type, 1 Pg 2, 3size, length, position, location, 2a Pg 195and process 3 Pg 4-152 to 155

6 Pg 6-14, 15, 1913 Pg 16 1-39

Terms and Definlbons Definlbons for terms used En the 1 Annex BAWS Code and for general 2a Pg 554welding terms 4 Pg 3

9 Pg 7113 Pg 16 1-1

2. DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS

Engineer's Role m Minimizing Steels to use, weldments to 10 Pg 18Weld Defects avoid, and submittals to require

Field Instruchons Informabon to erector on making 1 Pg 3welds 6 Pg 6-40

Lamellar Tearing Defimtlon, causes, and 1 Pg 3prevention of this phenomenon 2a Pg 137

5 Pg 2-198 Pg 449 Pg 6110 Pg 1613 Pg 6 1-9

Notches and Bnttle Fracture Locabons where notches can 1 Pg 162occur, and details to avoid 5 Pg 2-21notches

Sequence of Joint Welding When and how to convey welding 1 Pg 3, 230sequence 2a Pg 136

9 Pg 37, 67, 7110 Pg 20

Welded Joints (Connections) Requirements for design of I Pg 3welded joints and connections 3 Pg 4-152

5 Pg 2-3

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

3. PREQUALIFICATION OF WPSs

Fillet Welds Requirements and techniques. 1 Pg 49, 160, 1692a Pg 1545 Pg 2-48 Pg 31

Groove Welds Requirements and technaques 1 Pg 49, 1692a Pg 1495 Pg 2-5

Plug and Slot Welds Requirements and techn,ques 1 Pg 49, 169

Prequallfied Joint Details Joint preparation details for joints 1 Pg 52 to 99m prequahfied welding procedure 3 Pg 4-153 to 173specifications 6 Pg 6-12

11 Pg 29

Root Layer L•mltatlons on peenIng 1 Pg 1729 Pg 67

Root Opening Tolerances for root openings 1 Pg 49, 16413 Pg 2 2-6

Stnnger Beads What they are and why they are 1 Annex B(Pg 282)used. 9 Pg 67

Welding Procedure Spec•ficahons Scope and requirements I Pg 41,239(WPSs) 2a Pg 439

5 Pg 2-310 Pg 2612 Pg D-5714 All15 All

Welding Processes Common welding processes for 1 Pg 41, 51both prequahfied and quahfied by 2b Alltest 5 Pg 2-12

6 Pg 6-310 Pg 1213 Pg 5 0-1, 5 6-1

Electrogas Welding (EGW) Automahc, sohd or flux core wire 1 Pg 41, 105, 157electrode with gas shielding 2a Pg 12

2b Pg 2345 Pg 2-1713 Pg 5.5-3

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

Electroslag Weldtng ( E S W ) AutomatEc, solid were electrode(s) 1 Pg 41, 105, 157that melt m slag pool (not an arc 2a Pg 13welding process) 2b Pg 272

5 Pg 2-1710 Pg 1313 Pg 5 5-1

Flux Cored Arc W e l d i n g Sema-automatlc, with flux in core 1 Pg 41, 102(FCAW) of tubular electrode 2a Pg 7

2b Pg 1585 Pg 2-1610 Pg 1213 Pg 5 3-1

Gas Metal Arc W e l d i n g Seml-automahc, sohd wire 1 Pg 41, 102(GMAW) electrode with gas shleldmg 2a Pg 7

2b Pg 1105 Pg 2-1610 Pg 1313 Pg 5 4-2

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Manual, flux coated "sttck" 1 Pg 41, 102(SMAW) electrode 2a Pg 4

2b Pg 445 Pg 2-1210 Pg 1213 Pg 5 1-1

Submerged Arc Welding Automabc or semi-automatic, 1 Pg 41, 102(SAW) sohd wire electrode with arc 2a Pg 5

submerged m a granular flux 2b Pg 1925 Pg 2-1510 Pg 1313 Pg 5 2-1

4. QUALIFICATION

Potations of Welds and Welding Onentatlon and hmltahons of the 1 Pg 51, 102, 103,Potations four positions for groove and fillet 104

Flat welds, and corresponding 5 Pg 2-13Honzontal welding positions 6 Pg 6-13OverheadVertical

Quahficahon of Performance Requirements for quahficatlon 1 Pg 137(Welder) tests of welders 2a Pg 438, 455

8 Pg 3013 Pg 11 4-1

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

Qualification of W e l d i n g Requirements for quahficat•on 1 Pg 102Procedure Specifications tests for welding procedure 2a Pg 438, 451

specifications 8 Pg 3013 Pg 11.3-1, 6 2-1

5. FABRICATION

Arc Strikes Dispos•t•on of arc strikes. 1 Pg 1728 Pg 31

Backing (Backing Bars) Requirements and sketch of 1 Pg 159backing 5 Pg 2-49

13 Pg 2 2-6

Backing Bar Tack Welds Sketch of backing bar tack welds 5 Pg 2-23

Base Metal Approved base metal for 1 Pg 155,structure, weld tabs, backing, and Annex Mspacers 2a Pg 111

Cleaning Welds Slag removal between passes 1 Pg 172and on completed weld 13 Pg 2 1-5

Clearance for Welding Requirements for positioning I Pg 171electrode 5 Pg 2-55

6 Pg 6-38

Cracking, Cracks Causes and repair 1 Pg 171,Annex XI(Pg263)

10 Pg 1413 Pg 6 3-17

Discontinuities and Defects Avoiding and correcting defects I Pg 171, 174,175, 183

2a Pg 36410 Pg 14, 2113 Several Iocabons

D•stortlon and Shrinkage How to control and correct 1 Pg 1642a Pg 136, 2188 Pg 4310 Pg 2213 Pg 3 1-1

Electrodes (Consumables) Combinations with base metal, 1 Pg 41, 155,requirements, and classifications Annex M

6 6-710 Pg 1513 Pg 4 1-1

Environment Allowable temperature, wetness, 1 Pg 160wind

4

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

Equipment for Welding and Requirements 1 Pg 159Cutting 2a Pg 9

2b Pg 213 Pg 4 2-1, 4 3-1

Fitting Objecbves and inspection of 7 Pg 17placing parts together 13 Pg 4 4-1

Highly Restrained Welded Joints Causes and mltlgabon of 1 Annex XIrestrained joints (Pg 266)

CX12 (Pg 426)3 Pg 4-1529 All11 Pg 33

Peemng Reasons for and hmltat•ons 1 Pg 1729 Pg 6710 Pg 2013 Pg 3 1-7

Preheat and Interpass Reasons for, minimum 1 Pg 45, 158Temperatures temperatures, and other 10 Pg 16

requirements 13 Pg 3 3-1

Preparation of Base Metal Edge dascontmu•hes and their 1 Pg 160hm•tatlons 8 Pg 7, 8

Stress Relief Requirements for stress rehef by 1 Pg 158heat treatment 10 Pg 16, 18

13 Pg 33-1

Temporary and Tack Welds General requtrements for 1 Pg 163placement and removal 8 Pg 14

Thermal Cutting Processes and capabdltles 2a Pg 272b Pg 450, 4825 Pg 2-1713 Pg 13 5-1

Tolerance of Joint Dimensions Joint assembly requirements 1 Pg 164including sketches 7 Pg 50

Weld Tabs (and Weld Dams) Use and sketches on how to 1 Pg 172place 5 Pg 2-48, 49

8 Pg 3212 Pg B-6

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

Weldablhty Required capacltaes for steel to 1 Annex B(Pg 284)be welded 2a Pg 119

5 Pg 2-710 Pg 1113 Pg 6 1-1

Workmanship, Techmques Proper welding practmes. 1 All8 Pg 299 Pg 6710 Pg 1411 Pg 3313 Several Iocabons

6. INSPECTION

Inspection Checks Vanous items to check dunng 7 Pg 20welding

Inspectors and Inspecbon General requirements, and 1 Pg 173, 193, 403Objectives objectives of welding mspecbon 2a Pg 466

5 Pg 2-247 Pg 209 Pg 6813 Pg 11 2-1

Nondestructive Testing Descnptlon, use, and 1 Pg 175, 195(Examination) requirements 2a Pg 468

7 Pg 388 Pg 4110 Pg 23

L•quld Penetrant Inspection Descnphon and requirements 1 Pg 175, 1932a Pg 4735 Pg 2-24, 2510 Pg 2513 Pg 11 2-13

Magnetic Particle Inspection Descnptlon and requirements 1 Pg 175, 1932a Pg 4785 Pg 2-24, 2613 Pg 11 2-11

Radlographm Inspection Descnphon and requirements 1 Pg 177, 1952a Pg 4865 Pg 2-24, 2610 Pg 2513 Pg 11 2-6

REFERENCE TABLE

TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. LOCATION

Ultrasonic Inspection Description and requirements 1 Pg 183, 2042a Pg 5025 Pg 2-24, 2710 Pg 2413 Pg 11 2-14

Visual Inspect]on Descrlpbon and requirements 1 Pg 1752a Pg 4695 Pg 2-24, 257 Pg 2710 Pg 2413 Pg 11 2-3

Quahty Control Quality and an example of a 2a Pg 360, 462quahty control program 12 Pg E-17

13 Pg 11 1-1

7. STUD WELDING

Repairing Stud Welds Completion of flash by fillet weld 1 Pg 225, 228

Stud Arc Welding General requfrements and 1 Pg 223description 2b Pg 300

13 Pg 5 5-3

Visual Inspection and 15° Bend Bend test for studs that do not 1 Pg 228Test show full 360° flash

8. STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING EXISTING STRUCTURES

Strengthening and Repairing General requirements 1 Pg 229Provisions

Work Plan Engineer required to prepare a 1 Pg 229comprehensive plan for the work

REFERENCE LIST

1. Structural Welding Code--Steel, ANSI/AWS D1.1-96, Miami, 1996.

2.a. Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 1, AWS, Miami, 1987.

2.b. Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 2, AWS, Miami, 1991.

3. Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design, 9th ed., AISC, Chicago, 1989.

4. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, AISC, Chicago, June 10, 1992.

5. Manual of Steel Construction, Vol. II--Connections ASD 9th ed./LRFD 1st ed., AISC, Chicago,1992.

6. Detailing for Steel Construct/on, AISC, Chicago, 1983.

7. Shop Inspector Training Guide, AISC, Chicago, 1985.

8. Quality Criteria and Inspection Standards, 3d ed., AISC, Chicago, 1988.

9. "Commentary on H•ghly Restrained Welded Connections," AISC Engineering Journal, 3dQuarter 1973/Vol. 10, No. 3, Chicago, 61-73; and "Discussion," AISC Engineering Journal, 1stQuarter 1975/Vol. 12, No. 1, Chicago, 36-68.

10. F. Robert Preece and Alvaro L. Collin, "Structural Steel Construction in the '9Os,' Steel TIPS,Structural Steel Education Council, Walnut Creek, California, September 1991.

11. James J. Putkey, " C o m m o n Steel Erection Problems and Suggested Solutions," Steel TIPS,Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga, Califorma, December 1993.

12. Steel Moment Frame Connection, Advisory No. 3, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, 1995.

13. The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding, 13th ed., The Lincoln Electric Company, Cleveland,1994.

14. Guidelines for Welding Procedure Spec/f/cations, SEAONC, San Francisco, October 1996.

15. Alvaro L. Collin, Welding Procedure Spec•fmatlons, Orinda, California, November 1995 (availablefrom Structural Steel Educational Council).

Index of Steel TIPS Publications

The following is a hst of avatlable Steel TIPS Copies wdl be sent upon request Some are in very hm•ted quanbty

· Seasmac Design of Special Concentrically Braced Frames· Selsmm Design of Bolted Steel Moment-Resisting Frames· Structural Detads to Increase Ductdlty of Connections· Slotted Bolted Connecbon Energy D•ss•paters· Use of Steel in the Seismic Retrofit of H•stonc Oakland C•ty Hall· Heavy Structural Shapes Jn Steel Tension Apphcattons· Economical Use of Cambered Steel Beams· Value Engineering and Steel Economy· What Desagn Engineers Can Do to Reduce Fabrication Costs· Charts for Strong Column Weak G•rder Design of Steel Frames· Se•smm Strengthemng w•th Steel Slotted Bolt Connechons· Se•smm Dessgn Pracbce for Eccentrically Braced Frames

INDEX OF TOPICS

Arc Stnkes, 4Backing (Backing Bars), 4Backing Bar Tack Welds, 4Base Metal, 4Cleaning Welds, 4Clearance for Welding, 4Cracking, Cracks, 4DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS, 1DiscontinuJhes and Defects, 4Distortion and Shrmkage, 4Electrodes (Consumables), 4Electrogas Welding (EGW), 2Electroslag Welding (ESW), 3Engineer's Role in Minimizing Weld Defects, 1Environment, 4Equipment for Welding and Cutting, 5FABRICATION, 4Field Instructions, 1Fillet Welds, 2Fitting, 5Flat Welds, 3Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), 3Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 3GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, 1Groove Welds, 2Highly Restrained Welded Joints, 5Horizontal Welds, 3INSPECTION, 6Inspechon Checks, 6Inspectors and Inspection ObJectives, 6Lamellar Tearing, 1LJquad Penetrant Inspection, 6Magnetic Particle Inspection, 6Nondestructive Tesbng (Exammahon), 6Notches and Brittle Fracture, 1Overhead Welds, 3Peening, 5Plug and Slot Welds, 2Poslhons of Welds and Welding Poslhons, 3Preheat and Interpass Temperatures, 5Preparation of Base Metal, 5PREQUALIFICATION OF WPSs, 2Prequahfied Joint Details, 2QUALIFICATION, 3Quahficahon of Performance (Welder), 3Qualification of Welding Procedure

Specifications, 4

Quality Control, 7Radlographac Inspecbon, 6Repamng Stud Welds, 7Root Layer, 2Root Opening, 2Safety, 1Sequence of Joint Welding, 1Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), 3STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING

EXISTING STRUCTURES, 7Strengthening and Repalnng Prowslons, 7Stress Rehef, 5Stringer Beads, 2Structural Steel, Defined, 1Stud Arc Welding, 7STUD WELDING, 7Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), 3Symbols, 1Temporary and Tack Welds, 5Terms and Defin•ttons, 1Thermal Cutting, 5Tolerance of Joint Dimensions, 5Ultrasonic Inspection, 7Vertmal Welds, 3Visual Inspection, 7Visual Inspechon and 15° Bend Test, 7Weld Tabs (and Weld Dams), 5Weldablhty, 6Welded Joints (Connections), 1Welding Procedure Speclficabons (WPSs), 2Welding Processes, 2Work Plan, 7Workmanship, Techniques, 6

Note Topms m bold caps (e g, INSPECTION)refer to the eight AWS Code sechon htles

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