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Putting nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers in Africa
Sustainable intensification of farming systems through legume technologies:
Lessons learnt for expansion of N2Africa to new countries
Esther Ronner1, Linus C. Franke1, Greta J. van den Brand1, Judith J. de Wolf2, Ken E. Giller1
1 Wageningen University; 2 CIAT Zimbabwe
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Putting nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers in Africa
Outline
• Introduction
• Lessons learnt and new approaches:– From proof of concept to understanding variability– Tailoring of technologies to farm types– Dissemination approaches
• Conclusions
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Introduction – The N2Africa project
• ‘Putting nitrogen fixation to work for smallholder farmers growing legume crops in Africa’
• Focus on cowpea, soybean, common bean and groundnut
• Funds: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Howard G. Buffet Foundation
• Led by Wageningen University; main partners IITA and CIAT-TSBF
• Originally eight countries in 2009• Extension to Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda,
Liberia, Sierra Leone and DR Congo
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Introduction – New countries, new approach?
• Dissemination and delivery are the core
• Monitoring & evaluation provides the learning
• Research analyses and feeds back
M&E
D&D
Research
‘Development to research’
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From proof of concept... (1)
• Hypothesis in N2Africa: BNF and legume yields determined by interaction of:
(GL x GR) x E x M
• Detailed agronomy trials in limited number of sites to test this concept
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From proof of concept... (2)
Soybean input trial (TGx1740-2F); Nyanza, Western Kenya; long rains 2011 (F. Baijukya + team)
None
MRP-D
UST
MRP-P
ALLETSDAP
TSP
TSP/KCL
SYMPAL
0
500
1000
1500 - inoc
+ inoc
So
yb
ea
n g
rain
yie
ld (
kg
/ha
)
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From proof of concept... (3)
Soybean input trial; Murehwa, Zimbabwe, season 2010/2011 (T. Mombeyarara + team)
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... to understanding variability (1)
• In first year already proof of valuable concept• But with testing technologies at scale in farmers
fields: huge variability.• New questions: how to explain this variability?• More emphasis on analysis of simple, non-
replicated demonstration trials under farmers’ management
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... to understanding variability (2)
Control + P-fertilizer
+ inoculation + P-fert + inoc.
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... to understanding variability (3)
Ghana, 2011
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… to understanding variability (4)
Time of planting Soybean Groundnut Cowpea
< 15 July 1899 1403 731
July 15-31 1561 1015 2040
August 935 876 1126
Soybean yield category Time between inoculation and planting
0-500 kg 58 h
>500 kg 18 h
Groundnut yield category Farm size (ha) TLU % female
0-500 kg 6.3 3.6 9.1
500-1000 kg 4.4 2.0 18.2
1000-1500 kg 3.9 2.6 25.0
>1500 kg 2.7 4.8 60.8
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Targeting of technologies to farm types (1)
• Factors influencing adoption:– Not only high crop yields – Need to fit within farming system (labour availability, trade-
off other crops)
• Need for ‘tailoring of technologies’– Per agro-ecological zone– Per region– Per farm type
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Targeting of technologies to farm types (2)
Country Cereal Groundnut Soybean Climbing beansMaize-bush bean
intercrop
Kenya Grain yield (t/ha) 2,44 2,89
LUE (kg/h) 1,18 1,22
Rwanda Grain yield (t/ha) 1,60 1,72
LUE (kg/h) 0,55 0,57
Nigeria Grain yield (t/ha) 4,48 1,95 1,83
LUE (kg/h) 6,40 2,13 3,21
Malawi Grain yield (t/ha) 2,45 1,24
LUE (kg/h) 2,00 0,78
LUE = labour use efficiency
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Targeting of technologies to farm types (2)
Country Cereal Groundnut Soybean Climbing beansMaize-bush bean
intercrop
Kenya Grain yield (t/ha) 2,44 2,89
LUE (kg/h) 1,18 1,22
Rwanda Grain yield (t/ha) 1,60 1,72
LUE (kg/h) 0,55 0,57
Nigeria Grain yield (t/ha) 4,48 1,95 1,83
LUE (kg/h) 6,40 2,13 3,21
Malawi Grain yield (t/ha) 2,45 1,24
LUE (kg/h) 2,00 0,78
LUE = labour use efficiency
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Targeting of technologies to farm types (2)
Country Cereal Groundnut Soybean Climbing beansMaize-bush bean
intercrop
Kenya Grain yield (t/ha) 2,44 2,89
LUE (kg/h) 1,18 1,22
Rwanda Grain yield (t/ha) 1,60 1,72
LUE (kg/h) 0,55 0,57
Nigeria Grain yield (t/ha) 4,48 1,95 1,83
LUE (kg/h) 6,40 2,13 3,21
Malawi Grain yield (t/ha) 2,45 1,24
LUE (kg/h) 2,00 0,78
LUE = labour use efficiency
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Dissemination approaches
• Great diversity in opportunities legumes demands diversity in dissemination approaches
• From uniform lead farmer – satellite farmer approach to dissemination approaches as part of research question
• Work along partners in input/ output markets; enable access to inoculants
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Conclusions
• More emphasis on understanding variability yields in farmers’ fields – start with demonstration trials at scale; detailed agronomy trials for specific issues
• Start with characterization of farming systems and farm types – ex ante impact assessment of how legumes fit best within a particular farming system
• Adjust dissemination approaches, seed systems and extension messages accordingly
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For updates see
www.N2Africa.org
Lots of video resource materials
N2Africa Podcaster - Monthly Newsletter