Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work...
Transcript of Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversitySapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others Work...
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Quantifying human impacts on tropical forest biodiversity
Jos BarlowLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University
INPE,agosto 2009
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1975
Rio Teles Pires
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1984
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1990
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1996
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2004
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My research aims to answer two questions about TF biodiversity
1) What are the consequences of deforestation and land-use change?
2) What are the consequences of degradation within the remaining forests?
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1) What are the biodiversity consequences of deforestation?
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Intensification DegradationRegeneration
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Predictions based on forest loss are inadequate for biodiversity
“Thirty-five primate species lose 60–100% of their Amazonian range….”.
Soares-Filho et al. 2006 Nature
Mico spp. Callicebus spp. Ateles spp.
Most abundant in degraded and secondary forests Absent from degraded forests
2050: Business as usual
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1) Lack of consistency in conclusions: e.g. Birds & SFs
Study Location Ages sampled
Change in richness
Community overlap
Blake & Loiselle 2001 Costa Rica 4-13; 25-35 Increase High
Johns 1991 Brazil 1-2 Increase Low
Borges 2004 Brazil 4-35 No change High
Sodhi et al. 2005a Sulawesi 40 No change High
Schulze et al 2004 Sulawesi Young No change High
Lawton et al. 1998 Cameroon >40 No change -
Andrade & Rubio-Torgler 1994
Colombia 1-17 No change High
Raman et al. 1998/Raman 2001
India 1, 5, 10, 25 and 100
Decrease High
Bowman et al 1990 PNG 0-25+ Decrease High
Terborgh & Weske 1969 Peru Young Decrease -
Barlow et al. in press Brazil 13-19 Decrease Low
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2) Many studies have flawed methodologies; e.g. Of 11 studies on birds in SFs
• Lack of spatial replication– 4 had no within treatment replication; 7 had less
than 3 replicates
• Edge effects– Nine of 11 studies on birds in SFs were in plots
“adjacent” to primary forest
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3) Lack of seasonal replication: Butterflies
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4) Lack of congruency between taxa (which taxa to believe???)
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“No-one group serves as a good indicator taxon for changes...of other groups”
Lawton et al. 1998, Nature
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Jari – a unique Amazonian landscape• >1M ha of primary forest
• 53,000ha of Eucalyptus plantations on 5-7 yr rotations
• 50,000ha of fallow lands (secondary forests)
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Field sampling
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Outline of results
1. Response types: Species richness
2. Response types: Community structure
3. Examine congruence using different
response metrics
4. Which taxa are outliers?
5. Assess the unique conservation value of
primary forest
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1) Response types:Species richness
• Hypothesis: Faunal richness would reflect richness in vegetation
Tree genera
0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000
50
100
150
200
250
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2) Response types: Species composition
Taxonomic group Community structure comparison
PF-SF PF-EUC SF-EUC
Trees and Lianas 0.99** 1.0** 1.0**
Birds 1.0** 1.0** 0.98**
Fruit-feeding butterflies 0.88** 1.0** 0.96**
Leaf-litter amphibians 0.26* 0.51** 0.88**
Large mammals 0.80** 1.0** 0.96**
Bats 0.77** 0.49** 0.45**
Lizards 0.56** 1.0** 0.83**
Dung beetles 0.67** 0.60** 0.48*
Epigeic arachnids 0.39* 0.83** 0.53*
Grasshoppers 0.64** 0.94** 0.31*
Scavenger flies 0.40* 0.79** 0.42*
Fruit flies 0.46* 0.79** 0.06
Small mammals 0.25* 0.43** 0.03
Orchid bees 0.31* 0.35* -0.02
Moths 0.51** 0.95** 0.52**
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3) Congruency between taxa with different response metrics
Based on pairwise correlations of 15 taxa across 15 sites (105 possible pairwise correlations),
• Community structure (CS)
• Community composition (CC)
• Observed richness (OR)
• Estimated richness (ER)
• Abundance (AB)
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4) Are some taxa outliers? MDS ordination based on response similarity
Composition
MDS Axis 1
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
MD
S a
xis
2
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
AM
OBAR
CF
DBLM
SM
FF
GH
BA
MO
BI
LZ
BU
TL
Small Mammals
Low sample representation
Orchid Bees
Highly vagile & feed on
ephemeral resources
Amphibians – Unique resource reqirements?
BatsHighly
vagile & feed on
ephemeral resources
Taxa with similar
responses
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%of species unique to primary forest
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Orchid beesLarge mammalsScavenger flies
Fruit fliesEpigeic arachnids
GrasshoppersFruit-feeding butterflies
BatsMoths
Dung beetlesSmall mammals
LizardsLeaf-litter amphibians
BirdsTrees and Lianas
Barlow et al. 2007 PNAS
5. Conservation value of primary forests
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Conclusions – Quantifying the biodiversity value of forests
• Assesments of habitat quality should focus on species composition rather than richness
• Secondary forests and plantations both have some complementary conservation value
• BUT: 25% of species were only ever recorded in primary forest
• AND: These figures are likely to be conservative…– 50% of species were unique to primary forest when
singletons were excluded from the analysis– the difficulties of sampling the full range of diversity found
within primary habitats
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2) What are the consequences of forest degradation for biodiversity?
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Forest wildfires: 20M ha burned during the 1997-1998 ENSO event
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Increasing threat? Interact with ongoing threats to the Amazon
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Positive feedback: low-intensity fires lead to recurrent fires
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Very high tree mortality following fire in central Amazonia (Tapajos-Arapiuns)
Mean char height
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
No.
of l
ivin
g tre
es
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Unburnt
Once-burnt
Twice-burnt
Barlow and Peres 2004 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
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Similarity between
BF2-BF2
UF-UF
BF-BF
UF-BF
BF-BF2
UF-BF2
Mea
n (+
/-SD
) M-H
inde
x0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Short-term effects of fires on understorey avifauna
Barlow et al. 2002Biological Conservation
Loss of understorey specialists in once-burned forest
Complete species turnover following recurrent fiires
Barlow and Peres 2004Ecological Applications
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Recurrent fires affect ecosystem functioning (litter decomposition)
Silveira, Barlow et al. 2009 Journal of Tropical Ecology
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Recurrent fires lead to a cascade in species composition and possible ecosystem phase-shift
Barlow and Peres 2008 Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Bombacaceae: Bombax sp.
Cecropiaceae: Cecropia spp.
Boraginaceae: Cordia sp.
UF BF1 BF2 BF3
Burseraceae: Protium and Tetragastris Spp.
Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda copaia
Forest treatment
Fabaceae: Sclerolobium spp.
Sapotaceae: Pouteria spp. and others
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Work in progress…
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1) Examining the longer-term consequences of wildfires across Amazonia
RESEX Tapajos-Arapiuns, Pará
Querencia, Mato Grosso
RESEX Chico Mendes, Acre
Ilha de Maracá, Roraima
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2) Quantify the temporal basis of biodiversity responses
Time after most recent burn event
Cha
nge
from
und
istu
rbed
Prim
ary
fore
st
Understorey fires
Recurrent fires
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3) Link biodiversity responses with spatial mapping of forest degradation
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C. Souza and M. Cochrane
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Conclusions
• The consequences of land-use change and degradation for tropical forest biodiversity are complex, and can be highly context dependent
• Landscape processes such as deforestation and degradation are highly linked, and we need to take a whole landscape approach to understand their effects on biodiversity
• A better understanding of the spatial and temporal consequences (extrapolating local processes through RS) could help develop effective management strategies
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Obrigado!