Effects of Enzyme Addition to Corn-Soybean-Meal-Based ...academic.uprm.edu/hsantiago/Avizyme Guinea...
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Effects of Enzyme Addition to Corn-Soybean-Meal-Based Diets on Performance and Carcass Composition of Guinea Fowl (Numida melagris) Broilers Effects of Enzyme Addition to Corn-Soybean-Meal-Based Diets on Performance and Carcass Composition of Guinea Fowl (Numida melagris) Broilers Abstract Abstract Abstract J. A. Orama 1 , H. L. Santiago 2 , and A. A. Rodríguez 3 1 Graduate Student, 2 Associate Researcher, 3 Professor. Department of Animal Industry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9030, Mayagüez, P.R. 00681-9030. J. A. Orama 1 , H. L. Santiago 2 , and A. A. Rodríguez 3 1 Graduate Student, 2 Associate Researcher, 3 Professor. Department of Animal Industry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9030, Mayagüez, P.R. 00681-9030. The addition of feed enzymes to poultry diets have been found to be beneficial and have become a common practice in diets containing carbohydrates or protein sources with high levels of nonstarch polysaccharides such as wheat and barley. However, new feed enzymes have been developed to improve digestibility of grain starch and vegetable protein in poultry diets based principally on corn and soybean meal. Danisco Animal Nutrition has developed Avizyme 1502 specifically for use in poultry diets containing low viscosity grains such as corn and sorghum and containing significant levels of soybean meal. Avizyme is a multi-enzyme product containing Amylase (improves corn starch utilization), Xylanase (breaks down cereal cell walls), and Protease (targets soybean antinutritional factors and storage proteins). Several researchers have reported that the use of this product can significantly improve energy, protein, and amino acid utilization in corn and soybean meal based diets. Café et al. (2002) reported that broilers fed diets supplemented with 0.1% Avizyme had significantly higher BW and lower mortality up to 49 d of age than those of controls. However, the inclusion of Avizyme to diets had no consistent effect on dressing percentage or yield of carcass parts. The abdominal fat content of the carcass was significantly higher in birds fed diets supplemented with Avizyme when compared to controls. The authors suggested that the utilization of Avizyme increase the amount of net energy from the diet. Avizyme has been shown to reduce feed costs and maintain broiler performance by improving the FCR and reducing the variability of liveweight in a flock (FinnFeed International). Zanella et al. (1999) reported that the addition of Avizyme to corn and soybean meal based diets significantly improved the digestibility of crude protein (+ 2.9 %), starch (+ 1.8%), and fat (+1.6%). The metabolizable energy of the experimental diet was also significantly improved (+2.5%) by enzyme supplementation. Zanella et al. (1999) reported that the addition of 0.1% of Avizyme significantly improved BW gain and FCR but there were no significant effects on abdominal fat, breast weight, or dressing percentage. Wyatt et al. (1997) reported that Avizyme addition to sorghum and soybean meal diets improved liveweight corrected FCR by 5 to 16 points over three experiments, and allowed for a reduction in diet nutrients by 3% while maintaining broiler performance. In a similar study, Douglas et al. (2000) reported that the addition of 0.1 % of Avizyme to broiler diets had no significant effect on weight gain or FCR. Although no studies in guinea fowl could be found the results from broiler studies suggest that the utilization of this enzyme complex in guinea fowl diets may improve productive performance and potentially benefit production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of the supplementation of nutritional adequate diets based on corn and soybean meal with Avizyme on live performance and carcass composition of guinea fowl broilers. A three phase feeding regime consisting of starter (0 to 4 wk), grower (5 to 8 wk), and finisher (9 to 12 wk) was used in the study. All diets were corn and soybean-based and formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for guineas (Oguntona et al., 1988; Oguntona and Zubair, 1988; Mandal et al., 1999). Treatments consisted in the inclusion of Avizyme 1502 at 0 (control), 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 % in each of the starter, grower, and finisher diets. A basal diet for each growing period was prepared and divided into four aliquots. One aliquot was fed as such (control), while the others were fortified with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 % of Avizyme 1502. The enzyme was pre-blended with a portion of the basal diet before total incorporation to their respective diet. Diets were fed in mash form. All ingredients were analyzed for nutrient and mineral contents prior to diet formulation. The ingredient and theoretical nutrient composition of the basal diet is shown in Table 1. A total of 600-day-old guinea keets were raised under standard commercial conditions in a poultry house at the Lajas AES Small Animal Research Farm. Birds were randomly assigned to 40 floor pens (15 / pen) with 10 replicate pens per treatment. Birds were raised under a 24 h photo regimen and fed ad libitum. Keets were placed in rice hull bedded floor pens equipped with one hanging feeder and nipple type drinkers. Birds were checked twice a day and the weight of dead birds recorded and used to adjust FCR. Birds and feed were weighed weekly until 12 wk to calculate BW, feed intake, and feed conversion. At 12 wk, a total of 180 birds were processed to determine carcass composition. The day prior to processing, three birds per replicate pen (60 per treatment), were randomly chosen, wing banded, weighed, and placed in coops 10 h prior to slaughter without access to feed and water. Birds were hung in metallic funnels and killed by bleeding. After exanguination, birds were scalded, mechanically plucked, weighed, and manually eviscerated. Carcasses were chilled overnight in an ice-slush tank (0°C), carcasses were drained, reweighed, and cut into the following portions: wings, drumsticks, thighs, breast with ribs, back, and neck. Carcass parts and abdominal fats were weighted and yields expressed as percentage of live body weight. A Complete Randomized design were used in the study. Treatments were replicated 10 times. Each pen of 15 keets constituted an experimental unit. Treatment differences were analyzed for statistical significance by ANOVA the GLM procedures of SAS® (SAS Institute, 1990). Treatment means were ranked using the Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Statements of significance are based on a P ≤ 0.05. Avizyme 1500 Technichal Bulletin (2002). FinnFeeds International, INC., Marlborough, DC. Café M.B., C. A. Borges, C. A. Fritts, and P.W. Waldroup, 2002.Avizyme improves performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal- based diets. Journal of Appl. Poultry Res.11:29-33. Douglas, M.W., C.M. Parsons, and M.R. Bedford, 2000. Effect of various soybean meal sources and Avizyme on chick growth performance and ileal digestible energy. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 9:74- 80. Mandal, A. B., N. N. Pathak, and H. Singh, 1999. Energy and protein requirements of guinea keets (Numida meleagris) as meat bird in a hot humid climate. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79: 523-531. Oguntona, T., M. Raheenat, and A.K. Zubair, 1988. Effects of beak trimming at different ages on the body weight and feed conversion of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poultry Sci. 67: 141-144. Oguntona, T. and A.K. Zubair, 1988. Response of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) to dietary supplementation of zinc bacitracin. Poultry Sci. 67: 145-148. SAS Institute, 1990. SAS® / STAT guide for personal computers. Version 6.12 edition. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC. Zanella, L., N.K. Sakomura, F.G. Silversides, A. Fiqueirdo, and M. Pack, 1999. Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poultry Sci.78:561-568. Introduction Introduction Introduction Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Literature Cited Literature Cited Literature Cited Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of supplementation with enzymes such as amylases and proteases to broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, these benefits cannot be extrapolated to the commercial production of other species of domestic animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of diet fortification with Avizyme (AV) on guinea broiler growth performance and processing yields. A total of 600 guinea keets were randomly assigned to four treatments with 10 replications of 15 birds per pen and reared until market age (84 d) in a conventional poultry house. Treatments consisted in diets containing 0 (control), 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075% of AV. Birds and feed were weighed weekly until 84 d of age to determine body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At 84 d, 50 birds per treatment were processed to evaluate carcass composition. The weights of new york dressed (NYD), hot ready to cook (HRTC), cold ready to cook (CRTC), and fat pad (FP) were obtained and yields calculated as a percentage from live BW. No significant differences in mortality, BW, NYD, HRTC, CRTC, and FP were observed among treatments. Carcass and fat pad yields were similar for all dietary treatments evaluated. No differences among treatments were observed for BW, FI, and FCR during the first 28 d of growth. However, from 28 to 84 d of age b birds fed diets fortified with AV had similar FI and FCR but significantly lower than birds fed the control diet. The data obtained suggests that supplementation of corn and soybean meal diets with at least 0.025% improve FCR of guinea broilers without affecting BW at market age and carcass composition. Yields as percentage of BW (%) Treatment NYD HRTC CRTC FP Control 90.08 68.65 73.02 1.14 0.025% AV 90.84 68.70 72.80 1.00 0.050% AV 90.35 70.78 72.90 0.96 0.075% AV 90.82 68.51 73.42 1.15 SEM 1.82 10.21 2.33 0.51 Probability 0.1108 0.6399 0.5903 0.1454 Table 3. Effect of AV addition on carcass composition yields Contrary to the findings of Café et al. (2002) and Zanella et al.(1999), who found significantly higher BW on broilers fed diets containing AV, no significant differences among treatments were observed for BW on guinea broilers (Table 1.). Similarly, the addition of AV to guinea diets had no effect on percentage of mortality and culls (Table 2). At 84 d of age, birds fed diets containing 0.025 had significantly lower FI than controls, while 0.050 and 0.075 % AV birds had FI similar to the rest of the dietary treatments. Birds fed containing 0.025 and 0.075 % AV obtained lower FC than that of control (Table 1). Diets containing 0.050% AV had FC similar to the other AV inclusion levels or the control. No significant differences for processing yields (Table 3) were observed among treatments. Contrary to literature cited on broilers, carcass and fat pad yields of guinea broilers were similar for all dietary treatments evaluated. Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion The addition of at least 0.025% Avizyme 1502 on quinea broiler diets improves FC without affecting BW at market age and carcass composition. 0.7437 0.2724 Probability 3.34 2.25 SEM 2.22 0.74 0.075% AV 1.48 0.74 0.050% AV 0.67 2.00 0.025% AV 2.00 0.00 Control Culls (%) Mortality (%) Treatment Table 2. Effect of AV addition on mortality and culls of guinea broilers 0.5648 1.32 30 30 30 31 1 Cumulative Body weight (g) 0.0012 0.18 3.40 b 3.47 ab 3.29 b 3.68 a 84 < 0.0001 0.18 2.72 b 2.81 b 2.65 b 3.11 a 63 0.0019 0.26 2.04 b 2.01 b 1.89 b 2.40 a 35 Cummulative Feed Conversion (g feed / g BW) 0.0255 395 6,497 ab 6,592 ab 6,243 b 6,882 a 84 0.0007 282 4,002 b 4, 069 b 3,897 b 4,507 a 63 0.0067 187 1,309 ab 1,290 b 1,220 b 1,534 a 35 Cumulative Feed Intake (g) 0.7963 46.0 1,931 1,919 1,918 1,910 84 0.4990 54.3 1,508 1,472 1,499 1,489 63 0.9828 27.7 671 672 676 672 35 Probability SEM 0.075 % AV 0.050 % AV 0.025 % AV Control Age (d) Treatments a,b Means with different supercripts within columns are significantly differennt (P ≤ 0.05) Table 1. Effect of AV Addition on Performance of Guinea Broilers
Transcript of Effects of Enzyme Addition to Corn-Soybean-Meal-Based ...academic.uprm.edu/hsantiago/Avizyme Guinea...
Effects of Enzyme Addition to Corn-Soybean-Meal-Based Diets on Performance and Carcass Composition of Guinea Fowl (Numida melagris) Broilers
Effects of Enzyme Addition to Corn-Soybean-Meal-Based Diets on Performance and Carcass Composition of Guinea Fowl (Numida melagris) Broilers
AbstractAbstractAbstract
J. A. Orama1, H. L. Santiago2, and A. A. Rodríguez3
1Graduate Student, 2 Associate Researcher, 3 Professor.Department of Animal Industry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9030, Mayagüez, P.R. 00681-9030.
J. A. Orama1, H. L. Santiago2, and A. A. Rodríguez3
1Graduate Student, 2 Associate Researcher, 3 Professor.Department of Animal Industry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9030, Mayagüez, P.R. 00681-9030.
The addition of feed enzymes to poultry diets have been found to be beneficial and have become a common practice in diets containing carbohydrates or protein sources with high levels of nonstarch polysaccharides such as wheat and barley. However, new feed enzymes have been developed to improve digestibility of grain starch and vegetable protein in poultry diets based principally on corn and soybean meal. Danisco Animal Nutrition has developed Avizyme 1502 specifically for use in poultry diets containing low viscosity grains such as corn and sorghum and containing significant levels of soybean meal. Avizyme is a multi-enzyme product containing Amylase (improves corn starch utilization), Xylanase(breaks down cereal cell walls), and Protease (targets soybean antinutritional factors and storage proteins). Several researchers have reported that the use of this product can significantly improve energy, protein, and amino acid utilization in corn and soybean meal based diets. Café et al. (2002) reported that broilers fed diets supplemented with 0.1% Avizyme had significantly higher BW and lower mortality up to 49 d of age than those of controls. However, the inclusion of Avizyme to diets had no consistent effect on dressing percentage or yield of carcass parts. The abdominal fat content of the carcass was significantly higher in birds fed diets supplemented with Avizyme when compared to controls. The authors suggested that the utilization of Avizyme increase the amount of net energy from the diet. Avizyme has been shown to reduce feed costs and maintain broiler performance by improving the FCR and reducing the variability of liveweight in a flock (FinnFeed International). Zanella et al. (1999) reported that the addition of Avizyme to corn and soybean meal based diets significantly improved the digestibility of crude protein (+ 2.9 %), starch (+ 1.8%), and fat (+1.6%). The metabolizable energy of the experimental diet was also significantly improved (+2.5%) by enzyme supplementation. Zanella et al. (1999) reported that the addition of 0.1% of Avizyme significantly improved BW gain and FCR but there were no significant effects on abdominal fat, breast weight, or dressing percentage. Wyatt et al. (1997) reported that Avizyme addition to sorghum and soybean meal diets improved liveweight corrected FCR by 5 to 16 points over three experiments, and allowed for a reduction in diet nutrients by 3% while maintaining broiler performance. In a similar study, Douglas et al. (2000) reported that the addition of 0.1 % of Avizyme to broiler diets had no significant effect on weight gain or FCR.
Although no studies in guinea fowl could be found the results from broiler studies suggest that the utilization of this enzyme complex in guinea fowl diets may improve productive performance and potentially benefit production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of the supplementation of nutritional adequate diets based on corn and soybean meal with Avizyme on live performance and carcass composition of guinea fowl broilers.
A three phase feeding regime consisting of starter (0 to 4 wk), grower (5 to 8 wk), and finisher (9 to 12 wk) was used in the study. All diets were corn and soybean-based and formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for guineas (Oguntona et al., 1988; Oguntona and Zubair, 1988; Mandal et al., 1999). Treatments consisted in the inclusion of Avizyme 1502 at 0 (control), 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 % in each of the starter, grower, and finisher diets. A basal diet for each growing period was prepared and divided into four aliquots. One aliquot was fed as such (control), while the others were fortified with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075 % of Avizyme 1502. The enzyme was pre-blended with a portion of the basal diet before total incorporation to their respective diet. Diets were fed in mash form. All ingredients were analyzed for nutrient and mineral contents prior to diet formulation. The ingredient and theoretical nutrient composition of the basal diet is shown in Table 1.
A total of 600-day-old guinea keets were raised under standard commercial conditions in a poultry house at the Lajas AES Small Animal Research Farm. Birds were randomly assigned to 40 floor pens (15 / pen) with 10 replicate pens per treatment. Birds were raised under a 24 h photo regimen and fed ad libitum. Keets were placed in rice hull bedded floor pens equipped with one hanging feeder and nipple type drinkers. Birds were checked twice a day and the weight of dead birds recorded and used to adjust FCR. Birds and feed were weighed weekly until 12 wk to calculate BW, feed intake, and feed conversion.
At 12 wk, a total of 180 birds were processed to determine carcass composition. The day prior to processing, three birds per replicate pen (60 per treatment), were randomly chosen, wing banded, weighed, and placed in coops 10 h prior to slaughter without access to feed and water. Birds were hung in metallic funnels and killed by bleeding. After exanguination, birds were scalded, mechanically plucked, weighed, and manually eviscerated. Carcasses were chilled overnight in an ice-slush tank (0°C), carcasses were drained, reweighed, and cut into the following portions: wings, drumsticks, thighs, breast with ribs, back, and neck. Carcass parts and abdominal fats were weighted and yields expressed as percentage of live body weight.
A Complete Randomized design were used in the study. Treatments were replicated 10 times. Each pen of 15 keets constituted an experimental unit. Treatment differences were analyzed for statistical significance by ANOVA the GLM procedures of SAS® (SAS Institute, 1990). Treatment means were ranked using the Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Statements of significance are based on a P ≤ 0.05.
Avizyme 1500 Technichal Bulletin (2002). FinnFeeds International, INC., Marlborough, DC. CaféM.B., C. A. Borges, C. A. Fritts, and P.W. Waldroup, 2002.Avizyme improves performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal- based diets. Journal of Appl. Poultry Res.11:29-33.
Douglas, M.W., C.M. Parsons, and M.R. Bedford, 2000. Effect of various soybean meal sources and Avizyme on chick growth performance and ileal digestible energy. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 9:74-80.
Mandal, A. B., N. N. Pathak, and H. Singh, 1999. Energy and protein requirements of guinea keets(Numida meleagris) as meat bird in a hot humid climate. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79: 523-531.
Oguntona, T., M. Raheenat, and A.K. Zubair, 1988. Effects of beak trimming at different ages on the body weight and feed conversion of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Poultry Sci. 67: 141-144.
Oguntona, T. and A.K. Zubair, 1988. Response of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) to dietary supplementation of zinc bacitracin. Poultry Sci. 67: 145-148.
SAS Institute, 1990. SAS® / STAT guide for personal computers. Version 6.12 edition. SASInstitute Inc. Cary, NC.
Zanella, L., N.K. Sakomura, F.G. Silversides, A. Fiqueirdo, and M. Pack, 1999. Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poultry Sci.78:561-568.
IntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
Materials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsMaterials and Methods
Results and DiscussionResults and DiscussionResults and Discussion
Literature CitedLiterature CitedLiterature Cited
Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of supplementation with enzymes such as amylases and proteases to broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, these benefits cannot be extrapolated to the commercial production of other species of domestic animals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of diet fortification with Avizyme (AV) on guinea broiler growth performance and processing yields. A total of 600 guinea keets were randomly assigned to four treatments with 10 replications of 15 birds per pen and reared until market age (84 d) in a conventional poultry house. Treatments consisted in diets containing 0 (control), 0.025, 0.050, and 0.075% of AV. Birds and feed were weighed weekly until 84 d of age to determine body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At 84 d, 50 birds per treatment were processed to evaluate carcass composition. The weights of new yorkdressed (NYD), hot ready to cook (HRTC), cold ready to cook (CRTC), and fat pad (FP) were obtained and yields calculated as a percentage from live BW. No significant differences in mortality, BW, NYD, HRTC, CRTC, and FP were observed among treatments. Carcass and fat pad yields were similar for all dietary treatments evaluated. No differences among treatments were observed for BW, FI, and FCR during the first 28 d of growth. However, from 28 to 84 d of age b birds fed diets fortified with AV had similar FI and FCR but significantly lower than birds fed the control diet. The data obtained suggests that supplementation of corn and soybean meal diets with at least 0.025% improve FCR of guinea broilers without affecting BW at market age and carcass composition.
Yields as percentage of BW (%)Treatment NYD HRTC CRTC FPControl 90.08 68.65 73.02 1.140.025% AV 90.84 68.70 72.80 1.000.050% AV 90.35 70.78 72.90 0.960.075% AV 90.82 68.51 73.42 1.15SEM 1.82 10.21 2.33 0.51Probability 0.1108 0.6399 0.5903 0.1454
Table 3. Effect of AV addition on carcass composition yields
Contrary to the findings of Café et al. (2002) and Zanella et al.(1999), who found significantly higher BW on broilers fed diets containing AV, no significant differences among treatments were observed for BW on guinea broilers (Table 1.). Similarly, the addition of AV to guinea diets had no effect on percentage of mortality and culls (Table 2). At 84 d of age, birds fed diets containing 0.025 had significantly lower FI than controls, while 0.050 and 0.075 % AV birds had FI similar to the rest of the dietary treatments. Birds fed containing 0.025 and 0.075 % AV obtained lower FC than that of control (Table 1). Diets containing 0.050% AV had FC similar to the other AV inclusion levels or the control.No significant differences for processing yields (Table 3) were observed among treatments. Contrary to literature cited on broilers, carcass and fat pad yields of guinea broilers were similar for all dietary treatments evaluated.
ConclusionConclusionConclusion
The addition of at least 0.025% Avizyme 1502 on quinea broiler diets improves FC withoutaffecting BW at market age and carcass composition.
0.74370.2724Probability3.342.25SEM2.220.740.075% AV1.480.740.050% AV0.672.000.025% AV2.000.00Control
Culls (%)Mortality (%)Treatment
Table 2. Effect of AV addition on mortality and culls of guinea broilers
0.56481.32303030311
Cumulative Body weight (g)
0.00120.183.40 b3.47 ab3.29 b3.68 a84
< 0.00010.182.72 b2.81 b2.65 b3.11 a63
0.00190.262.04 b2.01 b1.89 b2.40 a35
Cummulative Feed Conversion (g feed / g BW)
0.02553956,497 ab6,592 ab6,243 b6,882 a84
0.00072824,002 b4, 069 b3,897 b4,507 a63
0.00671871,309 ab1,290 b1,220 b1,534 a35
Cumulative Feed Intake (g)
0.796346.01,9311,9191,9181,91084
0.499054.31,5081,4721,4991,48963
0.982827.767167267667235
ProbabilitySEM0.075 % AV0.050 % AV0.025 % AVControl
Age (d)Treatments
a,b Means with different supercripts within columns are significantly differennt (P ≤ 0.05)
Table 1. Effect of AV Addition on Performance of Guinea Broilers
