Quality and Nutritional Characteristics of Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles(DDGS) Dr. Jerry ShursonProfessorDept. of Animal ScienceUniversity of Minnesota

What is DDGS?By-product of the dry-milling ethanol industry

Nutrient composition is different between dry-mill, wet-mill and beverage alcohol by-products

DDGS – fuel ethanolDDGS - whiskey distilleriesCorn gluten feed – wet millCorn gluten meal – wet millBrewer’s dried grains – beer manufacturing

Nutrient content depends on the grain source usedCorn (maize) DDGS - Midwestern USWheat DDGS - CanadaSorghum (milo) DDGS - Great Plains USBarley DDGS

Comparison of Nutrient Composition (Dry Matter Basis) of “New Generation” DDGS to Corn Gluten Feed, Corn Gluten Meal,Corn Germ Meal, and Brewer’s Dried Grains

0.210.170.080.540.80Available P, %

0.350.330.060.240.06Ca, %

0.280.220.340.080.24Trp, %

1.031.222.310.821.13Thr, %

0.490.671.590.390.55Met, %

1.171.001.130.700.83Lys, %

21303222425628943827ME, kcal/kg

2283No data469433224011DE, kcal/kg

52.9No data9.737.043.6NDF, %

7.91.13.23.310.7Fat, %

28.822.266.923.930.6Protein, %

Brewer’s Dried Grains (NRC)

Corn Germ Meal (Feedstuffs)

Corn Gluten Meal (NRC)

Corn Gluten Feed (NRC)

“New Generation”Corn DDGS

CornCorn Dry-Milling Process Overview

alpha amylase enzyme

CO2

Yeast andGlucoamylaseEnzyme

whole stillage

thin stillage

coarse solids

Feed Industry Co-products

Corn Cleaning

Hammermill Mix SlurryLiquefaction

Cooker

Centrifuge Evaporator

Fermentation

Dist illat ion

Ethyl Alcohol

Cond. DistillersSolubles

Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

Distillers Wet Grains

Rotary Dryer

Dry-Milling Average Ethanol Yield Per Bushel (25.4 kg) of Corn

Ethanol 10.2 litersDDGS 8.2 kgCO2 8.2 kg

Under Construction or proposed

Ethanol Plants

Ethanol Plants in North America - June 16, 2004

320,000900,000

1,800,000

3,000,0003,500,000

7,000,000

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

Met

ric T

ons

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Est 2005

U.S. DDGS Production

Source: Steve Markham – Commodity Specialists Company

U.S. DDGS Consumption

60%

6%

4%

DairyBeefPoultry/Swine & Other

CSC 2004

45%

35%

5%

15%

DairyBeefPoultrySwine

Estimate 2001

46%

39%

4% 11%

DairyBeefPoultrySwineEstimate 2003

Estimate 2002

Current and Potential DDGS Export Markets

Current1. Ireland2. Denmark3. United Kingdom4. Spain5. Portugal6. Columbia7. Mexico8. Canada9. Germany10. Costa Rica

Potential1. China2. Brazil3. Philippines4. Japan5. Thailand6. Republic of Korea7. Taiwan8. Vietnam9. Malaysia10. Indonesia

What Are the Challenges?1. DDGS - “new” feed ingredient for many customers

education and technical service is needed (www.ddgs.umn.edu)

2. Inconsistent qualitynutrient contentcolorparticle size

3. No grading system to differentiate quality and price

4. Misrepresenting quality and nutrient specifications and blending DDGS with other ingredients

DDGS Varies Nutrient Content and Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among U.S. Sources

Comparison of Nutrient Composition (Dry Matter Basis) of “New Generation” DDGS to Other “DDGS Sources”

0.620.720.680.890.780.77P, %0.170.220.510.060.120.07Ca, %

No data0.390.250.230.180.25Trp, %No data2.501.131.041.011.17Thr, %No data0.610.660.540.540.62Met, %No data1.670.830.900.610.92Lys, %No data37493560No data35773781ME, kcal/kg*No dataNo data3796No data38084053DE, kcal/kg*

4.285.567.304.585.296.93Ash, %No data14.4420.9517.9111.8012.37ADF, %

15.107.787.77No data7.906.25Crude fiber, %9.0013.338.9615.253.5211.32Fat, %27.034.4430.1231.6229.3231.82Protein, %

AGPPelleted

Extruded DDGS/Soy (XDS Plus)

ADM - PeoriaBadger State

EthanolSolulac

“New Generation”Corn DDGS

*Calculated energy values for swine

Potential Categories of Distiller’s By-Products

Spray Dried Distiller’s Solubles

Corn/Wheat Blends

Golden Lix(Cattle Only)

DDGS Blends

High Fat/High Protein DDGS

Solulac High ADF and Ca, Reduced Energy

(Not for Monogastrics)

Distiller’s By-Products

Corn DDGS< 75% solublesadded to grains

Wet Distiller’s Grains

(Cattle Only)Corn DDGS

> 75% solubles added to grains

Dakota Gold

DDGS/Soy Hull Blends

Corn -BeverageDistilleries

Corn/Sorghum Blends

Corn Condensed Distiller’s Solubles

Most of the Newer Ethanol Plants in the Midwestern U.S. Produce High Quality, Relatively Consistent Golden Corn DDGS

VeraSun - Aurora, SD CVEC - Benson, MN Al-Corn - Claremont, MN MGP – Lakota, IA

CMEC - Little Falls, MN Agri-Energy - Luverne, MN LSCP - Marcus, IA DENCO – Morris, MN

What Are the Challenges?

5. System to directly connect customers to suppliers

Nutrient profile section of www.ddgs.umn.edu

6. Flowability

7. Relatively low bulk density – high freight costs

“Old Generation” vs. “New Generation”DDGS

High Quality,Highly DigestibleDDGS

Lower Quality,Less DigestibleDDGS

Corn DDGS Color and Smell are Indicators of Digestibility for Monogastrics

Color varies among sourcesranges from dark to golden (Cromwell et al., 1993)

golden color of corn DDGS is correlated with higher amino acid digestibility in swine and poultry

Smell varies among sourcesranges from burnt or smoky to sweet and fermented (Cromwell et al., 1993)

golden DDGS has a sweet, fermented smell

smell may affect palatability

Fig. 1. Regression of digestible lys (%) and color (L*, b*)

R2 = 0.71

R2 = 0.74

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

Lys (%)

L*, b

* sc

ore L*

b*Linear (L*)Linear (b*)

The Use of DDGS in Swine Diets

Maximum Inclusion Rates of “New Generation” DDGS in Swine Diets (Based Upon University of Minnesota Performance Trials)

Nursery pigs (> 7 kg)Up to 25 %

Grow-finish pigsUp to 20% (higher levels may reduce pork fat quality)

Gestating sowsUp to 50%

Lactating sowsUp to 20%

Assumptions: no mycotoxinsformulate on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis

The Use of DDGS in Poultry Diets

Recommended Inclusion Rates of DDGS for Poultry

Broilers and Turkeys 5-10% inclusion rates (Starter/Finisher)

Without energy adjustments> 10%

With adjustments for lys, met, thr, trp, and energy

Chicken Egg Layers 10% inclusion rate

The Use of DDGS in Dairy Rations

Recommended Feeding Levels of DDGS for Dairy Cows and Replacements

Lactating dairy cowsUp to 30% DMI under normal feeding conditions> 30% DMI if BST is used

CalvesUp to 20 % DMI

Replacement heifersUp to 25% DMI

The Use of DDGS in Beef Rations

Recommended Feeding Levels of DDGS for Beef Cattle

Creep feedingUp to 20%

Feedlot cattleUp to 40 % DMI

Receiving/starting cattleUp to 20%

Brood cowsUp to 35% of supplement

U of M DDGS Web Sitewww.ddgs.umn.edu

We have developed a DDGS web site featuring:* nutrient profiles and sample photos of DDGS sources

* research summaries- swine, poultry, dairy, & beef- DDGS quality

* presentations given* links to other DDGS related web sites* international audiences