91

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI ]h-W-X-Iƒ

6]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse

ss[j-WnI]h-W-X-Iƒ

B[p\nI bpK-Øns‚ Bcw- -Øn-¬ a\p-jys‚ kmº-Øn-I- -km-aq-lyPohn-X-Ønep≠mb am‰-ßfpw AXv a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bpsS \m\m-ta-J-e-Ifn¬sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\hpw ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m.a\p-jys‚ Nn¥m-]-In-b-bnse ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ DZbwsNbvXp. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nepw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Im-eØpw a\p-jys‚ Bi-b-ß-fnepw k¶-ev]-\-Ønepw D≠mb ss[j-Wn-I-amb hnIm-k-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ bqtdm-∏n-em-sW∂p ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

XØz-im-kvXw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkvXw, kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy F∂o afi-e-ß-fnep≠mb ][m-\-s∏´ kw -h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-bm-Wv Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. Ch-bm-Is´ ]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse kmaq-ly- -cm-jvSo-b- -kmw-kvIm-cnI ]ÿm-\-ßsf kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ A]-Nbw]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-am-b-t∏m-tgbv°pw ⁄mt\m-Zbw DW¿Øn-hn´ Bi-b-߃ bqtdm-∏nse Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS `mh-\sb ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°m--Xmbn. kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XØz-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hn]-Xn-]Øn ]I-S-am-°n-Øp-S-ßn. ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Im-esØ Bi-b-ß-fmb tZio-b-X, imkvXobho£-Ww, bp‡n-Nn¥ F∂nh am\-h-cm-in°v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw \∑-sN-øptamF∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Zm¿i-\n-I¿ kwi-bw ]I-Sn∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p.

⁄mt\m-Zbkn≤m-¥-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A]nbØn¬ \n∂v bqtdm-∏n¬ c≠vNn¥m[mc-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠p: Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw Bi-b-hm-Zhpw. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Cu c≠v Nn¥m-[m-c-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-Ød ⁄mt\m-ZbZ¿i-\-Øn-em-Wv. Iebpw kmln-Xy-hp-a-S-°-ap≈ kmwkvIm-cnIPohn-X-sØbpwcmjvSob-Po-hn-X-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ ]ÿm-\-ß-fmbn Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Ch hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P¿Ω-\n, ^m≥kv, Cw•≠v F∂ocmPy-ß-fn-emWv Cu \ho\ Nn¥-bpsS kzm[o\w BZyw A\p- -h-s∏´Xv.

92

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

⁄mt\m-ZbIme-L-´-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® Bi-b-ß-fmWv Imev]-\n-I-Xbv°pwBi-b-hm-Z-Øn\pw ASn-ÿm\w˛hni-I-e-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I. GXn\pw ]Ir-Xn-bpsSkuµ-cysØ ]am-W-ambn FSp-°-Ww.

]]©kuµ-cyw, t]aw, Nn¥m-kzm-X¥yw F∂o]ta-b-ß-fmWv Imev]-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ssIImcyw sNbvX-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fnse√mw Xs∂ Cu ]ta-b-߃ kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS CjvS-hn-j-b-ß-fm-bn-. t\mh¬ F∂kmln-Xy-cq]w ]Nmcw t\Sp-∂Xpw C°m-e-ØmWv. -tN-cn-I-fnse km[m-c-W-°m-cp-sSbpw J\n-I-fnepw b¥ime-I-fnepw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fp-tSbpw Zpcn-X-]q¿Æ-amb Pohn-XsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmWv Cw•o-jv kmlnXy-Im-c-\mbNmƒkv Un°≥kns‚ t\mh-ep -Iƒ.BZykµ¿i\w Ign™v A©p-h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw ho≠pw Hcp \Zn-°-c-bn-se-Øp∂ Ihn-bpsS a\ v ]IrXn]Xn- m-k-߃s°m∏w Xmfw

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nseImev]-\nI]ÿm\w (Romanticism)

]Xns\´mw \q‰m -≠ns‚ A¥y-Ønepw]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-ep-ambnZ¿i-\-Ønepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnepwD≠mb it≤-b-amb kw -h-hn-Im-k-amWv Imev]-\nI ]ÿm-\w. ]Xn -s\´mw \q‰m -≠nse⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®-sb∂ \ne-bnepw]n∂oSv AXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]Xn-tj-[-sa∂\nebn-ep-amWv CXv XpS-ßn-b-Xv.

⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂ kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hgn-]n-cn™ H∂m-Wv Imev]-\nI]ÿm-\w. kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bn-ep-ap≠mbncp∂ ¢mkn-°¬ ]h-W-X-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Iem-]-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. bp‡n-bp-sSbpwhyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw imkvX-Ønt‚bpw ]mam-Wn-I-Xsb Imev]-\n-I-]-ÿm\w tNmZyw sNbvXp.CXn-s\-Xnsc Bfl-\n-jvT-Xbv°pw `mhp-I-Xz-Øn\pw sshIm-cn -I-Xbv°pw ss\k¿Kn-I-Xbv°pw AXv ap≥K-W\ \¬In. hkvXp-°sf\nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ \nco-£-Is‚ XmXv]-cy-߃Ahsb kzm[o-\n-°pw. hy‡n-I-fpsS A`n-cpNnhyXym -k-߃°v Cu \nco -£-W-Øn¬ÿm\ap≠v. \nco-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp P\n-∏n-°-p∂ hnImc߃ \nco-£-I¿°v hyXy-kvX-am-

Nmƒkv Un°≥kv

hn√yw th¿Uvkvh¿Øv

hnIvtXm¿ bqtKm

93

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI ]h-W-X-Iƒ

Xp≈p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ "a[p-cn-°p∂ thZ-\-IfpwaØp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ B\µßfpw' hnh-cn-°p-∂-XmWv BwK-e-I-hn -bmb hn√yw th¿Uvkvh¿Øns‚ "Snt‚¨ B_n' (Tintern Abbey).ap‰n \n¬°p∂ [m\y-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ amSn-hn-fn-°p∂"GIm-In-bmb sImbvØvIm-cnbpw' -(SolitaryReaper) ]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wo-b-amb XmgvhcbpsS GIm-¥-X-bn¬ -H‰s∏´p-t]m-Ip∂ s]¨Ip- n-bpsS IY]d-bp∂ "eqkn tK' (Lucy Gray) bpw th¿Uvkvh¿Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Xs∂. ]IrXn]Xn-`m-k-ß-fn-se√mw Cuiz-c-ssN-X\yw ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ a\p-jys‚ ]Ir-Xym-cm-[\m-kzm-X¥ywImev]-\nIIhn-I-fpsS apJy-hn-j-b-am-Wv.

Ihn, \mS-I-Ir-Øv, t\mh-enÃv F∂o \ne-I-fn¬]i-kvX-\mb hnIvtXm¿ bqtKm (Victor Hugo)Bbn-cp∂p ^©v Imev]-\n-I-X-bnse ]ap-J≥.Ct±-l-Øns‚ "]mh-߃' F∂ t\mh¬ temI-P-\-Xsb i‡-ambn kzm[o-\n-®p.

¢mkn-°¬ ssien-bn-ep≈ sKt°m- -tdm-a≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v ]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßsf NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv Imev]-\nI ]ÿm\-Ønse Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ ap≥K-W\ \¬In-b-Xv. ^©v Iem-Im-

c≥ bqPn≥ sZeIzmbpw (Eugene Delacroix),_n´o-jv I-em-Im-c-\mb tPm¨ tIm¨Ã-_n-fp-amWv (John Constable) Cu am‰-Øn\v XpS°wIpdn-®-Xv.

hmkvXp-in-ev]-Øn-em-Is´ a[y-Ime tKmYnIvssien-bn-te-°v Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Hcp t_m[-]q¿h-amb iaw \S-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. _n´ojv]m¿e-sa‚ v aµnc \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Cu ssien]Xn-^en-°p∂p.

Imev]-\nI ImesØ kwKoXw P¿Ω≥ ]nbm-\nÃpw kwKo-X-⁄-\p-amb epZznKv t^m¨t_tYm-h-\n¬ (Ludwig Von Beethoven)AXns‚ D®ÿm-bn-se-Øn.

Imev]-\nI]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqSn hy‡n-\n-jvT-hm-Z-Øn\pw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃°pw am\p-jn-I-hn-Im-c-ß-fp-tSbpw mh-\-bp-tSbpwaqey-߃°pw ]m[m\yw Iev]n-°-s∏- p. kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bn-ep-ap-≠mb kzm[o-\sØ°qSmsX]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse cmjvSob kmº-ØnIho£-W-ß-tfbpw AXv kzm[o-\n®p. F∂p amX-a√ a[y-Im-e-L-´sØ°pdn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈

bqPn≥ sZeIzm tPm¨ tIm¨Ã-_nƒ

tPm¨ tIm¨Ã-_nƒ hc® NnXwsZeIzm hc® NnXw

94

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

XmXv]cyw P\n-°p-Ibpw qX-ImekwkvIm-c-ß-tf-bpw kw`-h-ß-tfbpw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈Pn⁄mk h¿≤n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

tZio-b-Xsb DtØ-Pn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂pcmjvSo-b-Øn¬ Imev]-\nIX sNbvX-Xv. cmjvS-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn\pw P\-ß-fpsS kzbw

\n¿Æ-bm-h-Im-i-Øn\pw ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ Hcp]ÿm-\-ambn AXv hf¿∂p. cmjvSsØ kw_-‘n® Z¿i\ah-X-cn -∏n® P¿Ω≥ Nn¥-I≥Ktbm¿Kv hn¬slw ^U-dnIv tlK¬ (GeorgWilhelm Frederic Hegel) Cu `mh-\-bpsSBXy-¥nIh‡m-hm-Wv.

epZznKv t^m¨ t_tYm-h≥_n´ojv ]m¿e-sa‚ v ^U-dnIv tlK¬

bp‡n-°p-ta¬ hnIm-chpw _p≤n°p-ta¬ `mh-\bpw t\Snb hnP-b-am-bn-cp∂p Imev]-\n-IX˛]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

DZm-c-Xm-hmZw (Liberalism)tZio-b-X-bp-ambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿ØnbZ¿i-\-am-bn-cp∂p DZm-c-Xm-hmZw (Liberalism).AXv ][m-\-ambpw a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ cmjvSobk¶-ev]-ß-fpsS ]I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØm-Sp -IqSn]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-Øn¬ _n -\n¬a[y-h¿§w i‡n-]m-]n®p. Ch¿°n-S-bn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚dn `c-W-hy-h-ÿ-tbm-Sp≈ XmXv]cywh¿≤n®ph-∂p. \nbahmgvN-, a\p-jym-h-Imi \nb-a -߃, ]mb-]q¿Øn-thm -´ -h -Imiw F∂oBhiy-߃ CXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ apt∂m- p-h®p.

bYmXY ]ÿm\w (Realism)]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øn¬kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnepw Hcp ]pXnb ]h-WX DS-se-Sp-Øp. hkvXp-°-tf-bpw hkvXp-X-I-tfbpw AtX cq]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂p≈A`n-em-j-Øn-\mWv Ah¿ Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv.Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS]iv\-ß-tf-bpw ]ta-b-ß-tfbpw kao-]n-®XvhnIm-c-]-c-am-bn-´-√. hkvXp-\n-jvThpw bYm¿∞-

hp-amb coXn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ AXp sNbvXXv.AXn-\m¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-tebpw Ie-bn-tebpwCu ssiensb bYmXY ]ÿm\w (Realism)F∂p hnfn-®p.

]Xn-s\´pw ]sØm≥]-Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse Imev]-\nI]ÿm-\-ß-tfm -Sp≈ ]Xn -tj-[-amWvbYmXY]ÿm-\w. Cu ssieo-am-‰-Øn\v c≠pImc-W-߃ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂v, a\p-jy-Nn¥-bpsS Hcp cq]-am-bn B[p-\n-I-imkvXw DZbwsNbvX-Xv. c≠v, bqtdm-∏nse hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬1848˛¬ \S∂ hnπ-h-߃ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xn-ep≈taml- w-Kw.

tem¿Uv sS∂n-k¨

95

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI ]h-W-X-Iƒ

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse imkvX-]p-tcm-KXnImev]-\nI ]kvYm-\-Øn\v aß-te¬∏n-®p. a\p-jym-≤zm-\-Øn\v ]Icw hbv°m-hp-∂-XmWv b¥wF∂ hmZw a\p-jys‚ Ign-hns\ A]-[m-\-am°n.P¥p-Pm-e-߃ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-ØXv ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsSbmWv F∂ kn≤m¥w krjvSn-bn¬ Cuiz--cs‚ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn -®p≈ [mc-W-bn¬ am‰whcpØn. CXv kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cpsS Imev]-\nI`mh-\bv°v sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øn. mh-\-bpsS \ndwtN¿°msX hkvXp-°sf X\Xp cq]-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂mWv bYmXY]ÿm-\-°m¿hmZn-®-Xv. Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-Øn¬ B¬^UvtemUv sS∂n-k-Wpw amXyq B¿t\mƒUpwtdm_¿´v _uWnwKpw Cu ]ÿm\sØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ Ihn-I-fm-Wv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse imkvX]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw cmjvSobkw -h-ß-fp-sSbpw e-amWv bYm-XY]ÿm-\w.

P¿Ω≥ Bi-b-hm-Zw(German Idealism)Bi-b-hm-Z-Øn\v Hcp ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv]Xns\´mw \q‰m-≠n-s‚ DØcm¿≤-Øn-emWv.XØzNn-¥-bpsS Hcp imJ-bmWv Bi-b-hmZw(Idealism). Bib-amWv ]Y-ahpw ][m-\hp-sa∂pw `uXn-I-]-Zm¿∞߃°v ZznXob ÿm\-ta-bp-≈q-sh-∂pw Bi-b-hmZw ]d-bp-∂p.

Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]pXnb h‡m-°ƒ P¿Ω≥Nn¥-I-cm -bn -cp -∂p. CΩm-\p -th¬ Im‚ v(Immanuel Kant), slK¬ F∂n-h-cmWv Bib-hm-Z-Øn\v ]pXp-Po-h≥ \¬In-b-Xv. Hcp Bi-b-Øn\v kmaq-lnI Pohn-XsØ am‰n adn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv P¿Ω≥ Bi-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kmaq-ly- -km-º-ØnI˛cm-jvSob Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xpw Bflo-b-

Xbv°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xp-amb ap≥Ime Bib-hm-Z-Øn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsSImgvN-∏m-S.v aX-\n-jvT-tam Bflo-btam Bb Bi-b-hmZw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ am‰-na-dn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-XmWv F∂v Ch¿ hmZn-®p.

]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-hmZw (Positivism)

a\p-jy-a-\- n¬ \n∂p-amWv Bibw ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-sX∂ Im‚n-t‚bpw tlK-en-t‚bpw hmZ-Øn\p _Z-embn as‰m-cp-Iq´w Nn¥-I¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv`uXnI kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv Bi-bsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv F∂mWv. CXn-s\-bmWv ]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-hmZw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Bflo-b-Xbv°vap≥K-W-\ \¬In-b ap≥Ime Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn¬\n∂p-ap≈ hyXn-bm-\-am-bn-cp∂p CXv.

`uXn-I-hmZw (Materialism)]Xy-£m-\p -` -hhmZsØ ASn -ÿm-\-am°nP¿Ω≥ Nn¥-I-\mb Imƒ am¿Ivkv Hcp \qX\kn≤m-¥-Øn\v cq]w \evIn. a\p-jy\p Np‰p-ap≈kIe ]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂pF∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. Bi-b-amWv am‰-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-sa-∂mWv slK¬ hmZn-®t∏mƒ `uXnIi‡n-I-fmWv am‰-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv F∂v am¿Ivkvhni-Zo-I-cn-®-p. Zm¿i-\n-I¿ Ct∂-hsc temIsØhymJym-\n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn- p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬,temIsØ am‰-na-dn-°p-I-bmWv IqSp-X¬ ][m-\wF∂v At±lw hmZn -®p . At± -l-Øns‚cmjvSob˛kmº-ØnI kn≤m-¥-߃ apsºmc-≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.

imkvXw 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬imkvXkmt¶-XnIcwK-ß-fn¬ kp]-[m-\-ambI≠p-]n-Sp -Ø-߃ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mbn.`uXn-Iim-kvX-Ønepw sshZy-im-kvX-Ønepw

tdm_¿´v _uWnwKv CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚ v

96

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

henb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn. hymh-km-bnI hnπ-h-Øns‚ hym]-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bnepw hnIm-k-ap-≠m-bn.

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ a\p-jys‚ ho£-WsØbmsI am‰n-a-dn® I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-am-bn-cp∂p]cnWmakn≤m-¥w. eLp-hmb ]q¿∆cq]-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]cn-W-an-®n-´p-≠m-b-XmWv Hmtcm Pohn-bp-sa-∂mWv ]cn -Wm-a -kn -≤m¥w (Theory ofevolution) ]d-bp-∂-Xv. am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-hmØ Hcp Pohn-bp-an√ F∂v Cu kn≤m¥whniZo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Cw•ojv ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-⁄-\mb NmƒkvUm¿hn≥ BWv Cu kn≤m¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥-߃ 1859˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Dev]Øn', 1871˛¬]kn-≤oI-cn® "a\p-jys‚ Ah-Xmcw' F∂o IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWmw.

BkvSn -b≥ ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ dh-d‚ vKntKm¿ sa≥U¬ P\n-X-I-im-kvX-Øn¬kp][m-\-amb kw`m-h\ \¬In.

Poh-im -kv XsØ amX-a√ am\-hn -I -hn⁄m-\w, kmaq-lnI imkvXwXpSßn hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ \m\m-ta-J-

e-I-tfbpw ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w kzm[o-\n-®p.temIw krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂ kn≤m-¥sØAXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-W-an-®p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂ kn≤m¥w apt∂m v hbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

NcnXw, kmaq-lnIimkvXw, \c-hwi imkvXwXpS-ßnb hnPvRm-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ ]cn-Wm-a-kn≤m¥w henb am‰-߃°n-S-bm-°n. kmaq-ly-imkvX hnj-b-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Cu kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ]tbm-KsØ "tkmjy¬ Um¿hn\nkw'F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. DØ-a-am-btX AXn-Po-hn°q(Survival of the fittest) F∂ kn≤m-¥w kmam-Py-Xz-sØbpw Bt^m-˛-G-jy≥ cmPy-ß-fnse]m›m-Xym-[n-\n-th-i-sØbpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. hwi-a-lna Db¿Øn-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ \mkn-Iƒ Cukn≤m-¥sØ D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\-Øn\v Cu kn≤m¥w e-]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v _n´ojvkmaqly imkvX -Im -c -\mb sl¿_¿´vkvs]≥k¿ A`n-]m-b-s∏- p.

AXn]mNo-\-Im-esØ Ncn-X-sØbpw kwkvIm-c -sØbpw hymJym-\n -°p-∂-Xn\v ]cn -Wm-a -kn≤m¥w D]-tbm-K-]-Z-amsW∂v BkvtS-en-b≥]pcm-XØz-imkvX⁄\mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬UvIs≠-Øn.

Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥

sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿

tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv

imkvX-cw-K-Øp-≠mb I≠p]nSn-Ø-߃ kmaq-ly-N-cn-X-ta-J-e-I-fnse am‰-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥klm-b-I-am-bn. ⁄mt\m-Zb Ime-L- w, B[p-\nIimkvX hnπhw Ch-bpsS ASnÿm\-Øn¬ Cu]kvXm-h\ hni-Ie\w sNøp-I.

97

]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI ]h-W-X-Iƒ

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse imkvXhpw]pXnb Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpwhy‡nbnepw kaq-l-Ønepw imkvX-Øns‚kzm[o\w Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ hfsc ]I-S-ambn.imkvX-⁄¿ ]co-£Wime-I-fn¬ \SØp∂GIm-¥-amb Hc-t\z-j-W-ambn-cp∂n√ Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠nse imkvXw. AXv At\Iw P\-ß-fpambpw hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-Ifpambpw _‘-s∏´XmWvv.

CØcw I≠p-]n-SpØ-߃ imkvXtemIsØamX-a√ kmaq-ly-Z¿i-\-ß-tfbpw _lp-Zqcwapt∂m´v \bn-®p.

imkvXcwKsØ I≠p-]n-SpØ-ßsf ssk\n-Im-h-iy-߃°p-th≠n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂p≈Xncn-®-dnhv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ cmjvS-ß-fpsSCSs]-S-en\v If-sam-cp-°n.

kmlnXyhna¿i-\-Ønepw XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw ]pXp-]-h-W-X-Iƒhyh-km-bw, imkvXw, kmt¶-XnIhnZy F∂ocwK-ß-fn¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-߃ P\Pohn-XsØ ]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m-≠n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-°n. X¬ -e-ambnkmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]pXp-k-ao-]-\-ßfpw ssien-IfpwDZbw sNbvXp.

XØz-Nn-¥-bnepw kmlnXyhna¿i-\-Ønepw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ DS-se-SpØ c≠v ]ÿm-\-ß-fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpw.

⁄mt\m-Zb Ime-L´w apX¬ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb a≤y-h¿§a\p-jy-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-bn-ep-≠mbBfl-hn-izm-k-amWv ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw ]]-©-tØbpw IogS-°m-sa-∂p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw\q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`t-Øm-Sp-IqSn hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-^-e-߃ bqtdm-∏nepwhSt° Ata-cn-°-bnepw \K-c-Po-hnXw ZpcnX-a-b-am-°n. CXn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚]Xn-^-e\w Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw ]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Cu ]Xn-`m-k-amWv B[p-\n-IX(Modernism) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-bnepw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp∂ ¢m n-°¬ k¶-ev]-ß-tfmSv B[p-\n-IXmhmZn-Iƒ Ie-ln-°p-Ibpw Aaq¿Ø-ß-fmb

GWÃv dX¿t^m¿Uv

amIvkv πm¶v, B¬_¿´v sF≥sÃ≥

`uXnIimkvX-Øn-emWv KWy-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-b-Xv. amIvkv πm¶ns‚ (Max Planck)Izm≠w _e-X-¥hpw B¬_¿ v sF≥sÃ≥s‚(Albert Einstein)Bt]-£nI kn≤m-¥hpw CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv. Zhy-Øns‚ G‰hpw sNdnbLS-I-amb AWp-hns\ hn` -Pn -°m-sa∂pwAt∏mƒ Du¿÷w D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pwGWÃv dX¿t^m¿Uv I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. AWp-hns‚hn -P\w t]mseØs∂ AXns‚ kwtbm-P-\hpwDu¿t÷m-ev]m-Z\w km≤y-am-°p-sa∂pw ]n∂oSvIs≠Øn. lntcm-jn-a-bnepw \mK-km-°nbnepwhoW t_mw_p-Iƒ CXns‚ hn\m-i-I-c-amb]tbm-K-am-Wv. F∂m¬ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb Bh-iy-߃°pw BW-h-i‡n ]tbm-Kn-°mw.

t\mw tNmkvIn

98

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

coXn-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw Bhn-jv-°-cn-°p-IbpwsNbvXp.

Hcp ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ temI-Øns‚ A¿∞-sa¥vF∂-t\z-jn-°m≥ XØz-Nn-¥-I-cpw mjm-im-kvX-⁄-cpw kmaq-ly-im-kvX-Im-c≥amcpw 1960- IƒapX¬ At\z-jWw Bcw- n-®p. kmlnXycN-\-I-fp-tSbpw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fp-tSbpw aq¿Ø-cq-]-ß-fpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb A¿∞-X-e-ßsf C°q-´¿tNmZyw sNbvXp. Hcp IrXn°v ]e A¿∞-Xe-ß-ƒ D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw AXn-\m¬ B IrXnsb ]e-X-c-Øn¬ hmbn-°m-sa∂pw Ch¿ hmZn-®p. CØcwhmZ -K -Xn -I -fmWv DØ-cm -[p -\n -IX(PostModernism) F∂ t]cn -e-dn -b-s∏-Sp -∂-Xv.CXns‚ h‡m-°-fmb ]e Nn¥-Icpw A`n-]mb-s∏-Sp-∂Xv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX F∂Xv kn≤m-¥-߃°-Xo-X-amb Hcp PohnXkml-N-cy-am-sW-∂mWv. Cu kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Nne ]apJ h‡m-°-fmWv ^©v Nn¥-I\pw Ncn-X-Im-c-\p-ambantj¬ ^qt°m (Michel Foucault), ^©p-Im-c≥Xs∂-bmb gm°v sZdo-Z (Jacques Derrida),Ata-cn-°≥ `mjm-imkvX⁄\pw cmjvSobNn¥-I\pamb t\mw tNmwkvIn (NoamChomsky) XpS-ßn-b-h¿.

c≠mw temI-bp-≤Øn\p-tijw imkvX-cw-KØvD≠mb it≤-b-amb Hcp t\´-amWv _ln-cm-ImiKthjWw. qan-bpsS BI¿j-W-h-e-bsØt`Zn-®p-sIm≠v _ln-cm-Im-i-tØ°v k©-cn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ hml-\-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-amWv CXvkm≤y-am-°n-b-Xv. Nµ-\n¬ Imep-Ip-Øm\pw a‰pKl-ß-fn -te°v ]cy -th -jW t]S -I -ß-fbbv°m\pw B[p-\nI imkvX-Øn\v Ign-™p.IrXntam]-K-l-߃ hnt£-]n®v Imem-h-ÿm-hy -Xn -bm -\ -sØ-°p -dn®pw ]Ir -Xn -hn -` -h -ßsf°pdn®pw ]Tn-°m≥ C∂v km[n-°p-∂p-≠v.hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn¬ h∂ kvt^mS-\m-fl-I-ambhnIm-k-Øn\p ]n∂nepw CXm-Wv.

P\n-XIkmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ hnkva-b-I-c-amb]ptcm-K-Xn-bmWv imkvXw ssIh-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.t¢mWnw-Kn-eqsS Poh≥ krjvSn-°m-sa∂v sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

hnhchn\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn-ep-≠mb ]ptcm-KXnaqew hn⁄m\w A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬hnc¬Øp-ºnem-bn. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv CuimkvXimJ-bpsS ]tbmKw hfsc ^e-]-Z-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

]sØm≥]-Xv, Ccp-]Xv \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse hnhn[ ss[j-WnI ]h-W-X-Iƒ,AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ F∂nh Dƒs°m≈p∂ Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°q-I.

DXv]mZ-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS A\p-kyq-X-amb \ho-I-cWw a\p-jys‚ kmº-ØnI˛km-aq-lnI Pohn-X-Ønepw Nn¥m-a-fi-e-Ønepw am‰w hcp-Øp-sa∂vI≠-t√m. imkvX-cw-KsØ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw a\pjy-

Nn-¥sb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-Nn¥ kmaq-ly-am-‰-Øn-\p≈ t]c-I-i-‡n-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a\pjy kaq-l-Øns‚ Ct∂-hsc-bp≈ Pohn-X-Øn¬ CXv ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ hymh-km-bnIhnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Dev]m-Z-\hyh-ÿ-bn¬ D≠mbam‰w hgn ^m≥kv, P¿Ω-\n, Cw•≠v F∂o cmjvS-ß-fnse kmwkvIm-cnI˛cmjvSob Nn¥-I-fn¬ D≠m-b ]cn-h¿Ø\w kw_-‘n®v Hcp ]Xn∏vXøm-dm-°p-I.

$ ]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse imkvX˛km-t¶-XnItaJeIfnse hnImkw a\p-jy-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰w F∂hnjbsØ°pdn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.