Pueblo & Plains CulturesMain Idea: Native American people

of Pueblo and Plains Cultures developed different ways of life based on their environment and

needs.

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How does the environment affect the How does the environment affect the development of a society?development of a society?

How did the American Indians adapt to How did the American Indians adapt to and modify their environment?and modify their environment?

Pueblo CulturePueblo Culture JumanoJumano-lived in -lived in

permanent houses permanent houses made of adobe along made of adobe along the Rio Grandethe Rio Grande. They . They were able to were able to grow corn grow corn and other cropsand other crops because they settled because they settled near the river. They near the river. They also also hunted buffalo and hunted buffalo and gathered wild plantsgathered wild plants for for food. food.

The The JumanoJumano lived in lived in large villageslarge villages. They . They used bows and arrows used bows and arrows and carried heavy clubs and carried heavy clubs into battles.They had into battles.They had striped tattoos striped tattoos on their on their faces, which clearly faces, which clearly identified them as identified them as peaceful traders.peaceful traders.

Pueblo houses near the Rio Grande

The Jumanos and TiguasThe Jumanos and Tiguas

c. The Tiguas were a Puebloan people who moved to Ysleta, near present-day El Paso, in 1680.

d. Texas recently recognized the Tigua descendants as Texas Native Americans and established a reservation for them in West Texas.

Plains Culture Plains Culture The The Great Plains Great Plains

stretch from stretch from Canada into Canada into southern Texassouthern Texas. . When the When the Spanish arrived Spanish arrived in the 1500s, they in the 1500s, they brought back the brought back the horse. Many horse. Many plains Indians plains Indians became excellent became excellent horsemen. Most horsemen. Most lived in tepeeslived in tepees.. Most tepees were made of 18 buffalo

hides, and 20-30 poles.

Buffalo-some weighed up Buffalo-some weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians and 10 feet long. Indians used a variety of used a variety of techniques to hunt buffalo. techniques to hunt buffalo.

Plains Indians HuntingPlains Indians HuntingIt would usually take several arrows to bring down one buffalo because of their large size.

The Plains CulturesThe Plains Culturesa.a. The The Spaniards reintroduced horses to Spaniards reintroduced horses to

the Americas around A.D. 1500the Americas around A.D. 1500, , changing the way of life on the plains.changing the way of life on the plains.

b.b. From the 1600s to 1800s, the plains From the 1600s to 1800s, the plains cultures cultures used horses to hunt and kill used horses to hunt and kill millions of buffalomillions of buffalo, one of their main , one of their main sources of food.sources of food.

The TonkawaThe Tonkawa Lived on the north and Lived on the north and

central plains and on the central plains and on the southeastern edge of the southeastern edge of the Edwards Plateau Edwards Plateau near near present-day Austin. They present-day Austin. They depended on the buffalo depended on the buffalo for for food, clothing and shelter. food, clothing and shelter. They were considered They were considered hunters-gatherers. The hunters-gatherers. The

Tonkawa Tonkawa were were driven from driven from their hunting grounds by the their hunting grounds by the ApacheApache and forced to hunt and forced to hunt smaller animalssmaller animals..

Tonkawa children

The ApacheThe Apache The The ApacheApache culture originated culture originated

in Canada, but migrated to the in Canada, but migrated to the Great Plains . Two Great Plains . Two Apache Apache groups settled in Texas - the groups settled in Texas - the LipanLipan and and MescaleroMescalero. The . The Mescalaro made their home in Mescalaro made their home in the the West Texas mountains West Texas mountains and and Lipans in the Lipans in the Hill CountryHill Country. . ApachesApaches were were organized into organized into bandsbands that traveled, hunted and that traveled, hunted and fought together. The fought together. The ApachesApaches were were skilled horsemen skilled horsemen and often and often teamed up when teamed up when hunting buffalohunting buffalo. . Lipan ApachesLipan Apaches were also were also farmersfarmers who lived in who lived in communities along rivers and communities along rivers and streams called streams called rancheriasrancherias..

Apache men tied Apache men tied feathers and other decorations feathers and other decorations to to their hair. The men had their hair. The men had no facial hair no facial hair and the and the women wore women wore earringsearrings. . ApachesApaches were feared were feared throughout Texas. The throughout Texas. The ComanchesComanches took control of took control of the Apache’s territory so they were mortal enemies.the Apache’s territory so they were mortal enemies.

Apache chief

Apache girl about 12 years old

ComancheComanche The The ComancheComanche originally originally lived in the western United lived in the western United States. They eventually States. They eventually moved into the Great Plains moved into the Great Plains once they acquired horses. once they acquired horses. The The ComancheComanche lived in lived in bands headed by a bands headed by a peace peace chief.chief. If you were the best If you were the best fighter and rider you were fighter and rider you were the the war chiefwar chief. The . The ComancheComanche were were skilled skilled buffalo huntersbuffalo hunters. Because of . Because of the their skills they soon the their skills they soon controlled much of the plains controlled much of the plains including west and northern including west and northern Texas. Their territory, Texas. Their territory, ComancheriaComancheria, covered parts , covered parts of Mexico, Texas, Kansas, of Mexico, Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Oklahoma, Colorado, and New MexicoNew Mexico

Quanah Parker-last Comanche chief. Mother was Cynthia Ann Parker.

The ComanchesThe Comanchesc.c. Comanches life centered on two Comanches life centered on two

activities—activities—hunting and warhunting and war..

d.d. They used every part of the They used every part of the buffalobuffalo, , and lived in and lived in tepeestepees made of hides. made of hides.

e.e. They fought fiercely to They fought fiercely to defend their defend their territoryterritory, when Apaches, Wichitas, , when Apaches, Wichitas, Tonkawas, and white settlers Tonkawas, and white settlers threatened from all sidesthreatened from all sides..

KiowaKiowa The The KiowaKiowa were the were the last last

plains groupplains group to arrive in to arrive in Texas. They hunted Texas. They hunted buffalobuffalo, , made beautiful made beautiful craftscrafts, and , and developed a developed a calendarcalendar.The .The hair of the hair of the KiowaKiowa men was men was long but over the right ear it long but over the right ear it was short. The was short. The KiowaKiowa and and the the ComancheComanche were were alliesallies…both tribes were the …both tribes were the most fearedmost feared!!

The KiowasThe Kiowasc.c. The Kiowas The Kiowas prized tradition and prized tradition and

ceremonyceremony, and they recorded , and they recorded their oral histories through their oral histories through storytellingstorytelling..

d.d. The most important Kiowa The most important Kiowa festival was the festival was the annual sun annual sun dancedance..

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

How does the environment affect the How does the environment affect the development of a society?development of a society?

How did the American Indians adapt to How did the American Indians adapt to and modify their environment?and modify their environment?