Queen Mary TudorPrincess Mary

Education & Opposition

Securing the CrownMarriage ProspectsOpposition to Philip

Foreign AffairsTravel & EconomicsSpanish Naval PracticeWar with France

Domestic TransitionConservative Recovery

Marian CatholicismProtestant Retreat

Exile, Martyrdom, Nicodemism

England in November, 1558Mary, 1544, National Portrait Gallery

Princess Mary, b. 1516Early Years

Attractive & Gifted ChildMarriage Alliances (France, HRE, Scotland)Court Appearances; Dances“Great and uncommon mental endowments”

EducationMusic, Latin; Plato, More, ErasmusRenaissance Humanism

Opposition & IdentityBoleyn, K.A.’s Banishment from Court, ‘31Demoted from “Princess” (Elizabeth, ‘33)Relative Isolation from Circles of PowerCatholic Leader; Hope for ConservativesDefiance of E6’s Supremacy; Stalwart

Princess Mary, c. 1521-5; MiniatureNational Portrait Gallery

Securing the Crown, 1553Popular & Noble Support

Conservatives & Protestants AlikeAffirmed Act of Succession, ‘43Gardiner; Howard, Norfolk

Marriage ProspectsEngland’s 1st Queen RegnantEdward Courtenay, Earl of DevonG-g.son of Edward IV; DebauchedPhilip of Spain, Heir to Charles VPersonal, Political, Religious Choice

Opposition to PhilipForeign Ruler; Foreign EntanglementsParliament, Council, NobilityWyatt’s Rebellion, Jan./Feb. ‘54Treaty: Title but not Power of “King”Married: July 25, 1554

Queen Mary, 1554, by Hans EworthNational Portrait Gallery

Foreign AffairsTravel & Economics

Searching for New MarketsGuinea (W. Africa), Baltic, RussiaThe Muscovy Company, 1555Inherited Debt & Debased CoinageFinancial Reforms; Book of Rates, ‘58Benefit Felt by Elizabeth

Spanish Martial PracticePhilip and the English FleetOrganized Land Militia

War with France (Habsburg Rivalry)Not Economically WiseSummer, ‘57: Aid to SpainJanuary, ‘58: Loss of Calais Queen Mary, 1554, by Anthonis

MorMuseo Del Prado, Madrid, Spain

Domestic TransitionConservative Recovery

Turning the Clock Back to 1529Not Monastic Lands

Doctrinally Catholic, 1554 ->

Marian CatholicismReunion with RomePhilip’s Dominican EmployeesSpanish Tastes

Return of Cardinal Reginald PoleHumanist Reform; ReconciliationEducation; Diligence; High StandardsScholarly EpiscopateEdmund Bonner, Bishop of London

Cardinal Pole, post-1536;

Protestant RetreatExile

Emigrants to German, Swiss LandsFrankfurt, Saxony, Strasbourg, ZürichAbout 800 Total

Martyrdom: 1555-8Hugh Latimer & Nicholas Ridley, ‘55Thomas Cranmer, ’56John Rogers & Rowland TaylorArtisans & Laborers in the SEAbout 300 Total

NicodemismKeeping One’s Head Low; ConformityWilliam Cecil, Matthew Parker, ElizabethRoger Ascham, Richard Cheyney“Silent Majority” or General Apathy?

Cranmer’s End, Oxford, 1556Foxe’s A&M, 1563

England in November, 1558Domestic Situation

Economy: Debasement, Inflation; HarvestsTrade Disruptions; EpidemicsPolitics: Factions, Minority; Female RuleIllnesses; Rebellions; SuccessionReligion: Henrician Swings; Prot. AdvanceCatholic Return; Lay Apathy

Foreign RelationsFrance: Traditional Enemy; Auld AllianceCalais; Firmly CatholicSpain: Enemy or Ally?; Emerging HegemonyHabsburg HRE; Catholic PillarRome: Henry’s Break; Ed’s DenialMary’s Embrace & ReturnProtestant International: Germany/DmarkSwiss Cantons; Confessional Allegiance

Princess Elizabeth, c. 1546; Windsor Castle