1MRK 500 016-BENPage 1November 1995Changed since March 1992Replaces 1MDBOOOQ4-ENDala subject lo change wilhoul nolice

PYRAMIDSubstation AutomationThe total coordinated protection andcontroi conceptABB Network Partner

Features .Distributed intelligence.User-friendly work places.Improved performance and availability

.Step by step implementation

.A total substation autorrlation concept

.Protection for all applications

.Controi with flexible system functions

.Cornmunication with fibre optics

.Sel11-supervision and diagnostic

.Support of hardware and software

.State of the art microprocessor technology

Application GeneralPYRAMIO@ Substation Automation incllJdes, asa part of the Panorama Concept. a c:ompleterange of flexible object terminals, functional sub-station controi and substation monitoring sys-tems. All of the building blocks are based onstate of the art numerical technology, compatiblewith conventionai equipment. The new, improvedtechnology can thus be implemented step bystep from stand-alone protective relays to com-plete coordinated protection and controi sys-tems. The blocks included in PYRAMIO@Substation Automation can be used as stand-alone protection units or be building blocks in acomplete Substation Monitoring System (SMS),Substation Controi System (SCS), and RelayTesting and Simulation System (RTS).

ABB can offer a comprehensive range of numericalprotection terminals for generation. transmission,distribution and industry. These state of the artproducts offers many new possibilities. Communi-cation of load and fault data gives a new dimensionto protection and controi. PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation even allows the connection of existingor new static/electromechanical relays. Howeverthe information from these relays is limited to datafrom signal contacts included in the relays.

Separate transducers of voltage and currents canhowever be added to conventionai relays.By this arrangement both existing relays and newnumerical relays can communicate via a commonfibre-optic bus. This makes PYRAMIO@ Substa-tion Automation suitable for partial retrofit as weilas completely new installations.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation has fourcorner stones:-Protection-Communication-Controi

-Self-supervision

One of the main advantages of PVRAMIO@ Sub-station Automation is that it may include buildingblocks from various product ranges and genera-tions. High performance and total quaiity are themajor requirements for each building block.

Continuity for old and new products includingopeness for the future such as for new sensorsor intelligent switchgear.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation enablesefticient power network management by provid-ing modular solutions for protection, controi,monitoring and communication for substations.

ABB Network Partner-.

PYRAMID Substation AutomationThe total coordinated protection and controi concept

Application (Cbnt'd) PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation functions:OverviewMan machine interface (MMI):

-Operation of powefequipmerit (switchgeaf)-Data presentation

-Engineer's support-Supervision

Remote controi interfacing:-Adaption for serial communication with controi

centres via various protocols

Automatic functions and controi sequences.'nterlocking of switching devices.Synchrocheck function.Tap-changer controi for voltage regulation.Load transfer for parailei transformers

.Switching sequences.Local power restoration

.Autoreclosing

.Contral of re~ctive power

.Application programs

båta acquisitfbh and handling:.Remqte data acquisition.Oatae~luatlbn.Energy measurement.Event list.Alarm list.Reports.Printed output: event logs, reports.Oisturbance recordjng

Condition monitoring:.Gas density monitdring (GIS).Supervision and self-diagnostics.Circuit breaker monitoring

.Temperature mönitöring

Substation Monitoring and Controi SystemsUser-minded design and functional interf.aceare the two main requirements for the manmachine interface (MMf).

The information is structured for operation in thesubstation controi system (SCS) and for evalua-tion in the substation monitoring system (SMS).SCS provides fast information/action such asevent recording and switchgear controi. The oper-ator's workplace is adapted for safe and reliablecommunication between the operator and SCS.

The engineer's workplace, which can be a sta-tionary or portable PC (Ioca! or remote) is a newtool to assure fast analys is of disturbances. Win-dows based evaluation software such as REVALand RESOA save-time and produce userfriendly reports. Other software packages, forexample CT CURVES, a tool for makingselectiv-ity plans for distribution systems and RCALCsimulation and setting calculation program fortransmission, can be included.

A two-level communication structureThe entire substation is controlled and super-vised from th~ higher station level, while indj-vidual lines," trårisformers;etc. are controlleIdand protected from the lower bay level. Anumber of dedicated controi and protectionterminals are provided for bay level controi.This structure simplifies future expansion; i.e.the installation of additional bays.

The distributed structure increases the availability,because an internai fault will aftect onlyasmallpart of the equipment. Since the most importantfunctions are located at the bay level, the opera-tion of a bay can be maintained even if an internaifault occurs at the substation level. The equipmentfor each bay is housed in one or more cubicleswhich can be assembled and tested at the factory.This reduces on-site erection and commissioningwork. Information is transferred between the twolevels via a serial station bus.

Station-oriented signal collection and the serialtransmission of information between the two lev-els considerably reduces the amount of cablingrequired. Oisturbance free transmission hasbeen achieved by using a fibre-optic bus.

ABB has the experienceOver the years, ABB has designed and manufac-tured protective relays and controi equipment forsubstations in power transmission and distributionsystems. The experience thus gained has servedas the basis for designing modern numerical pro-tection and controi equipment which can ensuremore efticient and reliable operation.

The first commercial microprocessor-basedcontroi system was installed by ABB in 1983.Since then, ABB has delivered numerous sys-tems throughout the world. This unique experi-ence has been very valuable when designingthe building blocks of PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation.

Protection functions:

.Generator protection

.Line protection

.Bus protection

.Transformer protection

.Feeder protection

.Motor protection

Protection TerminalsThe PYRAMID@ Substation Automatbn provides a fullrange of numerical protection terminals with canmu-nication to SMS or SCS.Depending on the application each terminalwith communication is named according to the

following designation system, "REa 000".

Transmission line and cable REL 000Bus and breaker REB 000Transformer and reactor RET 000Generator REG 000Distribution, line and cable REF 000Auxiliary and single function RER 000Multipurpose and special appl. REX 000Monitoring, reclosing and

synchronizing RES 000Controi and communication REC 000Test equipment REY 000Motor protection REM 000

A88 Network Partner

SPAJ 000SPAU 000SPAC 000SPAD 000SPAG 000SPAM 000SACO 000

CurrentVoltageProtection and controiDifferentialGeneratorMotorSignal

The last letter indicates the terminal type. e.g.L for Line and G for Generator. The three digitsindicate hardware configuration and in whatseries the terminal is designed.

For distribution and industry the relays fromthe SPACOM range with communication arenamed "SPAO 000".

Fig. 1 PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation, total coordinated protection and controi for a substation

Series 100Modular TerminalsEach module is based on rack mounted printedboard assemblies with dedicated microprocessorsfor each function. The modules can be reused andcombined in different terminal configuration anddivided in two subsystems. Analogue auxiliaryfunctions can be added in a separate rack.

Series 100 is based on existing stand-jane ALrelays for transmission and generation and exist-ing SPACOM relays for distribution. These relayscan be used both as stand-alone protections oras terminals with communication to SMS and/orSCS. The 100 number series is used to describedifferent hardware combinations of each terminal.

Series 200Multi TerminalsThe same terminal can be used for more than one

object and various functions. The selection ismade in the software and choice of CPU capacity.

Series 200 is dedicated to complex applica-tians which require many functions included in

one hardware module.

Series 300Compact TerminalsEach terminal is mounted within one compactcase which also has all interfaces. The func-tian selection is made in software and internaihardware. Series 300 includes the previousMODURES 316, WRELCOM and SPACOMcompact terminals.

These units can also be supplied stand-aloneor together with an SMS or SCS system.

Series 400One ObjectTerminalsEach terminal is based on modules configuredin a complete terminal for protection and con-tro/ of an object.

Series 500Universal TerminalsThe 500-series is the Iatest serie in state-of-art-technology terminals for protection, controiand monitoring. A common hardware platformis used.

Medium High Medium High

Fig. 2a Generator protection terminals Fig. 2b Transformer protection terminals

Ag. 2c Line protection terminals with micro-processor based distance functions

The REG 1OQ-series includes generator mod-ular terminals. The generator protection unitscan be divided inta sub 1 and sub 2 for maxi-mum redundancy. Disturbance recording canbe implemented.

REG 100 Generator protection terminal(basic)

REG 110 Generator back-up protection ter-minal (with underimpedance func-tian)

REG 120 REG 110 + REOR 100REG 150 Generator primary protection ter-

minal (with high impedance differ-

ential)

The REB 1OQ-series includes bus and breakerfailure protection. REB 100 is based on the weilknown ultra-high speed differential measuringmethod used in RADSS. This allows CT-satura-tian as weil as sharing of CT-cores with otherprotections. One 19" 6U rack can adapt 12lines with test switch and 18 lines without. In anadditional rack 11 breaker failure units can beincluded.

The REL 10o-series includes high perform-anGe transmission line modular terminals forhigh voltage and extra-high voltage applica-tions. The four-zone distance relay is providedwith fault-location, system-supervision andearth overcurrent functions. Reclosing anddisturbance recording can be implemented.

The following terminals are available with tri prelay, test switch and communication.

REL 100 RELZ 100REL 110 RELZ 100 + REXA 101/103REL 120 RELZ 100 + RCRAREL 130 RELZ 100 + REXA 101/103 +

RCRAREL 140 RELZ 100 special/order specificREL 150 REZ 1REL 160 REZ 1 + REXA 101/103REL 170 REZ 1 + REOR 100REL 180 REZ 1 + REXA 101/103 +

REOR 100REL 190 REZ 1 special/order specific

The third figure in the series is used to desig-nate 10 or 30, e.g. REL 111 is used forRELZ 100 + REXA 101.

1 MAK 500 016-BENPage 5

ABB Network Partner PYRAMID Substation Automatilon

The total coordinated protectiorl and controi concept

Series 400 one object terminalsThese terminals consist of combinations ofindividual modules for protection and controiof one object. The terminals are object ori-ented for maximum redundancy and reliability.

Combining different measuring principles inthe same terminal for mai n 1 and main 2 doesnot interfere with the bay orientation. Analogmeasuring microprocessor relays can be eas-ily accommodated together with numericalmeasuring relays and disturbance recordersfor high-performance protective relaying.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation's fully coor-dinated protection and controi thus constitutesa high-performance solution that can meet theuser's most stringent redundancy and commu-nication requirements. On request we can offercomplete line bay, complete transformer bayand complete generator bay one object termi-nals.

Each bay can be designed for 1, 11/2 and 2breaker arrangement with single or duplicatedprotection.

Series 500 Universal terminals

These IT based terminals are suited for gener-ation, transmission and distribution applica-tions. A built-in MMI and PC connection at thefront gives fast access to terminal data at com-missioning and service. In addition Iisted ter-minals belowall have two independentcommunication ports for SCS and SMS.

REL 501 Line protectionREL 511 Line protectionREL 521 Line protectionREL 531 Line protectionREL 551 Line protectionREL 561 Line protectionREB 551 Breaker failure protectionREC 561 Bay terminal with a vast array of

functions for one or several baysat transmission and subtransmis-sion level.

RET 521 Transformer protectionSeveral options are available for all terminalssuch as e.g., disturbance recorder, eventrecorder, programmable logic and breakerrelated functions. All terminals can be config-ured with a large amount of binary inputs andoutputs that are programmable. These cane.g. be used for controi of switchgear equip-ment.

The REOR/RCRA 1QO-series includes distur-bance recording modular terminals for highvoltage and extra-high voltage applications.The object-oriented monitoring provides excel-lent. cost-effective event and disturbancerecording for both local and remote post-fault

analysis.

Communication to a loca! printer, local PC orremote PC is possible. With the communica-tian program RECOM and evaluation programREVAL both data compression and data evalu-ation are available. Automatic disturbanceevaluation is provided with the expert softwareRESDA.

The REV 1QO-series includes Relay Testingand Simulation System for HV and EI-IV ap pli-cations

REY 100 FREJA basic unitREY 110 FREJA with hard discREY 120 FREJA simulator with 15 1\ peakREY 130 FREJA simulator with 75 /J\ peak

Series 200 multi terminalsEach multi terminal consists of rack-mountedCPU's with auxiliaries. The terminals haveunique flexibility -a large number of softwaremodules are available for system adaption.The terminal can be used for more than oneobject by selecting pretested software mod-ules and the appropriate CPU capaciiy'.

REG 216/RET 216 is designed for generi3.tor andtransformer applications. A complete generatortransformer block protection unit, including dis-turbance recording, can be accommodated. Itcan be divided inta sub 1 and sub 2 for maxi-mum redundancy. A personal computer can beused for the on-site configuration and setting ofthe software library provided.

REG 216 MODURES 216 for generators

Series 300 compact terminalsEach compact terminal is housed in a com-pact case with all interfaces. The compact ter-minal is provided with pretested softwaremodules, and hardware modules for systemadaption. The compact terminal can be tai-lored on-site for dedicated application. The fol-lowing relay protection units are available inthe 300 series for high voltage applications.

REL 316 MODURES 316 LZ distance incl.

optionsRET 316 MODURES 316 TO differential

incl. options

For distribution. the following compact termi-nals are available from the SPACOM rangewhich can communicate with SCS and/or SMS

SPAC 300 Feeder protection and controiSPAG 300 Protection for small generators

and motors.SPAD 300 Transformer differential protectionSPAU 300 Voltage protectionSPAJ 300 Current protection

Application (cont'd) Controi and MonitoringThe traditional contro! system consists of anumber of controI panels with instruments,switches, alarm annunciators and other equip-ment. It also provides a number of subsystemssuch as interlocking, AVR for power transform-ers, sequence-of-event recorders, etc. ILargespace and cabling requirements, extensivemaintenance and ditticulties in modifying thesystem for future expansion are characteristicsof traditional controi systems.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation eliminatesthese disadvantages. In addition, the sJ/stemprovides statistics for the reporting of history,trends, etc.

Self-supervision minimizes maintenance andfault tracing. anGe the system is prograrinmedfor a specific application, the user can, with lit-tle ettort, modify and add functions himsEilf.

The numerical controi system is the key to safeand efficient substation operation. This sys-tem, which has been offered by ABB for sev-eral years, is thoroughly tried and tested.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation provides atotal substation controi concept.

Event recording and disturbance recordingcan be included in SCS.

The SMS system can collect disturbance datafrom a SPCR module in SPAC 530 and a 500terminal, a RCRA module in REL 100 ordirectly from the terminal blocks, dependingon the configuration. This information can thenbe transferred to the engineer's workplace.Separate event recording systems based onSACO are also available.

SMS can be used separatelyor coordinatedwith SCS.

Settings and monitoring DisturbanceevaluationExpert analysis

Fig. 3 SMS structure

~

III I r IREL 511 REL 511 RES 5;5"1

Fig. 4 SMS-communication for transmission and generation

ABB Network Partner PYRAMID Substation AutomationThe total coordinated protection and controi concept

Man machine interface (MMI)Using a "mouse", the operator can operate,controi and supervise the substation by mov-ing the cursor on a colour video display unit

C(VDU) to symbols or text. The necessary infor-mation is displayed in windows. Along with the Iwindows and data, symbolic push-buttons ofany size can be located anywhere on the VDU.

From the MMI, the operator can also read andchange the settings of all numerical protectiverelays which are connected to the system viathe fibre-optic bus. This MMI provides theoperator with an excellent overview of thecomplete substation, and gives easy accessto the various functions.

Substation Controi SystemThe system structure is divided inta two leveis;bay level and station level. The bay level con-sists of distributed terminals, whereas operatorstations and gateways belong to the stationlevel.Together all units combine controi, monitoring,recording and report generation in a hierarchysystem that supervise it's own hard- and soft-ware.The entire substation is controlled and super-vised from the station level, while individuallines. transformers, etc., are protec1:ed, con-trolled and monitored from the terminals at baylevel.

Fig. 5 SCS-structure for transmission, subtransmission and distribution

Station levelThree independent and autonomous units isthe result of high requirements independently:the MMI system; the station camputer (SC), forcommon station functions; and the gateway(GW), for communication with aremate controicentre. Whenever the independent require-ments are lower the function of all these unitscan be combined in the MMI.

Sav levelFunctions related to a particular bay arelocated at the bay level. This is why the baylevel camputers are independent of eachother, which increases the availability. Sincethe most important functions are located at thebay level, the operation of a bay can be main-tained even if a fault occurs at the substationlevel. The equipment for each bay is housed inone or more cubicles which can be assembledand tested at the factory. This reduces on-siteerection and commissioning work.

Serial data busInformation is transferred between the twocontroi levels via a serial data bus. The stationlevel equipment is connected to the bay levetcomputers via the station bus. Bay-orientedsignal collection and the serial transmission ofinformation between the two controi levelsconsiderably reduces the amount of cabling

required.

Oisturbance-free communication is achievedby using fibre-optic links.

CommunicationPYRAMIO@ Substation Automation offers a veryflexible and "open" system which can bedesigned to combine both the comprehensivePYRAMIO@ Substation Automation range of ter-minals, numerical relays from other manufac-turers as weil as existing and new conventionairelays. Furthermore PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation can communicate to different typesof Network Controi Systems.

ABB Network Partner 1MRK 500 016-BENPag'38

PYRj~MID Substation Automation

The total coordinated protection alrtd controi concept

Application (cont'd) As an option independent bus can be pro-vided Tor the engineer's workplace. This bus isthe weil estabfished SPA-bus.

The SPOC unit can sisa be supplied withtransducers for real time values for voltageand current. Other types of numerical relayscan be included via a SPOC unit terminal bay.

The unique structure in combination with a fullrange of versatile terminals provides outstand-ing flexibility with high availability and redun-dancy. It is an "open" system which can betailored to the specific need of esch user andesch application. It offers a step by stepimplementation, including both new and exist-ing protection relays.

For communication with an existing NetworkControi System a separate Gateway or theMicroSCAOA can be used. Today more than50 different Protocols have been implemented.

Protocol implementations for any other type ofNetwork Controi System, not yet included in ourlibrary, can be quoted on request.

Self-supervisionOne of the major benefits of microprocessortechnology is that no additional hardware isrequired for self-supervision; a function whichincreases the availability and reliability byensuring that product and system faults can beidentified without extensive fault-tracing, so theequipment can be returned to service quickly.

Self~supervision of the protection and controihardware and software thus reduces mainte-nance Gasts. The CT and VT circuits, the dcsupply and trip circuits, and the communica-tian links are sisa monitored continuously,which further increases theavailability.

Messages from the self-supervision systemare available both locally and remotely. Thissimplifies fault-tracing and cuts the time forrepair. The resulting reduction in down timeincreases the dependability and security.

The main benefit of PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation self~supervision is that it coversthe entire system. Moreover, back-up functionsare included, for high reliability.

With a test interval of two years, the MTTRwithout supervision is approximately one year,since a fault will not be detected until the nexttest is performed. With supervision a fault cannormally be repaired within 24 hours. Thismeans the MTTR will be one day instead of365 days -a significant improvement.

One of the bigger differences between nlJmeri-caj technique and conventionai technique isthat numerical technique can store and memo-rize information, both digital, analogue andprocessed information. To structure and com-municate the "right" information to the "right"person at the "right" time is essentiai for theoveralf performance of the system. How wearrange man machine interface is a task forboth user and manufacturer. Furthermore, effi-cient and safe substation operation requireswell-structured means of communication thatmeet the present and future needs of the user.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation providescommunication facilities that can be adapted tothe safety and efficiency requirements of opera-tors and management, with capabilities forfuture expansion as needs increase and newtechnology is introduced.

The information is structured on three leveis:operator's workplace, engineer's workplace andlocal man machine interface (MMI) or portablePC. The local MMI (which is a menu .jrivenalpha-numerical display located on the fr,ont ofthe relay) or portable PC provides easy alccessand readability. The last three events are !~toredin the relay memory, and the information is auto-matically displayed at relay operation.

The setting of the relay is normally doM! fromthe local MMI or from a portable PC. Tw'o dif-ferent sets of values can be programmed.Remote setting can in principle be dom~, butthis has to be carefully studied by the u:ser toprevent outside persons from gaining a(;cessto this possibility.

The operator's work place monitor can displayall information relevant to the substation opera-tion. The depth and the detail of information isselected by the operator, step by step, not tocreate information pollution.

The engineer's workplace monitor, part of SMS,presents the information stored in the terminal at tripoperation. All terminal data and settings are ac:cessi-ble and are used for post-fault evaluation and distur-bance recording. Once the data has beentransferred to the data base, the terminal's eventmemory can be reset from the master station.

The important difference between SC~. andSMS is that SCS is continuously on line via adedicated communication path. The SMS isused on command, which means the en~Jineercan call up the SMS system on a PC, via amodem and phone line. This also gives flexibil-ity, as the workplace is portable (portable PC).

The communication between the different ter-minals and the operator's work place i~~ per-formed via a fibre-optic object bus type LON.All numerical ABB PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation protection relays can be con-nected to this bus. Via a SPOC unit, digitalinformation from any conventionai relay canalso be connected to the object bus.

ABB Network Partner 1 MRK 500 016-BENPage 8

PYRAMID Substation Automation

The total coordinated protection al1ld controi concept

Application (cont'd) As an option independent bus can be pro-

vided for the engineer's workplace. This bus isthe weil established SPA-bus.

The SPOC unit can also be supplied withtransducers for real time values for voltageand current. Other types of numerical relayscan be included via a SPOC unit terminal bay.

The unique structure in combination with a fullrange of versatile terminals provides outstand-

ing flexibility with high availability and redun-dancy. It is an "open" system which can betailored to the specific need of esch user andesch application. It offers a step by step

implementation. includin~ both new and exist-

ing protection relays.

For communication with an existing NetworkControi System a separate Gateway or theMicroSCAOA can be used. Today more than50 different Protocols have been implemented.

Protocol implementations for any other type ofNetwork Controi System, not yet included in ourlibrary, can be quotoo on request.

Self-supervisionOne of the major benefits of microprocessor

technology is that no additional hardware isrequired for self-supervision; a function whichincreases the availability and reliability byensuring that product and system faults can beidentified without extensive fault-tracing, so theequipment can be returned to service quickly.

Self-supervision of the protection and controihardware and software thus reduces mainte-nance costs. The CT and VT circuits, the dcsupply and trip circuits, and the communica-tion links are also monitored continuously,which further increases the availability.

Messages from the self-supervision systemare available both locally and remotely. This

simplifies fault-tracing and cuts the time forrepair. The resulting reduction in down timeincreases the dependability and security.

The main benefit of PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation self-supervision is that it coversthe entire system. Moreover, back-up functionsare included, for high reliability.

With a test interval of two years, the MnRwithout supervision is approximately one year,since a fault will not be detected until the nexttest is performed. With supervision a fault cannormally be repaired within 24 hours. Thismeans the MnR will be one day instead of365 days -a significant improvement.

One of the bigger differences between numeri-caj technique and conventionai technique isthat numerical technique can store and memo-rize information, both digital, analogue andprocessed information. To structure and com-municate the "right" information to the "right"person at the "right" time is essentiai fclr theoverall performance of the system. HoI'" wearrange man machine interface is a tas.k forboth user and manufacturer. Furthermore, effi-cient and safe substation operation requireswell-structured means of communicationl thatmeet the present and future needs of the IJSer.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation providescommunication facilities that can be adapt.ed tothe safety and efficiency requirements of o,pera-tors and management, with capabilities forfuture expansion as needs increase and newtechnology is introduced.

The information is structured on three IE~vels:operator's workplace, engineer's workplace andlocal man machine interface (MM I) or portablePC. The local MMI (which is a menu drivenalpha-numerical display located on the front ofthe relay) or portable PC provides easy ac:cessand readability. The last three events are storedin the relay memory, and the information is auto-matically displayed at relay operation.

The setting of the relay is normally done fromthe local MMI or from a portable PC. Two dif-ferent sets of values can be programimed.Remote setting can in principle be dons, butthis has to be carefully studied by the USier toprevent outside persons from gaining accessto this possibility.

The operator's workplace monitor can di~~playall information relevant to the sub station opera-tion. The depth and the detail of information isselected by the operator, step by step, rlot tocreate information pollution.

The engineer's workplace rrmitor, part of SMS,presents the information stored in the terminal at tripoperation. All terminal data and settings are acl:essi-ble and are used for post-fault evaluation and cjistur-bance recording. Once the data has beentransferred to the data base, the terminal's eventmernory can be reset from the master station.

The important difference between SCS andSMS is t.hat SCS is continuously on line via adedicated communication path. The SMS isused on command, which means theengineercan call up the SMS system on a PC, via amodem and phone line. This also gives flexibil-ity, as the workplace is portable (portable PC).

The communication between the differerlt ter-minals and the operator's work place is per-formed via a fibre-optic object bus type LON.All numerical ABB PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation protection relays can be con-nected to this bus. Via a SPOC unit, digitalinformation from any conventionai relay canalso be connected to the object bus.

ABB Network Partner 1 MAK 500 016-BENPage 9

PYRAMID Substation Automation

The total coordinated protectioln and controi concept

The intelligent stationPYRAMIO@ Substation Automation offers aunique range of state of the art componentswhich can be combined with conventionai relaysto give total coordinated protection and controi.

As described in Fig. 2 ABB can offer two alter-native performance levels in respect to suchrequirements as operating time, accuracy, res-olution, etc. Both these alternatives can beincluded in PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation.The choice depends on the user.

These products can be used as stand-alone butcan also be upgraded, step by steg, to form the"Intelligent Substation". PYRAMIO@ S:ubstationAutomation offers workstations for the operator,relay engineer and service engineer. These work-stations include software packages for statistics,setting calculation, disturbance evaluation, auto-matic testing and other expert programs.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation elsa offersgreat flexibility and can give technical andeconomical optimum solutions for differentrequirements on performance and availability.

GFor a technical proposal please contact your Inearest ABB representative. The followinginformation is required:

-One line diagram of the high voltage system-Protection, controi and monitoring functions

included per terminal-Performance level required for mein functions-Functions included per workstation-Existing equipment to be interfaced with-Remote communication required

Detailed description of esch building block inPYRAMIO@ Substation Automation is foundunder sections 1-11.

Fig. 6 SCS System supervision Fig. 7 SCS statistics

The selection of suitable terminals is based oncustomer requirements on performance andthe functions to be included.

For the 220 kV system the line terminalsREL 521 and REL 561 are normally used. Thisprovides duplicated microprocessor based fullscheme distance relays. The two terminalshave different measuring algorithms in order toavoid common failures. For the transformersand 132 kV lines, RET 521 and REL 511 can beused. If higher performance is requiredREL 521 can be implemented instead. For thedistribution level SPAD 345 and SPAC 530 arenormally used.

REL 501 and REL 511 with overcurrent startingis also an alternative for distribution feederswith double end infeed.

Fig. 8 Programming of REL 511 from SMS

ABB Network Partner 1 MAK 500 016-BENPage 8

PYRAMID Substation AutomationThe total coordinated protection and controi concept

Application (cont'd)-

As an option independent bus can be pro-vided for the engineer's workplace. This bus isthe weil established SPA-bus.

The SPOC unit can also be supplied with

transducers for real time values for voltageand current. Other types of numerical relayscan be included via a SPOC unit terminal bay.

The unique structure in combination with a fullrange of versatile terminals provides outstand-ing flexibility with high availability and redun-dancy. It is an "open" system which can betailored to the specific need of each user andeach application. It offers a step by step

implementation, including both new and exist-

ing protection relays.

For communication with an existing NetworkControi System a separate Gateway or theMicroSCAOA can be used. Today more than50 different Protocols have been implemented.

Protocol implementations for any other type ofNetwork Controi System, not yet included in ourlibrary, can be quoted on request.

Self-supervisionOne of the major benefits of microprocessortechnology is that no additioner hardware isrequired for self-supervision; a function whichincreases the availability and reliability byensuring that product and system faults can beidentified without extensive fault-tracing, so theequipment can be returned to service quickly.

Self-supervision of the protection and controihardware and software thus reduces mainte-nance costs. The CT and VT circuits, the dc

supply and tri p circuits, and the communica-tion links are also monitored continuously,which further increases the availability.

Messages from the self-supervision systemare available both locally and remotely. This

simplifies fault-tracing and cuts the time forrepair. The resulting reduction in down timeincreases the dependability and security.

The mein benefit of PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation self-supervision is that it coversthe entire system. Moreover, back-up functionsare included, for high reliability.

With a test interval of two years, the MTTRwithout supervision is approximately one year,since a fault will not be detected until the nexttest is performed. With supervision a fault cannormally be repaired within 24 hours. Thismeans the MTTR will be one day instead of365 days -a significant improvement.

One of the bigger differences between numeri-

caj technique and conventionai technique is

that numerical technique can store and memo-

rize information, both digital, analogue and

processed information. To structure and com-

municate the "right" information to the "right"

person at the "right" time is essentiai for the

overall performance of the system. Ho'lV we

arrange man machine interface is a task for

both user and manufacturer. Furthermore, effi-

cient and safe substation operation requires

well-structured means of communication that

meet the present and future needs of the LJser.

PYRAMIO@ Substation Automation pro'.tides

communication facilities that can be adapted to

the safety and efficiency requirements of opera-

tors and management, with capabilitie~) for

future expansion as needs increase and new

technology is introduced.

The information is structured on three leveis:

operator's workplace, engineer's workplace and

local man machine interface (MMI) or portable

PC. The local MMI (which is a menu diriven

alpha-numerical display located on the front of

the relay) or portable PC provides easy ac:cess

and readability. The last three events are stored

in the relay memory, and the information is auto-

matically displayed at relay operation.

The setting of the relay is normally done from

the local MMI or from a portable PC. Two dif-

ferent sets of values can be programmed.

Remote setting can in principle be done, but

this has to be carefully studied by the user to

prevent outside persons from gaining access

to this possibility.

The operator's workplace monitor can di!;play

all information relevant to the substation opera-

tion. The depth and the detail of information is

selected by the operator, step by step, rlot to

create information pollution.

The engineer's workplace monitor, part of SMS,

presents the information stored in the terminal at trip

operation. All terminal data and settings are accessi-

ble and are used for post-fault evaluation and (jistur-

bance recording. Once the data has been

transferred to the data bese, the terminal's event

memory can be reset from the master station.

The important difference between SCS and

SMS is that SCS is continuously on line via a

dedicated communication path. The SMS is

used on command, which means the engineer

can call up the SMS system on a PC, via a

modem and phone line. This also gives flexibil-

ity, as the workplace is portable (portable PC).

The communication between the differerlt ter-

minals and the operator's work place is per-

formed via a fibre-optic object bus type LON.

All numerical ABB PYRAMIO@ .Subs1:ation

Automation protection relays can be con-

nected to this bus. Via a SPOC unit, digital

information from any conventionai relay can

also be connected to the object bus.

I~ .FRONT FRONT

ilnmmJ-ffinllll

REC 561~II' fE5I

Illr

REL 561ra!

!ElI REL 521

~m~mJ-

Sub 1 Sub 2

Fig. 10 Single breaker arrangement. one transmission line and duplicate protection,

IC~1! C)(2 j ~(3 I

FRONT FRONT FRONT

~IrnjIj~-

REC 561 REL 521 REL 521IQ

REB 551

REL 561!al REL 561REB 551

REB 551

""

Breakers Line 1 (PJternative sub 1)

Fig. 11 Breaker and a halt arrangemeht with three breakers two transmission line andduplicate protection per bay.

Line 2 (Alternative sub 2)

ABB Network Partner 1 MRK 500 016-BENPage 10

PYRAMID Substation AutomationThe total coordinated protection and controi concept

Application (cont'd) hardware to be used but also the tasks to beperformed by the personnel. It is also impor-tant to specify when and where those tasks areto be performed.

On-line functions and att-line functions shouldbe separated. Ott-line functions can be statisti-cal follow-up or setting of relay protection.

The above terminals can communicate withboth SCS and SMS. In addition to this, localprintout from event recorder and disturbancerecorders can be included separatelyor asback-up.

When designing the PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation it is important not only 1.0 define the

~..

~Bay protection and

controi terminalr ,

REL! REci_I ~

!

:-

-~~---~t_- ~- : i Line protection terminal

Remote

-t.:=~.[====~

Remote

I Servk:e engin~~ I Relay engineer I

Fig. 9 Workstation for PYRAMIO@ SIJbstation Automation

The engineer's workplace can be locatedcentral ly (in the substation) and/or remotely. Jtis possible to Gall any station via the local tele-phone system and order information to betransferred. Data compression and local expertprograms can be used to limit this information.

The service engineer's workplace is porta-ble and can be used during commissioning,testing and/or maintenance. Recorded distur-banGes can be played back through REY 100to reproduce disturbances and test the per-formance of the relay.

The inte"!pent terminalPYRAMID R Substation Automation can be

adapted to various degrees of requirementsand complexity. Fig. 10 shows an example of aterminal which is appropriate for a 220 kV line.Main 1 protection is REL 521 and main 2 pro-tection is REL 531 which means the distur-banGe recorder module is included in REL 521.For a substation with one and a half breakerarrangement the panel layout is shown inFig. 11. The equipment related to the breakersare installed in panel 1. In panel 2 the line 2equipment can be placed and in panel 3 theline 3 equipment can be placed. As an alterna-tive, the subsystem 1 equipment, with mai n 1protection for both lines, can be placed in cubi-cle 2 and subsystem 2 equipment in panel 3.

These line bays are operated through the threeworkstations in Fig. 9.

In the PYRAMIO@ Substation Autornation con-cept the man machine interface is structured infour work leveis.

The Technician's local workplace on bay/ter-minailevei using local MM I or portable PC.

The Operator's workplace centrally in thesubstation and with remote gatewa~{

The Relay engineer's workplace 1Nith centralor remote PC.

The Service engineer's workplace withmobile Relay Testing and Simulation unit.

These four workplaces can be used separatelyor combined. The important thing is that thePYRAMIO@ Substation Automation offers thisvery comprehensive and flexible way of working.

The technician's workplace is baseld on simplesetting and indication directly on the terminal.This is based on LEO's, user friendly keyboardand display with background light. From this sta-tion esch terminal can be total ly controlled locally,even if the communication is down. t\lormally, thesetting and testing of relays is done Iccally.

The operator's workplace is continuouslyconnected to esch terminal. Via fibre-opticcables all information is immediately trans-ferred to the operator. This information isselected to give a clear and fast view aboutwhat is happening. Printout from the distur-banGe recorder modules can be obtained.

ABB Network Partner 1MRK 500 016-BENPage 13

P~'RAMID Substation AutomationThe total coordinated protectiol1l and controi concept

The relay engineer's workstationFig. 13 shows the engineer's worksta1:ion. Nor-mally the engineer does not need to follow theday to day operation. This is done by the opera-tor. If a fault occurs for which the engineer rap-idly needs to analyse the disturbance" he can,from any telephone via a modem, caJI up thesubstation. In his PC he can have RCAL.C storedfor this particular line. With RCALC he c:an simu-late the line and rapidly see the effect of loadtransfer, source to line ratio or mutual coupling

on his settings as shown in Fig. 13a and b. Fromthe terminal he can nowaiso collect the distur-banGe information from both ends of the line asshown in Fig. 13c. With REVAL. evaluation pro-gram, he can easily study currents and voltages 4in detail. In this case the terminals shows startand trip and the analog information shows thatheavy CT-saturation occurs.With the expert pro-gram, RESDA, the engineer will for a majority ofthe fault get an automatic analysis.

a Simulated system -RCALC b Disturbance evaluation -REVAL

c Automatic evaluation -RESDA d Programming of a protection -SM/REL 511

Fig. 13 SMS. engineers workstation

1MRK 500 016-BENPage 15

ABB Network Partner PYRAMID Substation Automati,onThe total coordinated protection and controi concept

The Intellijent substationPYRAMID R Substation Automation is a step by

step approach with unique possibilities toapply modern microprocessor based technol-ogy both in new and old stations. It offersmany new concepts to simplify both engineer-ing, operation and maintenance. Reducedcost due to less wiring and space, no need forseparate transducers, etc. are some exam-ples. Most savings in time and cost are of longterm nature which means that substantiai costsavings are realized throughout the lifetime ofthe substation.

In addition to the savings PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation offers added value in capacity andavailability and a complete coordinated solution Gwith system responsibility by one manufacturer. IThis guarantees future support of hard- andsoftware included in the PYRAMIO@ SubstationAutomation concept. The flexible nature step-by-step philosophy, and user friendly worksta-tions is an excellent base for the intelligent sub-station.

PYRAMID SubstationAutomation

REG 100

REG 216

TransformerRET 316

BreakerREB 100

REL 316

REL 100/RELZ 100

REL100Line

BayRES 100SCS 200

REY 100

References1 MAB 520 007 -SEN

1 MDS02004-EN

1 MDS02005-EN

1MAK 500 401-SEN1 MDS04004-EN

1 MAK 500 501-SEN

1 MAK 505 002-SEN

1 M DS06003-EN

1 M DS06004-EN

1 MDS06019-EN

1 MAK 500 600-SEN

1MAK 501 001-S~N

1MDS10004-EN

1MDA11004-EN1MDA12007-EN

Generator protection terminal

Generator protection terminal

Protection, Monitoring and Controi

Transformer protection terminal

Protection, Monitoring and Controi

Busbar protection terminals

Line protection terminal

Numericalline protection terminal

Line protection terminals

Protection, Morlitoring and Controi

Protection, Monitoring and Controi

Disturbance rel~ording systems

References

Relay testing and simulation system

ABB Network Partner 1MRK 500 016-BENPage 16

PYRAMID Substation AutomationThe total coordinated protection and controi concept